Leonard P. 1996. Bilan de l'enquête nationale "capture de marmottes" Alpes, Jura, Massif Central et Pyrénées [Results of the national enquiry "marmot trapping" in the Alps, Jura, Central Massif and Pyrenees]. Synthèse ONC, 13p.
Marmota marmota, France.

Leonardi Piero 1934. Resti di marmotta della Grota "Mala Peci" nei dintorni di Cividale. [Restes de marmottes dans la grotte de « Mala peci » aux alentours de Cividale. Marmot remains in the « Mala Peci » cave near Cividale]. Atti Accad. Sci. Padova, 24 : 49-53.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Italie, Italy.

Леонтьев А.Н. (Leont'ev A.N.) 1949. Okhotnitchiï promysel [Chasse professionnelle. Professional hunting]. Tr. Kyakhtinskogo kraeved. mouzeya i Kyakhtinskogo otd. Vsesoyuz. geogr. ob-va, 16.
En russe, in Russian.
Chasse, hunting.

Леонов Ю.А. (Leonov Y.A.) 1958. Fleas parasitic on rodents of the southern part of Primorye (Far East) [Puces parasites sur les rongeurs de la partie méridionale de Primorye (Extrême Est)]. Proc. Irkutsk State Sci. Anti-Plague Inst. Siberia Far East, 17: 147-152.
En russe, in Russian.
Parasitisme, parasitism, puces, fleas, rongeurs, rodents.

Леонтьева М.Н. (Leont'eva M.I.) 1989. Ob opredelenii emkosti mestoobitanii baïbaka. Nazemnye i vodnye ekosistemy. [Détermination de la répartition spatiale de la marmotte bobac. Ecosystèmes terrestres et aquatiques. Determination of spatial distribution of the bobac marmot. Terrestrail and aquatic ecosystems]. Gorikii, 85-88.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, écologie, spatial.

Леонтьева М.Н. (Leont'eva M.N.), Параманов Г.В. (Paramanov G.V.) & Захаров А.Р. (Zakharov A.P.) 1997. Об особенностях учета байбака в разные фазы реакклиматизации. About pecularities of the calculation of bobac in different phases of reacclimatization [Ob osovennostyakh outcheta baïbaka v raznye fazy reakklimatizatsii. Sur les particularités de dénombrement de bobac au cours de différentes phases de réacclimatation]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Брандлер О.С. (Brandler O.V.) eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 60-61 (Rousskie, Russian), 164-165 (Angliïskie, English). In
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobac, dénombrement, census, réintroduction, re-introduction.

Леонтьева М.Н. (Leont'eva, Leontieva M.N.), Параманов Г.В. (Paramanov G.V.) & Захаров А.Р. (Zakharov A.P.) 2002.. Some pecularities of bobac enumeration at different stages of reacclimatization. Ob osobennostyakh utcheta baïbaka na raznykh stadiyakh reaklimatizatsii. Quelques particularités du dénombrement de Marmota bobak à différents stades de ré-acclimatation. In Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF and International, Marmot Network, Moscow, 238-248.
En anglais et en russe, résumé en français ; in English and Russian, French abstract.
Marmota, biodiversité, biodiversity, Eurasie, Eurasia.
L’observation des colonies de Marmota bobac Mull. De la région de Nijni Novgrod montre qu’il est possible de distinguer trois étapes qui diffèrent suivant les stades de réacclimatation. Le nombre nécessaire d’observations des animaux a été défini en fonction de l’heure du jour et de la météorologie. À partir de deux dénombrements totaux, des facteurs de correction ont été calculés.
Extrait/extract pdf

Леонтьева М.Н. (Leont'eva, Leontieva M.N.), Petrov V.S., Shijan R.I. et al. 1983. [Possible réintroduction de bobac dans la région de Gorki. A possibility of bobac reacclimatization in the Gorkii region]. Ochrana, razionalnoe ispolzovanie i ecologia surkov, Akad. Nauk., Moscow: 59-61.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, réintroduction, Gorki, Russie, Russia.

