Bibliographia Marmotarum. Ramousse R., International Marmot Network, Lyon, 1997.
ISBN : 2-9509900-2-9

Copyright 1997. Édition Réseau International sur les marmottes/ International Marmot Network Publisher
Traduction anglais - français / English - French translation: R. Ramousse
Traduction russe - français / Russian - French translation: Y. Semenov

LETTRE H LETTER


Mise à jour 04/10/2007 Updated

Si vous avez connaissance de références bibliographiques ou de résumés absents de cette liste,
ou si vous disposez de versions pdf, ayez l'amabilité de me les communiquer.
If you know bibliographic references and abstracts unlisted here,
or if pdf are available, please send them to me.

Hackländer K. 1997. Der Einfluss der Kondition, des Lebensalters und sozialer Faktoren auf die Fertilität bei Alpenmurmeltierweibchen (Marmota marmota). Diplomarbeit, Philipps-Universität Marburg.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, social, âge, age, reproduction.

Hackländer K. 1999. Und täglich grüsst das Murmeltier. Das Tier, 4: 68-75. 1999.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Hackländer K. 1999. Marmot wars [Les guerres des marmottes]. BBC Wildlife Magazine, 17(9): 18-23. 1999. Bristol, BBC.
En anglais, in English.
Écologie comportementale, behavioral ecology, reproduction, rongeur, rodent, structure sociale, social structure

Hackländer K. and W. Arnold 1998a. Failure of reproduction in female alpine marmots after territory take-overs by males [Echec de la reproduction chez les marmottes alpines femelles après conquête de leur territoire par des mâles]. Reproduction in Domestic Animals Suppl., 5: 66-.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, reproduction.

We studied free-ranging alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) over a period of 14 years in the National Park of Berchtesgaden, Germany. Alpine marmots lived in a social groups with only one reproducing dominant female per group. Alpine marmots lived in a social group with only one reproducing dominant female per group. During the study period 13 territory take-overs by male immigrants occured after the mating season. In these groups, there were no juveniles emerging above ground. However, up to nine of the 13 dominant females from groups with male take-over showed clear signs of pregnancy, five have enlarged nipples or moulted late in the year and four had progesterone levels similar to those of successfully reproducing femalessampled in the same time interval. Furthermore, the body mass at emergence from hibernation of females from groups with the subsequent male take-overs (n=7) did not differ from the body mass of successfully reproducing females (n=79, p=0.67).These data suggest that new territorial males prevent that females produce surviving young sired by their predecessors, either by infanticide or block of gestation. such male behaviour is adaptative because non-parous females save the energetic cost of warming juveniles during winter, therefore emerge with higher body mass in the following spring (p < 0.01) and hence have higher chances for reproduction.

Hackländer K. and W. Arnold. 1998b. Reproductive suppression in female alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) [Inhibition reproductive chez les marmottes alpines femelles]. In Abstracts of the Euro-American Mammal Congress. Ed. Reig, S. Santiago de Compostela (Spain): Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, reproduction, inhibition de la reproduction, reproductive suppression, endocrinologie, endocrinology.

Reproduction is often impaired by intraspecific competition. High densities in populations or intense rivalry among females within social groups could result in social stress, which might inhibit reproductive functions. For rodents, this phenomenon is well studied in the laboratory, but there are only few evidences for reproductive suppression in the field. We studied female Alpine marmots over 14 years in the Berchtesgaden National Park, Germany, and investigated reproduction in relation to social interactions and corticosteroid levels. Animals were captured continuously with live-traps and marked individuals were constantly observed during the active season from April (at emergence from hibernation) to October (at immergence to hibernation). Beside body mass and size, we measured concentrations of plasma estradiol, progesterone, and corticosteroids using enzyme immunoassays. Alpine marmots lived in family groups which consisted of one dominant pair and several subordinate members. There was conformity between females of different social status in main factor affecting mammalian reproduction, but only dominant females produced weaned young. Although subordinate females copulated with males and start pregnancies, none of them reproduced successfully. During early gestation dominant females initiated and won agonistic interactions with subordinate females. As a consequence, subordinate females had higher levels of plasma corticosteroids during this time. Abortion and resorption of embryos are well known in marmots. These data suggest that all adult females within a family group ovulated irrespectively of their social rank, but dominant females were able to monopolise reproduction by social stress against subordinates.

Hackländer K. and W. Arnold. 1999a. Female reproduction in alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) [Reproduction des femelles chez la marmotte alpine]. Zoology, 102[Suppl. II (DZG92.1)]: 14-.
Marmota marmota, reproduction, inhibition de la reproduction, reproductive suppression.

We studied female Alpine marmots over 14 years in the Berchtesgaden National Park, Germany, and investigated reproduction in relation to social interactions and corticosteroid levels. Animals were captured constinuously with live-traps and maked individuals were constantly observed during the active season from April (at emergence from hibernation) to October (at immergence to hibernation). Beside body mass and size, we measured concentrations of plasma estradiol, progesterone, and corticosteroids using enzyme immunoassays. Alpine marmots lived in family groups which consisted of one dominant pair and several subordinate members. There was conformity between females of different social status in main factor affecting mammalian reproduction, but only dominant females produced weaned young. Although subordinate females copulated with males and start pregnancies, none of them reproduced successfully. During early gestation dominant females initiated and won agonistic interactions with subordinate females. As a consequence, subordinate females had higher levels of plasma corticosteroids during this time. Abortion and resorption of embryos are well known in marmots. These data suggest that all adult females within a family group ovulated irrespectively of their social rank, but dominant females were able to monopolise reproduction by social stress against subordinates. Dominant females themselves could be prevented to produced young in groups with several subordinate females and after territory take-overs by males.

Hackländer K. & W. Arnold 1999b. Geburtenkontrolle bei Murmeltieren [Régulation de la reproduction chez les marmottes] Erlebnis Natur, 7-9: 20-1.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, reproduction.

Hackländer K. & Arnold W. 1999c. Male-caused failure of female reproduction and its adaptative value in alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) [Échec de la reproduction des femelles dû aux mâles et sa valeur adaptative chez les marmottes alpines]. Behavioral ecology, 10(5): 592-597.
En anglais, in English.
Pdf disponible/available
Marmota marmota, mâle, male, reproduction, valeur sélective, adaptative value, inhibition reproductive, reproductive inhibition, effet Bruce, Bruce's effect, infanticide.

We studied reproductive performance of free-living alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) for 14 years in the National Park of Berchtesgaden, Germany. Female reproduction was influenced by body condition and social factors. Reproduction depleted fat reserves, and only females emerging from hibernation with sufficient body mass were able to reproduce successfully. marmots lived in social groups in territories defended by a dominant male and female. Subordinate females never reproduced, regardless of body mass. Territory takeovers by males impairedreproduction of dominant females, but only if the takeover occurred after the mating period. Reproductive failures occurred despite clear signs of pregnancy such enlarged nipples or late molt. decreaseing progesterone levels after the mating period and the lack of evidence for direct infanticide by new territorial males suggest a block of pregnancy as a likely explanation for reproductive failures in groups with male takeovers during gestation. Rendering female reproduction impossible increaed future reproductive success of new territory owners. Non parous females saved the energetic cost of maternal investment and thus emerged with higher body mass in the following spring. In line with this, females failing to wean young had higher reproductive success in the subsequent year.

Hackländer K. & Arnold W. 1999d. Female reproduction in alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) [Reproduction de la femelle chez les marmottes alpines]. Zoology, 102: 14-14 (abs.).
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, reproduction.

Hackländer K. & Arnold W. 2002. Prenatal influences on reproductive life history in female alpine marmot (Marmota marmota). Influences prénatales sur l'histoire de vie reproductive chez les marmottes alpines femelles (Marmota marmota). In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 64-65.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota marmota, endocrinoloy, endocrinologie, reproduction, pre-natal environment, milieu prénatal.

Hackländer K. & Arnold W. 2003a. Reproductive suppression in female Alpine marmots, Marmota marmota [Inhibition reproductive chez la marmotte alpine femelle}. Animal behaviour, 65(6) : 1133-1140.
En anglais, in English.
PDF disponible/available.

Hackländer K. & Arnold W. 2003b. Prenatal influences on reproductive life history in female alpine marmot (Marmota marmota). Influences prénatales sur l'histoire de vie reproductive chez les marmottes alpines femelles (Marmota marmota). Дородовые влияния на историю размножения у самок альпийского сурка (Marmota marmota). In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 165-166.
Anglais, français et résumé russe ; English, French and russian abstract
PDF disponible/available
Marmota marmota, endocrinoloy, endocrinologie, reproduction, pre-natal environment, milieu prénatal.
Les endocrinologistes comportementaux ont découvert des relations surprenantes entre les niveaux d'exposition prénatale aux hormones gonadiques et la variation du comportement reproducteur chez l'adulte. Par exemple, les effets prénataux sur le phénotype reproductif peuvent avoir des conséquences de grande portée et peuvent aider à expliquer les bases physiologiques des biais de la sex-ratio, des différences de capacités compétitives des adultes et les tactiques reproductives alternatives. Chez les souris, les foetus femelles situés entre les foetus mâles (2M femelles) ont des taux de testostérones supérieurs à ceux de leurs soeurs situées entre deux foetus femelles (2F femelles). Ces dernières, devenues adultes, sont moins agressives, ont des cycles oestriens plus courts, sont sexuellement attractives pour les mâles et une vie reproductive plus longue que les femelles 2M. Contrairement aux études de laboratoire, où l'exposition hormonale des foetus peut être déterminée, les preuves de tels phénomènes dans le milieu naturel sont extrêmement rares ou même absentes. Dans cette étude, nous analysons les effets éventuels de l'environnement intra-utérin sur l'histoire reproductive chez les marmottes alpines femelles. En plus, nous incluons des informations sur le statut social, reproductif et la survie concernant 191 femelles adultes, suivies durant une étude de 14 ans dans le Parc National de Berchtesgaden, Allemagne. L'analyse a révélé que le phénomène mis en évidence au laboratoire a un impact important évident sur l'histoire de la vie reproductive des marmottes alpines sauvages.

Hackländer K., U. Bruns, and W. Arnold 1999. "Reproduktion und Paarungssystem bei Alpenmurmeltieren (Marmota marmota) [Reproduction et système d’appariement chez la marmotte alpine]." Stapfia, Kataloge des OÖ Landesmuseums, NF,: 63: 21-32.
En allemand et résumé anglais, in German and English abstract.
Marmota marmota, systèveme d'appariement, mating system, reproduction.
Alpine marmots mature after their second hibernation but not all members of a family group reproduce successfully. Copulations could be observed between all females and males within a group. Closely related animals mate together, often resulting in close inbreeding, but apparently without any negative consequences. Only dominant females produce weaned young, which could be sired by several males, but mostly by the dominant one. Dominant animals suppress reproduction in subordinates by initiating agonistic interactions, which affect elevated levels of glucocorticoids ("stress hormones") in the blood of suppressed animals. In contrast to feamles, reproductive suppression in males is incomplete and predominantly sons of the dominant male may have some direct reproductive success. In groups with several subordinate females dominant females could be less reproductive. Apart from this intrasexual suppression males are able to prevent dominant females from reproduction when they take over a territory after the mating period. Hence, beside various benefits of sociality in Alpine marmots there are also costs, e.g. reproductive failures, caused by other group members.

Hackländer K., Möstl E. & Arnold W. 1998. Reproduction and sociality in female alpine marmots: a contradiction? [Reproduction et socialité chez les femelles de la marmotte alpine : une contradiction?]. Reprod. Dom. Anim. Suppl., 5: 65.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, reproduction

Hackländer K., Möstl E. & Arnold W. 2002. Reproduction and social stress in female alpine marmots (Marmota marmota). Reproduction et stress social chez les femelles de marmottes alpines (Marmota marmota). In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 66-67.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota marmota, social stress, stress social, reproduction.

Hackländer K., Möstl E. & Arnold W. 2003a. Reproduction and social stress in female alpine marmots (Marmota marmota). Reproduction et stress social chez les femelles de marmottes alpines (Marmota marmota). Размножение и социальный стресс у самок альпийского сурка (Marmota marmota). In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 109-110.
Anglais, français et résumé russe ; English, French and russian abstract
PDF disponible/available
Marmota marmota, social stress, stress social, reproduction.
Nous avons étudié les mécanismes responsables du biais de reproduction chez les femelles de marmottes alpines (Marmota marmota). Dans chaque groupe social, seules les femelles dominantes produisent des jeunes sevrés. Cependant, les femelles subordonnées avaient des conditions corporelles similaires, étaient fertiles comme l'indiquaient de forts niveaux d'estradiol durant la saison d'appariement, et débutaient des grossesses occasionnellement. Durant la période de gestation, les femelles dominantes initient significativement plus d'interactions agonistiques contre les femelles subordonnées. Ceci entraîne un accroissement des niveaux de glucocorticoïdes et une diminution des niveaux de progestérone chez ces dernières. Notre étude suggère que l'inhibition reproductive des femelles de marmotte alpine est sous la dépendance d'effets négatifs du stress (glucocorticoïdes) sur l'activité de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-gonadique. La force de la compétition entre femelles subordonnées et dominantes était affectée par leur apparentement. Les femelles subordonnées non apparentées attaquent plus souvent les femelles dominantes alors que des comportements amicaux étaient observés surtout entre femelles dominantes et leurs filles. Ces différences pourraient être expliquées par les différences entre le niveau de valeur sélective indirect des femelles subordonnées en réchauffant les descendants des femelles dominantes pendant l'hibernation. L'inhibition reproductrice était apparemment coûteuse pour les femelles dominantes, aussi, car le succès reproducteur décroît avec le nombre de femelles adultes subordonnées présentes dans le groupe.

Hackländer K., Möstl E. & Arnold W. 2003a.Reproductive suppression in female Alpine marmots, Marmota marmota. [Inhibition reproductive chez la marmotte alpine femelle]. Animal behaviour, 65 (p.6) : 1133-1140.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, Sexual behavior, comportement sexuel, Social dominance, Dominance sociale, Social behavior, Comportement social, Stress, Hypothalamohypophysoadrenal axis, Système hypothalamohypophysosurrenalien, Progesterone, Progestérone, Breeding success, Succès reproducteur, Hibernation, Austria, Autriche.
We studied mechanisms responsible for reproductive skew in female Alpine marmots. In each social group, only dominant females produced weaned young although subordinate females had similar body condition, were fertile as indicated by high levels of oestradiol during the mating season, and occasionally started pregnancies. During the period of gestation, dominant females initiated significantly more agonistic interactions against subordinate females, resulting in significantly increased levels of glucocorticoids and decreased levels of progesterone in subordinates. Results suggested that reproductive suppression in female Alpine marmots is mediated by the negative effects of stress (glucocorticoids) on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The strength of competition between subordinate and dominant females was affected by their relatedness. Dominant females attacked unrelated subordinate females more, whereas amicable behaviour was observed mainly between dominant females and their daughters. These differences could tie explained by differences in indirect fitness: related subordinate females benefited from warming the offspring of the dominant female during hibernation. Reproductive suppression was apparently costly for dominant females, because their reproductive success decreased as the number of adult subordinate females in a group increased.

Hadly Elizabeth A. & Maurer Brian A. 2001. Spatial and temporal patterns of species diversity in montane mammal communities of western North America [Canevas spatial et temporel de la diversité spécifique des communautés de mammifères de l’Ouest Nord Américain]. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 3: 477-486.
En anglais, in English.
Biogeography, biogéographie, Holocene, Holocène, nestedness, nested subset, palaeontology, paléontologie.
Available pdf disponible ou/or Available pdf disponible

We present the results of the first analysis of distributional patterns of the same taxa across thousands of kilometres and thousands of years, which demonstrate that the exponents for the power relationships in space and time are similar. In both space and time, the distribution of mammalian taxa of the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains follows a ‘nested subset’ pattern. We conclude that species identities and their relative abundances are non-random properties of communities that persist over long periods of ecological time and across geographic space. This is consistent with species abundance contributing heavily to evolutionary patterns, and allows predictions of how species within communities will respond to future global change.

Hafner D.J. 1984. Evolutionnary relationships of the nearctic Sciuridae [Rapports phylogénétiques des Sciuridae néarctiques]. In The biology of ground-dwelling Squirrels, J. Murie & G. Michener eds., Univ. Nebraska Press, Lincoln: 3-23.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Hafner David J. 1998. Rodents of southwestern North America [Rongeurs du Sud-Ouest de l’Amérique du Nord]. In Rodents of conservation concern in North America [Rongeurs concernés par la conservation en Amérique du Nord], Hafner D.J., Yensen E. & Kirkland G. eds., 10-17.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, conservation, Amérique du Nord, North America.
Available pdf disponible

Hafner David J. & Yensen Eric 1998. North American Rodents [Rongeurs Nord américain]. In Rodents of conservation concern in North America [Rongeurs concernés par la conservation en Amérique du Nord], Hafner D.J., Yensen E. & Kirkland G. eds., 1-4.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, conservation, Amérique du Nord, North America.
Available pdf disponible

Hafner D.J., Yensen E. & Kirkland Jr., G.L., (rédacteurs/compilers et/and déricteurs/editors) 1998. North American Rodents: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. [Les rongeurs Nord Américain : statut et plan d'action de conservation]. IUCN/SSC Rodent Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland ad Cambridge, UK, x + 171 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, conservation, Marmota vancouverensis, Amérique du Nord, North America.
Available pdf disponible

Hafner D.J., Yensen E. & Kirkland G., (rédacteurs/compilers et/and déricteurs/editors), 1998. Rodents of conservation concern in North America [Rongeurs concernés par la conservation en Amérique du Nord]. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Special Report.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, conservation, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Hafner D.J., Yensen E., Kirkland G.L. Jr., Hall J.G., Cook J.A. & Nagorsen D.W. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan: Rodent [Statut de suivi et plan d'action de conservation : les rongeurs]. Species Survival Commission (SSC).
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, conservation, Amérique du Nord, North America.
Rodents are the most numerous, widespread, and diverse group of mammals on Earth. Although most rodents do not enjoy a positive reputation as charismatic creatures, they make up a critical link in many food chains, and have an enormous influence on many terrestrial ecosystems by virtue of their numbers and variety. An ecosystem approach should emphasize the important ecological roles occupied by rodents. Rodents are important in soil aeration, soil fertility, and penetration of ground water into the soil (pocket gophers); as prey for furbearers and predatory birds, as keystone species supporting entire carnivore food webs (ground squirrels); and as keystone species supporting up to 170 associated species (prairie dogs). They play an integral role in forest health through their relationships with mycorrhizal fungi (chipmunks, voles, flying squirrels).
In many cases, conservation of more popular species depends first and foremost on preservation of the rodent community that sustains them. Rodent species are often highly adapted to live in a narrowly defined habitat, and the diversity of rodents reflects the diversity of available habitats. The wealth of knowledge about rodents and their accessibility for research make them ideal candidates as indicators of the status of many terrestrial ecosystems.
Rodent conservation must be a concern of every state, province, and territory in North America. Much of eastern and central North America has suffered extensive habitat destruction in the past, and populations of native rodents survive in pockets of remaining habitat. Other regions, particularly California and Florida, are currently under siege from agricultural and urban development and introduction of exotic species. Finally, more remote regions, such as northern Canada and Alaska, must be surveyed to provide a more precise view of natural ecosystems in order to mitigate anticipated human impacts. This is the first comprehensive treatment of North American rodents of conservation concern. This Action Plan summarizes the rodent fauna of North America (north of Mexico and including Greenland), and provides available information on every rodent taxon that recently has been considered to be of conservation concern by state, provincial, federal, and private conservation agencies and regional experts. Taxa that are no longer valid or are secure throughout most of their range (47 species and 68 subspecies) are set apart from those of conservation concern (34 species and 147 subspecies of concern), which are assigned to levels of vulnerability based on the 1994 IUCN Red List criteria. We present information on the classification, distribution, threats, current actions, and conservation needs of 168 taxa of 86 species of rodents in North America. Of these, eight subspecies are Extinct, ten species and 48 subspecies are threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable), 17 species and 42 subspecies are at Lower Risk (conservation dependent or near threatened), and seven species and 49 subspecies do not have sufficient data to make a judgment (Data Deficient). One species and 36 subspecies are probably inseparable from other, non-threatened taxa; 45 species and 12 subspecies have been considered threatened due to peripheral distribution in a particular political region, but are wide-ranging and secure elsewhere; and studies have demonstrated that the status of one species and 20 subspecies is secure.
In nearly all cases, known threats to North American rodents are related to habitat loss and include agricultural conversion of habitat, urbanization, grazing, fire suppression, and other habitat modifications. Most of the taxa of concern have historically small geographic ranges, much of which has been adversely altered by human activities. Conservation actions are recommended for all taxa of concern, and more elaborate plans are discussed for taxa of higher conservation priority. Lack of knowledge regarding basic taxonomy, distribution, and abundance of many species indicates the need for additional basic studies, particularly modern faunal inventories, which should be a high priority in many areas. It is imperative that the conservation actions recommended in this Action Plan be implemented immediately. Nearly one-half of North American rodent species (86 of 206) warranted inclusion in this Action Plan. Nearly one in five (39 of 206) species is threatened at the species or subspecies level. Ten species are currently threatened, five other species listed as Lower Risk (near threatened) have threatened subspecies, and 24 species of least concern have subspecies that are threatened. Another 28 species have at least one subspecies that is dependent on ongoing conservation efforts, near-threatened, or suspected of being threatened but for which data are lacking.
Our hope is that this comprehensive treatment will serve as common ground for the diverse governmental and private conservation agencies and promote active cooperation among those agencies. By using rodents to assess and monitor habitats and ecosystems, we hope to further encourage the shift from conservation strategies that target single charismatic species towards preservation and management of entire ecosystems.

Hagmann Gottfried 1909. Über diluviale Murmeltiere aus dem Rheingebeit usw. [Sur la marmotte glaciaire de la zone du rhin. On the Ice age marmot of the Rhein zone]. Mitteil. der Geolog. Landsanstalt v. Els.-Lothr., Strasburg, 6 : 369-394.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.
Il a vu dans les forts sujets pléistocène des Arctomys primigenius K., espèce éteinte ancêtre commun de la marmotte des Alpes et du Bobac. Les deux espèces récentes n'auraient acquis leurs caractères distinctifs qu'après la dernière glaciation ou tout à la fin de celle-ci.

Hainard Robert 1931. Le sifflet de la marmotte [The marmot whistle]. Bulletin de la société zoologique de Genève, pp. 201-206.
En français, in French.
Robert hainard (1906-1998), Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, son, sound, communication.

Hainard R. 1949. Les mammifères sauvages d'Europe [The wild mammals of Europe]. Delachaux et Niestlé. Neuchâtel, vol. 2 : 164-235. La marmotte, 176-189 (4eme édition).
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mamals, Marmota marmota, Europe.

. Hainard R. 1973. La réintroduction de l'ours et d'autres espèces sauvages au Vercors. Étude du Service de Conservation de la Nature, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 34 p.
En français, in French.
Dessins, drawings, ours, bear, Iynx, chat sauvage, savage cat, chamois, bouquetin, ibex, marmotte, marmot, castor, beaver, gypaète barbu, bearded vulture, grand tétras, capercaillie.

Halák K. 1984a. Metodika zisťovania početného stavu svista vrchovského (Marmota marmota L.). Zborník prác o Tatranskom národnom parku, 25: 61-66.
En Tchèque, in Czech.
Marmota marmota latirostris, Tatras, Tatra mountains.

Halák K. 1984b. Výskyt svišťa vrchovského tatranského (Marmota marmota L., Kratochvíl, 1961) v Západných Tatrách - Roháčoch. Zborník Tatranského národného parku, 25: 47-60.
En Tchèque, in Czech.
Marmota marmota latirostris, Tatras, Tatra mountains.

Haley David Arthur (Bryer Lynne E., illustration) 1999. The life and legend of Wiarton Willie. Milton, Ont., Comet Enterprises, 110 p.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, littérature enfantine, Juvenile literature.

Hall Eugene Raymond 1946. Mammals of Nevada [Les mammifères d'Amérique du Nord]. Univ. California Press, Berkeley- Los Angeles, pp. 710.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota flaviventris, Ruby Mountains, Elko, Nevada, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Hall E.R. 1955. Hanbook of mammals of Kansas [Manuel des mammifères du Kansas]. Miscellaneous Publication, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, 7: 1-303.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota, biogéographie, biogeography, Kansas, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Hall E.R. 1981. The Mammals of North America [Les mammifères d'Amérique du Nord]. Wiley, New York, Vol. 1: 1-600; vol. 2: 601- 1181.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota, biogéographie, biogeography, Amérique du Nord, North America, Tennessee, .Marmota 320-331
.

Hall E.R. 2003. Marmota bobak (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed March 28, 2006 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_bobak.html.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota bobak, espèce menacée, threatened species.

Hall E.R. & Gilmore R.M. 1934. Marmota caligata broweri, a new marmot from northern Alaska [M. c. broweri, une nouvelle marmotte du nord de l'Alaska]. Canadian Field-Naturalist., 48: 57-59.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota broweri, Marmota caligata broweri Hall & Gillmore, 1934, Taxonomie, États-Unis, Alaska, Point Lay, Arctic coast

Hall E.R. & K.R. Kelson 1959. The Mammals of North America [Les mammifères d'Amérique du Nord]. Ronald Press, N. Y., Vol. 1. 546 p.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota olympus, faunistique, fauna, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Hall F.D. 1965. Hemoglobin and oxygen affinities in seven species of Sciuridae [Affinités hémoglobine et oxygène chez sept espegrave;ces de Sciuridae]. Science, 148 : 1350-1351.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, physiologie, physiology, sang, blood.

Hall F.G. 1966. Respiratory function of the blood of the nutria and the woodchuck [Fonction respiratoire du sang du ragondin et de la marmotte des bois]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 19: 145-150.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Myocastor coypus, physiologie, physiology, respiration, EUA, USA.

Hall F.S. 1932. A historical resume of exploration and survey- Mammal types and their collectors in the State of Washington [Résumé historique d'exploration et d'inspection. mammifères types et leurs collectionneurs dans l'état de Washingron]. The Murrelet, 13(3): 63-90.
En anglais, in English.
Collection, mammifères, mammals, EUA, USA, Washington.

Hall Stephen A. 1982. Late Holocene paleoecology of the Southern Plains [Paléoécologie de la fin de l'Holocène dans plaines du Sud]. Quat. Res. (N. Y.), 17 : 391-407.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, paléontologie, paleontology, Holocène.

Haller Gottlieb Emanuel von & Stapfer Johann Jakob 1785. Bibliothek der Schweizer-geschichte und aller Theile, so dahin Bezug haben. Hallersche buchhandlung, Bern.
En allemand, in German
Mus alpini.
Extrait pdf extract

Haller H. 1982. Raumorganisation und Dynamic einer Populatio des Steinadlers Aquila chrysaetos in den Zentralalpen [Organisation spatiale et dynamique d'une population d'aigles royaux A. chrysaetos des Alpes centrales. Spatial organisation and dynamics of a population of Golden Eagles royaux A. chrysaetos in the Central Alps]. Der Ornitologisher Beobachter, Bern, 79: 163-211.
En allemand, in German.
Aquila chrysaetos, Marmota marmota, Alpes, Alps, Suisse, Switzerland.

Halpin Z.T. 1984. The role of olfactory communication in the social systems of ground-dwelling sciurids [Le rôle de la communication olfactive dans les systèmes sociaux des écureuils fouisseurs]. In The biology of ground-dwelling Squirrels, J. Murie & G. Michener eds., Univ. Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, olfaction, sécrétion, secretion.

Ground squirrels (Spermophilus), prairie dogs (Cynomys), and marmots (Marmota) possess a variety of specialized scent glands, including oral, anal, and dorsal glands. These glands may be used to deposit scent passively during the animal's daily, routine activities and also actively during stereotyped scent-marking behaviors. In addition, many social and "greeting" behaviors appear to involve the investigation of scent-producing areas, suggesting that these scents may play a role in olfactory communication. The available evidence from observation and experimentation suggests that the biological odors produced by ground-dwelling sciurids may be particularly important in agonistic interactions and in individual and group recognition. Anal glands are generally extruded during stressful and agonistic situations, but the significance of this behavior is not well understood. Oral and dorsal gland secretions may be involved in individual and group recognition. Moreover, these and other odor sources, such as urine, may communicate information on sexual identity, reproductive condition, or dominance status. Unfortunately, the paucity of experimental work on sciurid biological odors makes it impossible to reach more definitive conclusions regarding the function and evolutionary significance of these odors. Simple field and laboratory experiments that may hep to remedy this situation are discussed.

Halpin Z.T. 1985. The rodents III : suborder Sciuromorpha [Les rongeurs III : sous-ordre Sciuromorpha]. In Social odours in mammals, Brown R.E. & McDonald D.W. eds., Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 882, 458-479.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, social, communication, olfaction.

Haluska F.G. & Croce C.M. 1987. More clues to gene rearrangements [Indices supplémentaires du réarrangement des gènes] . Nature. 325(6103): 396.
En anglais, in English.
Génétique, genetics.
No abstract available.

Hamilton Walter 1825. A Hand-book or concise dictionary of terms used in the arts and sciences [Manuel ou dictionnaire concis des termes utilisées dans les arts et les sciences]. John Murray, London, 451p.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys marmota, Mus alpinus.
Extrait pdf extract

Hamilton W.J. jr. 1930. Notes on the mammals of Breathitt County, Kentucky [Notes sur les mammifères du comté de Breahitt]. J. Mammal., 11: 310.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Kentucky.

Hamilton W.J. 1934. The life history of the rufescent woodchuck Marmota monax rufescens[L’histoire de vie de la marmotte des bois M. m. rufescens]. Ann. Carneg. Mus., 23 : 87-118.
En anglais, in English. Marmota monax, alimentation, foraging, EUA, USA, New York..

Woodchucks frequently deposit feces near burrows. Supplemental fecal nitrogen produced differences in vegetation production. Grasses are generally less palatable to woodchuck than forbs.

Hamilton W.J. Jr. 1943. The mammals of eastern United States [Les mammifères de l'est des États-Unis d'Amérique]. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, N.Y.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Hamilton W.J. Jr. & Whitaker J.O. Jr. 1979. Mammals of the Eastern United States [Mammifères de l'orient des États-Unis]. Cornell Univ. Press, Cornell, New York: 346.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna, répartition, distribution, Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte commune ou américaine, États-Unis d'amérique, USA, Tennessee.
Alces alces, Odocoileus virginianus, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis austroriparius, Myotis griscensis, Myotis keenii, Myotis sodalis, Myotis leibii, Lasionycteris noctivagans, Eptesicus fuscus, Pipistrellus subflavus, Lasiurus boralis, Lasiurus seminolus, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasiurus intermedius, Nycticeus humeralis, Plecotus townsendii, Plecotus rafinesquii, Tadarida brasiliensis, Eumops glaucinus, Canis latrnas, Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes, Lynx canadensis, Lynx lynx, Lynx rufus, Felis concolor, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Euarctos americanus, Ursus americanus, Procyon lotor, Taxidea taxus, Martes americana, Martes pennanti, Mustela vision, Mustela erminea, Mustela rixosa, Mustela nivalis, Lutra canadensis, Spilogale putorius, Mephitis mephitis, Lepus americanus, Lepus townsendi, Lepus californicus, Lepus europaeus, introduction: Sylvilagus floridanus, sylvilagus transitionalis, Sylvilagus aquaticus, Sylvilagus palustris, Sciurus niger, Sciurus carolinensis, Marmota monax, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, Eutamias minimus, Spermophilus franklini, Tamias striatus, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, Glaucomys sabrinus, Glaucomys volans, Myocastor coypu, Ondatra zibethicus, Castor canadensis, Erethizon dorsatum.

Hammond A.L. 1976. Paleoclimate: ice age earth was cool and dry [Paléoclimat : la période glaciaire de la Terre était fraîche et sèche]. Science, 191: 455.
En anglais, in English.
Climat, climate, période glaciaire, ice age.

Hammond L.F. 1988. "Any ordinary degree of system" The Columbia Department of the Hudson's Bay Company and the harvesting of wildlife, 1825-1849 ["Le degré ordinaire du système" Le comptoir de Colombie de la compagnie de la baie de l'Hudson et la récolte de la vie sauvage, 1825-1849]. M.A. Thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, 197 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, fourrure, fur, Canada.

Hamrell B.B. & Low R.B. 1978. The relationship of mechanical Vmax to myosine ATPase activity in rabbit and marmot ventricular muscle [Rapport du Vmax mécanique à l'activité de l'ATPase du muscle ventriculaire du lapin et de la marmotte]. Pflügers Arch., 377 (2) : 119-124.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Lagomorphes, physiologie, physiology, muscle.

Papillary muscle mechanics and ventricular myosin calcium-activated ATPase activity were measured in the same heart as a function of temperature (8--28 degrees) in rabbits and marmots, in order to examine further the hypothesis that the velocity of cardiac muscle shortening at zero load (Vmax) is correlated with myosin ATPase activity. There was a similar Q10 for Vmax in each muscle type, as measured with isotonic afterloaded quick-releases at 30--33% time-to-peak tension; the calcium activated ATPase of myosin in the two muscle types also was similar. The least squares linear regression of rabbit Vmax on calcium-activated myosin ATPase activity was the same as in the marmot, so all the data were pooled to yield a linear regression (Y = 0.47 +/- 3.82X) with a high correlation between the two variables [r = 0.95, P less than 0.01 (ANOV)]. Furthermore, the correlation proved to be predictive of cardiac Vmax and myosin ATPase activity levels in other experiments where these two measurements decreased below normal as a result of hypertrophic growth. Consequently, the quantitative relationship between Vmax and myosin ATPase defined here may prove to be predictive of the ability of cardiac muscle to release bond energy.

Hancock L. 1982. The vancouvers island marmot [La marmotte de l'île de Vancouver]. Natur. Canad., 2 : 18-23.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, Canada, Colombie.

Hancock L. 1984. Marching marmoteers! [La marche des marmotteurs]. Canadian Geographic, 104: 50-55.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, Canada.

Handley Charles O. Jr. & Patton Clyde P. 1947. Wild Mammals of Virginia [Mammifères sauvages de Virginie]. Virginia Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries, Richmond:220.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte américaine, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Virginia, Tennessee.

Handley Charles O. & Patton Clyde P. Jr. 1948. Wild Mammals of Virginia [Mammifères sauvages de Virginie]. American Midland Naturalist, 39(1) : 255-256.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte américaine, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Virginia, Tennessee.

Hanken J. & P.W. Sherman 1981. Multiple paternity in Belding's ground squirrel litters [Paternité multiple des portées d'écureuils terrestres de Belding]. Science, 212: 351-353.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, appariement, mating, parenté, kinship.

Sexually receptive female Spermophilus beldingi (Rodentia: Sciuridae) usually mate with several different males. The paternity of 27 litters born in 1977 and 1978 was ascertained by combining field observations of mating with laboratory paternity exclusion analyses. Most of the litters (78 percent) were multiply sired, usually by two or three males. This may be the highest frequency of multiple paternity ever directly demonstrated in a natural population.

Hanna I.M. 1907. Expeditions into the olympic Mountains [Expéditions aux Monts Olympiques]. The mountaineer, 1: 29-34.
En anglais, in English.
Expédition, expedition.

Hänsel N. 1995. Bodenwühler der Graslandschaft: Murmeltiere. Thesis, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, terrier, burrow, paysage, landscape.

Hansen K.M. 1975. Foods of the hoary marmot on Kenai Peninsula, Alaska [Nourritures de la marmotte givrée de la péninsule de Kenai, Alaska]. Amer. Midl. Naturalist, 94 : 342-353.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota broweri, EUA, USA, Alaska.
Genera, such as Dryas Linnaeus, Salix, and Vaccinium Linnaeus, are avoided.

Hanslik S. & Kruckenhauser L. 2000. Microsatellite loci for two European sciurid species (Marmota marmota, Spermophilus citellus). Mol. Ecol., 9(12): 2163-5.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, Spermophilus citellus, génétique, genetics, microsatellites.
Pdf disponible/available

Hantz O., Allaudeen H.S., Ooka T., De Clercq E. & Trepo C. 1984. Inhibition of human and woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA polymerase by the triphosphates of acyclovir, 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodocytosine and E-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine. Antiviral Res., 4(4): 187-199.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
The triphosphates of acyclovir (ACV), 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodocytosine (FIAC) and E-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BVdU) have been examined for their inhibitory effects on the endogenous DNA polymerase reactions of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). All three triphosphates (ACVTP, FIACTP and BVdUTP) inhibited the HBV and WHV DNA polymerases by competing with the corresponding natural substrates. FIACTP was the most potent inhibitor of HBV and WHV DNA polymerase while ACVTP was the least effective inhibitor. The inhibitory properties of these compounds were compared with those of the 5'-triphosphates of 1-beta-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine (ara-CTP) and 1-beta-arabinofuranosylthymine (ara-TTP). The 50% inhibitory doses for HBV and WHV DNA polymerases were in the following order: FIACTP less than BVdUTP less than ara-TTP less than ACVTP less than ara-CTP. BVdUTP appeared to be an efficient alternate substrate to dTTP for HBV DNA polymerase while FIACTP was much less efficient when substituted for dCTP. ACVTP did not act as an alternate substrate to dGTP and appeared to prevent DNA chain elongation.

Hantz O., Ooka T., Vitvitski L., Pichoud C. & Trepo C. 1984. Comparison of properties of woodchuck hepatitis virus and human hepatitis B virus endogenous DNA polymerases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 25(2): 242-246.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

The principal properties of the DNA polymerases of woodchuck hepatitis virus and human hepatitis B virus were compared. The enzymes of both viruses exhibited optimal activities in the same range of pH, ionic strength, and MgCl2 concentration. Like human hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase, the woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA polymerase was strongly inhibited by phosphonoformic acid but not by phosphonoacetic acid and aphidicolin. Similar inhibition patterns for both enzymes were observed with arabinofuranosyl nucleotides (9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine-5'-triphosphate, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-5'-triphosphate, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylthymine-5'-triphosphate) and dideoxythymidine triphosphate, whereas no effect was obtained with corresponding nucleosides. The therapeutic significance of these results and the relevance of the woodchuck as an experimental animal model for the study of human hepatitis B virus infections are discussed.

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Hantz O., Pichoud C., Vitviski L. & Trepo C. 1983. Use of the cross reactivity with hepatitis B virus antigens and antibodies for the demonstration of a woodchuck hepatits virus "e" antigen-antibody system [Utilisation de la contre réactivité des antigènes et des anticorps de l'hépatite virale B pour la mise en évidence d'un système antigène-anticorps de l'hépatite "e" chez la marmotte]. J. Virol. Meth., 7 : 45-55.
Marmota monax, épidémiologie, epidemiology, virus, médecine, medecine, hépatite, hepatitis.
En anglais, in English.

Woodchucks hepatitis virus (WHV)-associated antigens and antibodies were studied using current sensitive radio- or enzyme immunoassays (RIA, EIA). A significant cross-reactivity was observed between hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and woodchuck hepatitis surface antigen (WHsAg) using RIA or EIA (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.) although not with two other commercial EIA tested (Organon Technika, Oss, The Netherlands; Behringwerke AG, Marburg, F.R.G.). A weak but significant reactivity was also found when woodchuck sera positive for WHsAg or anti-WHs by immunodiffusion were tested for HBeAg and anti-HBe by RIA, suggesting the existence of a WHeAg-anti-WHe system in infected woodchucks. The specificity of this e-anti-e reactivity in the woodchuck was further confirmed by successful absorption experiments. WHsAg and WHeAg could be distinguished serologically by immunodiffusion and separated from each other by ultracentrifugation and ammonium sulphate precipitation. A WHeAg preparation was used to boost the presumed natural antibody activity of an immune woodchuck. The specific anti-HBe response detected by RIA during the immunization experiments demonstrated the existence of a soluble WHeAg cross-reacting with the human HBe-anti-HBe system. This was confirmed in immunodiffusion by a partial identity between the precipitin lines formed by the WHeAg-anti-Whe and HBeAg-anti-HBe reaction. Whether the WHe-Ag-anti-WHe system wil mimick HBeAg and anti-HBe in all their clinico-pathological correlations, deserves further study.

Hantz O. & Zoulim F. 2004. Duck hepatitis B virus primary hepatocyte culture model. Methods Mol. Med., 96:189-197.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis, modèle, model, canard, duck..

Harder J.J. 1683. Anatomie Muris alpini [Antomie de Muris alpini. Anatomy of Muris alpini]. Ephemer. Acad. Nat. Cur., Dec. 2 Ann. 4: 237-244.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, anatomie, anatomy.

Hardy G.A. 1955. The natural history of the Forbidden Plateau area Vancouver Island, British Columbia [Histoire naturelle de la zone du Forbidden Plateau de l'île de Vancouver, Colombie Britannique]. Prov. Mus. Nat. Hist. and Anthrop., Prov. Brit. Col. Rept. for the year 1954, B24-B63., Victoria B.C.
En anglais, in English.
Canada, British Columbia.

Hardy Michel 1888. Découverte d’une sépulture de l’époque quaternaire à Raymonden, commune de Chancelade (Dordogne) [Discovery of a quateranry burial in Raymonden, Chancelade commune (Dordogne)]. Comptes rendus hebdomadairse des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 107 : 1025-1027.
En français, in French.
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Paléontologie, paleontology, Homme, Man, Cro-Magnon, Dordogne, France.

Hardy Michel 1891. La station quaternaire de Raymonden, Dordogne [The Quaternary station of Raymonden, Dordogne)]. Paris.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, quaternaire, Quaternary.
Marmotte déterminée par Gaudry.

Harestad A.S. & Bunnell F.L. 1979. Home range and body weight. A reevaluation [Domaine vital et masse' corporelle. Une réévaluation]. Ecology, 60(2): 389-402.
En anglais, in English.
Territorialité, territoriality, déplacement, movements, biométrie, biometrics, méthodes, techniques, Marmota flaviventris.
Canis lupus, Canis latrans, Vulpes vulpes, Vulpes fulva, Felis concolor, Lynx canadensis, Lynx rufus, Ursus arctos, Procyon lotor, Martes americana, Martes pennanti, Mustela vison, Mustela erminea, Mustela rixosa, Mustela frenata, Gulo gulo, Taxidea taxus, Mephitis mephitis, Lepus americanus, Lepus alleni, Lepus californicus, Ochotona princeps, Sylvilagus bachmani, Sylvilagus floridanus, Sylvilagus transionalis, Sylvilagus auduboni, Sylvilagus aquaticus, Tamias striatus, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, Sciurus griseus, Sciurus carolinensis, Marmota flaviventris, Tamiasciurus douglasii, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, Erethizon dorsatum.

Harkness D.R., Roth S. & Goldman P. 1974. Studies on the red blood cell oxygen affinity and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid in the hibernating woodchuck (Marmota monax) [Etudes sur l'affinité pour l'oxygène des globules rouges et de l'acide 2,3-diphosphoglycerique chez la marmotte hibernante]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., a, 48 : 591-599.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, respiration, hibernation.

Harlan Richard 1825. Fauna americana: being a description of the mammiferous animals inhabitating North America [Fauna americana: description des mammifères habitant l’Amérique du Nord]. Philadelphia, A. Finley. 1. Arctomys monax Gmelin, Monax Edwards, Maryland Marmot Penn., Glis monax Erxleb., Le monax, Marmotte du Canada Buffon, Cuniculus bahamensis Catesby, Wood-chuck Maryland, Ground-hog Pennsylvana ; 2. Arctomys empetra Gmel., Quebec Marmot Penn., Glis canadensis Erxleb., Mus emetra Pall. ; 3. Arctomys ludoviciani Ord., Arctomys missouriensis Warden, Prairie dog Lewis & Clark ; 4. Arctomys tridecemlineata, Sciurus tridecemlineatus Mitchell, Arctomys hoodi Sabine, Striped & spotted Ground-squirrel Say ; 5. Arctomys franklini Sabine, Gray American Marmot ; 6. Arctomys richardsonii Sabine, Tawny American Marmot ; 7. Arctomys pruinosa Gmelin, Hoary Marmot Penn. ; 8. Arctomys parryii Richardson, Gray Arctic Marmot, Ground-Sqirrel, Quebec Marmot Foster, Arctomys alpina ; Harlan, Richard, 1796-1843.
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Harlan M. 1825. Fauna americana bring a description of the mammiferous animals inhabitingNorth America]. Faune américaine contenant la description des animaux mammifères du Nord de l’Amérique. In Bulletin des sciences naturelleset de géologie, 7(292) : 359-366.
En français, in French.
Arctomys ludovicianus Ord. Say, Arctomys missouriensis Warden, cynomys social, Prairie dog ; Arctomys tridedemlineata, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Mitchell, spermophile rayé, 13-lined spermophile.
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Harlé Édouard 1892a. Sur le repaire d’hyènes de Roc-Traücat, à Saint-Girons (Ariège), et sur des restes de Mégacéros du sud-ouest de la France [About the hyena den of the Roc-Traücat, in Saint-Girons (Ariège) and about remains of Megaceros of the South-West of France]. Société d’histoire naturelle de Toulouse, compte rendu de la séance du 16 novembre 1892, XL-XLII.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, grands mammifères, big mammals,, hyène, hyena, vallée du Salat, Salat Valley, Ariège, France.
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Harlé E. 1892b. Un repaire de Hyènes, près d'Eichel, aux environs de Saint-Girous (Ariège) [A Hyena den, near Eichel, in the surroundings of Saint-girons (Ariège)]. Société d’histoire naturelle de Toulouse,compte rendu de la séance du 18 mai 1892, xxviii-xxix.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota primigenia, incisives sup., Ursus spelaeus, Ariège, France.
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Harlé E. 1892c. Les brèches à ossements de Moutoussé (Hautes-Pyrénées), suivi d'appendices sur les Équidés, Rhinocéros, Bovidés et Marmottes quaternaires [The bone breccias of Montoussé (Hautes-Pyrénées), followed by appendix on Equidae, Rhinoceros, Bovidae, and marmot]. Soc. Histoire naturelle de Toulouse, compte rendu de la séance du 6 juillet 1892, 3-15 ; Bull. soc. D’Anthropologie de Paris, 3 : 603.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, Quaternaire, Quaternary, Hautes-Pyrénées, France.
Quatorze crânes retrouvés au même endroit dans la terre rouge à Rhinocéros "non trichorhinus" (interglaciaire Riss-Würm). Dubois et Stehlin suspectent que ces sujets se sont enfouis ultérieurement dans ce dépôt.

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Harlé E. 1892d. Restes des Hyènes quaternaires du sud-ouest de la France [About the remains of quaternary hyena of the South-West France]. Société d’histoire naturelle de Toulouse, compte rendu de la séance du 21 décembre 1892, XLIX-LI.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, hyène, Hyena spelea, quaternaire, quaternary, France.
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Harlé E. 1892e. Une mandibule de Singe du repaire de Hyènes de Montsaunès (Haute-Garonne) [A monkey mandible in the den of the hyena from Montsaunès (Haute-Garonne)]. Soc. Histoire naturelle de Toulouse, compte rendu de la séance du 17 février1892, IX-XI.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, hyène, hyena, carrière, quarry, macaque, Macacus tolosanus, absence marmotte, no marmot, quaternaire, quaternary, Haute-Garonne, France.
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Harlé E. 1892f. Restes de Castor du sud-ouest de la France [Remains of beaver from South-West of France]. Soc. Histoire naturelle de Toulouse, compte rendu de la séance du 7 décembre 1892, XLVI-XLVIII.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, abri de Plantade, Plantade shelter, incive, incisor, marmotte, marmot, castor, beaver, Ariège, France.pdf

Harlé E. 1893a. Sur le repaire d’hyènes de Roc-Traucat, à Saint-Girons [About the hyena den of the Roc-Traucat, in Saint-Girons]. Revue des travaux scientifiques, publ. sous la dir. du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques ; Ministère de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts, 12 fasc., 13 : 957.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, marmotte, marmot, hyène, hyena, Ariège, France.
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Harlé E. 1893b. Un repaire d'Hyènes, près d'Eichel, aux environs de Saint-Girous (Ariège) [A Hyena den,near Eichel, in the surroundings of Saint-girons (Ariège)]. Revue des travaux scientifiques, publ. sous la dir. du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques ; Ministère de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts, 12 fasc., 13 : 957.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, marmotte, marmot, hyène, hyena, Ariège, France.
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Harlé E. 1893c. Sur les restes des Hyènes quaternaires du sud-ouest de la France [On the quaternary hyaena remains of the South-West of France]. Revue des travaux scientifiques, publ. sous la dir. du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques ; Ministère de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts, 12 fasc., 13 : 957.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, hyène, hyena, quaternaire, quaternary, France.
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Harlé E. 1893d. Les brèches à ossements de Moutoussé (Hautes-Pyrénées), suivi d'appendices sur les Équidés, Rhinocéros, Bovidés et Marmottes quaternaires du sud-ouest de la France. Revue des travaux scientifiques, publ. sous la dir. du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques ; Ministère de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts, 12 fasc., 13 : 957-958.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, marmotte, marmot, Hautes-Pyrénées, France.
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Harlé E. 1894a. Découverte d’ossements d’hyènes rayées dans la grotte de Montsaunès (Haute-Garonne) [Discovery of striped hyena bones in the Montsaunès cave (Haute-Garonne)]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences,118 : 824-825.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, France, Haute-Garonne, Hyaenidae.
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Harlé E. 1894b. Découverte d'ossements d'Hyènes rayés dans la grotte de Montsaunès (Haute-Garonne) [Discovery of striped hyena bones in the Montsaunès cave (Haute-Garonne)]. Bull. Soc. géol. Fr., (3) XXII.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, France, Haute-Garonne, Hyaenidae.
La grotte de Lestélas (900 m d'altitude) est le gisement quaternaire le plus élevé que l'on connaisse dans les Pyrénées. Elle est aussi dans cette région, la plus élevée des stations connues de la marmotte.

Harlé E. 1895. Reste d’hyènes rayées quaternaires de Bagnères-de-Bigorre (Hautes Pyrénées). Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 120 : 118-119.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, hyène, hyena, quaternaire, quaternary, Hautes-Pyrénées, France.
pdf

Harlé E. 1899. Catalogue de Paléontologie quaternaire des collections de Toulouse [Quaternary paleontology list of the collections of Toulouse]. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse, 41p.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, quaternary.

Harlé E. 1909a. Essai d'une liste de Mammifères et Oiseaux quaternaires connus jusqu'ici dans la Péninsule Ibérique [Essay of a list of Quaternary mammals and birds known until now in the Iberian Peninsula]. Bull. Soc. géol. de France, (4) IX.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Oiseaux, paléontologie, paleontology, Espagne, Spain.

Harlé E. 1909b. Faune de la grotte à Hyènes rayées de Furninha et d'autres grottes de Portugal [Fauna of the striped hyenacave of Furninha and others caves of Portugal]. Bull. Soc. géol. France, Paris, sér. 4, t. IX, 85-99.
En français, in French.
Hyaenidae, paléontologie, paleontology, Portugal.

Harlé E. 1910. Les Mammifères et Oiseaux quaternaires connus jusqu'ici au Portugal [Quaternary mammals and birds known until now in Portugal]. Communicaçôes du service géol. u Portugal, VIII : 22-85, pl. I-V .
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Oiseaux, paléontologie, paleontology, Portugal.

Harlé E. 1912.Ensayo de una lista de Mamiferos y aves del Cuaternario conocidos hasta ahora en la Peninsula Iberica [Les Mammifères et Oiseaux quaternaires connus jusqu'ici au Portugal, Quaternary mammals and birds known until now in Portugal]. Extr. Bol. Inst. Geol. Espana, t. XXXII, p. 135-162, pl. 20, Madrid.
En français, in French. Bib. Sc. de la terre, Lyon, Cote :AUT HAR 1912 .
Mammifères, Oiseaux, paléontologie, paleontology, Portugal.

Harley J.P., Thompson M.P. & D. Aubrey 1973. Citellina triradiata, Hall, 1916, from the woodchuck in Kentucky [Citellina triradiata, Hall, 1916, chez la marmotte du Kentucky]. Transact. of the Kentucky Acad. of Science, 34(3/4): 59.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Nématodes, parasitologie, parasitology, Kentucky, EUA, USA, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Harmon D.W. 1822. A journal of voyages and travels in North America [Un journal des excursions et voyages en Amérique du Nord].
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax p. 378.

Harrington C.R. 1977. Pleistocene mammals of the Yukon Territory [Mammifères du Pléistocène dans le territoire du Yukon]. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Univerrsity of Alberta, Edmonton, 1052 p.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Yukon, Canada.

Harington C.R. 1978. Quaternary vertebrate faunas of Canada and Alaska and their suggested chronological sequence [Faunes de vertébrés du quaternaire du Canada et de l'Alaska et leurs séquences chronologiques suggérées]. Syllogeus, 15: 1-105.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, vertébrés, vertebrates, quaternaire, quaternary, Canada, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Harris 1963. En anglais, in English.
Recorded marmots at much lower elevation at 5,980 feet near Sambrito Creek in northeastern San Juan County, well within the pinyon-juniper woodland.

Harris 1970.

Harris A.H. 1990. Fossil evidence bearing on southwestern mammalian biogeography [Preuve fossile portant sur la biogéographie des mammifères du sud-ouest]. J. Mammal., 71: 219-229.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, paléontologie, paleontology, États-Unis d'Amérique.

Harris A.H. 2000. Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate fossils of the El Paso Area [Vertébrés fossiles du Plio-Pléistocène de la région d’El Paso]. An Informal, Non-Refereed Electronic Publication of the Centennial Museum, 6, 3 april
En anglais, in English.
Available pdf disponible ou/or pdf Marmota flaviventris, Paléontologie, Paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Nouveau Mexique, New Mexico.

Of more interest to the modern biologist are kinds of animals not now found in the immediate area. These animals give information on past climates and vegetations and, as they wax and wane through time, guide us to an understanding of how the biology of the region evolved to its present form. Particularly interesting are such animals as the Sagebrush Vole (Lemmiscus curtatus). Now approaching our area no closer than south-central Utah, this mouse is known to have extended southeast to the Carlsbad area and south to Pendejo Cave and to the bootheel of New Mexico, a few miles from the Mexican border. Closely associated with Big Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), the strong assumption is of a climate having similarities with that of the Great Basin, the stronghold of that plant (however, sagebrush does extend into the San Juan Basin and into northern New Mexico today). This assumption is bolstered by presence of another vertebrate closely associated with sagebrush, the Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), at Shelter Cave and Conkling Cavern. Cooler ice-age temperatures (at least during the summer) and increased effective moisture (particularly during the winter) are indicated by a number of vertebrates. Animals and birds that reach their modern usual southern limits in northern New Mexico, but extended south in low elevations into our region during the late Wisconsinan, include the Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus), Magpie (Pica pica), Yellow-bellied Marmot (Marmota flaviventris), Gunnison's Prairie Dog (Cynomys gunnisoni), Nuttall's Cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttallii), White-tailed Jack Rabbit (Lepus townsendii), Northern Pocket Gopher (Thomomys talpoides), Bushy-tailed Packrat (Neotoma cinerea), and possibly Ermine (Mustela erminea). Also present locally in the late Wisconsinan were species that occur now in southern New Mexico, but only in montane situations high enough to support woodland or forest. Some of these kinds are the Mexican Vole (Microtus mexicanus), Merriam's Shrew (Sorex merriami), and at least two kinds of chipmunks (Tamias minimus and a larger species of Tamias).

Harris A. H. 1993. Quaternary vertebrates of New Mexico [Vertébrés quaternaires du New Mexico]. In Vertebrate Paleontology in New Mexico, Spencer G, Lucas and Jiri Zidek, eds., New Mexico Museum of Natural History, Bulletin,179-197.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, Paleontology, Vertébrés, Vertebrate, New Mexico, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Harris S.A. 2001. Twenty years of data on climate-permafrost-active layer variations at the lower limit of alpine permafrost, Marmot Basin, Jasper National Park, Canada [Vingt années de données sur les variations climatiques du permafrost actif à la limite du prmafrost alpin, Marmot Basin, Jasper National Park, Canada]. Geografiska Annaler Series a Physical Geography, 83A(1-2) : 1-13.
En anglais, in English.
Climat, climate, permafrost.

In March 1979, a hole was drilled to a depth of 16.8 m through 1 m of till and loess into the clast-supported boulders of a fossil Pre-Late Wisconsin rock glacier just above tree line (2195 m elevation) at the Marmot Basin Ski Area, Jasper National Park (latitude 52 degrees 47 ' 36.5 "N,118 degrees 06 ' 45.9 "W). Vegetation cover consists of a moist alpine meadow, on a bench which slopes gently to the south on the otherwise steep mountainside. The mean daily temperature for the site has been recorded continuously, and monthly readings have been made of ground temperatures using a thermistor string. Depth of the snow pack has been recorded on each visit, while November to April snowfall data are measured daily at 1985 m elevation. The mean annual air temperature (-2.38 degreesC) has decreased by about 0.7 degreesC since 1979, while the average winter snowfall (c. 310 cm) has increased by about 70 cm.A water table occurs at about 12 m depth with a water temperature of about 1.1 degreesC. Permafrost up to 6.8 m thick was present for almost all the period of study, with the active layer ranging from 2.2 to 4.3 m in depth. Temperatures in the permafrost varied seasonally, ranging down to -2.5 degreesC. The ground temperatures are constantly changing and are more closely related to thickness and duration of snow cover rather than air temperatures. The geothermal gradient averages 0.45 degrees per metre in the upper 10 m, and there is a 'thermal offset' of about 4.1 degrees. Heat conduction is dominant at the surface, being replaced by closed-call convection between the blocks. In the early summer, warmer snow melt from the adjacent mountainside increases the thickness of the active layer and sometimes pierces the permafrost so that the warm water descends to the main water table below.