Леонтьева М.Н. (Leont'eva, Leontieva M.N.) & Samkharadze N.M. 1999. Strouktoura bidovogo sostava joukov-koprobiontov i nidikolov baïbaka kak pokazatel' proiskhojdeniya stepnykh raïonov v nisjegorodskoï oblasti. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 53-54.

En russe, in Russian.

Леонтьева М.Н. (Leont'eva, Leontieva M.N.), Захаров А.Р. (Zakharov A.P.) & Параманов Г.В. (Paramanov G.V.) 1999. O sostoyanii poseleniya baïbaka v nijegorodskoï oblasti. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 51-53.
En russe, in Russian.

Лепехин И. (Lepekhin I.) 1771. Dnevnye zapiski poutechestviya po raznym provintsiyam Rossiïskogo gosoudarstva 1768-1769 gg [Notes journalières de voyage dans les différents territoires de l'état Russe, 1768-1769. Daily notes of the journey in the different territories of the Russian state, 1768-1769]. SPB,1.
En russe, in Russian.
Expédition, Russie, Russia.

Lepineux G. 1965. Acclimatation de la Marmotte des Alpes dans les Hautes-Pyrénées [Acclimatization of the alpine marmot in the upper Pyrenees]. Ann. Fédér. Pyrén. Econ. montagn., 22 : 47-50.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, Pyrénées, Pyrenees, France .

Lequatre P.1994. Étude paléontologique de la faune des Grottes Jean-Pierre 1 et 2 [Paleontological study of the fauna of jean-Pierre 1 and 2 Caves]. Gallia Préhistoire, 36 : 239-257.
En français, in French.

Le Roux de Lincy Antoine 1859. Le livre des proverbes français, précédé de Recherches historiques sur les proverbes français et leur emploi dans la littérature du Moyen âge et de la Renaissance [The French proverb book, first tome, preceded by Historical research on French proverbs and their use in the literature of the Middle Age and the Renaissance]. Paris, A. Delahays, Num. BNF, Tome premier, CXV-409 p.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, Proverbes français, French proverbs, marmotte, marmot.
Extrait/extract pdf

Lestrange Vicomte Henri de 1860. Excursion aux Eyzies (grottes à ossements) [Eyzies excursion (bone caves)]. 69e congrés scientfique, Périgueux, 332.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Dordogne, France.

Летов Г.С. (Letov G.S.) 1950. Stroenie zhilish tarbagana [Construction des abris chez la marmotte tarbagan. Shelter building in the tarbagan marmot]. Izv. Irkutskogo PTchI, 8, Irkutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, terrier, burrow.

Летов Г.С. (Letov G.S.) 1953. Promysel sourka v Mongoliskom otchage tchoumy [Chasse de la marmotte dans le foyer de peste en Mongolie. Marmot hunting in the plague focus of Mongolia]. Stalingradskaya PTchS, Stalingrad.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Летов Г.С. (Letov G.S.) 1959. Materialy k izoutchenniu promysla sourka v Mongolii v Svyazi s tchoumoï [Matériaux d'étude de la chasse à la marmotte en Mongolie en liaison avec la peste. Study material of marmot hunting in Mongolia linked with the plague]. Tr. rastovskogo na donou nautchno issled. Protivotchoumnogo in-ta, 83-98.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, chasse, hunting, peste, plague, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Летов Г.С. (Letov G.S.) 1960. Nekotorye zametchaniya o stroenii otchaga tchoumy v sever-zapadnom Khangae [Quelques remarques sur la construction du foyer de la peste dans le nord-ouest du Khangae. Some remarks on the building of the plague focus in the north-west of Khangae]. Izv. Irkout. protivotchoumn. in-ta Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka, 23.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague.