Harrison Richard G., Bogdanowicz Steven M., Hoffmann Robert S., Yensen Eric & Sherman Paul W. 2004. Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of the Ground Squirrels (Rodentia: Marmotinae) [Phylogénie et histoire évolutive des écureuils terrestres]. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 10(3) : 249-276. Écureuils terrestres, ground squirrels, chiens de prairie, prairie dogs, phylogénie, phylogeny, ADN mt, mtDNA, cytochrome b, horloge moléculaire, molecular clock.
Although ground squirrels (Spermophilus) and prairie dogs (Cynomys) are among the most intensively studied groups of mammals with respect to their ecology and behavior, a well-resolved phylogeny has not been available to provide a framework for comparative and historical analyses. We used complete mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences to construct a phylogeny that includes all 43 currently recognized species in the two genera, as well as representatives of two closely related genera (Marmota and Ammospermophilus). In addition, divergence times for ground squirrel lineages were estimated using Bayesian techniques that do not assume a molecular clock. All methods of phylogenetic analysis recovered the same major clades, and showed the genus Spermophilus to be paraphyletic with respect to both Marmota and Cynomys. Not only is the phylogeny at odds with previous hypotheses of ground squirrel relationships, but it suggests that convergence in morphology has been a common theme in ground squirrel evolution. A well-supported basal clade, including Ammospermophilus and two species in the subgenus Otospermophilus, diverged from all other ground squirrels an estimated 17.5 million years ago. Between 10 and 14 million years ago, a relatively rapid diversification gave rise to lineages leading to marmots and to several distinct groups of ground squirrels. The Eurasian ground squirrels diverged from their North American relatives during this period, far earlier than previously hypothesized. This period of diversification corresponded to warming climate and spread of grasslands in western North America and Eurasia. Close geographic proximity of related forms suggests that most species evolved in or near their current ranges.

Hartt Rollin Lynde 1900. The Mormons [Les Mormons]. In The Atlantic monthly, Boston, 85(508) : 1-942, pp. 261-268.
En anglais, in English.
Prairie, marmotte, marmot p. 262.
Extrait pdf extract

Hasse C. & Schwarck W. 1870. Studien zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbelsäule, insbesondere des Menschen und der Säugethiere. Anat. Stud., 1: 21-171, pls. iv-vii.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, anatomie, anatomy.

Hartenberger J. 1980. Données et hypothèses sur la radiation initiale des rongeurs [Data and hypothesis on the initial radiation of rodents]. In Paleovertebrata, Mém. jubil. R. Lavocat, pp. 315.
En français, in French.
Rodentia, phylogenèse, phylogenesis
.

Hartenberger J.-L. 1985. The Order Rodentia: Major questions on their evolutionary origin, relationships and suprafamilial systematics. In W.P. Luckett and J.-L. Hartenberger (eds.): Evolutionary Relationships Among Rodents: A multidisciplinary Analysis, New York, Plenum, 1-33.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, évolution, evolution, systématique, systematics.

Hartigan J.A. 1976. Modal blocks in dentition of West coast mammals. Systematic Zoology, 25(2): 149-160.
En anglais, in English.
Taxonomie numérique, numerical taxonomy, dents, teeth, EUA, USA.
Enhydra lutris, Canis lupus, Canis latrans, Vulpes vulps, Vulpes macrotis, Felis concolor, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Urocon littoralis, Lynx canadensis, Lynx rufus, Ursus arctos, Euarctos americnaus, Bassariscus astutus, Procyon lotor, Martes pennati, Martes americana, Gulo gulo, Mustela erminea, Mustela vison, Mustela frenata, taxidea taxus, Lutra canadensis, Spilogale putoris, Mephitis mephitis, Ochotona spp., Lepus spp., Sylvilagus spp., Oryctolagus cuniculus, Aplodontia rufa, Marmota spp., Otospermophilus spp., Ammospermophilus spp., Callospermophilus spp., Spermophilus spp., Eutamias spp., Sciurus spp., Tamiasciurus spp., Glaucomys sabrinus, Castor canadensis, Erethizon dorsatum, Myocastor coypu, Ondatra zibethicus, Callorhinus ursinus, Arctocephalus philippi, Eumetopias jubatus, Zalophus californianus, Phoca vitulina, Histriophoca fasciata, Mirounga angustirostris, Cervus canadensis, odocoileus spp., Alces alces, Rangifer tarandus, Bison bison, Oreamnos americanus, Ammootragus lervia, introduction: Ovis canadensis, Antilocapra americana.

Hartner W.C., South F.E., Jacobs H.K., Luecke M.J. 1971. Preoptic thermal stimulation and temperature regulation in the marmot (Marmota flaviventris) [Stimulation thermique préoptique et régulation de la température chez la marmotte (Marmota flaviventris)]. Cryobiology, 8 : 312-313.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, physiologie, physiology, cerveau, brain, thermorégulation, thermoregulation, hibernation.

Haslett G.W. 1973. The significance of anal scent marking in the Eastern woodchuck [Signification du marquage olfactif anal chez la marmotte de l’est]. Bull. ecol. Soc. Am., 54 : 43-44.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, communication, olfaction, marquage, marking.

Secretions from the anal glands of either male or female inhibit the activity of other woodchucks. In paired encounters, those animals which were least likely to extrude the anal papillae were, generally, more likely to become dominant. He concluded that the anal glands produce an alarm or fear pheromone.

Hassinger J.D. 1968. Introduction to the mammal survey of the 1965 Street expedition to Afghanistan [Introduction à l'enquête sur les mammifères de l'expédition Street de 1965 en Afghanistan]. Fieldiana Zool., 55 (1) : 1-81.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caudata, Afghanistan, Anjuman Pass 4.220 m.

Hassinger J.D. 1973. A survey of the mammals of Afghanistan resulting from the 1965 Street Expedition (excluding bats) [Résultat de l'enquête sur les mammifères d'Afghanistan de l'expédition Street de 1965 (à l’exclusion des chauve-souris)]. Fieldiana Zool., 60 : 1-195.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Afghanistan.

Hatt R. T. 1930. The relation of mammals to Harvard Forest [La relation des mammifères à la for&ecrc;t de Havard]. Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, 5(4): 640.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, forêt, forest.

Hauber M.E. & Sherman P.W. 1998. Nepotism and marmot alarm calling [Népotisme et cris d'alarme des marmottes]. Animal Behaviour, 56: 1049-1052.
Pdf disponible/available
En anglais, in English.

Hausfater G. & Hrdy S. EDS. 1984. Infanticide. Aldine, Hawthorne.
En anglais, in English.
Ethologie, ethology.

Hausman L.A. 1920. Structural characteristics of the hair of mammals [Caractéristiques structurelles des poils de mammifères]. American Naturalist, 54: 496-523.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, poil, hair, taxonomie, taxonomy.

Hausman L.A. 1924. Futher studies of the relationships of the structural characters of mammalian hair [Etudes complémentaires de la parenté des caractères structuraux du poil de mammifère]. Amer. Nat., 58: 544-557.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, poil, hair, taxonomie, taxonomy.

Hausman L.A. 1930. Recent studies of hair structure relationships [Études récentes des rapports de la structure des poils]. Sci. Monthly, 30: 258-277.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, poil, hair, taxonomie, taxonomy.

Hausman L.A. 1932. The cortical fusi of mammalian hair shafts. American Naturalist, 66: 461-470.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, poil, hair, taxonomie, taxonomy.

Hausser J. & Bourquin J.D.1988. Répartition de douze espèces de mammifères en Suisse [Distribution of twelve species of mammals in Switzerland]. In Atlas des Mammifères de Suisse, Société suisse pour l'étude de la faune sauvage, Lausanne.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota marmota, Suisse, Switzerland.

Hay O.P. 1902. Bibliography and catalogue of the fossil Vertebrata of North America ’bibliographie et catalogue des vertébrés fossiles d'Amérique du Nord]. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., 179 : 1-868.
Marmota, minor, vetus, paléontologie, paleontology, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Hay O.P. 1914. The Pleistocene mammals of Iowa [Mammifères du Pléistocène de l'Iowa]. Iowa Geol. Surv., 23 : 1-662, pls. i-lxxv, 142 text-figs.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vetus, paléontologie, paleontology, pléistocène, pleistocene, Amérique du Nord, North America, Iowa.

Hay O.P. 1919. Description of some mammalian and fish remains from Florida, of probably Pleistocene age [Desfription de quelques retes de mammifères et de poissons de Floride, probablement du Pléistocène]. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 56 : 103-112, pls. xxvi-xxviii.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota minor, paléontologie, paleontology, pléistocène, pleistocene, Amérique du Nord, North America, Floride.

Hay O. P. 1920. Descriptions of some Pleistocene vertebrates found in the United States [Descriptions de quelques vertébrés du Pléistocène trouvés aux Etats-Unis]. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57: 83-146, pls. iii-xi, 4 text-figs.

En anglais, in English.
Marmota vetus, paléontologie, paleontology, pléistocène, pleistocene, Amérique du Nord, Noth America, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Hay O.P. 1921. Descriptions of species of Pleistocene Vertebrata, types of specimens of most of which are preserved in the United States National Museum [Description de quelques espèces de vertébrés du Pléistocène, dont la plupart des types sont conservés au Muséum National des États-Unis]. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 59 : 599-642, with pls. cxvi-cxxiv.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota arizonae, Marmota minor, M. flaviventer, paléontologie, paleontology, pléistocène, Amérique du Nord, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Hay O.P. 1923. The Pleistocene of North America and its vertebrated animals from the States east of the Mississippi River and from the Canadian Provinces east of longitude 95?? [Le Pléistocène d'Amérique du Nord et ses vertébrés à l'Est du Missipi et les provinces canadiennes à l'est de la longitudfe 95]. Publ. Carnegie Instn. Wash., No. 322 i-vii+1-499 pages, with 41 maps and 25 text-f.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota minor, vetus, paléontologie, paleontology, pléistocène, Amérique du Nord, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Canada.

Hay O.P. 1927. The Pleistocene of the western region of North America and its vertebrated animals [Le Pléistocène des régions occidentales d'Amérique du Nord et ses vertébrés]. Publ. Carnegie Instn. Wash., 322 B i-v+1-346 pages, pls. i-xii, 21 maps, 19 text.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, arizonae, minor, oregonensis, flaviventer, paléontologie, paleontology, pléistocène, pleistocene, Amérique du Nord.

Hay O.P. 1928. Characteristic mammals of the early Pleistocene [mammifères caractéristiques du début du Pléistocène]. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.,, 17: 421-430.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, pléistocène, pleistocene.

Hayden F.V. 1862. On the geology and natural history in the upper Missouri. Zoology and botany [Sur la géologie et l'histoire naturelle du Missouri supérieur]. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 12, Part 1: 1-217.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, Arctomys flaviventer, yellow-footed marmot.
Extrait Pdf extract

Hayes S.R. 1976. Daily activity and body temperature of the southern woodchuck, Marmota monax monax, in northwestern Arkansas [Activité journalière et température corporelle de la marmotte du sud, Marmota m. monax, dans le nord de l'Arkansas]. Journal of Mammalogy (J. Mammal.), 57 (2) : 291-299.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, thermorégulation, thermoregulation, rythme, rhythm, EUA, USA, Arkansas.
Observations faites en été et en automne; l'activité en surface occupe 35,4% du temps, elle se déroule selon un cyle bimodal (mai-juin) ; octobre novembre) ou unimodal (juin-septembre). Dans le deuxième cas, l'activité souterraine atteint 51,6% contre 37,9% dans le premier cas. La température du corps évolue, elle aussi, cycliquement avec des variations journamlières et saisonnières. Les effets des conditions du milieu sur ces paramètres sont peu importants.
Daily activity and body temperature cycles of Marmota monax monax were studied in northwestern Arkansas during the summer and autumn of 1973. Above ground activity was observed 35.4 percent of the time. A unimodal cycle was characteristic of activity from 1 May through 14 June and 1 October through 19 November, whereas a bimodal cycle described activity from 15 June through 30 September. During the unimodal activity pattern, below ground activity accounted for 51.6 percent of the total activity as compared to 37.9 percent in the bimodal condition. Early morning and afternoon activity was greatest during the midsummer period, with depressed activity between 1300 and 1600 hours. Although body temperature cycles were slight during all periods, the cycle amplitude was largest early and late in the year. Maximum daily body temperatures were recorded during the day, whereas minimum body temperature occurred at night. The mean body temperature was 37.8°±0.57°C. Body temperatures averaged 0.5°C lower during early summer and autumn than during midsummer. Effects of environmental variables on animal activity, position, and body temperature were slight.

Extrait Pdf extract

Hayes S.R. 1977. Home range of Marmota monax (Sciuridae) in Arkansas [Domaine vital de Marmota monax (Sciuridae) en Arkansas]. S. West Naturalist, 22 : 547-550.
En anglais, in English.
Home range are about 0.004 to 0.03 km2. Marmota monax, territoire, terrirtory, EUA, USA, Arkansas.

Hayes T.G. & Eglitis J.A. 1967. The microscopic structure of the adult racoon (Procyon lotor) and woodchuck (Marmota monax) spleens [Structure microscopique de la rate du raton-laveur (Procyon lotor) et de la marmotte adulte (Marmota monax)]. J. Morphol., 121 : 47-54.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, histologie, histology, rate, spleen.
Histological serial sections of spleens from the adult raccoon (Procyon lotor) and woodchuck (Marmota monax) were processed for microscopic examination. Observations related to various aspects of the internal vascular pattern in the spleen of the raccoon and woodchuck demonstrated features that were characteristic of the respective animal. The spleen of the raccoon possess well-developed ellipsoid sheaths, whereas these same structures were not as prominent in the spleen of the woodchuck. The spleen of both mammals examined demonstrated the presence of an anastomosing series of venous sinuses within the red pulp tissue and may be classified as sinusal in nature.

Hayne D.W. 1949. Caclulation of size of home range [Calcul de la taille du domaine vital]. Journal of mammalogy, 30(1): 1-17.
En anglais, in English.
Domaine vital, home range, méthodologie, methodology.

The differing degree of intensity of use of the home range is a biologically significant aspect, and should not be neglected while attempting to determine absolute size. Theseveral methods which have been used in calculating size of home rnge are reviewed. Each method depends upon the assumption that an animal will be trapped throughout at least the biologically important portions of its home range. An experimental examination of this assumption is highly desirable. Trapping results may be stated in terms of the distribution of the points of capture about a center of activity, and a method of locating the center of activity is outlined.The probaility of capture by a single trap at various points throughout the home range might be a useful index to the trap-frequenting activity of an animal. However, usual trapping data relate to an animal within an entire set of traps, where traps in one part of the home range may interfere with captures in another part. The phenomenon of the trap-rvealed home range area increasing rapidl for the forst few captures and apparently "leveling off" with further captures has previuosly been explained solely on the assumption that the animal has reached the absolute limits of its home range. However, a similar tendency might result from the mechanics of trapping, and therefore observation of this phenomenon is not in itself proof that such absolute limits have been revealed. The relationship between true home range and trap-revealed range is especially in need of experimental analysis.

Hayward C.L.1952. Alpine biotic communities of the Uinta Mountains, Utah [Communautés biotiques des montagnes de l'Uinta, Utah]. Ecol. Monogr., 22 : 93-120.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, EUA, USA, Utah.

Hazard E.B. 1982. The mammals of Minnesota [Les mammifËres du Minnesota]. Univ. Minnesota Pr., Minneapolis. 280 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna guide, mammifËres, Mammalia, Mammals, Marmota monax, Minnesota, États-Unis d’AmÈrique, USA.
.
Myotis lucifugus, Myotis keenii, Lasionycteris noctivagans, Pipistrellus subflavus, Eptesicus fuscus, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus, Canis latrans, Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes, Vulpes velox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Euarctos americanus, Ursus americanus, Ursus arctos, extirpation: Procyon lotor, Martes americana, Martes pennanti, Mustela erminea, Mustela nivalis, Mustela frenata, Mustela vison, gulo gulo, Taxidea taxus, Spilogale putorius, Mephitis mephitis, Lutra canadensis, Felis concolor, Lynx rufus, lynx canadensis, Sylvilagus floridanus, Lepus americanus, Lepus townsendii, Tamias striatus, Eutamias minimus, Marmota monax, Spermophilus richardsonii, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, Spermophilus franklinii, Sciurus carolinensis, Sciurus niger, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, Glaucomys volans, Glaucomys sabrinus, Castor canadensis, Ondatra zibethicus, Erethizon dorsatum, Cervus canadensis, Cervus elaphus, restocking: Odocoileus hemionus, Odocoileus virginianus, Alces alces, Rangifer tarandus caribou, Antilocapra americana, Bison bison.

Heard D.C. 1977. The behaviour of Vancouver Island marmots, Marmota vancouverensis [Comportement des marmottes de l'île de Vancouver (Marmota vancouverensis)]. Unpubl. M.S. Thesis, Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, 129 p..
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, éthologie, ethology.
I studied the social behaviour of the Vancouver Island marmot, Marmota vancouverensis, during the summers of 1973 and 1974. Virtually nothing was known about the behaviour of this species at the outset of this study. Barash (1973b, 1974a) suggested that the social behaviour and social organization of marmot species was determined by the severity of the environment (the vegetative growing season) and its effect on the growth rate of marmots. He predicted that marmot species living in short growing season environments would decrease as the growing season increased. The objective of this study was to test this hypothesis by observing the social behaviour of Vancouver Island marmots and comparing this to the length of the vegetative growing season.Marmota vancouverensis is endemic to Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The original colonizers of this species probably crossed to Vancouver Island via land connections that existed during the Illinoian glacial period, approximately 100,000 years ago, and survived subsequent glacial maxima on nunataks and coastal refugia or both. Vancouver Island marmots have been isolated from mainland forms for a length of time (10,000 to 100,000 years) sufficient to show specific evolutionary adaptations to their Vancouver Island environment. Vancouver Island marmots live in small colonies in the subalpine parkland. Social groups consisted of one adult male, one adult female, and variable numbers of two-year-olds, yearlings, and infants. Social groups were highly integrated with a large amount of communication occurring among colony members. Alarm calls were given in response to potential predators and could be heard over the whole colony. Short whistles were given in response to aerial predators (e.g. eagles) and long whistles were given in response to terrestrial predators (e.g. black bears). Both calls are narrow bandwidth sounds, a characteristic that makes them difficult to locate. The most common social behaviors that occurred among colony members was a nose touching behaviour termed greeting. All age-sex classes of Vancouver Island marmots engaged in greetings as well as other social behaviour patterns in about the same proportions. The vegetative growing season experienced by Vancouver Island marmots was approximately the same as that of M. flaviventris but the social behaviour of Vancouver Island marmots most closely resembled M. olympus, a species living where the growing season is much shorter. On this basis I rejected Barash’s hypothesis that the length of the vegetative growing season is sufficient to account for the variability that Barash observed among marmot species. I suggest that vegetative growing season not be used as an index of growth rate but that the time required to reach adult size be measured directly. The degree of social tolerance is positively correlated with the length of time required to reach maturity.

Heaton Timothy H. 1985. The quaternary paleontology and paleoecology of Crystall Ball cave, Millard County, Utah: with emphasis on mammals and the description of a new species of fossil skunk [Paléontologie quaternaire et paléoécologie de la grotte de Crytall Ball, Millard County, Utah : avec emphase sur les mammifères et la description d’une nouvelle espèce de mouffette fossile] Great Basin Naturalist, 45(3): 337-390.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, EUA, USA, Utah, Cervus canadensis, Cervus elaphus, Ovis canadensis, Equus sp., Camelops hesternus, Hemiauchenia macrocephala, Symbos cavifrons, espèces disparues, extinct species: Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Holocène, Holocene, Brachyptotoma brevimala sp. nov., Ondatra zibethicus, Ochotona princeps, Lepus americanus, Microtus pennsylvanicus, Neotoma cinerea, Marmota flaviventris, Smilodon fatalis, Brachyprotoma brevimala sp. nov., Mustela vision, Martes americana.

Crystal Ball Cave is located in a small outlier of the Snake Range in Snake Valley 1 mile (1.7 km) from Lake Bonneville at its highest level. Original vertebrate skeletal material (mostly mammalian) is found in shallow dry dust 200 feet (61 meters) inside the cave. Radiocarbon dates show that fossils have been accumulating since at least 23,000 Y.B.P. It appears that wood rats and possibly small carnivores transported the fossils into the cave because only the smallest elements of large mammals are represented.
The fossil assemblage represents a much more boreal community than the present local fauna. Fish, Ondatra zibethicus, and Mustela cf. vison, which require perennial water, were recovered, as were Ochotona princeps, Lepus cf. americana, Microtus cf. pennsylvanicus, Vulpes vulpes, and Martes americana, which have also been extirpated from the Snake Range. Marmota flaviventris, Neotoma cinerea, cf. Cervus elaphus, and Ovis canadensis were recovered but now occur only at higher elevations in the range. Extinct taxa recovered are Smilodon cf. fatalis, Equus species, Camelops cf. hesternus, Hemiauchenia cf. macrocephala, cf. Symbos cavifrons, and a new species of Brachyprotoma, herein named B. brevimala. This is the first recovery of Brachyprotoma from the western United States.

Heaton Timothy H. 1987. Initial Investigation of Vertebrate Remains from Snake Creek Burial Cave, White Pine County, Nevada [Investigation initiale des restes de vertébrés de la grotte cimetière de Snake Creek, White Pine County, Nevada]. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 4: 107-109.
En anglais, in English.

Paléontologie, paleontology, EUA, USA, Nevada.

Snake Creek Burial Cave is located 4 km west of Garrison, Utah and 16 km east of Wheeler Peak Scenic Area at an elevation of 1731 m. It is mislabeled as Snake Creek Cave on the USGS Garrison 15' Quadrangle and other maps based on it (Halliday 1957). The entrance is a 3 m diameter sinkhole that funnels down 2 m to a 1 m diameter hole. This hole leads to a 13 m drop into the middle of an 18 m diameter chamber, so the cave acts as a natural trap. The area directly below the entrance is wet, rocky, and littered with carcasses of animals that have fallen into the cave. Other parts of the cave contain finely stratified muds and dry dust deposits which also contain animal remains, probably due to transport by wood rats.
Halliday (1957) mapped the cave and described its geology. Three test pits have been dug by an unknown investigator in moist sediments in the low, western end of the entrance chamber where rain water collects. Barker and Best (1976) reported a wolverine (Gulo luscus) cranium from the cave. Mead and Mead (1985) dug a test pit from which extinct camel (Camelops) and horse (Equus) were recovered, and they are currently planning a large-scale paleontological excavation.
This study describes a small sample of bones collected in 1981 from a cavity in the extreme southern corner of the entrance chamber. Bones were removed by hand from shallow dry dust in an elevated area where water never reaches. The following material has been identified and cataloged (Brigham Young University Vertebrate Paleontology 9629-9662). More complete descriptions of birds and mammals recovered from caves in this region can be found in Emslie and Heaton (1986) and Heaton (1985).
Two birds have been identified from the Snake Creek Burial Cave material. Swainson's hawk (Buteo swainsoni) is represented by a complete right tibiotarsus and sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) by a left tibiotarsus missing its proximal end. The vast majority of bones recovered are of mammals. The best represented animal is white-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus townsendii). Material consists of skull parts including two palates, four right dentaries, and eight left dentaries, most of which are too large to be black-tailed jackrabbit (L. californicus), the only other species of Lepus living in the area. Two P/3's are included which show very little crenulation, also indicative of L. townsendii. There is also a single toothless palate of cottontail that compares well in size with Nuttall's cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttallii) and desert cottontail (S. audubonii), especially with the smaller S. nuttallii.
Among the rodent remains is a single nearly complete skull of Townsend's ground squirrel (Spermophilus townsendii) including a complete palate without teeth. This species is distinguished by its small size and large masseteric tubercles. There is also a toothless right maxilla of marmot (Marmota flaviventris). The best represented rodent is wood rat (Neotoma). A nearly complete skull (both M1/'s) represents desert wood rat (N. lepida) based on its small size and very shallow anterior reentrant angle on M1/. Two partial skulls, a palate, and two right dentaries represent the larger bushy-tailed wood rat (N. cinerea). Two M1/'s are included in this material, and both have a deep anterior reentrant angle characteristic of N. cinerea.
This collection contains an unusually high proportion of carnivores. Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is represented by the posterior part of a skull including the complete braincase and probably by another skull cap as well. The distinct shape of the sagittal crest and diverging temporal lines identifies this species. The smaller kit fox (V. velox) is represented by a right dentary (P/3-4, M/1-2) and a juvenile left dentary (P/3-4, partially erupted C/1 and M/1). The lack of a "step" on the posteroventral margin of the dentaries distinguish them from gray fox (Urocyon), the other fox living in the region.
Weasel (Mustela) is represented by two nearly complete skulls (right P3-4/, M1/, left P2-4/, M1/; right P4/, M1/, left P2,4/, M1/) and the anterior part of another skull (right P4/, M1/). All compare best in size with long-tailed weasel (M. frenata) but are only slightly larger than short-tailed weasel (M. erminea). The ratio of maxilla length to skull length is slightly smaller in M. erminea than in M. frenata, and these skulls compare best with M. frenata in this respect also. The largest specimen collected is a complete skull of bobcat (Lynx rufus; right I3/, broken C1/, P3-4/, left I3/, P4/). This skull is slightly smaller than comparative specimens of L. rufus and distinctly smaller than lynx (L. canadensis).
No bones of extinct animals were found in this study, but the assemblage is typical of late Pleistocene cave faunas in the Great Basin. Lepus townsendii, Marmota flaviventris, Neotoma cinerea, and Vulpes vulpes were recovered which now tend to live only at higher elevations in the Snake Range but which definitely lived as low as the cave during the Pleistocene (Heaton 1985). Deeper sediments in the cave will certainly provide a rich Pleistocene fauna. One problem is that the area where most bone is deposited is also where rockfall and water are most likely to destroy it. But the large chamber containing a variety of depositional environments and active bone transporters (wood rats) holds great promise as a paleontological site.
References Cited
Barker, Marcus S., Jr., and Troy L. Best 1976 The wolverine (Gulo luscus) in Nevada. Southwest Naturalist 21(1):133.
.Emslie, Steven D., and Timothy H. Heaton 1986 The Late Pleistocene avifauna of Crystal Ball Cave, Utah. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy Science 21(2).
Halliday, William R. 1957 The Snake Creek Caves, White Pine County, Nevada. Salt Lake Grotto Technical Notes 2(39):38-46.
Heaton, Timothy H. 1985 Quaternary paleontology and paleoecology of Crystal Ball Cave, Millard County, Utah: with emphasis on mammals and description of a new species of fossil skunk. Great Basin Naturalist 45(3):337-390.
Mead, Jim. I, and Emilee M. Mead 1985 A natural trap for Pleistocene Animals in Snake Valley, eastern Nevada. Current Research in the Pleistocene 2:105-106.

Heaton T.H. 1988. Bears and Man at Porcupine Cave, Western Uinta Mountains, Utah [Ours et homme dans la grotte de Porcupine, montagnes Uinta occidentales]. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 5: 71-73.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, EUA, USA, Utah.

Porcupine Cave is located at an elevation of 2800 m in a steep glacier-cut valley in the western Uinta Mountains of Utah. The cave was discovered in 1960 by Dale J. Green and John F. Haman of the National Speleological Society who cleared rubble from a tight 12 m long horizontal crawlway to gain entry. Beyond this crawlway a larger dirt-filled passage called the Bridge Junction (2 m wide and 2 m high) slopes downward into the deeper parts of the cave. In this passage, 25 m inside the cave, Green and Haman collected a juvenile maxilla and adult cranium of black bear (Ursus americanus; UUMZ 22360-22361) and found what appear to be bear claw marks on the cave walls. The dirt fill ends 30 m inside the cave, and the passage beyond is littered with earthquake-shattered speleothems. This passage is horizontal and leads to a large room (10 m wide and 14 m high) full of breakdown blocks. In this room Green and Haman found a pair of sub-adult grizzly bear dentaries (U. arctos; UUMZ 22362) 65 m inside the cave, and the room was named the Bear's Den. These bones were donated to the University of Utah Museum of Zoology and identified by Stephen D. Durrant. The cave was mapped and described in a private publication (Haman 1963).
In 1986 I collected additional material at the Bridge Junction. The soil there, which came in from the cave entrance, is composed of fist-sized angular limestone cobbles in a clay and organic matrix partly covered with decaying sticks, roots, and bones. This soil slopes 20ø and appears to be disturbed from slumping. The room was carefully mapped, and bone (now at Brigham Young University) was collected from the upper 0.2 m of soil. The rest of the juvenile black bear skull was recovered, as was about half of its skeleton (BYUVP 9960). Bones of this animal were disarticulated and widely scattered. At least two adult black bears were represented by two left maxillae, an upper canine, thoracic vertebra, metacarpal, calcaneum, and claw (BYUVP 9961-9967).
In addition to bears, a suite of boreal mammals and birds typical of the Uinta Mountains was found. The 43 bird bones (BYUVP 9855-9897) have not been identified. Of small mammals I recovered 2 jaws of snowshoe rabbit (Lepus americanus), 24 of marmot (Marmota flaviventris), 16 of northern pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides), 3 of bushy-tailed wood rat (Neotoma cinerea), 7 of porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), 2 of pine marten (Martes americana), 1 of long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata), and 1 of striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis; BYUVP 9898-9959). Of artiodactyls Ifound 2 phalanges of wapiti (Cervus elaphus), 15 bones of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and a metacarpal probably of bison (Bison bison; BYUVP 9968-9985). The bones were coated with wet clay, and some were heavily gnawed by rodents.
Several artifacts have been recovered from Porcupine Cave. Haman (1963) reported finding a white quartzite arrowhead (3 cm long and 2 cm wide) in the entrance crawlway. I found a tan chert elko series point (10 cm long and 5 cm wide) at the Bridge Junction. It was on the surface near the bottom of the soil fill; its broken tip was 1.5 m lower on the slope. Some charred, water-soaked wood was also found in the soil. A femur of the juvenile black bear was C-14 dated at 510 +/- 75 yr B.P. (GX-13292). This date suggests that this fauna (recovered near the cave entrance) and its associated artifacts are very recent.
In 1987 I collected additional bones of the grizzly bear in the Bear's Den including skull fragments and an assortment of postcranial elements. Rock fall appears to have damaged some bones and buried others. Dripping water kept these bones wet and deposited calcite on some, and some are heavily gnawed by rodents. A group of ribs was C-14 dated at 10,620 +/- 245 yr B.P. (GX-13676). This is an early date for grizzly bear, which immigrated from Asia in the late Wisconsin, but it has been found with similar dates in caves of Wyoming and Idaho (Kurten and Anderson 1980). This grizzly bear apparently postdates the extinction of the giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) which is thought to have been outcompeted by the grizzly bear and which has been found in Lake Bonneville deposits of northern Utah (Kurten and Anderson 1980; Nelson and Madsen 1983). The Porcupine Cave specimen represents the first fossil grizzly to be recovered from Utah. A few grizzly bears have been seen in the state in historic times, but now the species is extirpated (Merriam 1918; Durrant 1952). There is no evidence that humans were associated with this fossil grizzly.
The cave entrance at present is too small to admit bears, but if the fill was removed the passage would be sufficiently large. From the dated bear skeletons and their context within the cave, the following historical sequence seems likely: 1) large-scale Wisconsin glaciation eroded the valley and intersected the cave; 2) the glacier disappeared by 10,620 yr B.P. leaving the cave with a large entrance, and the grizzly bear entered the cave (possibly as a den) and died; 3) subsequent glacial activity forced debris 30 m into the cave but left the entrance open enough to admit black bears; 4) the cave was free of ice again by 510 yr B.P., and black bears (and possibly humans) entered the cave (probably as a den), leaving their remains on top of the glacial fill; and 5) subsequent glacial or other causes plugged the 15 m entrance passage with additional debris, preventing the entry of large animals.
Thanks are extended to Julia S. Heaton for helping collect and catalog the collection, Dale J. Green for providing information about the cave's discovery, Asa Nielson and Mike Hall for investigating the archaeology, the University of Utah for loaning their material, and the National Speleological Society for funding the C-14 dates.
References Cited
Durrant, S. D. 1952 Mammals of Utah: taxonomy and distribution. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History 6:1-549.
Haman, J. F. 1963 Porcupine Cave, Summit County, Utah. Salt Lake Grotto Technical Note 61:1-9.
Kurten, B., and E. Anderson. 1980 Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 442 p.
Merriam, C. H. 1918 Review of the grizzly and big brown bears of North America. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Survey, North American Fauna 41:1-136.
Nelson, M. E., and J. H. Madsen, Jr. 1983 A giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) from the Pleistocene of northern Utah. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 86:1-9.

Heaton Timothy H. 1990. Quaternary mammals of the Great Basin extinct giants, pleistocene relicts, and recent immigrants. In Causes of Evolution: a Paleontological Perspective, Ross, R. M., and Allmon, W. D. (eds.), Univ. Chicago Press, Chapter 15, pp. 422-465.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Great Basin, EUA, USA.

Heaton T.H. 1995a. Middle Wisconsin bear and rodent remains discovered on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska [Restes d’ours et de rongeurs du Wisconsin moyen découverts sur l’île Prince of Wales, Alaska]. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 12: 92-94.
En anglais, in English.
Paleontology, paléontologie, Pleistocène, Pleistocene, Alaska.
A vertebrate microfauna of even older age has been found in Devil's Canopy Cave, located 35 km southeast of On Your Knees Cave in a narrow neck of land between El Capitan Passage and Whale Passage. This cave contains a stream and is part of an extensive hydrologic cavern complex. Rodent remains have been recovered from a 1 m thick silt deposit located in a dry passage 5 m above the present stream level. In 1992 a marmot (Marmota) incisor was found which is beyond the age of radiocarbon dating, or >44,500 yr B.P. (AA-8871A). Marmots do not currently live on Prince of Wales Island and have not been found in post-glacial deposits. In 1994, 100 kg of slumping silt were wet screened in the cave and searched for bone. Recovered elements include a marmot molar, a lower jaw of deer mouse (Peromyscus), a number of skeletal elements of small rodents, and some insect and plant fragments. The marmot molar is smaller than the hoary marmot (M. caligata) that lives on the Alaska mainland but is similar in size to the yellow-bellied marmot (M. flaviventris) of the western United States. Further investigation may reveal fossiliferous units within the undisturbed portion of the deposit..

Heaton T. H. 1995b. Interpretation of del-13C Values from Vertebrate Remains of the Alexander Archipelago, Southeast Alaska. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 12
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Alaska, EUA, USA.
Department of Earth Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069

A marmot incisor from Devil's Canopy Cave, reported by Heaton (1995), has a del-13C value of -23.7%. This indicates a terrestrial plant diet, as would be expected for this species. The unusually low del-13C value might be due to the tooth sample, though continuously-growing teeth like rodent incisors are generally not depleted in 13C as are rooted teeth (Bocherens et al. 1994). Since the age of this tooth is beyond the range of radiocarbon dating, no specific environmental interpretation can be made.

Heaton Timothy H. 2002. Mammal Fossils [Mammifères fossiles]. Electronic publication.`
En anglais, in English.
http://www.usd.edu/esci/alaska/mammals.html
Paléontologie, paleontology, middle Wisconsin interstadial, Marmota caligata, haory marmot, marmotte givrée, On Your knews Cave, Devil's Canopy Cave, sud-est de l'Alaska, southeast Alaska, EUA, USA.

Heaton T. H. & Love D. 1995. The 1994 excavation of a Quaternary vertebrate fossil deposit from Bumper Cave, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska [Excavation de 1994 du dépôt de vertébrés quaternaires fossiles de la grotte Bumper, île du Prince de Galles, Alaska]. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 27(3):57.

Hebda R. 1996. Atmospheric change, forests and biodiversity [Changements atmosphériques, forêts et biodiversité]. In Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Kluwer Publications.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, changement climatique, climate change.

Animal biodiversity is clearly sensitive to climate change too. Perhaps the most notable mammal with high risk to climate change is the extremely rare Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis (Swarth)). Higher tree lines and infilling of subalpine parkland openings could be expected to have devastating negative impact on the animal's already restricted habitat. However our insights into this relatively well-studied animal may be still inadequate, for there is strong evidence that factors other than habitat availability (which is related to climate change) have contributed to the taxon's low numbers (Nagorsen et al. 1996). For example marmots move into openings created by logging forests (D. Spittlehouse, personal communication, September 1996).

Hébert Paule 1983. La marmotte commune: un mammifère à decouvrir [The common marmot: a mammal to discover]. Les Carnets de Zool., 43 (4): 52-55.
En français, in French.
Marmota monax, Canada

Hébert Paule 1985. Dominance et marquage olfactif chez la marmotte commune (Marmota monax) [Dominance and scent marking in the common marmot (Marmota monax)]. Unpubl. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. Laval, Quebec, 82pp.
En français, in French.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, olfaction, dominance, hierarchy, marquage, marking, social.

Hébert Paule & C. Barette 1988. Experimental demonstration that scent marquing can predict dominance in the woodchuck, Marmota monax [Démonstration expérimentale de la prédiction de la dominance par le marquage olfactif chez la marmotte, Marmota monax]. Can. J. Zool., 67 : 575-578.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, marquage, marking, olfaction.

Hébert Paule & Prescott J. 1976. Social behavior and individual differences in free living alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) [Comportement social et différences individuelles chez les marmottes alpines sauvages (Marmota marmota)]. Anim. behav., 24 : 27-35.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, social.

Hébert Paule & Prescott J. 1983. Étude du marquage olfactif chez la marmotte commune (Marmota monax) en captivité [Study of scent marquing in the common marmot (Marmota monax) in captivity]. Can. J. Zool., 61 : 1720-1725.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, marquage, marking, olfaction.

Heck L. 1914. Nagetiere in Brehms Tierleben. Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig und Wien.
En allemand, in German.
Rodentia.

Hediger H. 1942. Wildtiere in Gefangenschaft [Animaux sauvages en captivité]. Ein Grundriss der Tiergartenbiologie. Basel.
En allemand, in German.
Chasse, hunting.

Hediger H. 1948. Naturschutz und Heilaberglaube: zur Gefährdung des schweizerischen Murmeltieres. Berichte der St Gallischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft, 72: 23-31.
En allemand, in German.

Marmota marmota, ré-introduction, re-introduction, Suisse, Switzerland.

Hediger H. 1949. Säugertier-Territorien und ihre Markierung [Les territoires des mammifères et leur marquage. Mammals territory and its marking]. Bijdr. Dierk., 28: 172-184.
En allemand, in German.
Mammifères, territoires, territory.

Hediger H. 1951. Jagdzoologie auch für Nichtjäger [Zoologie de la chasse de nuit. Zoology of night hunting]. F. Reinhardt Verlag. Bâle : 69-83.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, chasse, hunting.

Hediger H. 1952. La vie des animaux sauvages d'Europe [Life of wild animals in Europe]. Amiot-Dumont, Paris, 171 pp.
En français, in French.
Europe.

Hediger H. 1950. Wild animals in captivity [Les animaux sauvages en captivité]. Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, 193 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Éthologie, ethology, hiérachie, hierarchy.

Hediger H. 1955. Studies of the psychology and behavior of captive animals in zoos and circuses [Études de la psychologie et du comportement des animaux captifs dans les zoos et les cirques] . Criterion Books, New York, 153 p.
En anglais, in English.
Éthologie, ethology, hiérachie, hierarchy.

Hedon L. 1929. Bull. soc.des sc. méd. et biol., Monpellier: 249.
En français, in French.
Quotient respiratoire moyen de la marmotte pendant le sommeil est de 0,67 et sa production de chaleur, de 0,13 à 0,14 calories parkg et heure.

Heer O. 1865. Die Urwelt der Schweiz [De l'origine de la Suisse].
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota p.542, paléontologie, paleontology, Suisse, Switzerland.

Heffner R.S., Koay G. & Heffner H.E. 2001. Audiograms of five species of rodents: implications for the evolution of hearing and the perception of pitch [Audiogrammes de cinq espècs de rongeurs : implications de l'évolution de l'audition et la perception du ton]. Hear Res., 157(1-2):138-52.
Pdf disponible/available
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Tamias striatus, Phyllotis darwinii, Mesocricetus auratus, Acomys cahirinus, audition.

Behavioral audiograms were determined for five species of rodents: groundhog (Marmota monax), chipmunk (Tamias striatus), Darwin's leaf-eared mouse (Phyllotis darwinii), golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), and Egyptian spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus). The high-frequency hearing of these animals was found to vary inversely with interaural distance, a typical mammalian pattern. With regard to low-frequency hearing, the animals fell into two groups: those with extended low-frequency hearing (chipmunks, groundhogs, and hamsters hear below 100 Hz) and those with restricted low-frequency hearing (spiny and leaf-eared mice do not hear appreciably below 1 kHz). An analysis of mammalian hearing reveals that the distribution of low-frequency hearing limits is bimodal with the two distributions separated by a gap from 125 to 500 Hz. The correspondence of this dichotomy with studies of temporal coding raises the possibility that mammals that do not hear below 500 Hz do not use temporal encoding for the perception of pitch.

Heim A. Geologie der Schweiz. Heilprin Angelo 1887. The geographical and geological distribution of animals [Répartition géographique et géologique des animaux]. 8vo., i-xii+1-435 pages, with map. International Scientific Series, New York.
En anglais, in English.
Géographie, geography, géologie, geology.

Heindenreich E. 1902. Coleopteren im Hamsterbau [Les Colèoptères du terrier de Hamster. Beetles of the hamster burrow]. Deutsch. Ent. Z., 156.
En allemand, in German.
Mammifères, mammals, entomologie, entomology, microcavernicole, microcavernicole, terrier, burrow.

Heinsalu V. & Smith G.W. 1982. Vancouver Island marmot survey, 1982 [Enquête sur la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver, 1982]. Unpubl. rep. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Fish and wildlife Branch, Namaino, 34 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, gestion, management, Canada.

Heinsalu V. & Smith G.W. 1983. Vancouver Island marmot inventory, 1983 [Inventaire de la marmotte de l'îe de Vancouver, 1983]. Unpubl. rep. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Fish and wildlife Branch, Namaino, 34 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, gestion, management, Canada.

Heissig K. 1979. Die Frühesten Flughörnchen und primitive Ailuravinae (Rodentia, Mamm.) aus dem süddeutschen Oligozän [Les plus anciens écureuils volants et des Ailuravinae primitifs (Rodentia, Mamm.) de l'Oligocène de l'Allemagne méridionale. The earlier flying squirrels and primitive Ailruvaniae (Rodentia, Mamm.) from the oligocen of southern Germany]. Mitt. Bayer Staatsslg. Paläont. hist. Geol., 19 : 139-169.
En allemand, in German.
Paléontologie, palontology, Oligocène, oligocene, Allemagne, Germany.

Heldmaier G. & Ruf T. 1992. Body temperature and metabolic rate during natural hypothermia in endotherms [Température corporelle et taux métabolique au cours de l'hypothermie naturelle chez les endothermes]. J. Comp .Physiol. B, 162: 696-706.
En anglais, in English.
Thermorégulation, thermoregulation, metabolism.

Heldmaier G., Ortmann S. & Elvert R. 2004. Natural hypometabolism during hibernation and daily torpor in mammals [Hypométabolisme naturel au cours de l’hibernation et torpeur journalière chez les mammifères]. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol., 141(3): 317-329.
En anglais, in English.
Thermorégulation, thermoregulation, sommeil, sleep, hibernation.
Daily torpor and hibernation are the most powerful measures of endotherms to reduce their energy expenditure. During entrance into these torpid states metabolic rate is suppressed to a fraction of euthermic metabolism, paralleled by reductions in ventilation and heart rate. Body temperature gradually decreases towards the level of ambient temperature. In deep torpor body temperature as well as metabolic rate are controlled at a hypothermic and hypometabolic level. Torpid states are terminated by an arousal where metabolic rate spontaneously returns to normal levels again and euthermic body temperature is established by a burst of heat production. In recent years some of the cellular mechanisms which contribute to hypometabolism have been disclosed. Transcription, translation, as well as protein synthesis are largely suppressed. Cell proliferation in highly proliferating epithelia like the intestine is suspended. ATP production from glucose is reduced and lipids serve as the major substrate for remaining energy requirements. All these changes are rapidly reverted to normometabolism during arousal. Hibernation and daily torpor are found in small mammals inhabiting temperate as well as tropical climates. It indicates that this behaviour is not primarily aimed for cold defense, instead points to a general role of hypometabolism, as a measure to cope with a timely limited or seasonal bottleneck of energy supply.

Heldmaier G., S. Ortmann & G. Körtner 1993. Energy requirements of hibernating alpine marmots [Besoins énergétiques des marmottes alpines en hibernation]. In Life in the cold. Ecological, Physiological and Moleclar Mechanisms, Carey C., Florant G.L., B. Wunder & B. Orwitz eds., Westview Press, Boulder.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, hibernation, thermorégulation, thermoregulation.

Heldmaier G., Steiger R. & Ruf T. 1993. Suppression of metabolic rate in hibernation. In Life in the Cold III: Ecological, Physiological, and Molecular Mechanisms, Carey C., Florant G.L., Wunder B.A. & Horwitz B., eds., Westview Press, Boulder, 545-548.
En anglais, in English.
Hibernation, métabolisme, metabolism.

Heller E. 1909. University of California Publications in Zoology, 5 (2): 248.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vigilis, West shore of Glacier Bay, Alaska, Marmota caligata

Heller E. 1910.Mammals of the 1908 Alexander epedition, with description of the laclities visited and notes on the flora of the Prince William Sound region [Mammifères de l’expédition Alexander de 1908 et description des sites visités et notes sur la flore de la région sud du détroit Prince William] University of California Publications in Zoology, 5(11): 321-360.
En anglais, in English.

Five adult males and two adult females collected in summer 1908 are housed at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California (Howell 1915).
During the early zoological expedition in soputh-central Alaska, hoary marmots (M. caligata Escholtz) were reportedly "everywhere on the mainland along the shores of Prince William Sound" and less abundant on the islands. But no marmots were present on Hawkins Island (Lance 2002). The endemic Montague Island marmot was reproted in July 1908 in alpine habitat, near timberline (approximatively 300 m), at Hanning and Zaikoff bays.

Montague Island marmot, Marmota caligata sheldoni

Heller E. 1914. Telegraph Creek Cassiar Mountains Expedition. Bird and mammal Journal [Expédition des monts Cassiar, Telegraph Creek. Journal des oiseaux et des mammifères]. Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 7176, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 1860-1961 Field Reports.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, oiseaux, birds, Colombie Britannique, British columbia, Yukon, Canada.

Heller Florian 1930. Murmeltiere aus dem jüngeren Löss von Nebra [Marmottes des loess récents de Nebra]. Leopoldina, 6 : 581-586 .
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, Arctomys, paléontologie, paleontology.

Heller F. 1934. Arctomys primigenius Kaup aus Eisleben [Arctomys primigenius Kaup de la période glaciaire]. Zschr. Dt. Geol. Ges., Berlin, 86: 1-6.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, période glaciaire, ice age.

Heller H.C. 1979. Hibernation: neural aspects [Hibernation : aspects neuraux]. Annu. Rev. Physiol., 41: 305-321.
En anglais, in English.
Revue, review, hibernation.

Heller H.C. 1988. Sleep and hypo-metabolism [Sommeil et hypométabolsime]. Can. J. zool., 66 (1): 61-69.
En anglais, in English.
Physiologie, physiology, sommeil, sleep, Hibernation.

Metabolic rate (MR) of endotherms is lower during sleep than quiet wakefulness (W), largely as a result of a regulated lowering of body temperature (Tb) during slow-wave sleep (SWS). ln mammals this decrease in regulated Tb is evidenced by a lowered hypothalamic thermosensitivity. ln avian thermoregulatory systems spinal thermosensitivity is lower in SWS than in W. In rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) there is a severe inhibition of the thermoregulatory systems. Hypothalamic cells that are thermosensitive during W become less so during SWS and become totally insensitive to temperature during REMS. The adjustments in thermoregulatory systems of endotherms that result in lower Tb and MR during SWS have been shaped by natural selection in different species to produce a variety of adaptations for energy consenation. Bouts of torpor, hibernation, or noctunal hypothermia consist mostly of SWS, and these states involve a downward resetting of hypothalamic thermosensitivity in mammals and spinal thermo-sensitivity in birds. A physiological mechanism underlying this change in regulation of Tb may be related to the regulation of breathing and acid-base balance. Retention of CO2 occurs at the onset of sleep, shallow torpor, and hibernation and release of excess CO2 occurs when these states are reversed by arousal. lncreased plasma CO2 may have a direct effect on hypothalamic neurons involved in thermoregulation, resulting in a decline in regulated Tb.
Chez les endothermes, le taux métabolique, plus bas durant le sommeil que durant l'éveil, s'explique par une baisse contrôlée de la température du corps (Tb) durant le sommeil lent. Chez les mammifères, cette chute de température s'accompagne d'une baisse de la thermo-sensibilité de l'hypothalamus. Chez les oiseaux, la thermosensibilité spinale est plus basse durant la phase de sommeil lent que durant l'éveil. Pendant le sommeil, durant la phase de mouvements oculaires rapides, il existe une importante inhibition des systèmes thermo-régulateurs. Les cellules de l'hypothalamus qui sont thermosensibles durant l'éveil perdent leur sensibilité durant la phase de sommeil lent et deviennent totalement insensibles à la température durant la phase de mouvements oculaires rapides. Chez les endothermes, les ajustements du système thermorégulateur qui amène une baisse de la température du corps et du taux de métabolisme durant le sommeil lent sont le résultat de la sélection naturelle qui produit, chez différentes espèces, des adaptations diverses pour la conservation de l'énergie. Les épisodes de torpeur, d'hibernation et de d'hypo-thermie nocturne consistent surtout en un sommeil de type lent et impliquent un réajustement vers le bas de la thermosensibilité hypothalamique chez les mammifères et de la thermosensibilité spinale chez les oiseaux. Un des mécanismes physiologiques sous-jacents à ce changement de la régulation thermique suppose probablement la régulation de la respiration et de l'équilibre acide-base. Il y a rétention de CO2 au début du sommeil, de la torpeur légère ou de l'hibernation, et un rejet du CO2 en excès au réveil. L’augmentation de CO2 du plasma peut avoir un effet direct sur les neurones de l'hypothalamus impliqués dans la thermorégulation, ce qui se traduit par une chute de la température contrôlée du corps.

Heller H.C. & Colliver GW 1974. CNS regulation of body temperature during hibernation [Régulation par le SNC de la température corporelle au cours de l'hibernation]. Am. J. Physiol., 227: 583-589.
En anglais, in English.
Physiologie, physiology, SNC, CNS, thermorégulation, thermoregulation, hibernation.

Hembeck H.1958. Zum Paarungsverhalten der Murmeltiere [Sur l'appariement chez la marmotte. On mating in marmot]. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 4 (1) : 40-41.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, reproduction.

Henderson J.A., Gilbert F.F. 1978. Distribution and density of woodchucks burrow systems in relation to land-use practices [Répartition et densité des systèmes de terriers de marmottes en relation avec l'utilisation du sol]. Canad. field-Naturalist., 92 (2) : 128-136.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, territoire, territory, dispersion, terrier, burrow, économie, economy, EUA, USA, Ontario.

Etude menée dans une exploitation de l'Ontario entre mars et octobre. 552 terriers sur 85,7 ha de terrains agricoles. 91% de l'activité de fouissement se tient entre avril et juillet. et les nouveaux terriers sont creusés dans les zones récemment cultivées. Le nombre de terriers reste inchangés dans les haies.
Some 552 Woodchuck (Marmota monax rufescens) burrow systems, defined by both Woodchuck use and spatial considerations, were found on 85.7 ha of mixed farmland at Cambridge. Ontario between March and October 1973. The distribution of burrow systems for the entire study area did not differ significantly from a Poisson distribution, but densities differed with land use. The number of actively-used burrow systems per hectare averaged 5.9 and ranged from l.8 in newly seeded pastures to 16.8 in undisturbed brushy fencerows. Uniform spacing in five fields was attributed to agnostic behavior primarily among juvenile Woodchucks during rapid invasion of new habitat. Ninety-one percent of all burrowing activity took place between April and July, and all new burrow systems were dug in recentIy cultivated areas. The rate of invasion of new habitat increased with the availability of vegetative cover. The number of burrow systems located in brushy fencerows remained virtually unchanged throughout the study. These fencerows served as Woodchuck "refuges" and repopulation centers for the adjacent cultivated fields.

Henderson F. Robert & Lee Charles1992. Woodchucks. Urban Wildlife Damage [Marmottes communes d’Amérique. Contrôle des dommages dus à la vie sauvage en milieu urbain]. Control. Cooperative Extension Service, Kansas State University.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune ou américaine, gestion, management.
Disponible /available pdf

Henkler F.F. & Koshy R. 1996. Hepatitis B virus transcriptional activators: mechanisms and possible role in oncogenesis [Activateurs transcriptionnels du virus de l'hépatite : mécanismes et rôle posible dans l'oncogenèse] . J. Viral Hepat., 3(3): 109-21.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome encodes a 154 amino acid protein termed X (HBx, hepatitis B x protein), which is a promiscuous transcriptional activator of polymerase II and III promoters. HBx upregulates a wide range of cellular and viral genes and is thought to facilitate viral pregenome and mRNA transcription; however, its precise role in the viral replication cycle remains to be elucidated. The functional mechanisms of HBx appear very complex. It was shown to activate transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappa B vis cytoplasmic pathways including ras-MAP kinase. In contrast, nuclear HBx is thought to activate the transcriptional machinery directly. A second transcriptional activator protein (Mst, middle s transactivator) is encoded by 3'-truncated preS2/S sequences of integrated HBV DNA, but not by the intact viral gene. HBx and Mst may contribute to the pathogenicity of chronic hepatitis B and are suggested to promote hepatocyte transformation via upregulation of cellular proto-oncogenes. Further, HBx may enhance HBV related carcinogenesis by inactivation of the tumour suppressor gene product p53.

Henniger C., Banderet G., Blanc T. & R. Cantin 1987. L'aigle royal dans une partie des Préalpes Suisses [The golden Eagle in a part of Switz prealps]. In L'aigle royal (Aquila chrysaetos) en Europe, Actes Coll. Intern. sur l'Aigle royal en Europe, Maison de la Nature ed., Briançon : 54-58.
En français, in French.
Aquila chrysaetos, Marmota marmota, Alpes, Alps, Suisse, Switzerland.

Henry Joseph & Baird Spencer Fullerton 1885. Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to Ascertain the Most Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean [Rapports d’explorations et de relevés, pour découvrir la voie la plus praticable et la plus économique pour un chemin de fer du Mississipi à l’océan Pacifique]. Nicholson A. O. P., printer, num. Google.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys monax, woodchuck, ground Hog, Arctomys empetra, Arctomys flaviventer, Yellow-Footed marmot, Arctomys pruinosus, hoary marmot, whistler.Arctomys caligata.
Disponible /available pdf

Hensel Reinhold Friedrich 1852. Arctomys primigenius, Myoxas, Cricetus, Putorius (=Mustela) in der Breslauer Sammlung [Arctomys primigenius, Myoxas, Cricetus, Putorius (=Mustela) dans la collection de Breslau]. Neues Jahrb. Min. Geol. Pal., 1852: 463-465.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, Arctomys primigenius, paléontologie, paleontology.

Hensel R.F. 1854. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis fossiler Überreste aus der Gattung Arctomys [Contribution à la connaissance des restes fossiles du genre Arctomys]. Verhandl. d. Kais. Leopold.-Carolin. Akad d. Naturforscher, 24 (1) : 295-306.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.

Hensel R. 1855. Beïtrage zur kenntnis fossiler Säugetiere Insektenfresser und Nagetiere der diluviale formation [Contribution à la connaissance des mammifères fossiles insectivores et des rongeurs de la formation diluviale]. Zeit. d. deutsch. geol. Gesel., 7 : 458-501.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.

Hensel R. 1879. Mammologische Notizen. I. Arctomys bobac [Notices mammalogiques. I. Arctomys bobac]. Archiv. f. Naturgeschichte, 45 : 198-210.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota bobac.

Hensel R. 1881. Craniologische Studien [Etudes crâniologiques]. Nova Acta d. Kais. Leopold.-Carolin. Deutsch. Akad. d. Naturforscher, 42 (4) : 137.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, morphologie, morphology.

Heptner V.G. 1941. Taxonomic and zoogeographical interrelations of some Asiatic and North-American ground squirrels [Interrelations taxonomiques et zoogéographiques de quelques écureuils terrestres asiatiques et nord-américains]. Zoogeographica, 4: 21-27.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, taxonomie, taxonomy.

Heptner V.G., Nasimovich A.A. & Bannikov A.G. 1988. Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. 1. Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla [MammifËres de l’Union SoviÈtique. Vol. 1. Artiodactyle et Perissodactyla]. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, Washington, 1147 pp.
MammifËres, Mammalia, Mammals, Minnesota, Union SoviÈtique, USSR.

Heran 1967. Some notes towards the morphology of the pelvis in the marmot (Marmota marmota L.), the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L.) and the european souslik (Citellus citellus L.) [Quelques notes sur la morphologie du pelvis de la marmotte (Marmota marmota L.), de l’écureuil rouge (Sciurus vulgaris L.) et du souslik européen (Citellus citellus L.).Tch. - Lyns Praha. N.S., 8 : 7-14.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, morphologie, morphology.

Heredia R. & J. Herrero Cortes 1992. Interazioni tra la marmotta alpina (Marmota marmota) ed il gipeto (Gypaetus barbatus) nei pirenei meridionali. Beared vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) and Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) interactions in Southern Pyrenees [Interactions entre le gypaète barbu (Gypaetus barbatus) et la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) dans les pyrénées du sud]. Proc. 1st Intern. Symp. on Alpine Marmot and on genus Marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds, 227-229. (en italien et anglais, in Italian and English)
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Marmota marmota, prédation, predation, Espagne, Spain, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

The alpine marmot is part of the beared vulture' (Gypaetus barbatus) dietin the Pyrenees. The marmots are carried, sometimes recently dead, to the nests and are fed to the chicks, or altenatively to somewhere nearby, where they are fed to flying chicks. Subadults have been observed approaching marmots with their claws open but this behaviour has not been observed among adults. It is possible that this behaviour is merely play or inexperienced attacks patterns. Praying has not beeen observed either. Marmots are able to identify beared vulkture's shape and react as to a serious potential danger, but in comparison with the behaviour toward griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), the marmots seem to become alarmed to a lesser degree.

Herrero J., Adellach A., Guiral J., Munoz P. & Ruiz-Olmo J. 1994. The legal status of Alpine marmot in Andorra and Spain [Statut légal de la marmotte alpine en Andorre et en Espagne].
Marmota marmota, législation, legislation.