Летов Г.С. (Letov G.S.) 1966. Severo-zapadnaya okraina Mongol'skogo otchaga tchoumy [Partie nord-ouest du foyer de peste de Mongolie. North-western part of the plague focus in Mongolia]. Dokl. Irkout. protivotchoumn. in-ta, 7.
Peste, plague, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Летов Г.С. (Letov G.S.) 1967. Rasprostranenie i ekonomitcheskoe znatchenie surkov v Tuve [Répartition et importance économique des marmottes au Touva. Distribution and economical importance of marmots in Tuva]. Resursy fauny surkov v SSSR, In-t geogr. AN SSSR, Zh. Nauka, 81-83.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, économie, economy, gestion, management, Touva, Russie, Russia.

Летов Г.С. (Letov G.S.) 1969. Kharkhira-Mangountaïginskiï outchastok Altaïskogo otchaga tchoumy [La région de Kharkhira-Mangountaïginski du foyer de peste de l'Altaï. Kharkhira-Mangountaiginski region of the plague focus in Altai]. V kn. Problemy osobo opasnykh infektsiï, Saratov, 2(6).
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Altaï.

Летов Г.С. (Letov G.S.) 1978. Tarbagan. Touva [Marmotte tarbagan. Touva. Tarbagan marmot. Tuva]. In Sourki. Rasprostranenie i ekologiya, Zimina ed., M. Naouka, 152-163.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, Touva, Russie, Russia.

Летов Г.С. (Letov G.S.) & Абрамова С.Г. (Abramova S.G.) 1959. Boukhmourinskaya vspychka legotchnoïtchoumy [Explosion de la peste pulmonaire dans le Boukhmourinski. Bubonic plague explosion in Bukhmurinski]. Izv. Irkout. protivotchoumn. in-ta Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka, 20.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague.

Летов Г.С. (Letov G.S.), ЕмелЬянова Н.Д. (Emel''ïanova, Emel'yanova N.D.), Летова Г.И. (Letova G.I.) & Сулимов А.Д. (Soulimov, Sulimov A.D.) 1966. Rodents and their ectoparasites in the settlements of Tuva [Rongeurs et leurs ectoparasites dans le Touva]. Proc. Irkutsk State Sci. Anti-Plague Inst. Siberia Far East, 26: 270-276.
En russe, in Russian.
Parasitisme, parasitism, rongeurs, rodents.

Letscher R. 2001. Étude cartographique des Mammifères dans le massif Madres-Coronat [Cartographic study of the mammals in the Madres-Coronat]. A.G.R.N. de Nohèdes, C.P.I.E. du Pays Catalan, 46 p. + annexes.
En français, in French.
Méthodologie, methodology, suivi, survey, Marmota marmota, Madres-Coronat, Pyrénées-Orientales.

Леви М.И. (Levi M.I.), Канатов Ю.В. (Kanatov Yu.V.), Лобачев В.С. (Lobatchev, Lobachev V.S.), Лившиц М.М. (Livchits, Livshitz M.M.), ЯхЬяев А.Д. (akh'ïaev, Yakh'yaev A.D.), Настюков Н.З. (Nastïoukov, Nastyukov N.Z.), Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.), Свиридов Г.Г. (Sviridov G.G.) 1975. [L'antigène spécifique du microbe de la peste dans les restes osseux, les excréments des animaux et les boulettes de régurgiation des oiseaux de proie. The specific antigen of plague microbe in the osseous remnant and in excrement of animals and in the pellets birds of prey]. V kn. Serol. metody diagnost. pri epizootol. obsled. prirodn. ochagov. chumy, Saratov: 49-54.
En russe, in Russian.
Oiseaux, birds, peste, plague, immunologie, immunology, fèces, faeces.

Левиев П. (Leviev P.) 1939. [Animaux et oiseaux commerciaux et gibiers dans la région de Sary-Assia. Commercial and game animals and birds in Sary-Assia Region]. Proceedings of the Zoological Park, Tashkent, 1 : 123- 136.
En russe, in Russian.
Animaux, animals, gibier, game.