Herrero J., J. Canut, D. Garcia-Ferre, R. García-González (Garcia-Gonzales) & R. Hidalgo 1992. The alpine marmot (Marmota marmota L.) in the spanish Pyrenees [La marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota L.) dans les Pyrénées espagnoles]. Z. für Säugetierkunde, 57 : 211-215.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, Espagne, Spain, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

Marmots became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene in the Pyrenees, and have been introduced since 1948 on the northern slope of the mountain range (France). More than 350 localizations have been recorded. Results show factors that have affected its expansion, such as: orographic barriers, mountain passes, habitat selection and human disturbance. Location is given in 2 x 2 km of the UTM squares, which indicates the existence of at least one colony. Colonies range from 1449 m to 2900 m, more frequently between 1800 and 2400 m height. A positie correlation exists between the years of existence in each massif and the altitudinal range (r = 0.89, p < 0.01), and between the maximal height of the massif and the maximal height of the colonies (r = 0.80, p < 0.01).
Les marmottes disparurent à la fin du Pleistocène dans les Pyrénées, et ont été réintroduites depuis 1948 sur les pentes nord (France). Plus de 350 localisations ont été observées. Ces résultats montrent l'effet des facteurs qui ont affecté son expansion : barrières orographiques, cols, sélection de l'habitat et pression anthropique. La localisation est donné pour des carrés de 2x2 km (UTM°, indiquant l'existence d'au moins une colonie. Les colonies s'étagent de 1.450 à 2.900 m, de préférence entre 1.800 et 2.400 m. Une corrélation positive existe entre la date d'apparition dans chaque massif et l'extansion altitudinale, et entre l'altitude maximum du massif et la taille des colonies.

Herrero J., J. Canut, D. Garcia-Ferre, R. García-González (Garcia-Gonzales) & R. Hidalgo 1992. La marmota en el Pirineo espanol [La marmotte dans les Pyrénées espagnoles. The marmot in the Spanish Pyrenees]. Quercus, 6-11.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, Espagne, Spain, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

Herrero J., Garcia-Gonzales R. and Garcia-Serrano A. 1992. Altitudinal distribution of alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) in the Pyrenees [Répartition altitudinale de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) dans les Pyrénées]. Abstracts 1st International Symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota ) and on Genus Marmota, 9.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, biogéographie, biogeography, Espagne, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

Herrero J., García-González (Garcia-Gonzales) R. & A. Garcia-Serrano 1994. Altitudinal distribution of alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota) in the Pyrenees, Spain/France [Répartition altitudinale de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) dans les Pyrénées]. Arctic and Alpine Res., 26(4) : 328-331.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, Espagne, Spain, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

Herrero J., García-González (Garcia-Gonzales) R., García-Serrano A., Aldezabal A., Garin I. & Preleuthner M. 1999. Die Murmeltiere (Marmota m. marmota) der Pyrenäen als Beispiel für eine erfolgreiche Ansiedelung [La marmotte alpine des Pyrénées comme exemple d’une colonisation réussie]. Stapfia, 63 : 111-118.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction.

Herrero J., García-González (Garcia-Gonzales) R. & Garin I. 1996. Censo y distribution de la marmotta alpina (Marmota marmota) en Navarra [Dénombrement et répartition de la marmotte alpine en Navarre]. Donana, Acta Vertebrata, 23(2) : 283-290.
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Marmota marmota, altitude, répartition, distribution.

Herrero J., García-González (Garcia-Gonzales) R. & García-Serrano (Garcia-Serrano) A. (Эрреро Х., Гарсия-Гонзалес Р. Гарсия-Серрано А.) 1997. Research on Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) in the spanish Pyrenees [Recherche sur la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) dans les Pyrénées espagnoles]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, 112 (), 150-151 (Angliïskie) [In Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 112 (Russian), 150-151 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota marmota, Pyrénées, Pyrenees, Espagne, Spain.

Herrero J., García-González (Garcia-Gonzales) R. & García-Serrano (Garcia-Serrano) A. (Эрреро Х., Гарсия-Гонзалес Р. Гарсия-Серрано А.) 2002. Research on Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) in the spanish Pyrenees. Изучение альпийского сурка (Marmota marmota) в испанских пиренеях [Izoutchenie alpiiskogo sourka (Marmota marmota) v ispanskikh pireneyakh. Recherche sur la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) dans les Pyrénées espagnoles]. In Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity, Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.YU. eds., Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on marmots, Moscow, ABF P.H., 190-202.
En anglais et russe avec résumé en français ; In English and Russian with a French abstract).
Marmota marmota, Pyrénées, Pyrenees, Espagne, Spain.
We describe the main results of the research developed from 1983 to 1997 regarding the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) in the Spanish Pyrenees. Following the introductions of marmots on the French slope of the mountain chain conducted from 1948 to the present, the species soon colonized southern areas where today it is widely spread. Its current altitudinal range and habitat use and selection is similar to the one in the Alps;that is, supraforest pastures, mainly between 1800 and 2400 m with southeren exposures. Other aspects of the research regard census and populations structure, genetic variability, annual and daily activity cycle, space use, and food as well as other aspects of their biology as predators and parasites. Finally, its legal status in the different Spanish Pyrenean regions as well as some aspects that should be researched in coming years are described.
Key-words: alpine marmot, Marmota marmota, habitat, census, population structure, activity rhythms, space use, food, predators, parasites, legal status.
Les principaux résultats de la recherche conduite entre 1983 et 1987 sur la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) dans les Pyrénées espagnoles sont décrits.En conséquence des introductions de marmottes sur le versant français des Pyrénées réalisées de 1948 à nos jours, l’espèce a rapidement colonisé le versant sud où elle est maintenant largement répandue. Sa distribution altitudinale actuelle, sa sélection et son utilisation de l’habitat sont les mêmes que dans les Alpes, c’est-à-dire les prairies supraforestières, principalement entre 1800 et 2400 m, exposés au sud. Les autres aspects de la recherché ont porté sur le dénombrement et la structure des populations, la variabilité génétique, le cycle annuel et journalier d’activité, l’utilisation de l’espace, l’alimentation ainsi que sur d’autres aspects de leur biologie comme les prédateurs et les parasites. Finalement, son statut légal dans les différentes régions pyrénéennes a été défini ainsi que les recherches qui seront entreprises dans les années à venir.
Mots clés : Marmotte alpine, Marmota marmota, répartition, habitat, dénombrement, structure de la population rythmes d’activité, utilisation de l’espace, prédateurs, parasites, statut légal.
Disponible /available pdf

Herrero J. & Garcia-Serrano A. 1989. Estudio de la biologia y distribucion de la Marmota alpina en Alto Aragonn [Etude de la biologie et de la répartition de la marmotte alpine en haut Aragon. Study of the biology and the distribution of the alpine marmot in upper Aragon]. Agricultural Council Report, Diputacion General de Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain.
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Marmota marmota, Pyrénées, Pyrenees, Espagne, Spain.

The alpine marmot occupies areas ranging in altitude from l300 to 2400 m in the Pyrenees, although 67% of the colonies are found between 1800 and 2400 m. Greatest colony density and greater areal use than expected were found between these last limits. The lower edge of the altitudinal range normally coincides with current forest limit and the upper edge seems to be related to the availability of suffcient food as to accomplish its minimum annual cycle (maintenance. reproduction, and fat storage). There is a positive correlation between the number of colonies and the duration of the available food period above 1800 m. In a broad sense, the altitude range of the alpine marmot in the Pyrenees is similar to that in the Alps. Because the natural forest limit seems to be higher in the Pyrenees than in the Alps, the success of the introduction of the alpine marmot in the Pyrenees could be probably due to the existence of a wide supraforestal open area artificially created for pastoral use.

Herrero, J., GarcÌa-Serrano 1994. La marmota alpina en Navarra. [La marmotte alpine en Navarre. The alpine marmot in Navarra]. Unpubl. Report Government of Navarre.
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Marmota marmota, Navarre, Navarra, Espagne, Spain.

Tras la introduccion de la marmota alpina (Mamota marmota) en el Pirineo francés a partir de 1955, a principios de los anos ochenta ejemplares provenientes de la Hoya de la Solana en Anso (Huesca) penetraron en Navarra. Hoy la especie ocupa los pastos subalpinos de los claros de bosque y supraforestales de la Reserva Natural de Larra-Belagoa y de Txamantxoia, en Alto Valle del Roncal. Han seleccionado exposiciones Sur y occupan altitudes entre los 1600 y los 2200 m. Existen unas 30 familias, con un total de 153 ± 55 individuos. La consistencia de los grupos y su estructura es comparable a las poblaciones alpinas. Al oeste y al sur del area actualmente ocupada existen habitas adecuados par su proxima colonizacion. Su alimentacion se basa fundamentalmente en dicotiledoneas. El areaprincipal de campeo observada en dos grupos familiares es menor a una hectarea. Los ritmos de actividad y ciclo anual se corresponden con valores normales para la especie. La marmota han introducido en el Pirineo parasitos gastrointestinales (Ctenotaenia marmotae) y han sido infectadas por agents patogenos probablemente pirenaicos (Capillaria hepatica). Ambas especies son primeras citas para Pirineo y C. hepatica lo es para Marmota marmota. Los hongos asociados a sus madrigueras non son patogenos. En la piel de las marmota no se ha encontrado ningun hongo. Es conveniente continuar con el seguimiento del proceso colonizador y dinamica poblacional y extender los estudios a sus predatores, entomofauna asociada a la madrigueras y dietas locales.

Herrero J., GarcÌa-Serrano A. & GarcÌa-González R. La marmota en el Alto Aragon [La marmotte dans les hauts d’Aragon]. Surcos, 18: 41-43.
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Marmota marmota, Aragon.

Herrero, J., GarcÌa-Serrano, A. & GarcÌa-González,R. 1994. Utilisation d'un Système d'Information Géographique pour déterminer la sélection de l'habitat par la marmotte alpine (M. marmota). Application of a Geographic Information System to determine habitat selection by Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota). Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 84-85.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota marmota, géographie, geography, Espagne, Spain, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

La zone étudiée est une vallée pyrénéenne de 1200 ha, exposée principalement au sud et colonisée par les marmottes à partir des années 70. La végétation est surtout constituée de pelouses supraforestières utilisées par le bétail pendant l'été. Nous avons localisé 12 colonies différentes dans cette zone. Pour s'assurer que les marmottes sélectionnent différentes variables géographiques pour installer leurs colonies, nous avons utilisé des cartes topographique et de végétation, toute deux à l'échelle 1:10.000. Pour estimer la zone d'activité des marmottes, nous avons examiné une surface de 50-70 m de rayon autour du terrier principal de la colonie. En utilisant un SIG, nous avons déterminé la fréquence de distribution de 4 variables (altitude, exposition, pente et communautés végétales) sur la surface disponible et sur la zone de la colonie. Des tests de Chi-carré ont été utilisés pour déterminer s'il y avait une différence significative entre l'utilisation observée et l'utilisation attendue des variables. Si une différence statistique significative apparaissait, les intervalles de confiance simultanés de Bonferroni ont été utilisés pour déterminer quelles catégories étaient plus utilisées que la valeur attendue. Nous avons aussi essayé d'évaluer l’importance d'autres variables comme la “ protection arrière ”, les éboulis et la fertilisation par le bétail dans les alentours de la colonie de marmottes. Enfin, nous avons évalué l'utilisation d’un SIG pour étudier la sélection de l'habitat par les marmottes alpines et sa capacité à déterminer le caractère approprié de nouvelles zones.
The study area was a western Pyrenean valley¹s headwater of 1200 Ha, with a predominant southern exposure firstly colonized by marmots during the seventies. The vegetation is mainly supraforestal grassland used by livestock and chamois during the summer. We located twelve different marmot colonies in the area. To ascertain if marmots selected different geographic variables to localize their colonies we used topographic and vegetation maps both at a 1:10.000 scale. We considered an area of approximately 50 m of radius around the main burrow of the colony to estimate marmot activity area. Using a Geographical Information System we determined the frequency distribution of five variables (altitude, exposure, slope, vegetation cover and community) in the available and in the colony surfaces. To determine whether there was a significant difference between expected and observed utilization of the variables, chi-square tests were used. If a statistical significant difference resulted, Bonferroni simultaneous confidence intervals were used to determine which categories were utilized more or less than expected. Results indicate that marmots selected: southern slopes; altitudinal layers between 1600 and 2000; slopes between 0 and 30% and pastures with high vegetation cover and nutritional value as Primulion, Mesobromion and Polygonium-Rumicion. The use of GIS to study alpine marmot habitat selection seems to be a useful tool and could be used to determine the suitability of new areas for translocations or natural expansions.

Herrero, J., García-Serrano, A. y García-Gonzàlez, R. 1996. Marmota alpina Marmota marmota marmota Linnaeus, 1758. Boletín SECEM, 8: 3-8.
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Marmota marmota, Espagne, Spain.

Herrero, J., GarcÌa-Serrano A. & Garin I. 1996. Censo y distribuciòn de la marmota alpina (Marmota marmota) en Navarra [Dénombrment et répartition de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) en Navarre]. Do&ncirc;ana, Acta Vertebrata, 23(2) : 283-290.
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Marmota marmota, dénombrement, census, répartition, distribution, introduction, Navarre, Navarra, Pyrénées, Pyrenees, Espagne, Spain.

Census and distribution of the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) in Navarre. The Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) is a species from the Alps and the Tatra mountains, which has been taken from the Alps and introduced in to the French Pyrenees from 1948 until the eighties. Nowadays it can be found broadly scattered over both sides of the Pyrenean chain and occupying supra-forestal pastures, for the most part, above 1800 m. In 1994, a study was carried out in order to ascertain the distribution and population census of the species in Navarre, its westernmost area of distribution. The supra-forestal sub-alpine and montane pastures of the High Roncal Valley, on the borders of Aragon and France, were prospected in July. During the first week of August, a census of ten family units was carried out. The results indicate that marmots have established about thirty colonies in Navarre, which occupy supra-forestal pastures and forest clearings. the settlements are mainly made p of single family colonies of an average size similar to that observed in the Alps for the same species.

Herrero J., Hidalgo R. & Gonzales R. 1988. Colonization process of the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) in Spanish Western Pyrenees [Le processus de colonisation de la marmotte alpine (M. marmota) en Espagne, Pyrénées occidentales]. Pirineos, 130 : 87-94.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, colonisation, Espagne, Spain, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

Colonization process of the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) its present distribution and probable evolution in Northern Aragon (Spain) is descibed. Main human and physical factors that seem to determine this distribution process are discussed: spatial and temporal localization of introductions in the French slope, human presence and relief (ie. high massif, steep slopes, valley, mountain passes, main southern exposure and microtopography).

Herrero-Cortes J. & Javier Ara 1989. Marmota comun: de los Alpes a los Pirineos [La marmotte commune : des Alpes aux Pyrénées]. Natura, nov, 32-36.
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Marmota marmota, Pyrénées, yrenees.

Herring S.W. 1993. Functional morphology of mammalian mastication [Morphologie fonctionnelle de la mastication ammamilienne]. Amer. Zool., 33: 289-299.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, mastication, chewing, morphologie, morphology.

Herron M.D., Castoe T.A. & Parkinson C.L. 2004. Sciurid phylogeny and the paraphyly of Holarctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution (Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.,) 31(3): 1015-1030.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, Cynomys, Spermophilus, Microsciurus, phylogénie, phylogeny.

The squirrel family, Sciuridae, is one of the largest and most widely dispersed families of mammals. In spite of the wide distribution and conspicuousness of this group, phylogenetic relationships remain poorly understood. We used DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 114 species in 21 genera to infer phylogenetic relationships among sciurids based on maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic methods. Although we evaluated more complex alternative models of nucleotide substitution to reconstruct Bayesian phylogenies, none provided a better fit to the data than the GTR+G+I model. We used the reconstructed phylogenies to evaluate the current taxonomy of the Sciuridae. At essentially all levels of relationships, we found the phylogeny of squirrels to be in substantial conflict with the current taxonomy. At the highest level, the flying squirrels do not represent a basal divergence, and the current division of Sciuridae into two subfamilies is therefore not phylogenetically informative. At the tribal level, the Neotropical pygmy squirrel, Sciurillus, represents a basal divergence and is not closely related to the other members of the tribe Sciurini. At the genus level, the sciurine genus Sciurus is paraphyletic with respect to the dwarf squirrels (Microsciurus), and the Holarctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus) are paraphyletic with respect to antelope squirrels (Ammospermophilus), prairie dogs (Cynomys), and marmots (Marmota). Finally, several species of chipmunks and Holarctic ground squirrels do not appear monophyletic, indicating a need for reevaluation of alpha taxonomy.

Hershkovitz Philip 1948. Names of mammals dated from Frisch, 1775, and Zimmerman, 1777 [Noms des mammifères datés de Frisch, 1775 et Zimmerman, 1777]. Jour. Mammal., 29 272-277.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, taxonomie, taxonomy.

Hetherington R., Barrie J.V., MacLeod R. & Wilson M.C. 2004. Quest for the lost land [Quête de la terre perdue]. Geotimes.
En anglais, in English.
Archéologie, archeology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene.
Until recently, researchers believed our North American roots stretched back only about 11,200 radiocarbon years before present (YBP). These earliest settlers, from a culture now called Clovis, traveled from northeast Asia across the "Beringia landbridge," hunting large mammals with stone tools and colonizing the Americas via an "ice-free corridor" east of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. However, in 1989, archaeologist Tom Dillehay at the University of Kentucky published a two-volume work entitled Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile, which describe a human settlement dated to 12,500 YBP, approximately 1,300 years before Clovis. This site contained non-Clovis stone tools, a child's footprints and a community of dwellings constructed in part from animal skins. Archaeological sites like this and others found south of areas glaciated during the last ice age, and dated to between 12,500 and 11,500 YBP, imply that people had reached the southern tip of South America prior to the recession of the giant ice sheets, leading archaeologists to postulate alternative migration routes. Now geologists are also working on these alternative routes, exploring the region's glacial past to reconstruct a potential path for early peoples along the northwestern coast of North America. Coastal migration In the early 1960s, Calvin Heusser, Alex Kreiger, Kenneth Macgowan and Joseph Hester suggested the possibility of a Pacific coastal migration route for early peoples. In the mid-1970s Knut Fladmark, now at Simon Fraser University in Canada, did extensive analysis of the paleoenvironmental and archaeological data pertaining to a "coastal route," but his work met with little support. However, this all began to change when archaeologist Daryl Fedje from Parks Canada and geologist Heiner Josenhans from the Geological Survey of Canada discovered a forest of standing stumps deep under the marine waters off the Queen Charlotte Islands. Today, the possibility that the Americas' first settlers migrated via a coastal route has become an intriguing and increasingly popular, albeit contentious, theory. As with the ice-free corridor hypothesis, debate continues over whether archaeologists are presumptuous in assuming that the northwest coast of North America could support early migrating humans in their journey southward. Somewhat puzzling, considering the renewed interest in the coastal migration route, is the fact that few sites along the northwest coast of North America are older than 10,000 YBP. In 1997, archaeologist E. James Dixon, now at the University of Colorado at Boulder, and others reported in Geoarchaeology their discovery of a human pelvis and mandible in a cave on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. The mandible dated to around 9,200 YBP, and a bone tool found in the same cave dated to 10,300 YBP (marine reservoir corrected to circa 9,800 YBP). Although exciting finds, these dates were more than 2,000 years shy of the evidence at Monte Verde. Yet, despite this lack of early archaeological evidence, the coastal migration route is fast becoming the prevailing theory as to how and when the first Americans arrived. Perhaps the coastal migration route is simply riding a wave of popularity; perhaps scientists lack sufficient creative vision of alternative ice-age human lifeways. But as enticing new evidence accumulates, including indications that brown and black bears, caribou and mountain goats survived along North America's northwest coast during and subsequent to the last ice age, the search intensifies to find substantive evidence of the region's ability to support early peoples and artifactual evidence of their presence. The coastal migration route follows continental plate boundaries, most of which are active and subject to major earthquakes. At the edge of the continental plates, the lithosphere is often thin and flexible and thus responds relatively rapidly to changes in eustatic sea level, sedimentation, erosion, glacial and water loading, and tectonic movement. As a result, along the northwest coast of North America, coastlines have continuously shifted, resulting in sea levels and coastlines significantly different than today's. But only by identifying their past locations can we determine where and when Americas' first peoples could have lived, and thus where early archaeological sites, if they exist, may remain. In January 2000, the first author Hetherington, then a graduate student, began a quest for the lost land purported to exist by proponents of the coastal migration theory. Building on research done by geologists and archaeologists along the northwest coast of Canada, she began to unravel the puzzle of why archaeologists hadn't yet found any evidence of people living along the coast prior to 10,300 years ago. After collecting and analyzing thousands of mollusk shells and combining results with geological evidence, interesting insights emerged. Setting the scene: During the last ice age, early groups traveling along the northwest coast of North America would have seen coastal plains stretching over 100 kilometers as far as the eye could see, where now rough seas preside. They could have lived adjacent to productive estuaries and shellfish beaches now buried under moss and shrubs deep in the coastal rainforest. Such drastic geographic changes were the result of a drop in eustatic sea level of more than 120 meters, initiated when large amounts of water from the oceans were trapped as ice in expanding glaciers and continental ice sheets situated throughout Russia, Europe and the Andes in South America, and which extended across virtually all of Canada and southward beyond the Great Lakes into the United States. Large continental and alpine glaciers advanced and retreated across North America's north Pacific continental shelf. As ice advanced and retreated across the region, coastlines shifted in response both to ice movement and to eustatic sea-level change. The degree and direction of local sea-level change and coastline movement were dependent on where coastlines were situated relative to glacial ice. Heavy ice loads resulted in crustal depression and local relative sea-level rise on Canada's western mainland. When crustal depression exceeded eustatic sea-level lowering, coastlines rose above levels seen today. In areas peripheral to the ice, crustal uplift generated a "forebulge," similar to the upward bulging that occurs when laying on a water bed or the bulging area around a finger as it pushes down on a balloon. The glacial and sea-level history of the Queen Charlotte Island region, just off the northwest coast of Canada and just south of where James Dixon found human bones, is particularly complex and, from an archaeological perspective, particularly fascinating. The relatively low Queen Charlotte Mountain glaciers developed more slowly and later than on the mainland. Ice formed small caps, 500 meters thick, which flowed from the mountains. The limited size and extent of the Queen Charlotte Mountain source areas and the proximity of the deep water (of the open Pacific Ocean, Dixon Entrance and Queen Charlotte Sound) limited expansion of Queen Charlotte ice. Consequently much of the area became part of a peripheral forebulge. Ice-free areas (or refugia) may have developed on the islands and on the coastal lowlands of Graham Island, the northernmost island, where glaciation was limited and of short duration. Although researchers had previously gathered detailed local sea-level observations at a few locations in the area, vastly different sea-level histories for sites less than 50 kilometers apart made well-constrained regional reconstruction elusive. However, by radiocarbon dating intertidal marine shells obtained from beach deposits and combining that data with seismic surveys, geologic evidence and georeferenced computer modeling, we have been able to reconstruct the regional sea-level history subsequent to the last glacial maximum. Despite rising eustatic sea level, deflation of ice to the north and east promoted sufficient isostatic uplift to close the 100- to 150-kilometer-wide Hecate Strait by 11,250 YBP. Hecate Strait became Hecate Sea, a narrow, elongate, shallow-water embayment that opened southward into Queen Charlotte Sound. Two coastal plains extending up to 150 kilometers in width emerged from the sea, creating a land bridge between the islands and the mainland. These plains separated Hecate Sea from the open marine waters of Dixon Entrance to the north, significantly reducing marine circulation and contributing to a lowering of both salinity and temperature. Coastlines shifted more than 100 kilometers within the span of a few human lifetimes, causing us to reflect on the impact upon early peoples. Coastal migration route: During the last glacial maximum (about 15,000 YBP in the Queen Charlotte Islands) and for about 2,500 years afterward, glacial ice extended out from the Canadian mainland into Dixon Entrance, blocking navigation along northern Queen Charlotte Islands and between the islands and the mainland. This change required any migrating peoples to skirt the western side of the islands or to travel over ice when moving southward or northward. For about 1,000 years, the emergent land bridge would have required early people again to travel along the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands or overland. By 11,750 YBP, a warming climate supported the appearance of pine forests. Lakes were numerous, and many intertidal shellfish species colonized regions where similar species are common today. The uplifted coastal plains could have acted as migrating glacial refugia for early floral, faunal and potential human populations. Their existence may help explain how large mammals, such as the 41,000-yearold black bear (found by Tim Heaton of the University of South Dakota) on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, north of the Queen Charlotte Islands, may have survived through the glacial period. The uplifted coastal plains could also have provided subsistence resources for mammals like the 12,000-year-old mountain goat found in caves on northern Vancouver Island. Before the last glacial maximum, Vancouver Island supported large mammals, including mammoths, mastodon, helmeted musk-oxen and bison. A mammoth humerus from southern Vancouver Island has been dated to 17,000 YBP, while three tusks from Chilliwack in the lower Fraser valley have been dated to 22,000 YBP. Parkland terrestrial fauna found by Brent Ward from Simon Fraser University and colleagues in Port Eliza Cave, Vancouver Island, date to between 18,000 and 16,000 YBP; they document the presence of toads, several bird species, Townsend's vole, heather vole, marmot, a very large marten and a mountain goat. Early postglacial remains from caves on the island indicate that mountain goats were again present, and finds from southern Vancouver Island document large bison, including one dated to 11,750 YBP. Neither species remains on the island today; Richard Hebda of the Royal British Columbia Museum in Canada suggests that Younger Dryas habitat change (from a cooling) from open parkland to coniferous forest may explain the latest Pleistocene disappearance of the bison. Some species may have survived in refugia on the island or the adjacent exposed platform through the last glacial maximum. If they did not, then dispersal of species such as bison suggests the presence of pathways on ephemeral outwash plains during early ice retreat. Perhaps such outwash plains were widespread and could have assisted in providing a corridor for human dispersal as well. Early food: Early coastal human migrants potentially obtained much of their food from the sea. Sea mammals were probably available in the open ocean throughout the glacial period; however, when glaciers were melting, shellfish occupation of the inshore marine environment would have been affected by low salinity and high turbidity. Based on the assumption that modern species provide a proxy for habitat characteristics of late- Pleistocene and early-Holocene species, Hetherington worked closely with malacologist (zoologist who studies mollusks) Robert G.B. Reid at the University of Victoria in Canada. They analyzed thousands of mollusk shells taken from submarine sediment cores (collected over the past 15 years by co-author Barrie and colleagues at the Geological Survey of Canada) and raised beaches throughout the region for clues about the ancient temperature, salinity, sedimentation rate, substrate and sea level. She also searched for edible mollusks - those shellfish having sufficient size to be worth the effort of collecting, and which researchers believe early peoples used. Their research showed that by 13,200 YBP, the edible shellfish Macoma nasuta overcame the high sediment barrier and invaded the muddy sands of a mudflat that is now Hecate Strait, east of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Shortly thereafter, rapid colonization by many species of edible shellfish suggests open ocean conditions were present and that food resources were readily available. Late-Pleistocene to early- Holocene edible shellfish biomass compares favorably with levels commercially harvested on modern beaches, with the exception of a decline between 10,900 and 10,100 YBP, coincident with the appearance of cold-water shellfish. The disappearance of most temperate bivalve shellfish species between about 11,000 and 10,000 YBP indicates the onset of a brief cold interval consistent in timing with the Younger Dryas cooling event. Seasurface temperatures reached less than 9 degrees Celsius. Some cold-hardy species persisted in the southern part of the region; however, reduced shellfish biomass during the Younger Dryas cool interval may have required early peoples to travel greater distances to collect coastal resources, or increase their reliance on land-based resources, or both. Temperate sea-surface conditions reappeared throughout the region by about 10,000 YBP. Warming temperatures contributed to rising eustatic sea levels, which inundated low-lying areas and transgressed the land bridge, severing the connection between the Queen Charlotte Islands and the Canadian mainland. Locating the lost land: Although researchers have cored and dated numerous resource-rich coastal zones in the Queen Charlotte Islands region that would have made excellent early habitation sites, many sites are now drowned and difficult to access. Nevertheless, definitive evidence of early coastal migrants may not be long in coming. In December 2003, some of the co-authors and others published an article in Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences that reveals hundreds of kilometers of reconstructed paleocoastlines that coincide with present-day exposed land. It is along these landscapes that possible early archaeological sites may be located. Paleocoastlines of particular interest, and which offer the greatest opportunity for long-term colonization and archaeological site accessibility, lie along the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands and westernmost points along the Canadian mainland, where the effects of glacial ice were reduced. Supporting this interpretation are recent multibeam swath and geological survey data from the southwestern shelf of the islands, which show a lack of ice-contact deposits, implying that glaciation did not occur along this coast. These findings provide encouragement that with perseverance, we will succeed in our quest for the lost land and for uncovering new scientific evidence of early peoples.

Hervas-Stubbs S., Lasarte J.J., Sarobe P., Vivas I., Condreay L., Cullen J.M., Prieto J. & Borras-Cuesta F. 2001. T-helper cell response to woodchuck hepatitis virus antigens after therapeutic vaccination of chronically-infected animals treated with lamivudine. J. Hepatol., 35(1):105-11.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite, hepatitis.
Immunotherapy of patients chronically-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) may have the risk of fulminant hepatitis. This risk might be diminished if immunotherapy was carried out under conditions of low viremia. Methods : Five woodchucks chronically-infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), a virus closely related to HBV, were treated with lamivudine for 23 weeks. At week 10, when viremia had decreased by 3-5 logs, three woodchucks were vaccinated with woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen (WHsAg) plus the T-helper determinant FISEAIIHVLHSR. It was found that the administration of lamivudine only, had no effect on the T-helper response against WHV antigens. By contrast, vaccination induced T-helper responses against WHV antigens, shifting the cytokine profile from Th2 to Th0/Th1, but was without effect on viremia, WHsAg levels, or anti-WHs antibodies. Analysis of liver biopsies showed that lamivudine administration may have reduced hepatic inflammation. By contrast, vaccination clearly enhanced hepatic inflammation. After lamivudine withdrawal, viremia returned to high levels. These results suggest that therapeutic vaccination of chronically-infected woodchucks under conditions of low viremia shifts the cytokine profile against viral antigens towards Th0/Th1. This shift may prevent the efficient induction of anti-WHs antibodies.

Hervas-Stubbs S., Lasarte J.J., Sarobe P., Prieto J., Cullen J., Roggendorf M., Borras-Cuesta F. 1997. Therapeutic vaccination of woodchucks against chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection [Vaccination thérapeutique des marmottes communes contre l'infection du virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte]. J. Hepatol., 27(4): 726-737.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, vaccination.
Therapeutic vaccination is a new approach to treat patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. We have used the woodchuck model to examine the efficacy and safety of this approach. Seven woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus were immunized with surface antigen from this virus, purified from plasma, in conjunction with a peptide named FIS (encompassing amino acids 106-118: FISEAIIHVLHSR from sperm whale myoglobin), which is recognized by T helper lymphocytes. As controls, two woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus were immunized: one with FIS only and the other with surface antigen only. Co-immunization with surface antigen and FIS, but not with FIS or surface antigen alone, induced anti-surface antibodies in 7/7 immunized woodchucks. In the two woodchucks in which the highest titer of anti-surface antibody was elicited, severe liver damage was observed: one died of fulminant hepatitis and the other became seriously ill with hepatic injury and had to be sacrificed. Co-immunization of chronically infected woodchucks with surface antigen and a peptide recognized by T helper cells produces a good anti-surface antibody response. However, this strategy needs to be optimized before its implementation in humans. Although our experiments are not strictly comparable to vaccination of chronically hepatitis B virus-infected patients with recombinant or plasma-derived vaccines, we believe that precautions should be taken to avoid the risk of severe liver injury when immunizing hepatitis B virus carriers.

Heselhaus F. 1913. Uber Arthropoden in Maulwufnestern [Sur les Arthropodes des terriers de taupe]. Tijdschrift voor Entom. Deel, 56 : 195.
En allemand, in German.
Entomologie, entomology, terrier, burrow, Insectivora, Talpidae.

Hess M. 1965. Pietra klimatyczne w polskich Karpatach Zachodnich [Climat des Carpathes occidentales de Pologne. Climate of the Polish Western Carpathians]. Prace Geogr. UJ., 11.
En Polonais, in Polish.
Géographie, geography, climat, climate, Pologne, Poland, Carpates, Carpathians..

Heuret J. & Rouillon A. 1998. Première reproduction réussie du gypaète barbu Gypaetus barbatus issus de réintroduction dans les Alpes [First successful reproduction of the bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus from the re-introduction in the Alps]. APEGE, 16 pp.
En français, in French.
Gypaetus barbatus, Marmota marmota, prédation, predation.
Le gypaète barbu peut occasionnellement inclure la marmotte dans son régime alimentaire, à la sortie de l'hivernage lorsque les marmottes évacuent les animaux morts pendant la mauvaise saison ou lorsqu'un renard abandonne un reste de cadavre.

Hibbard Claude William 1941. Mammals of the Rexroad Fauna from the Upper Pliocene of southwestern Kansas [Mammifères de la faune de Rexroad du Pliocène supérieur du Kansas occidental]. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 44 265-313, 4 pls.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota arizonae, paléontologie, paleontology, Plioceène, Kansas, EUA, USA.

Hibbard Claude William 1942. Pleistocene mammals from Kansas [mammifères du Pléistocène du Kansas]. Bull. Geol. Surv. Kansas, 41 : 261-269, 1 pl.
En anglais, in English.
paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistooceène, Kansas.

Hibbard C.W. & Schultz C.B. 1948. A new sciurid of Blancan Age from Kansas and Nebraska [Un nouveau sciuridae de la période Blacan du Kansas et du Nebraska]. Bull. Univ. Nebraska State Mus., 3 19-29, 3 pls.
En anglais, in English.
Paenemarmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Kansas, Nebraska.

Hibbard C.W. 1956. Vertebrate fossils from the Meade formation of southwestern Kansas [Vertébrés fossiles de la formation Meade du Kansas occidental]. Papers Mich. Acad. Sci., 41 (1955) 145-200, 16 figs., 2 pls.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, arizonae, paléontologie, paleontology, Kansas.

Hibbard C.W., D.E. Ray, D.E. Savage, D.W. Taylor, & J.E. Guilday 1965. Quaternary Mammals of North America [Mammifères du Quaternaire de l'Amérique du Nord]. In The Quaternary of United States, Princeton Univ. Press, 509-525.
En anglais, in English.
(Mammifères) : Paléontologie : Quaternaire : Amérique du Nord

Hickman C.P. 1922. Woodchucks climbs tree [marmottes grimpant sur les arbres]. J. mammal., 3(4): 260-261.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax.

Hickman G. R., Dixon B. G. & Corn J. 1999. Small Mammals. In The effects of recreation on Rocky Mountain wildlife: A Review for Montana, G. Joslin and H. Youmans, coordinators, Committee on Effects of Recreation on Wildlife, Montana Chapter of The Wildlife Society, 307pp, 4.1-4.16.
En anglais, in English.
Available PDF disponible

Hight M.E. 1972. The use of serum proteins in studying phylogenetic relationships of the Sciuridae[Utilisation des protéines sériques pour l'étude des relations phylogénétiques des Sciuridae]. Ph.D. Diss., Wayne State Univ. (Detroit, Mich.).
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, immunologie, immunology.

Hight M.E., Goodman E.M. & Prychodko W. 1974. Immunological studies of the Sciuridae [Études immunologiques des Sciuridae]. Syst. Zool., 23: 12-25.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, immunologie, immunology, paléontologie, paleontology.
Utilisation de la technique qualitative d'immuno-diffusion Ouchterlony. Ouchterlony immunodiffusion technique

Hik David, Karels Tim, Ludwig Gerda & Cleghorn Christine 2004. Dispersal and population persistence in the Alpine dwelling hoary marmot [Dispersion et maintien des populations chez la marmotte alpine givrée]. Yukon Conservation Society, en ligne/on line http://www.y2y.net/science/grants/more4.asp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caligata, marmotte givrée, hoary marmot, dispersion, démographie, demography, génétique, genetics, comptage, count, Yukon, Canada.
Available disponible

Hikim A.P., Hikim I.S., Amador A.G., Bartke A., Woolf A. & Russell L.D. 1991. Reinitiation of spermatogenesis by exogenous gonadotropins in a seasonal breeder, the woodchuck (Marmota monax), during gonadal inactivity [Redémarrage de la spermatogenèse par des gonadotropines exogènes chez un animal saisonnier, la marmotte commune (Marmota monax), pendant l'activité gonadique]. Am. J. Anat., 192(2):194-213.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, spermatogenèse, spermatogneisis, saison, season.
The present study was undertaken (1) to document structural and functional changes in the testes of seasonally breeding woodchuck during active and inactive states of spermatogenesis and (2) to evaluate the ability of exogenous gonadotropins to reinitiate spermatogenesis outside the breeding season. During seasonal gonadal inactivity, there were significant (P less than 0.05) reductions in volumes of several testicular features (testis, seminiferous tubules, tubular lumen, interstitial tissue, individual Leydig cells, Leydig cell nuclei, and Leydig cell cytoplasm) as compared with gonadally active animals. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules was decreased by 26%, and Leydig cell numbers also declined in the regressed testes. These changes were accompanied by a decline in testosterone (T) levels in both plasma and testis, and reduction in epithelial height of accessory reproductive organs. A hormonal regimen was developed that would reinitiate spermatogenesis in captive, sexually quiescent woodchucks. A combination of PMSG and hCG markedly stimulated testicular growth and function and restored spermatogenesis qualitatively. Quantitatively normal spermatogenesis was restored in 2 of 6 treated males. Morphometric analyses revealed substantial increases in seminiferous tubular diameter and in the volume of seminiferous tubules, tubular lumen, total Leydig cells, and individual Leydig cells in the hormone-treated animals. These increased values corresponded to 99, 75, 68, 51, and 200%, respectively, of the values measured in naturally active woodchucks. Leydig cell numbers, however, remained unchanged and approximated only 31% of the number found in naturally active testes. Hormonal stimulation also resulted in a significant rise in serum T as well as in the total content of testicular T, and a marked increase in epithelial height in various accessory reproductive glands. The most effective hormonal protocol for stimulating spermatogenesis was treatment with 12.5 IU of PMSG twice a week for 4 weeks followed by 12.5 IU of PMSG + 25 IU of hCG twice a week for 4 weeks.

Hilken G., Bolle I. & Büchert A. 2000. Hematological investigations of American Woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Recherches hématologiques sur les marmottes communes américaines (Marmota monax)]. 38. Wissenschaftliche Tagung der GV-SOLAS (Essen), Tagungsband.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, hématologie, hematology.

Hilken Gero, Büttner Dietmar & Militzer Klaus 1998. Endoparasites in wild caught American Woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Endoparatites des marmottes communes américaines sauvages (Marmota monax)]. Wissenschaftliche Tagung der GV-SOLAS (Hamburg), 7.-10, September 1998, Tagungsband p. 09.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, parasitisme, parasitism.

Hilken Gero, Büttner Dietmar & Militzer Klaus 2003. Three important endoparasites of laboratory woodchucks (Marmota monax) caught in the wild: Capillaria hepatica, Ackertia marmotae, and Taenia crassiceps [Trois endoparasites importants des marmottes communes d’Amérique (Marmota monax) trouvés dans la nature : Capillaria hepatica, Ackertia marmotae, et Taenia crassiceps. ]. Scand. J. Lab. Anim. Sci., 30(3): 151-156.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, woodchuck, Taenia crassiceps, Cestoda, Taeniidae, Capillaria hepatica, Nematoda, Capillariidae, Ackertia marmotae, Nematoda, Onchocercidae, paraszitisme, parasitism.
Wild animals kept in laboratories are potential carriers of viruses, bacteria and parasites. These might be a risk to people who have contact with those animals. We demonstrate this by the example of the American laboratory woodchuck (Marmota monax) which has been kept in our laboratory for 6 years (n=155). Beside Capillaria hepatica, the filaria Ackertia marmotae and the cestode Taenia crassiceps have been found. These three species were recognised outside the routine monitoring for parasites. As C. hepatica and T. crassiceps are human pathogens, the potential for transmission to humans and other woodchucks is estimated. Precautionary measures such as treatment to eradicate and hygiene instructions are discussed.
Pdf disponible/available

Hill V.L. & Florant G.L. 1999. Patterns of fatty acid composition in free-ranging yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) and their diet [Patrons de la composition des acides gras chez les marmottes à ventre jaune sauvages]. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77 (9): 1494-1503.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, acides gras, fatty acids.
Pdf disponible/available
In the laboratory, dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are conserved in the tissues of hibernators and are important for normal hibernation. Prior to this study, it was unknown if PUFAs are similarly conserved in the tissues of free-ranging hibernators or how the concentration of these PUFAs change in the natural diet over the summer. Therefore, we analyzed the fatty acid composition of the white adipose tissue (WAT) and plasma of free-ranging marmots (Marmota flaviventris) and of the plants in the marmots' diet, throughout the year. Marmots store PUFAs in WAT prior to hibernation but, over the winter, the percentage of the n-6 PUFA linoleic acid (18:2) increased in WAT, while the percentage of the n-3 PUFA alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-18:3) decreased in WAT. In the plasma, the concentration of nonesterified saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids was greater than that of nonesterified PUFAs, particularly in the spring. In the natural diet, the concentration of fatty acids varied significantly between plant species and between parts of the same plant. These data for free-ranging marmots corroborate previous results from studies on hibernators in the laboratory and, in addition, provide new information about the role of alpha-18:3 in hibernation.

Hill V.L. & Florant G.L. 2000. The effect of a linseed oil diet on hibernation in yellow-bellied marmots [Effet de l'alimentation à l'huile de lin sur l'hiberntion des marmottes à ventre jaune}. Physiol Behav., 68(4): 431-437.
En anglais, in English.
Pdf disponible/available
Colorado State University, Department of Biology, Ft. Collins, CO, USA.
Marmota flaviventris, hibernation, acides aminés essentiels, essential fatty acids, acide linoléique, Linolenic acid; tissu adipeux blanc, White adipose tissue, Plasma.

The essential fatty acids (EFAs), alpha-linolenic acid (18:3,n-3) and linoleic acid (18:2,n-6) are known to be important for mammalian hibernation. In marmots (Marmota flaviventris), reducing both dietary EFAs alters hibernation patterns by causing an increase in energy expenditure, but hibernation still occurs. In this study, marmots fed a diet high in alpha-linolenic acid, with normal linoleic acid levels, had significantly (p < 0.05) more alpha-18:3 in their wat and plasma unesterified fatty acids after 4 months than did marmots fed a control diet. during the winter, the control marmots hibernated normally while the marmots fed the alpha-18:3 diet did not hibernate, continued to eat, and lost less mass than the control group during the winter. these results suggest that alpha-18:3 may play a role in regulating normal hibernation behavior in marmots.

Hilleman M.R., Provost P.J., Villarejos V.M., Buynak E.B., Miller W.J., Ittensohn O.L., Wolanski B.S. & McAleer W.J. 1976. [Recherche d'hépatite infectieuse (hépatite A) chez les primates non-humains. Research of infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A) in non-human primates]. Bol. Oficina Sanit. Panam., 81(5): 420-436.
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Hépatite, hepatitis.
No abstract available.

Hilton-Taylor C. (rédateur/compiler) 2000. 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, espèce menacée, threatened species.

Hind Henry Youle 1862. A sketch of an overland route to British Columbia [Esquisse d'une route par voie de terre vers la Colombie Britannique]. Toronto.
En anglais, in English.
Exploration, rivière Siffleur, Siffleur River, Prairie, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia, Canada, Hind, Henry Youle, 1823-1908.
Texte complet/Full text ICMH (Institut Canadien de Microreproductions historiques)/CIHM

Hind H.Y. 1863. Explorations in the interior of the Labrador peninsula: the country of the Montagnais and Nasquapee Indians [Explorations de l'intérieur d la Péninsule du Labarador : pays des indiens Montagnais et nasquapee]. London, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green.
En anglais, in English.
Siffleux, Indiens, Indians, Labrador, Quebec, Canada, Hind H.Y. 1823-1908.
Texte complet/Full text ICMH (Institut Canadien de Microreproductions historiques)/CIHM

Hind Henry Youle, Cladman George & Dawson Simon James 1858. Report on the Exploration of the Country Between Lake Superior and the Red River Settlement [Rapport ssur l’exploration du pays entre le lac supérieur et l’établissement de Red River]. Catalogue of the quadrtupeds of Rupert’s land [Catalogue des quadrupèdes de l'île de Rupert]. John Lovell, Toronto.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, groundHog, Arctomys flaviventio, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow footed marmot, Arctomys pruinosus, marmotte givrée, hoary marmot, fourrure, fur, Canada.
Extrait/extract pdf

Hinton M.A.C. 1915-1922. Scientific results from the mammals survey of India, Burma and Ceylon [Résultats scientifiques de l’enquête sur les mammifères d’Inde, de Birmanie et de Ceylan]. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., Vols 8-22.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Inde, India, Birmanie, Birmania, Ceylan, Ceylon.

Hippolyte J. 1985. Etude expérimentale de l'activité de fouissage chez Microtis arvalis [Experimental study of digging activity in Microtus arvalis]. Acta Biol. Mont., 4 : 57-65.
En français, in French.
Microtus arvalis, fouissement, digging.

Hippolyte J. 1987. Recherches sur Microtus arvalis (Pallas) en altitude (Pyrénées Occidentales) : écologie et rôle dans bioturbation [Researches on Microtus arvalis (Pallas) at high altitude (Western Pyrenees): ecology and function on bioturbation]] Thèse 3ème cycle Univ. de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau.
En français, in French.
Microtus arvalis, fouissement, digging.

Hirsch J-F. 1992. Fanchon et les petits vielleux. Alpes magazine, 17 : 40-49.
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Marmota marmota, vielle, hurdy gurdy, savoyard.

Hirschman S.Z. 1979. The hepatitis B virus and its DNA polymerase: the prototype three-D virus. Mol. Cell Biochem., 26(1):4 7-67.
En anglais, in English.
Revue, review, hépatite, hepatitis.

The hepatitis B virus (HBV), the causal agent of serum hepatitis, has a diameter of 42 nm and is comprised of an outer surface coat and a 27 nm core. A unique DNA-dependent DNA polymerase is associated with the core of the virus. The core also houses a circular DNA that contains both double-stranded and single-stranded regions. In the endogenous reaction, the DNA polymerase repairs the single-stranded gaps of the viral DNA. The surface protein of the virus, called hepatitis B surface antigen, contains both lipid and carbohydrate, and is often present in particulate form in the blood of infected patients. In Asia and Africa HBV infection is associated with subsequent development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Although most patients recover completely from acute illness, the hepatitis B virus may cause chronic infection. Recently, a virus similar to human HBV was discovered in woodchucks. HBV has not yet been propagated in a cell culture system and the mode of replication of this unusual virus in hepatocytes is still moot. Although reliable therapy has not yet been provided, the problem of this world-wide infection has led to many interesting approaches to both vaccine production and anti-viral chemotherapy.

Hock R.J. 1969. Thermoregulatory variations of high-altitude hibernators in relation to ambient temperature, season, and hibernation [Changements thermorégulateurs en relation avec la température ambiante, la saison et l'hibernation]. Feder. Proc., 28 : 1047-1052.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, thermorégulation, thermoregulation, hibernation, saison, season.

The MR, Tb, RQ, and weight measurements were made on golden-mantled ground squirrels, Citellus lateralis, and yellowbelly marmots (Marmota flaviventris) eight times throughout l year. Time periods of study were 3-5 days in length, and occurred in August-September, mid-September, September-October, mid-December, mid-February, April-May, mid-July, and August-September. All studies were made at Rarcroft Laboratory of the White Mountain Research Station, located at 3,800 m. All animals were caught nearby. In active, nonhibernating animals, seasonal cycle of weight change (weights taken before MR study at Ta 30 C°) showed a large increase of weight in both species from A-S to S-O, a decrease to a yearly low in A-M, and a rapid increase through July to A-S. Body temperature also shows a seasonal cycle even in nonhibernating animals of these species, with decrease in Tb at the time hibernation normally begins, maintenance of a low temperature or even further decline in winter, and an increase to an annual high in summer. Metabolic rate of active animals also decreases at time of onset of hibernation to a seasonal low, followed by maintenance of low values through the normal period of hibernation, and an increase in summer. Metabolic rate at TA 30 C is not seasonally cyclic. The respiratory quotient is near unity in A-S, during the period of rapid fat deposition preceding onset of hibernation, with an abrupt decline after that time, and maintenance of low values or a further decline in winter, and a marked increase in summer. During hibernation, levels of all parameters tested were similar to those found previously for other species of hibernators. The MR averaged 0.030 ± 0.012 ml 02/g per hr for marmots and 0.066 ± 0.022 for ground squirrels at Ta 6 ± 2 C. The RQ was higher than expected during hibernation and reflected metabolism of some carbohydrate. It is concluded that hihernation in these high-altitlude species is not modified by their life under conditions of chronic hypoxia. The seasonal changes in thermoregulatory responses are caused by the demands of hibernation, even when the individuals studied do not hibernate, and appear not to be affected by chronic exposure to hypoxia.

Hockett Bryan Scott 1996. Corroded, thinned and polished bones created by Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos): taphonomic implications for archaeological interprtations. Journal of Arcaeological Science, 23: 587-591.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Aquila chrysaetos.

Hockett Bryan Scott 2000. A tale of three caves: late Pleistocene to Middle Holocene faunal changes in the Great basin [Histoire de trois grottes : changements fauniques de la fin du Pléistocène au milieu de l’Holocène de Great Basin]. Sundance Workshop Reno, Nevada February 24.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pintwater Cave, Mineral Hill Cave, Homestead Cave, marmots, Pléistocène final, Late Plesitocene, Great Basin, EUA, USA.

Hodge William & Bigelow Albert 1885. A memoir of the late William Hodge, sen., and illustrative miscellanies [Notice biographique de feu William Hodge, sen., et de vrais faits variés]. Bigelow brothers, printers, Buffalo (N.Y.), 174p., Num. Cornell University.
En anglais, in English.
Histoire, history, Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, chasse, hunting p. 102, amerindiens, indians, Buffalo (N.Y.), États-Unis d’Amérique, United States of America.
Extrait/extract pdf

Hodgson Brian Houghton 1832. Mammalia of Nepal [Mammifères du Népal]. Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 335.
En anglais, in English.

Hodgson B.H. 1834. On the mammalia of Nepal [Sur les mammifères du Tibet]. P. Zool.Soc., 95.
En anglais, in English.

Hodgson B.H. 1836. Synoptical descriptions of sundry new animals enumerated in the catalogue of Nepalese Mammalia. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 5 : 231.
En anglais, in English.

Hodgson Brian Houghton 1841. Notice of the marmot of the Himalayah and of Thibet [Notice de la marmotte de l’Himalaya et du Tibet] Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 10: 777.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota himalayana Hodgson, 1800-1894, Arctomys Thibetanus, Népal, Nepal.

Hodgson B.H. Classified catalogue of the mammals of Nepal, corrected to the end of 1841., first published in 1832. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 907 (Calcutta J.N.H. iv 284).
En anglais, in English.

Hodgson B.H. 1842. Notice of the mammals of Tibet, with descriptions and plates of some new species [Notes des mammifères du Tibet, avec descriptions et planches de quelques espèces nouvelles]. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 11, pt 1: 275--89.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Tibet.

Hodgson B.H. 1843. Notice of two marmots inhabiting respectively the plains of Tibet and the Himalayan slopes near to the snows, and also of a Rhinolophus of the central region of Nepal [Note sur deux marmottes respectivepment des plaines du tibet et des pentes proche des neiges de l’himalaya, ainsi que sur un Rhinolophus du Népal central]. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 12: 409-414.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota himalayana, Thibet, Himalaya, Nepal.

Hodgson B.H. 1844. Classified catalogue of mammals of Nepal [Catalogue secret des mammifères du Népal]. Calcutta Journal of Natural History, 4:284-294.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Népal, Nepal.

Hodgson Brian Houghton 1846. Catalogue of the specimens and drawings of mammalia and birds of Nepal and Thibet presented by B.H. Hodgson, Esq. to the British Museum [Catalogue des specimens et dessins des mammifères et des oiseaux du Népal et du Tibet présentés par B.H. Hodgson au British Museum]. Printed by order of the trustees, London.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys bobac, shipi or chupi, Arctomys Tibetanus, smaller shipi, peau, skin, crâne, skull, dessin, drawing.

Hodgson P.D., Grant M.D. & Michalak T.I. 1999. Perforin and Fas/Fas ligand-mediated cytotoxicity in acute and chronic woodchuck viral hepatitis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 118(1): 63-70.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
The Fas ligand (FasL)/Fas and the perforin-granzyme cytotoxic pathways presumably play a central role in the development of hepatocellular injury in viral hepatitis. To recognize the potential contribution of FasL and perforin-based cell killing in hepadnaviral infection, we adopted a cytotoxic assay using murine Fas+ P815 and human Fas- K562 cells as targets. Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from woodchucks with newly acquired woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection (n = 6), with chronic WHV hepatitis (n = 9), and from healthy animals (n = 11) were used as effector cells. We have found that woodchuck lymphoid cells kill cell targets via both the FasL/Fas and the perforin death pathways. The contribution of Fas-dependent cytolysis was ascertained in blocking experiments with anti-Fas antibody and by incubation of PBMC with cyclohexamide to prevent de novo synthesis of FasL. The involvement of the perforin pathway was confirmed by treatment of K562 cells with colchicine to inhibit the microtubule-dependent perforin release. Comparative analysis showed that peripheral lymphoid cells from acute WHV hepatitis, but not those from chronic WHV infection, are more cytotoxic and that this increase seems to be entirely due to activation of perforin-mediated killing. The data indicate that acute infection in woodchucks is associated with the augmented capacity of lymphoid cells to elicit perforin-dependent killing, but in chronic infection, independent of the severity of liver disease and duration of chronicity, these cells have the same or lower cytotoxic potential as PBMC from healthy controls. These findings suggest a role for non-specific cellular immunity, presumably natural killer (NK) cells, in the control of early WHV infection and in the progression of chronic hepatitis.

Hodgson P.D. & Michalak T.I. 2001. Augmented hepatic interferon gamma expression and T-cell influx characterize acute hepatitis progressing to recovery and residual lifelong virus persistence in experimental adult woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. Hepatology, 34(5):1049-59.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite, hepatitis.

Woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) have profiles of liver disease and age-dependent rates of progression to chronic hepatitis (CH) comparable with those seen in human hepatitis B. The mechanism of recovery from acute hepadnaviral infection or its evolution to chronicity remains unknown, although the liver immune responses are expected to play an important role. To determine the dynamics of intrahepatic cytokine expression and T-cell involvement, and to assess their value in predicting the outcome of acute hepatitis (AH) in the adult onset of WHV infection, we evaluated liver transcription of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma); tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha); interleukins (IL)-2, -4, and -6; and the T-cell influx in relation to disease histologic severity and virus load in serial liver biopsies collected during the life span of experimentally infected woodchucks. Our results show that recovery from viral AH in adulthood is preceded by a significantly greater hepatic expression of IFN-gamma and CD3, an increased TNF-alpha transcription, lower hepatic WHV load, and a greater degree of liver inflammation than those in acute infection with CH outcome. Furthermore, we have learned that the elevated IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and CD3 expression in the liver endures for years not only in CH, but also, although to a lesser extent, in apparently completely resolved infection. This is consistent with our previous findings that residual WHV replication and remnant liver inflammation continue for life after recovery from AH. This study indicates that antiviral cytokines, in particular IFN-gamma, may play a central role in the long-term control of occult hepadnavirus persistence in the liver.

Hodor Calin & Valcu Mihai 2003. Historical and actual status of alpine marmot (Marmota marmota marmota L.) in Romanian Carpathians. Statut historique et actuel de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota marmota L.) dans les Carpates roumaines. Исторический статус альпийского сурка (Marmota marmota marmota L.) в румынских карпатах в настоящее время. In Adaptive strategiesand diversity in marmots : Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M., Eds., International Network on Marmots, 233-234.
En français et en anglais avec résumé russe, In French and in English with Russian abstract.
Marmota marmota, Roumanie, Rumania.
pdf
La marmotte alpine a été introduite dans les Carpates roumaines, il y a presque 30 ans. Depuis, très peu d'études ont été menées sur cet animal, la plupart d'entre elles portant sur sa répartition et son habitat. L'impact de ces rongeurs sur les habitats dans lequel ils ont été introduits, ainsi que sur la flore et la faune, n'a pas encore été étudié.

Hoehn K.L., Hudachek S.F., Summers S.A. & Florant G.L. 2004. Seasonal, tissue-specific regulation of Akt/protein kinase B and glycogen synthase in hibernators. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 286(3): R498-504.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, physiologie, physiology, lipides, lipids.
Yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) exhibit a circannual cycle of hyperphagia and nutrient storage in the summer followed by hibernation in the winter. This annual cycle of body mass gain and loss is primarily due to large-scale accumulation of lipid in the summer, which is then mobilized and oxidized for energy during winter. The rapid and predictable change in body mass makes these animals ideal for studies investigating the molecular basis for body weight regulation. In the study described herein, we monitored seasonal changes in the protein levels and activity of a central regulator of anabolic metabolism, the serine-threonine kinase Akt-protein kinase B (Akt/PKB), during the months accompanying maximal weight gain and entry into hibernation (June-November). Interestingly, under fasting conditions, Akt/PKB demonstrated a tissue-specific seasonal activation. Specifically, although Akt/PKB levels did not change, the activity of Akt/PKB (isoforms 1/alpha and 2/beta) in white adipose tissue (WAT) increased significantly in July. Moreover, glycogen synthase, which lies downstream of Akt/PKB on a linear pathway linking the enzyme to the stimulation of glycogen synthesis, demonstrated a similar pattern of seasonal activation. By contrast, Akt/PKB activity in skeletal muscle peaked much later (i.e., September). These data suggest the existence of a novel, tissue-specific mechanism regulating Akt/PKB activation during periods of marked anabolism.