Левин А.М. (Levin A.M.) 1899. [La peste dans l'Anzob entre 1898-1899. Plague in Anzob in 1898-1899.] SPG, 21 pp.
En russe, in Russian.

Lewin Betsy & Duchesne Lucie 2002. Le Jour de la Marmotte [The marmot day]. Scholastic, 32 p., ISBN 0779115554.
En français, in French.
Littérature pour enfants, Juvenile literature.

Lew Y.Y. & Michalak T.I. 2001. In vitro and in vivo infectivity and pathogenicity of the lymphoid cell-derived woodchuck hepatitis virus. J. Virol., 75(4):1770-82.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite, lymphocyte.
Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research, Division of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6, Canada. Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and human hepatitis B virus are closely related, highly hepatotropic mammalian DNA viruses that also replicate in the lymphatic system. The infectivity and pathogenicity of hepadnaviruses propagating in lymphoid cells are under debate. In this study, hepato-and lymphotropism of WHV produced by naturally infected lymphoid cells was examined in specifically established woodchuck hepatocyte and lymphoid cell cultures and coculture systems, and virus pathogenicity was tested in susceptible animals. Applying PCR-based assays discriminating between the total pool of WHV genomes and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), combined with enzymatic elimination of extracellular viral sequences potentially associated with the cell surface, our study documents that virus replicating in woodchuck lymphoid cells is infectious to homologous hepatocytes and lymphoid cells in vitro. The productive replication of WHV from lymphoid cells in cultured hepatocytes was evidenced by the appearance of virus-specific DNA, cccDNA, and antigens, transmissibility of the virus through multiple passages in hepatocyte cultures, and the ability of the passaged virus to infect virus-naive animals. The data also revealed that WHV from lymphoid cells can initiate classical acute viral hepatitis in susceptible animals, albeit small quantities (approximately 10(3) virions) caused immunovirologically undetectable (occult) WHV infection that engaged the lymphatic system but not the liver. Our results provide direct in vitro and in vivo evidence that lymphoid cells in the infected host support propagation of infectious hepadnavirus that has the potential to induce hepatitis. They also emphasize a principal role of the lymphatic system in the maintenance and dissemination of hepadnavirus infection, particularly when infection is induced by low virus doses.

Lewis R.E. 1972. Notes on the geographical distribution and host preference in the order Siphonaptera. Part1. Pulicidae [Notes sur la répartition géographique et les préférences sur les hôtes dans l'ordre des Siphonaptera. 1. Pulicidae]. J. Med. Ent., 9: 511-520.
En anglais, in English.
Puces, fleas, ectoparasite, clef de détermination, determination key.

Lewis R.E. 1973a. Notes on the geographical distribution and host preference in the order Siphonaptera. Part 2. Rhopallopsyllidae, Malaco-psyllidae and Vermipsyllidae [Notes sur la répartition géographique et les préférences sur les hôtes dans l'ordre des Siphonaptera]. J. Med. Ent., 10: 255-260.
En anglais, in English.
Puces, fleas, ectoparasite, clef de détermination, determination key.

Lewis R.E. 1973b. Notes on the geographical distribution and host preference in the order Siphonaptera. Part 3. Hystrichopsyllidae [Notes sur la répartition géographique et les préférences sur les hôtes dans l'ordre des Siphonaptera]. J. Med. Ent., 11: 147-167.
En anglais, in English.
Puces, fleas, ectoparasite, clef de détermination, determination key.

Lewis R.E. 1974. Notes on the geographical distribution and host preference in the order Siphonaptera. Part 5. Ancistropsyllidae, Chimaeropsyllidae, Ischno-psyllidae, Leptopsyllidae and Macropsyllidae. J. Med. Ent., 11: 525-540.
Puces, fleas, ectoparasite, clef de détermination, determination key.

Lewis R.E. 1975. Notes on the geographical distribution and host preference in the order Siphonaptera. Part 6. Ceratophyllidae [Notes sur la répartition géographique et les préférences sur les hôtes dans l'ordre des Siphonaptera]. J. Med. Ent., 11: 658-676.
En anglais, in English.
Puces, fleas, ectoparasite, clef de détermination, determination key.

Lewis Robert E. 2002. A review of the North American species of Oropsylla Wagner and Ioff, 1926 (Siphonaptera : Ceratophyllidae : Ceratophyllinae) [Revue des espèces d'Oropsylla Wagner et Ioff, 1926 d'Amérique du Nord]. Journal of Vector Ecology, 27(2): 184-206.
En anglais, in English.
Parasitisme, parasitism, puce, flea, Oropsylla, Oropsylla Oropsylla arctomys (Baker, 1904), Ceratophyllus arctomys, Marmota monax, Marmota sibirica, Marmota broweri, Marmota olympus, Marmota bobac, Marmota himalayana, Marmota broweri, Marmota sibirica, Marmota flaviventris, répartition, distribution, vector relationships, peste, plague.
The North American species of the flea genus Oropsylla are reviewed and their host/parasite relationships and distribution are discussed, as well as their role in the maintenance and transmission of sylvatic plague. Keys to the subgenera and species are presented and illustrations of their diagnostic characteristics are included.
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Leymerie A. 1861. Mémoire sur le terrain diluvien de la vallée de l'Adour et sur les gîtes ossifères des environs de Bagnères-de-Bigorre [Report on the diluvian ground in the Adour Valley and in the bone deposits of the Bagnères-de-Bigorre neighbourings]. Bull. Soc. acad. des Hautes-Pyrénées, 6 : 301-337.
En français, in French.
Pal&ecute;ontologie, paleontology, géologie, geology, Hautes-Pyrénées, France.

Lhagvasuren B. & Munkhtsog B. 2002. The yak population in Mongolia and its relation with snow leopards as a prey species [La population de yak en Mongolie et ses relations avec les léopards des neiges comme proie]. In Yak production in central Asian highlands, Proceedings of the third international congress on yak held in Lhasa, P.R. China, 4–9 September 2000, Jianlin H., Richard C., Hanotte O., McVeigh C. and Rege J.E.O. (eds)., ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya. 572 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Bos mutus, yak, Uncia uncia, léopard des neiges, snow leopard, Marmota sibirica, marmotte de sibérie, Siberian marmot, prédation, predation.
There are currently about 1000 snow leopards in Mongolia with an overall density of 1.10 cats per 100 km2 of occupied habitat. These cats occupy an area range of probably less than 90 thousand km2. The snow leopards commonly use terrain that is extremely rugged, in the same habitat where yak graze and often unguarded. Consequently, they, along with horses, are often killed by snow leopard, more so than other large livestock. During our study, 168 faecal samples of the snow leopard were collected and analysed. Results show that ibex made up 38.7% of the total diet, small mammals 4.6%, red deer 2.4%, marmot 7.1%, and domestic livestock 31% (including sheep 17.3%, horse 5.4%, cow 4.8%, and goat 3.6%). In addition to prey, vegetation (14.9%) and soil (2.3%) were also found in the faecal samples.
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Li D.H., Kumanogoh A., Cao T.M., Parnes J.R. & Cullen J.M. 2004. Woodchuck interleukin-6 gene: structure, characterization, and biologic activity. Gene, 342(1):157-164.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, modèle animal, animal model.
Woodchuck is an important animal model for studying human hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Within the cytokine network, interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays an important role in immune responses that may lead to viral clearance. To further understand woodchuck IL-6 biology, we cloned and characterized the IL-6 gene from white blood cells. The complete woodchuck IL-6 gene is about 7 kb and consists of five exons and four introns. The IL-6 gene organization of the woodchuck is similar to those of the human, rat, and mouse. Also several elements are highly conserved in the 300 bp promoter region of the IL-6 gene, including a nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) binding site. The woodchuck IL-6 gene encodes a polypeptide of 207 amino acids in a precursor form and 189 amino acids in the mature form. The expressed protein was 23 kDa according to SDS-PAGE. To demonstrate biologic activity, we expressed woodchuck IL-6 and showed that the purified recombinant protein induced terminal differentiation, as reflected by upregulation of Fcgamma receptor expression, and substantially inhibited proliferation of M1 cells, a murine myeloid leukemia cell line. The inhibitory effect of woodchuck IL-6 on M1 cells was blocked by an anti-gp130 monoclonal antibody, suggesting that woodchuck IL-6 activity is specifically mediated by signaling through the IL-6 receptor complex. Cloning of the woodchuck IL-6 gene and demonstrating biologic activity of the gene product will facilitate studies of human hepatitis B virus using the woodchuck model.