Hoernes Rudolf 1886. Manuel de Paléontologie [Handbook of Paleontology]. 8vo., i-xvi+1-741 pages.
Marmota.

Höfer Hermann 1911. Das Kiefergelenk der Rodentier, nebst Bemerkungen über Unterkiefer und Bezahnung [De l’articulation du maxillaire des Rongeurs, avec observations du maxillaire inférieur]. Jena. Zeitschr. Naturwiss., 47: 431-496, pls. xix-xxii, 6 text-figs.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota.

Hofer D. 2002. The Lion's Share of the Hunt. Trophy Hunting and Conservation- A review of the legal Eurasian tourist hunting market and trophy trade under CITES [La part du lion de la chasse. Trophée de chasse et conservation. Revue du marché légal de la chasse de tourisme eurasien et du commerce de trophées sous la CITES]. TRAFFIC Europe, en ligne/on line accès/accessed Jan 21-2007 à/at www.traffic.org/content/546.pdf
En anglais, in English.
Marmota bobac, chasse, hunting, trophé, trophy, conservation, Eurasie, Eurasia.
Eurasian mammals offered for tourist hunting on the European market
The list of species offered from the 38 supply countries covered by this survey has been compiled from advertisements (including internet), catalogs and price lists (Table 7). The price offers come from the four major agencies in Belgium for 1998/99, 30 agencies in Germany 1998/99; 40 agencies in Italy 1999; and 20 agencies and hunting magazine advertisements in Spain. The 44 species that could clearly be taxonomically identified are listed in Table 7. The listing is limited to Carnivora and Artiodactyla, the two most important groups for tourist hunting, and to the 38 supply countries. Apart from the Carnivora and Artiodactyla, there are only a few other mammal species offered: Marmot, (probably Bobac Marmot Marmota bobac) in Mongolia, Beaver Castor fiber in Lithuania, Muskrat Ondatra zibethica in Hungary, and rabbit and hare in Eastern European countries.

Hofer S. 1983. Die Pfiffe des Alpenmurmeltiers. Form und Auftreten in Zusammenhang mit der Feindvermeidung [Du sifflement des marmottes des Alpes. Forme et émission en rapport avec l'évitement des prédateurs. The whistles of the Alpine marmots. Their structure and occurence in the antipredator context]. Lizentiatsarbeit, Univ Bern, pp. 52.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, communication.

Hofer S. & P. Ingold 1984. Die Pfiffe des Alpenmurmeltiers. Form und Auftreten im Zusammenhang mit der Feindvermeidung [Du sifflement des marmottes des Alpes. Forme et émission en rapport avec l'évitement des pédateurs. The whistles of the Alpine marmot (Marmota m. mamota). Their structure and occurence in the antipredator context]. Rev. suisse Zool., 91 (4) : 861-865.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, communication.

The whistles of the alpine marmot (Marmota m. marmota)-their structure and occurrence in the antipredator context.-The aim of this is to describe the whistles of the alpine marmot given in front of different predators and the responses of conspecifics to them. Observations and recordings performed in 1979 and 1980 in the Bernese Alps led to the following results: Whistles differ in the number of consecutively uttered elements, in the interval between the elements and the duration of the elements. Three classes of whistles were discerned: Single element whistles, whistle series and whistle sequences. In front of aerial predators (e.g. Golden Eagle, Aquila chrysaetos) and attacking foxes (Vulpes vulpes), marmots used single element whistles. Against foxes and humans approaching in a distance whistle series were the rule. This indicates that the marmots' whistles differ according to the imminence of predation. Single element whistles were stronger responded to by conspecifics than whistle series, thus indicating that they are understood as more serious alarm signals.

Hofer-Zbinden S. 1988. Murmeltierpfiffe. Alarm nach Mass [Le sifflement de la marmotte. Alarme sur mesure. The whistle of marmot.]. Beilage zu Wildtiere, 4 : 1-7.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, communication, son, sound.

Hoffmann R.A. 1964. Terrestrial animal in cold: hibernation [Les animaux terrestres et le froid : l'hibernation]. In Handbook of physiology. Adaptation to the environment, Washington D.C. , Am; Physiol. Soc., sect. 4, Chapt. 24, 379-403.
En anglais, in English.
Hibernation.

Hoffmann R.S. 1968a. Origin and history of Holarctic tundra ecosytems, with special reference to their vertebrate faunas [Origine et histoire des écosystèmes de toudra holarctique, avec une référence à la faune de vertébrés]. In Arctic and Alpine environments, H.E. Wright & W.H. Osburn, eds. (Proc. of VII INQUA Congress, vol. 10), Indiana University Press, 143-170, pp. 308.
En anglais, in English.
Écologie, histoire, history, faunistique, fauna, holarctique, toundra, tundra.

Hoffmann R.S. 1968b. Russian Science: a personal View [Science Russe : une vue personnelle]. In World Book Encyclopedia, Science Year: 228-239.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, histoire, history, Russie, Russia.

Hoffman R.S 1969. Systematics and evolutionary history of the genus Marmota [Histoire de la systématique et évolutionniste du genre Marmota].
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, taxonomie, taxonomy, évolution, evolution.

Hoffmann R.S. 1974. Terrestrial vertebrates [Les vertébrés terrestres]. In Arctic and Alpine environments, J.I. Ives & R. Barry eds., Methuen, London, 475-568, pp. 999.
En anglais, in English.
Faunistique, fauna, marmot.
Partial Trophic Web in an Alpine Tundra Community. Insectivorous and herbivorous birds are not included. Réseau trophique partiel dans une communautée de toundra alpine. Les oiseaux insectivores et herbivores ne sont pas inclus.

Hoffmann R. S. 1977. The identity of Lewis' marmot, Arctomys lewisii [Identité de la marmotte de Lewis, Arctomys lewisii]. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 90:291-301.
En anglais, in English.

Hoffmann R.S. 1991. The Tibetan plateau fauna. A high altitude desert associated with the Sahara-Gobi [La faune du plateau thibétain. Un désert de haute-altitude associé au Sahara-Gobi]. In Mammals in the Palearctic desert : status and trends in the Sahara-Gobi region, J.A. McNeely & V.M. Neronov, The Russian Acad. Sci., Russian com. UNESCO (MAB), Moscou, 285-297, pp. 298.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota himalayana, faunistique, fauna, Thibet, Tibet.

Hoffmann R.S. 1999. Alaska marmot, Marmota broweri [La marmotte de l’Alaska, Marmota broweri]. In The Smithsonian book of North American mammals, Wilson DE. & S. Ruff, eds., Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., in association with the American Society of Mammalogists, 393-395, 750 pp.
Marmota broweri, Alaska, EUA, USA.

Hoffmann R.S., Anderson C.G., Thorington R.W.J. & Heaney L.R. 1993. Family Sciuridae [Les Sciuridés]. In Mammal species of the world, D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds., Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C: 419-465.
En anglais, in English.

Hoffmann R.S. & Jones J.K. Jr. 1970. Influence of Late-glacial and Post-glacial events on the distribution of recent mammals on the northern Great Plains [influence des évènements de la fin et post-glaciaires sur la distribution des mammifères actuels des Grandes Plaines du Nord]. In Pleistocene and Recent Environments of the Central Great Plains, Dort W. Jr. & Jones J.K. Jr. eds., Lawrence, University Press of Kansas, 355-394.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, période glaciaire, ice age, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Hoffman R.S., Koeppl J.W., Nadler C.F. 1973. The relationship of the amphiberigian marmots (Mammalia, Sciuridae) [Parenté des marmottes amphibéringiennes]. Occas. Papers Mus. nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 83, 56pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota.

Hoffman R.S. & Nadler C.F. 1968. Chromosomes and systematics of some North American species of the genus Marmota (Rodentia : Sciuridae) [Chromosomes et systématique de quelques espèces Nord-américaines du genre Marmota]. Experientia, 24 : 740-742.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, génétique, genetic, taxonomie, taxonomy, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Die Zahl der diploiden Chromosomen von Marmota caligata und M. flaviventris ist 42 in Bevölkerungen der nördlichen und südlichen Verbreitungsgebiet beider Spezies. Ein Vergleich zwischen den bishergeliet öffentlichten Informationen über Marmota-Chromosomen mit Angaben über ihre Morphologie, Ekologie, Zoogeographie legt nahe, dass die ursprüngliche Chromosomen zahl 2n 38-40 war .
Ils considèrent que Marmota monax est la marmotte la moins spécialisée écologiquement de toutes les marmottes et qu'elle est probablement proche des conditions ancestrales du groupe.

Hoffmann R.S. & Pattie D.L. 1968. A guide to Montana mammals [Un guide des mammifères du Montana]. Univ. Montana Print Serv., Missoula, x+133 ppp.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, faunistique, fauna, Montana, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Hoffmann R. & Taber R. 1967. Origin and history of holarctic tundra ecosystems with special reference to their vertebrate faunas [Origine et histoire des écosystèmes de toundra holarctique avec référence spéciale aux faunes de vertébrés]. In Arctic and alpine environments, H.E. Wright Jr. & W.H. Osburn, eds., Indiana Univ. Press, 143-170.
En anglais, in English.
Écologie, ecology, histoire, history, faunistique, fauna, holarctique, holarctic, toundra, tundra.

Hoffmann R.S., Wright P.L. & Newby F.E. 1969. Distribution of some mammals in Montana. I. Mammals other than bats [Répartition de quelques mammifères au Montana. I. Mammifères autres que les chauve-souris] J. Mammal., 50(3): 579-604.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caligata, hoary Marmot, marmotte givrée, Montana, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Hoffmeister Donald F. 1986. Mammals of Arizona [Mammifères d'Arizona]. Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press, 602 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna, Arizona, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Hoffmeister D.F. 1989. Mammals of Illinois [Mammifèresde l'Illinois]. Univ. Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 348p.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna, Illinois, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Hoffmeister Donald F. 2002. Mammals of Illinois [Mammifères de l’Illinois]. Univ. Of Illinois, 384 pages.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna, Marmota monax, p. 155, Illinois, EUA, USA.

Hofmann Joyce 2003. Mammals of Illinois [Mammifères de l'Illinois]. INHS mammal collection In Illinois Natural History Survey.
En anglais, in English.
INHS mammal collection, Illinois Natural History Survey, en ligne / on line accès /accessed à / at http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cbd/collections/mammal/ilmammals.htmlMarmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, woodchuck, Illinois, EUA, USA.

Hokr Z. 1951. A method of the quantitative determination of the climate in the Quaternary period by means of Mammals associations [Méthode de détermination quantitative du climat à la période quaternaire grâce aux associations de mammifères]. Sbornik of the Geol. Surv. of Czechoslovakia, vol. 18, Paleontology, 9 p.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, mammifères, mammals, quaternaire, Quaternary.
Tableau des conditions et des biotopes favorables à un nombre important d'espèces qui habitent actuellement en Europe centrale te en URSS.

Hole Robert B. 2005. A checklist of the mammals of the world. Rodentia 1 (Sciurognathi 1) [Liste des mammifères du monde. Rongeurs (Sciurognathi 1)]. Biology Base, en ligne / on line accès / accessed à / at http://www.interaktv.com/mammals/Rodentia1sciur.html
En anglais, in English.
Marmota baibacina, Marmota bobak, Marmota broweri, Marmota caligata, Marmota camtschatica, Marmota caudata, Marmota flaviventris Marmota himalayana, Marmota marmota, Marmota menzbieri, Marmota monax, Marmota olympus, Marmota sibirica, Marmota vancouverensis.

Holekamp K.E. 1984. Dispersal in ground-dwelling sciurids [Dispersion che les Scuiridés fouisseurs]. In Biology of ground-dwelling squirrels, J.O. Murie & G.R. Michener eds., Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 197-320.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, dispersion, dispersal.

Holl P. & Geneste M. 2001. La marmotte. Nathan, Paris.
En français, in French.
Littérature enfantine, child literature.

Holland G.P. 1938. Phenomenal infestation of ectoparasites on marmot, weasel and packrat [Infestation phénoménale d'ectoparasites chez la marmotte, la belette et le rat des bois d'Amérique du Nord]. Proc. Ent. Soc. Br. Col. Victoria, B.C., 37 : 10-14.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, Mustelidae, Neotoma, parasitologie, parasitology.

Holland G.P. 1949. The Siphonaptera of Canada [Les Siphonoptères du Canada]. Can. Dep. Agric. Publ. 817, Tech. Bull., 70, Ottawa: 1-306.
En anglais, in English.
Insectes, Insects, puces, fleas, faune, fauna, Canada.

Holland G.P. 1963. Faunal affinities of the fleas (Siphonoptera) of Alaska; with an annoted list of species [Affinités faunistiques des puces (Siphonoptera) d'Alaska; avec une liste annotée d'espèces]. In Pacific Basin Biogeography, J.L. Gressit ed., Bishop Mus. Press, Honolulu, 45-63.
En anglais, in English.
Insectes, Insects, puces, fleas, faune, fauna, Alaska, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.
Fleas regarde as Amphiberingian derivatives include none adapted to marmots.

Holland G.P. 1985. The fleas of Canada, Alaska and Greenland (Siphonoptera) [Les puces (Siphonoptera) du Canada, d'Alaska et du Groeland]. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada, 130: 1-631.
En anglais, in English.
Insectes, Insects, puces, fleas, faune, fauna, Canada , Alaska, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Groenland, Greenland, Danemark, Denmark.

Holland J.G. 1872. Arthur Bonnicastle. In Scribners monthly, an illustrated magazine for the people, New York, 5(2) : 1-790, pp. 168-181, Num. Cornell University.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, chasse, hunting p. 178, Caroline du nord, North Carolina, États-Unis d’Amérique, USA.
Extrait/extract pdf

Holland Philemon, traduction anglaise 1601. The Historie of the World, commonly called, The natural historie of C. Plinus Secondus. Book VIII. Chap. XXXVII. Of the Rats of Pontus, and the Alpes: also of Urchins and Hedgehogs [Des rats du Pontin et des Alpes et des hérissons]
En anglais, in English.
Extrait/extract pdfRat des alpes, marmottane.

Hollister 1912. Smiths. Misc. Coll., 56(35): 1 (preocc. Arctomys sibila Wolf, 1808).
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caligata oxytona, Marmota sibila Hollister, 1912; Head of Moose Pass Branch of Smoky River, Alberta, Canada.
A large race, brightly coloured with light and dark areas; found in the Rocky Mountain region from southeastern Yukon Territory to near Banff, Alberta.

Hollister N. 1914. A new name for the marmot of the Canadian Rockies [Un nouveau nom pour la marmotte des Rocheuses canadiennes]. Science, new ser., 39: 251 (repl. sibila Hollister, 1912).
En anglais, in English.
Marmota oxytona Hollister, 1914. Head of Moose Pass Branch of Smoky River, Alberta, Canada.

Holman J.Alan & Holman Margaret B. 2003.The Michigan Roadside Naturalist [Naturaliste du bord de la route du Michigan]. University of Michigan Press, 344p.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, Michigan, EUA, USA.

Holmes W.G. 1979. Social behavior and foraging strategies of hoary marmots in Alaska [Comportement social et stratégies alimentiares des marmottes de l'Alaska]. Ph. D thesis, Univ. of Washington. Résumé in Diss. Abstr. Int. B, Sciences and Engineering, 1980, 40 (6) : 2561B-2562B.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caligata; alimentation, foraging, social, Alaska, EUA, USA.
In South-central Alaska, colonies of hoary marmots are composed of a single adult-female pair and theur two to five youngs. The marmots do not appear agonistic toward any colony resident, but intercolonial encounters may be aggressive. Marmots were observed in flat meadows about 300 m above tree line. They breed every 2 to 3 years. Mating typically occurs within the first 2 weeks of emergence from hibernation. Litter size average two to five. Hibernation begins in september and ends in early may. The female-to-male breeding ratio of hoary marmots may be directly related to vegetation biomass within a colony's home range.

Holmes W.G. 1984a. Predation risk and foraging behavior of the hoary marmot in Alaska [Risque de prédation et comportement d'afourragement de la marmotte d'Alaska]. Behav., ecol., sociobiol., 15 (4) : 293-301.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caligata, alimentation, foraging, prédation, predation, Alaska, EUA, USA.

La disponibilité des ressources alimentaires conjointement au risque de prédation influence l'utilisation du site d'alimentation par M. caligata. Ces facteurs doivent âtre considérés quand on établit un modèle du comportement d'approvisionnement d'espèces qui peuvent âtre simultanément prédateur et proie.
I observed hoary marmots for three field seasons to determine how the distribution of food and the risk of predation influenced marmots foraging behavior quantified the amount of time Marmota caligata foraged in different patches of alpine meadows and assessed the distribution and abundance of vegetation eaten by marmots in these meadows. Because marmots dig burrows and run to them when attacked by predators marmot-to-burrow distance provided an index of predation risk that could be specified for different meadow patches. Patch use correlated positively with food abundance and negatively with predation risk. However, these significant relationships disappeared when partial correlations were calculated because food abundance and risk were intercorrelated. Using multiple regression, 77.0% of the variance in patch use was explained by a combination of food abundance, refuge burrow density, and a patch's distance from the talus where sleeping burrows were located. Variations in vigilance behavior (look-ups to search for predators while feeding) according to marmots ages, the presence of other conspecifics, and animals proximity to their sleeping burrows all indicated that predation risk influenced foraging. In a forage-manipulation experiment, the use of forage-enhanced patches increased six-flod, verifying directly the role of food availability on patch used. Concomitant with increased feeding, however, was the intense construction of refuge burrows in experimental patches that presumably reduced the risk of feeding. Thus, suggest that food and predation risk jointly influence path use by hoary marmots and that both factors must be considered when modeling the foraging behavior of species that can be predator and prey simultaneously.

Holmes W.G. 1984b. The ecological basis of monogamy in Alaskan hoary marmots [Les bases écologiques de la monoagamie chez les marmottes de l'Alaska]. In Biology of ground-dwelling squirrels, J.O. Murie and G.R. Michener, eds., Lincoln : university of Nebraska Press, 250-274.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caligata, écologie, ecolgy, reproduction, Alaska, EUA, USA.

Holmes W.G. & P.W. Sherman 1982. The ontogeny of kin recognition in two species of ground squirrels [L'ontogenèse de la reconnaisance de la parentèle chez deux espèces d'écureuils terrestres]. Amer. Zool., 22: 491-517.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, parenté, kinship.<

Holt E.G. 1929. Midwinter records of the woodchuck in western Pennsylvania [Enregistrements mi-hivernaux de la marmotte des bois dans l’est de Pennsylvania]. J. Mammal., 10 (1) : 80.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Pennsylvanie, EUA, USA.

In Summarizing the information then available on the hibernation of marmots, Arthur H. Howell, in his "Revision of the American Marmots" (North Amer. Fauna no. 37, 1915), gives extreme dates of occurrence of the woodchuck in New York as February 22 and November 2O, and at the base of Roan Mountain, North Carolina, as February 7 and October 23. As a search of the JournaL of Mammalogy and other pertinent litterature fails to reveal any extension of these extremes, the following midwinter record of Marmota monax monax (Linnaeus) in western Pennsylvania is considered worthy of publication. On January l, 1928, despite the blizzard that was blowing at the time, Richard J. Freni and Paul C. Ross went out to examine a trap that they had set four days before (i.e., December 27) in a hole in a sheep pasture near Sandy Lake, Mercer County, Pennsylvania. To their astonishment the trap held a medium-sized "ground hog," frozen to death. Upon first thought it seems nothing short of amazing that a woodchuck should venture out in the severe weather that ushered in the new year in western Pennsylvania. It will be noted, however, that the trap was set on December 27; and reference to official weather charts shows that the temperature started to rise after Chriatmas and on December 30 reached as high as 56°F. at Pittsburgh. It is very probable, therefore, that the animal came out during this warm spell and had been in the trap a day or two when it was found.

Honacki J.H., Kinman K.E. & Koeppl J.W. 1982. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference [Les espèces de mammifères dans le monde : référence taxonomique et géographique]. Allen Press and Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, KS.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, répartition, distribution, taxonomie, taxonomy.

Honacki J.H., kinman K.E., Koeppl J.W., eds. 1982. Marmota. In Mammal species of the world. A taxonomic and geographic reference, Allen Press, Inc., & Ass. of Syst. Coll., Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. : 694pp, 354-356.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, taxonomie, taxonomy, Tennessee, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Hong J., Sigg D.C., Coles J.A. Jr, Oeltgen P.R., Harlow H.J., Soule C.L. & Iaizzo P.A. 2005. Hibernation induction trigger reduces hypoxic damage of swine skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve, 32(2):200-207.
En anglais, in English.
Physiologie, physiology, ischémie, ischemia, hibernation, Marmota monax.

A link between the cardioprotective benefits of pharmacological preconditioning and natural mammalian hibernation is considered to involve the cellular activation of opioid receptors and subsequent opening of K(ATP) channels. In previous studies, we have demonstrated the protective effects of specific delta-opioid agonists against porcine cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. We hypothesize here that preincubation with hibernation induction trigger (HIT) should confer a similar protection in skeletal muscles. Therefore, muscle bundles from swine were pretreated with plasma from hibernating woodchucks (HWP) for 30 min, then exposed to hypoxia for 90 min and reoxygenation for 120 min. Stimulated twitch forces were assessed. The functional effects of pretreatment with nonhibernation (summer) woodchuck plasma, a K(ATP) blocker, or opioid antagonist were also studied. During the reoxygenation period, significantly greater force recoveries were observed only for bundles pretreated with HWP; this response was blocked by naloxone (P < 0.05). we conclude that hit pretreatment could be used to confer protection against hypoxia/reperfusion injury of skeletal muscles of nonhibernators; it could potentially be utilized to prevent injury during surgical procedures requiring ischemia.

Hontyova Zuzana & Novacky Martin 1994. Vplyv antropickych faktorov na potravove a utekove spravanie svista vrchovskeho tatranskeho (Marmota Marmota Latirostris, Kratochvil 1961).
En slovaque, in Slovakian.

Hoogland J.L. 1997. Duration of gestation and lactation for Gunnison's prairie dogs [Durée de la gestation et de la lactation chez le Cynomys de Gunnison]. Journal of Mammalogy, 78(1): 173-180.
En anglais, in English.
Cynomys gunnisoni, Gunnison's prairie dog, gestation, lactation, taille de portée, litter size.

The length of gestation is the number of days between fertilization and parturition, and the length of lactation is the number of days between parturition and weaning. Determination of these lengths is difficult for ground-dwelling squirrels such as prairie dogs, marmots, and ground squirrels that usually copulate, give birth, and nurse offspring underground. For Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni), the mean ±1 SD length of gestation is 29.3 ± 0.53 days (n = 124). The approximate length of lactation, estimated from the mean ±1 SD duration between parturition and the first emergence of juveniles from the natal burrow, is 38.6 ± 2.08 days (n = 112).

Hook W.E. & E. Barron 1941. The respiration of brown adipose tissue and kidney of the hibernating and non-hibernating ground squirrel [La respiration du tissu adipeux brun et du rein des écureuils hibernants et non-hibernants]. Am. J. Physiol., 133 : 56-63.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, physiologie, physiology, lipides, lipids, hibernation.

Hopkins D.M. 1972. The paleogeography and climatic history of Beringia during late Cenozoic time [La paléogéographie et l'histoire climatique de la Béringie au cours des temps de fin du Cénozoïque]. Inter-Nord, Paris, 12: 121-150.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, climat, climate, Bering.

Hornbuckle W.E., Graham E.S., Roth L., Baldwin B.H., Wickenden C. & Tennant B.C. 1985. Laboratory assessment of hepatic injury in the woodchuck (Marmota monax) [Évaluation expérimentale des atteintes de l'hépatite chez la marmotte commune d'Amérique]. Lab. Anim. Sci., 35(4): 376-381.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Normal reference values for total serum protein, albumin, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and total bilirubin were established in 48 clinically healthy woodchucks. To validate the use of these biochemical tests in the woodchuck for assessment of liver injury, carbon tetrachloride was administered to produce hepatocellular necrosis and the common bile duct was surgically occluded to produce cholestasis. Biochemical tests were performed prior to experimental treatment and thereafter in surviving woodchucks for a period of 6 weeks. There were marked increases in the serum activities of AST, ALT, and SDH following carbon tetrachloride administration and all 3 enzymes appeared to be useful markers of acute hepatocellular injury. The predominate biochemical abnormalities in woodchucks with bile duct obstruction were hyperbilirubinemia, hypercholesterolemia and increased serum AP and GGT activities. The increase of GGT occurred earlier following bile duct obstruction and the magnitude of increase was greater than that of AP, suggesting that GGT would be the preferred serum enzyme test in the woodchuck for assessment of cholestatic liver injury.

Hörning B. 1969. Parasitologishe Untersuchungen an Alpenmurmeltieren (M. marmota) der Schweiz [Examen parasitologique sur la marmotte des Alpes en Suisse. Parasitologic testing on alpine marmot in Switzerland). Schweiz. Jb. Natur. Mus. Bern. 1966-1968: 137-200.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Marmota bobac, Marmota baibacina, Marmota monax, Marmota broweri, parasitologie, parasitology, Cestodes, Cestoda, Nématodes, Nematode, Suisse, Switzerland.

Recherches parasitologiques sur la marmotte des Alpes en Suisse, menées à l'Institut Galli Valerio de Lausanne en 1961-1962 puis à Berne de 1963 à 1967. Synthèse bibliographique sur la faune parasitaire (endoparasites, ectoparasites) du genre Marmota (10 espèces différentes) dans le Paléarctique (URSS, États-Unis d'Amérique, Asie). R&oicirc;le de la marmotte dans l'épidémiologie des maladies infectieuses. This work summarized the records of parasites from marmots, with a particular reference to M. marmota. Numerous species of fleas have been recorded from Eurasian marmots.

Horning B. & Tenora F. 1971. The present state of knowledge of Cestodes of marmots (genus Marmota) [L'état actuel des connaissances des cestodes des marmottes (genre Marmota)]. Vest. Csl. Spol. Zool., 35 (2) : 102-106.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Cestodes.

Horsfield Thomas 1851. A Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company [Catalogue des mammifères du Musée de l’East India Company]. Printed by J. & H. Cox, 212 p., num. Google.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys bobac, Arctomys himalayanus, Arctomys caudatus, Tibet, Himlalaya, peau, skin.
Extrait/extract pdf

Horton Noel D., Kaftani Dimitra J., Bruce David S., BaileyEvans C., Krober Alan S., Jones Jeffrey R., Turker Mitchell., Khattar Nada, Su Tsung Ping, Bolling Steven F. & Oeltgen Peter R. 1998. Isolation and partial characterization of an opioid-like 88 kDa hibernation-related protein. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B., 119 (4): 787-805.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Hibernation.
Previous studies show that infusion of hibernating woodchuck albumin (HWA) induces hibernation in summer-active ground squirrels and results in profound behavioral and physiological depression in primates. These effects are reversed by the administration of opiate antagonists, suggesting that the putative hibernation induction trigger (HIT) may act through opioid receptors. We have demonstrated that both HIT-containing plasma and the synthetic a opioid D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin (DADLE), which mimics the activity of HIT in hibernators, extend tissue survival time of a multi-organ autoperfusion system by 3-fold. In this study we present the first data showing biological activity with a much more highly purified plasma fraction from hibernating woodchucks, identified as the hibernation-related factor (HRF). Both the HRF and DADLE show opiate-like contractile inhibition in the mouse vas deferens (Mvd) bioassay. We also have preliminary evidence in an isolated rabbit heart preparation indicating that the HRF and DADLE act similarly to restore left ventricular function following global myocardial ischemia. Furthermore, we have partially sequenced an alpha 1-glycoprotein-like 88 kDa hibernation-related protein (p88 HRP) present in this fraction, which may prove to be the blood-borne HIT molecule.

Hostetler K.Y., Beadle J.R., Hornbuckle W.E., Bellezza C.A., Tochkov I.A., Cote P.J., Gerin J.L., Korba B.E. & Tennant B.C. 2000. Antiviral activities of oral 1-O-hexadecylpropanediol-3-phosphoacyclovir and acyclovir in woodchucks with chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44(7): 1964-9.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Acyclovir triphosphate is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase, but acyclovir treatment provides no benefit in patients with hepatitis B virus infection. This is due in part to the fact that hepatitis B virus, unlike herpes simplex virus, does not code for a viral thymidine kinase which catalyzes the initial phosphorylation of acyclovir. We synthesized 1-O-octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho (3-P)-acyclovir and found that it was highly active in reducing hepatitis B virus replication in 2.2. 15 cells, while acyclovir was inactive. The greater antiviral activity of 1-O-octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-P-acyclovir appeared to be due to liver cell metabolism of the compound to acyclovir monophosphate (K. Y. Hostetler et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 53:1815-1822, 1997). However, a closely related compound without a hydroxyl group at the sn-2 position of glycerol, 1-O-hexadecylpropanediol-3-P-acyclovir, was more active and selective in 2.2.15 cells in vitro. In this study, we treated woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus with increasing oral doses of 1-O-hexadecylpropanediol-3-P-acyclovir and assessed the response to therapy versus acyclovir or a placebo. At a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight twice a day, the test compound significantly inhibited viral replication in vivo, as indicated by a 95% reduction in serum woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA levels and by a 54% reduction in levels of woodchuck hepatitis virus replicative intermediates in the liver. Higher doses were somewhat less effective. In contrast, 20 mg of acyclovir/kg twice daily, a 5. 3-fold-higher molar dosage, had no demonstrable activity against woodchuck hepatitis virus. Oral 1-O-hexadecylpropanediol-3-P-acyclovir appeared to be safe and effective in chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection.

Hotchkiss J.H., Liu R.H. & Lillard T J. 1994.Nitric oxide production and catalysis of N-nitroso compound formation by woodchucks (Marmota monax) and woodchuck hepatocytes in culture. ACS Symposium Series, 553: 147-156.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, woodchuck, bioxyde d'azote.

Howard C.R. 1986. The biology of hepadnaviruses [La biologie des hépadnavirus]. J. Gen. Virol., 67 (Pt 7): 1215-1235.
En anglais, in English.
Review, virus.
No abstract available.

Howell A.H. 1914. Ten new marmots from North America [Dix nouvelles marmottes d'Amérique du Nord]. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 27: 18.
En anglais, in English.

Marmota caligata cascadensis is a larger and darker race, found in the Cascade Mountains of southwestern British Columbia (p. 17). ssp. Marmota caligata cascadensis
Howell, 1914, TL: Mount Rainier, Pierce Co., Washington ; Plateau, south of Isacha Lake, British Columbia.
Marmota caligata nivaria. A large, pale race, found in the Rocky Mountains of southwestern Alberta (p. 17), Mountains near Upper St. Mary's Lake, Glacier Co., Montana.
ssp. Marmota caligata nivaria Howell, 1914 TL: Mountains near Upper St. Mary's Lake, Glacier Co., Montana. ssp. Marmota caligata sheldoni, Howell, 1914, Montague Island, Alaska. The smaller size of the Montague Island marmots is the basis for their separate subspecies designation. Skull character differences included more narrow premaillae and a shorter nasals than those of mainland subspecies of hoary marmots. One adult male of Montague Island marmot , collected in May 1905, is housed at the U.S. National Museum, District of Columbia.
Marmota okanagana (p. 17).
Marmota flaviventris nosophora. Specimens of this form have been taken in only three locations near the southern boundary of Alberta: Waterton Lakes National Park, the Milk River valley, and Lake Newell. All the evidence points to the spread of this marmot into Alberta within the past twenty years. There are no recent signs of the species in the Waterton Lakes Park rock slide, where the first specimen was secured (p. 15).
Marmota flaviventer nosophora, p. 15, Willow Creek, 7miles east of Corvallis, Ravalli Co.,Montana.
Marmota flaviventer dacota, p. 15.
Marmota flaviventer luteola, p.: 15, Woods Post Office, Medicine Bow Mts.,Albany Co., Wyoming.
Marmota flaviventer warreni, p.16, Smith Trail" 2 miles west of Crested Butte, Gunnison Co.,Colorado.
Marmota monax rufescens. A large and brightly coloured race, found in the southern Ontario (p. 13).
Marmota flaviventer parvula, p. 14, Jefferson, Nye Co., Nevada.
Marmota flaviventer obscura, p. 16, Wheeler Peak, 5 miles south of Twining, Taos Co.,New Mexico.
Marmota monax rufescens, p. 13, Elk River, Sherburne Co., Minnesota.
Marmota monax preblorum, p. 14, Willmington, Middlesex Co., Mass.

Howell A.H. 1915. Revision of the american marmots [Révision des marmottes américaines]. N. Amer. Fauna, 37 : 1-80.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, Marmota flaviventris, Taxonomie ; Amérique du Nord.
Les femelles Marmota faviventris portent de trois à six embryons.
Marmota caligata vigilis p. 61.
Marmota monax petrensis. Central British Columbia (p. 33).
Marmota flaviventris sierrae, p. 43, Head of Kern River, Mt. Whitney, Tulare Co., California.
Marmota flaviventris engelhardti, p. 45.
Marmota monax petrensis p. 33, Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada.
Marmota monax ochracea p. 34.
Marmota caligata oxytona, p. 63.
Five adult males and two adult females of Montague Island marmot collected in summer 1908 are housed at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California.

Howell A.H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels with a classification of the North American Sciuridae [Révision des écureuils terrestres avec une classification des Sciuridae nord-américaines]. North Amer. Fauna, 56:1-256.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, Sciuridae, taxonomie, taxonomy.

Howerth E.W., Snyder R.L. & Miller S. 1987. Malignant lymphoma in free-ranging and captive woodchucks [Lymphome malin chez les marmottes communes d'Amérique sauvages et en captivité]. Lab. Anim. Sci., 37(6): 798-800.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, cancer.

Hoyt S. & Hoyt S. 1950. Gestation period of the woodchuck Marmota monax [Période de gestation de la marmotte des bois Marmota monax]. J. Mammal., 31 (4).
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, reproduction, New York, EUA, USA.

A pair of woodchucks were captured near Geneva, New York, as young from a single nest after the mother had been hit by a car in the spring of l948. The two young were first raised on a bottle and later fed dog biscuits and greens. They were kept in a divided cage on the unheated sunporch in Etna, New York. The two spent the winter in separate cages, only being allowed to come out for exercise when they awoke together throughout the winter. Usually one was asleep when the other was awake. On March 2l, 1949, when the male had been awake for several weeks and active on warmer days and the female had been awake for only a week, the two met outside the cage and showed an interest in each other for the first time since fall. Each day for the following week the two woodchucks played with each other and romped around the sunporch always under close supervision. Not once throughout this time did the male attempt to mount the female. His testes were conspicuously descended by this time, not having been obvious when he first emerged from hibernation. The morning of March 29 when the woodchuck were let out for play they immediately entered each others cages and investigated them thoroughly. The male soon returned to his own cage where the female was still snuffling around in the shavings on the floor. Upon entrance of the male the female rose on her hind legs and the two 'boxed' for a few seconds. The male immediately mounted the female, who assumed a position almost like her hibernating position, nose tucked down under her chest, eyes closed, but tail up. The male gripped her fur with his teeth about half way up her back. Copulation continued for about eight minutes, then they separated for a few minutes while they-preened a little, then he mounted again for five minutes. After another interruption of several minutes the male again mounted for three minutes after which they lost interest in each other and were placed in their respective cages. From this day on the two woodchucks were not allowed association with each other at all and only one was exercised at a time. The female became increasingly more fussy and by the 28th day after mating she was very difficult to handle. From this day on we simply furnished food and water and did not allow her out of the cage. The first young was born sometime between 7:00 and I0:00 P.M. on April 29, making the gestation period in this case 3l days and about I0 hours. Four young were born throughout the night, but due to the hot spell at the time none lived longer than five days. Within two days after the loss of the last young, the female was quite tractable, and permitted herself to be picked up without biting.

Hoyt S.F. 1952. Additional notes on the gestation period of the woodchuck [Notes additionnelles sur la période de gestation de la marmotte des bois]. J. Mammal., 33 : 388.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, reproduction.
Trois copulations successives. Gestation de 31 jours et 10 heures.

Hrabak R. & Kratochvil Z. 1966. Das haarkleid des gebirgs Murmeltiers Marmota marmota (Linnaeus, 1759) [Du pelage des marmottes alpines. On the fur of alpine marmots]. Zoologicke Listy, Folia Zoologica, 15 : 105-124.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, poil, hair.

Wir untersuchten das Haarkleid von 3 Individuen der Tatrarasse des Gebirgs-Murmeltiers (Marmota marmota latirostris Kratochvil, 1961) und 2 Individuen der AIpenrasse derseIben Art (M. m. marmota Linnaeus, 1758), die l-4 Jahre alt waren (Tab. l). Bei jedem einzelnen Individuum wurde das Haarkleid von 11 verschiedenen Körpergegenden untersucht. Jeder dieser Gegenden wurde eine Probe von 10 bis 15 Haaren entnommen, die einzeln gemessen und mikroskopisch untersucht wurden. Auf Grund der auf diese Weise gewonnenen Daten konnten wir folgende Schlüsse ziehen: l- Am Rücken, den Seiten, der Bauchseite des Körpers und an der Schwanzwurzel befinden sich nur Leithaare und Wollhaare. 2- Am Distalteil des Schwanzes gibt es nur Leithaare. 3- An den Ohrmuscheln, zwischen den Augen, an den Lippen, Augenlidern und Fingerrücken fanden wir säbelförmige Haare. 4- An Stellen, wo die säbelförmigen Haare an die Leithaare grenzen, kommen gemeinsam mit ihnen auch Wollhaare vor. 5- An den Lippen sind ausserdem noch die sogenannten Lippenhaare verteilt. 6- Sinushaare findet man an den Oberlippen, oberen und unteren Augenlidern und an den Wangen. Sämtliche Haarkategorien der verschiedenen Körpergegenden wurden morphologisch beschrieben. Vor allem verfolgten wir die Morphologie der Epidermikulis, die Verteilung des Pigments in den Haaren, und die Zahl der Zellenreihen in der Marksäule. Aus den metrischen Werten der Epidermikulis-Schuppen wurde Chmelevskajas Index bestimmt. Das Verhältnis zwischen der Dicke des Haars und seiner Marksäule wurde mit Hilfe des Markindexes ausgedrückt. Verhänismässig kongtant war dieser Index bei den Wollhaaren, eine grössere Variabilitätsbreite zeigte er bei den Leithaaren und die grösste Variabilitätsbreite bei den säbelförmigen Haaren. Die morphologischen und metrischen Untersuchungen der Haare bieten übereinstimmende Ergebnisse bei den Individuen beider geographischer Rassen, des Tatras und des AIpen-Murmeltiers. Unterschiede zwischen diesen beiden Rassen Wurden nur in der Menge und Verteilung des Haarpigments festgestellt. Eine Unterscheidung der beiden Subspezien nach den Ausmassen der Haare ist ebenfalls nicht verlässlich.

Hrusteselevsky V.P. 1988. [La bobac européenne. European bobac]. In Rare and disappearing plants and animals of Chuvash ASSR, Catalogue, Cheboksary, 268-269.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, république Tchouvache, Chuvash Republic.

Hrusteselevsky V.P. & Sergeyev I.N. 1983. [État actuel et perspectives de conservation des installations de marmotte en Tchouvachie. Modern condition and prospects of preservation of marmot settlements in Chuvashia]. In Protection, rational use and ecology of marmots, Materials of All-Union conference, M., 122-124.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, gestion, management, République Tchouvache, Chuvash republic.

Hsu T.C. & Bernirschke K. 1967-1971. An atlas of mammalian chromosomes [Atlas de chromosomes mammaliens]. Vols. 1-6, Springer-Verlag, New York.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, génétique, genetic.

Hsu T.C. & Bernirschke K. 1967-1977. Mammalian chromosomes [Les chromosomes des mammifères]. New York, Berlin, Springer Verlag.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, chromosomes.

Hsu T. & Mead R.A. 1969. Mechanisms of chromosomal changes in mammalian speciation [Mécanismes de variations chromosomiques de la spéciation mammalienne]. In Comparative Mammalian cytogenetics, Springer-Verlag, New-York: 8-17.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, génétique, genetic.

Hsu T., Moroy T., Etiemble J., Louise A., Trepo C., Tiollais P. & Buendia M.A. 1988. Activation of c-myc by woodchuck hepatitis virus insertion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell, 55(4): 627-635.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Two hepatocellular carcinomas, induced in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus, were characterized for viral integration near c-myc and alterations of c-myc expression. In one tumor, viral integration within the untranslated region of c-myc exon 3 resulted in overexpression of a long c-myc viral cotranscript. In the second tumor, a single insertion of highly rearranged viral sequences 600 bp upstream of c-myc exon 1 was associated with increased levels of normal c-myc mRNA. In both cases, viral enhancer insertion and disruption of normal c-myc transcriptional or posttranscriptional control appear to be involved in c-myc activation. These results demonstrate that integration of woodchuck hepatitis virus near a cellular proto-oncogene, as in several retroviral models, can contribute to the genesis of liver tumors.

Hu Z., Zhang Z., Kim J.W., Huang Y. & Liang T.J. 2006. Altered proteolysis and global gene expression in hepatitis B virus X transgenic mouse liver. J. Virol., 80(3): 1405-1413.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis, Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, souris, mice, foie, liver.

Hepatitis B virus X (HBX) is essential for the productive infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vivo and has a pleiotropic effect on host cells. We have previously demonstrated that the proteasome complex is a cellular target of HBX, that HBX alters the proteolytic activity of proteasome in vitro, and that inhibition of proteasome leads to enhanced viral replication, suggesting that HBX and proteasome interaction plays a crucial role in the life cycle and pathogenesis of HBV. In the present study, we tested the effect of HBX on the proteasome activities in vivo in a transgenic mouse model in which HBX expression is developmentally regulated by the mouse major urinary promoter in the liver. In addition, microarray analysis was performed to examine the effect of HBX expression on the global gene expression profile of the liver. The results showed that the peptidase activities of the proteasome were reduced in the HBX transgenic mouse liver, whereas the activity of another cellular protease was elevated, suggesting a compensatory mechanism in protein degradation. In the microarray analysis, diverse genes were altered in the HBX mouse livers and the number of genes with significant changes increased progressively with age. Functional clustering showed that a number of genes involved in transcription and cell growth were significantly affected in the HBX mice, possibly accounting for the observed pleiotropic effect of HBX. In particular, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 was down-regulated in the HBX mouse liver. The down-regulation was similarly observed during acute woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. Other changes including up-regulation of proteolysis-related genes may also contribute to the profound alterations of liver functions in HBV infection.

Huang W. & B. Yao 1992. The development and protection of natural resources in Hengduan Mountains [Le développement et la protection des ressources naturelles dans les montagnes de Hengduan]. Oecologia Montana, 1: 37-40.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota himalayana, management, gestion, Hengduan, Chine, China.
The Hengduan Mountains stretching from 97-104° E and from 26-34° N is one of the best known areas in China. It is characterized by great diversity in the vertical distribution of resources and by a vulnearble ecological environment. Avoiding environment degradation by irrational exploitation of natural resources and maintaining coordination and balkance among population, resources, envrironment and economic development, requires strategies for reasonable utilization of wild plant and animal resources, for establishment of nature conservation, for developping mountain eco-agriculture, for actively tapping other energy sources and for protecting mountain forests.

Huang X., Wang Z., Wu J., Liu L. 1986. The breeding biological characteristics of Marmota himalayana in Reshuitan and Wulannaotan. Haiyan County Quinghai province [Les caractéristiques biologiques de l'élevage de Marmota himalayana à Reshuitan et Wulannaotan, comté de Haiyan, province de Quinghai]. Acta Theriol. sinica, 6 (4) : 307-311.
En chinois, in Chinese.
Marmota himalayana, reproduction, Quinghai, Chine, China.

Huber S., Millesi E. & Arnold W. 1998. Reproductive effort effects on present and future reproduction in female European ground squirrels [Effets de l'effort reproductif sur la reproduction présente et future du seprmophile d'Europe]. Ethology Supplement, 33: 62-62 (abs.).
En anglais, in English.
Citellus citellus, effort de reproduction, reproductive effort.

Huber S., Millesi E., Arnold, W. & . 1999. Lactation effort and reproductive success in female European ground squirrels [Effort de lactation et succès reproducteur chez la femelle du spermopjile d'Europe]. Ethology Supplement, 34: 168-168 (abs.).
En anglais, in English.
Citellus citellus, effort de lactation, lactation effort.

Huber S., Millesi E., Arnold W. & Dittami J. 1997. Physiological and behavioral parameters influencing reproductive success in female European ground squirrels [Paramètres physiologiques et comportementaux influençant le succès reproducteur chez les femelles de spermophile d'Europe]. Ethology Supplement,32: 61-61 (abs.).
En anglais, in English.
Citellus citellus, succès reproducteur, reproductive success.

Huber S., Millesi E., Walzl M., Dittami J., & Arnold W. 1999. Reproductive effort and costs of reproduction in female European ground squirrels [Effort reproductif et coûts de reproduction chez les femelles du spermophile d'Europe]. Oecologia, 121: 19-24.
En anglais, in English.
Ground squirrel, écureuils terrestres, female, femelle, reproduction, lactation, gonad development, développement des gonades.
Available pdf disponible

Huber W. 1965. Das Alpenmurmeltier [Des marmottes des Alpes. The alpine marmots]. Fishers Tiermonographien 3, Munsingen-Bern, Schweiz, pp. 33.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, alimentation, foraging.

Huber W. 1967. Das Alpenmurmeltier [Des marmottes des Alpes. The alpine marmots]. Fisher, Münsingen-Berne.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Huber W. 1979. La Marmotte des Alpes [The alpine marmot]. Bulletin mensuel de l'Office National de la Chasse : X-31.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota.

Huboux R. 1987. Contribution a une meilleure connaissance du régime alimentaire de l'Aigle royal en période de reproduction pour les Alpes du Sud et de la Provence [Contribution to a better knowledge of the diet of the Golden Eagle during the reproduction period in the southern Alps and in Provence]. In L'aigle royal (Aquila chrysaetos) en Europe, Actes Coll. Intern. sur l'Aigle royal en Europe, Maison de la Nature ed., Briançon : 118-123.
En français, in French.
Aquila chrysaetos, Marmota marmota, Alpes, Provence, France.

Hue E. 1907. Musée ostéologique. Étude de la faune quaternaire. Ostéologie des mammifères [Osteologic Museum. Study of the Quaternary fauna. Mammal osteology]. Paris, 187 figures. 8vo., i-xix+1-50 pages, fasc. 1-2.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, Quaternary, Os, bones.

Huelsbeck D.R. 1983. Mammals and fish in the subsistence economy of Ozette [Les mammifères et les poissons dans l'économie de subsistance des Ozettes]. Ph.D. Thesis, Washington State Uni versity, Pullman, Washington, 166 p.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, poissons, fish.

Huettmeir U. 1997. Habitat selection of Alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) in the hohe tauern (Central Alps, Austria). In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, 151-152 (Angliïskie) [In Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 151-152 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and English.
Marmota marmota, habitat, Autriche, Austria. pdf

Huettmeir U. 2000. Populationsmonitoring beim Alpenmurmeltier (Marmota marmota) im Nationalpark Hohe Tauern. Unveröff. Endbericht, Nationalparkinstitut Haus der Natur., 10 pp.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, Parc national, alpes autrichiennes, Austrian Alps.

Huettmeir U. Wie verändern Murmeltiere ihr Verhalten unter dem Einfluss von Touristen, Zoo Hellbrunn, Salzburg.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, comportement, behaviour, touriste, tourist, zoo, Autriche, Austria.


Hüttmeir Ulrich , Slotta-Bachmayr Leopold, Winding Norbert 1999. Habitatwahl des Alpenmurmeltieres Marmota marmota (Rodentia, Sciuridae): Ein Vergleich zwischen dem Dachsteinplateu und den Hohen Tauern [Choix de l'habitat chez la marmotte des Alpes]. 67- 76.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, habitat.

Hugeney M. 1969. Les rongeurs (Mammalia, Rodentia) de l'oligocène supérieur de Corderet Brassat (Allier) [Rodents (Mammalia, Rodentia) of the upper Oligocen in Corderet Brassat (Allier)]. Thèse, Lyon, n°596, pp. 227.
En français, in French.
Rodentia, paléontologie, paleontology.

Hugo Victor 1862. Les misérables. Première partie : Fantine, livre deuxième : la chute, chapitre XIII Petit Gervais., p.134.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature.

" Il tourna la tête, et vit venir par le sentier un petit Savoyard d'une dizaine d'années qui chantait, sa vielle au flanc et sa boîte à marmotte sur le dos ; un de ces doux et gais enfants qui vont de pays en pays, laissant voir leurs genoux par les trous de leur pantalon."

Hugo Victor 1933. Chansons des rues et des bois. Paris, Ollendorff, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Littérature françaises, Fench literature, marmotte, marmot.
Extrait/extract pdf

Hugot J.P. 1980. The genus Citellina (Oxyuridae, Nematoda) [Le genre Citellina (Oxyuridae, Nematoda)]. Ann. Pathol. Humaine et Comparée, 55 (1) : 97-109.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, phylogenèse, phylogenesis, parasitologie, parasitology, Nématodes.

Humbert-Droz C. & Thossy M.-L. 1990. Localisation et étude de quelques aspects éco-éthologiques des marmottes (Marmota marmota) dans le Jura Vaudois, Neuchatelois et Bernois [Localization and study of some behavioral ecologic aspects of marmots (Marmota marmota) in the Vaud Jura, Neuchatelois and Bern Travail de certificat, Institut de Zoologie, Université de Neuchatel.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, Suisse, Vaud, Neuchatel, Berne, Switzerland.

Hume I.D. 2002. Aspects of digestive function in marmots. Aspects de la fonction digestive chez les marmottes. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 68-69.
Anglais et français, English and French.
Marmota marmota, social stress, stress social, reproduction.

Hume I.D. 2003. Aspects of digestive function in marmots. Aspects de la fonction digestive chez les marmottes. Аспекты пищеиарительной функции у сурков. In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds., International Marmot Network, Lyon, 111-118.
Anglais, français et résumé russe ; English, French and russian abstract
Marmota caligata, hoary marmot, marmotte givrée, Marmota marmota, alpine marmot, marmotte alpine, digestive tract, tractus digestif.
PDF disponible/available
Les marmottes, les plus grands rongeurs de la famille des Sciuridae (écureuils), partagent avec le reste de leur famille une dentition et un tractus digestif qui sont les mieux adaptés à un régime alimentaire granivore. Cependant, elles sont plutôt herbivores que granivores. L'étude comparative des performances digestives d'un rongeur microtine (un campagnol) et de trois rongeurs incluant Marmota caligata (marmotte givrée) montre pourquoi les marmottes sont des herbivores prospères. Les campagnols sont de petits herbivores avec un intestin postérieur (cæcum et colon antérieur) complexe. L'efficacité digestive du campagnol est significativement supérieure à celle des deux plus petits sciuridés, mais, à la taille corporelle de la marmotte, l'efficacité digestive est comparable à celle du campagnol ; une capacité plus importante du tractus digestif compense apparemment sa simplicité relative. L'importance de la fermentation bactérienne des parois des cellules végétales dans le cæcum de la marmotte est reflétée par la modification relativement rapide de cette partie du tube digestif au printemps après la sortie d'hibernation chez Marmota marmota (marmotte alpine), avec une augmentation de 185 % de la masse humide des tissus jusqu'à l'été. L'intestin grêle, essentiel pour la digestion du contenu cellulaire, augmente de 260 %. Ces modifications circannuelles de la capacité du tube digestif sont les plus importantes connues chez les mammifères.

Hume D., Beiglbock C., Ruf T., Frey-Roos F., Bruns U. & Arnold W. 2002. Seasonal changes in morphology and function of the gastrointestinal tract of free-living alpine marmots ( Marmota marmota) [Variations saisonnières de la morphologie et de la fonction du tractus gastrointesinal des marmottes alpines sauvages]. J. Comp. Physiol. [B], 172(3): 197-207.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, morphologie, morphology, appareil gastro-intestinal, gastro-intestinal tract, hibernation.
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The gastrointestinal tracts of 76 free-living alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) shot during a population control program in Switzerland were collected and analysed for patterns of change in morphology and function over the period from emergence from hibernation in April to just before re-entry into hibernation in September. Between first emergence and mid-summer (July) the fresh tissue mass of the stomach increased by 105%, the small intestine by 259% (among the largest recorded for a mammal), caecum by 185%, proximal colon by 138%, and distal colon by 144%. Mitotic activity was greatest in the small intestine; the mitotic index was high (40%) compared with indexes in the stomach and hindgut (approximately 4%) even at emergence, and increased to approximately 60% by mid-summer. Microbial activity in the caecum was also significant at emergence. The stomach (length) and caecum (length and fresh mass) increased in response to ingested food earlier than did the small intestine. Between mid-summer and September there were decreases in small intestinal tissue mass and mitotic activity. It is concluded that the gastrointestinal tract of alpine marmots probably continues to function throughout hibernation at a low level, with a mid-winter trough as part of an endogenous circannual rhythm. However, after emergence in spring, increases in size and activity of the tract appear to be a response to ingested food rather than to an endogenous signal. The early signs of down-regulation of the small intestine before re-entry into hibernation, together with its delayed up-regulation in response to food in spring, are consistent with the high costs of maintaining this section of the digestive system.

Hume I.D., Morgan K.R. & Kenagy G.L. 1993. Digesta retention and digestive performance in sciurid and microtine rodents: effects of hindgut morphology and body size [Rétention du digesta et performance digestive chez les Sciuridés et les rongeurs microtines : effets de la morphologie du gros intestin et de la taille corporelle]. Physiol. Zool., 66, 396-411.
En anglais, in English.
Physiologie, physiology, rongeurs, rodents, sciuridés, sciurids, digestion.

Humphrey S.R., ed. 1992. Rare and endangered biota of Florida v. 1: Mammals [Vie rare et en danger de Floride. V.1 MammifËres]. Univ. Pr. of Florida. 392 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Vie sauvage, wildlife, Floride, Florida, États-Unis d’AmÈrique, USA.

Hume I.D., Morgan K.R. & Kenagy G.J. 1993. Digesta retention and digestive performance in sciurid and microtine rodents: effects of hindgut morphology and body size. Physiol. Zool., 66: 396-411.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridea, digestion, taille corporelle, body size.

Hunter F.R. 1976. Facilitated diffusion in erythrocytes of additional mammals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A., 55(4A): 323-328.
En anglais, in English.
No abstract available.

Hunter John & Owen Richard 1861. Essays and Observations on Natural History, Anatomy, Physiology, Psychology, and Geology [Essais et observations d’histoire naturelle. Anatomie, physiologie, psychologie et géologie]. J. Van Voorst, London.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys marmotta, tube digestif, digestive tract,.foie, liver, vésicule biliaire, gall-bladder, rein, kidney, organes génitaux, genitals.
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Hurwitz S.J., Tennant B.C., Korba B.E., Gerin J.L., Schinazi R.F. 1998. Pharmacodynamics of (-)-beta-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine in chronically virus-infected woodchucks compared to its pharmacodynamics in humans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 42(11): 2804-2809.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Virus, Hépatite, Hepatitis.
The pharmacodynamics of (-)-beta-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC) was studied in chronically woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected woodchucks and compared to that in previous studies in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected humans. Net depletion rates of serum virus DNA in woodchucks receiving 3TC were modeled as a sum of an exponentially declining virus input and a first-order elimination. Preceding shoulders and pseudo-first-order virus half-lives in serum ranged from 1 to 7 days and were dose dependent. Higher plasma 3TC concentrations were needed in woodchucks for virus depletion similar to that attained in humans. Human HBV depletion curves from a previous clinical study with 3TC (>/=100 mg per day) were described by a biexponential relationship. The average half-life value in humans, normalized to fraction of area under the serum virus load-time curve, was similar to the average half-life value observed in woodchucks given the highest 3TC dose (2.4 and 2.0 days, respectively). On cessation of therapy, virus load rebounds in woodchucks were dose dependent and resembled posttherapy virus "flares" reported to occur in humans. The estimates of drug exposures that could lead to optimal antiviral effects presented indicate that 3TC should not be underdosed and compliance should be monitored. The study of chronically infected woodchucks may prove useful for optimizing drug regimens for hepadnavirus infections.

Husson A.M. & Sluys Van Der G.K. 1954. De eerste vondst van Marmota marmota primigenia (Kaup, 1839) de Alpenmarmot. In Het laat-pleistocen van Nederland, 43 (8) : 51-56, (9) : 60-64.
En hollandais, in Dutch.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Pays-Bas.

Husson M. 1864a. Alluvions des environs de Toul. Trous des Celtes. Brèches osseuses humaines [Alluvium from the neighbouring of Toul. [Celtes' holes. Human bone breccias]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 58 : 46-55.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, homme, Man, outils, tools, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France.
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Husson M. 1864b. Sur les alluvions des environs de Toul [About alluvium in Toul surrroundings]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 58 : 274-278.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, homme, Man, outils, tools, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France.
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Husson 1864c. Recherches complémentaires sur les cavernes à ossements des environs de Toul [Additional researches on the bone caves around Toul]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 323-326.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France.
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Husson 1864d. Sur les cavernes à ossements des environs de Toul [On the bone caves of the neighbouring of Toul]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 58 : 812-815.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France.
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Husson M. 1864. Nouvelle note sur les cavernes à ossements de Toul [New note in the bone caves of Toul] [New note in the bone caves of Toul]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 58 : 812-816.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France.
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Husson M. 1866. Nouvelles recherches dans les cavernes à ossements des environs de Toul [New researches in the bone caves of the neighbouring of Toul]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 63 : 891-894.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, quaternary, caverne, cave, Homme, Man, foyer, fireplace, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France.
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Husson M. 1867. Analyse des divers ossements des terrains quaternaires des environs de Toul, par rapport à l'ancienneté de l'homme [Analysis of diverse bones from quaternary grounds near Toul, in comparaison with Man age]. Comptes rendus hedomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences, 64 : 288-292.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, chimie, osséine, quaternaire, quaternary, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France.
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Huysmans Joris-Karl 1929. L'art moderne [Modern Art]. Paris, G. Crès. Publication Num. BNF, 301 p.
En français, in French.
Littérature françaises, French literature, marmotte, marmot, art, coiffure, head-dress.
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