Li M., Song Y., Li B., Wang Z., Yang R., Jiang L & Yang R. 2005. Asymptomatic Yersinia pestis infection, China [Foyer d’infection asymptomatique de Yersinia pestis, Chine]. Emerging Infectious Disease, 11(9): 1494-1496.
En anglais, in English.
Epidémiology, epidemiology, peste, pague, Chine, China.

Lichtenstein A.V. 1989. Ektoparasitenbefall des Alpenmurmeltieres (Marmota marmota marmota Linne 1758) im Nationalpark Berchtesgaden[Envahissement par les ectoparasites des marmottes alpines dans le Parc National de Berchtesgaden. Ectoparasites invasion of alpine marmots in the Berchtesgaden National Park]. DVM dissertation, Hannover, Tierärztliche Hochschule.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Allemagne, Germany.

Lichota G.B., McAdie M. & Ross P.S. 2004. Endangered Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis): sentinels of atmospherically delivered contaminants to British Columbia, Canada [Marmottes en danger de l’île de Vancouver (Marmota vancouverensis) : sentinelles des contaminants atmosphériques sur la Colombie Britannique, Canada]. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23(2): 402-407.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, pollution atmospheric, atmospheric pollution.
We characterized legacy and new contaminants in the highly endangered Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada) marmot and found generally low blood and fat concentrations of a complex mixture of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), -dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), -dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in their tissues. The dominance of the more volatile alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) pesticides and the lesser chlorinated PCB congeners suggests that atmospheric processes largely explain the contamination of this high-altitude herbivore.

Liebe Karl Leopold Theodor 1879. Die fossile Fauha der Höhle Vypustek in Mähren, nebst Bemerkungen betreffs einiger Knochenreste aus der Kreuzberghöhle in Krain [La faune fossile de la grotte Vypustek en Moravie, en plus remarques au sujet de certains os de la grotte de Kreuzberg dans le Carniole. The fossil fauna of the Vypustek cave in Moravia, plus comments on certain bones of the Kreuzberg cave in the Carniola]. Akad. Sitzber., 79 : (Abth. 1) 472-490, Wien ; Anzeiger, 16 : 135-136, Wien.
En allemand, in German.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, Quaternary, faune, fauna, Moravie, République Tchéque, Czech Republic, Carniole, Slovénie, Slovenia.

Lieben S. 1906. Zur Lehre von den Beziehungen der Groshirurinde zu den Pilomotoren. Zentrabl. f. Physiol., XX : 485-486.
En allemand, in German.
Physiologie, physiology, marmotte, marmot, poil, hair, erection.
Chez la marmotte, l'érection des poils de la queue peutêtre provoquée non seulement par l'érection du sympathique, mais aussi par l'excitation d'une zone déterminée de l'écorce cérébrale. M. Mendelssohn, in L'Année biologique 1909.
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Light J. 2001. Marmota monax. Animal Diversity Web, En ligne/On-line, Accessed January 04, 2007 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_monax.html.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, espèce menacée, threatened species.

Lin-Yuguang, Guang-Jiazhen, Wan-Penpeng, Yang-Wenchuan 1982. On the development cycle of the marmot cestode, Paranoplocephala trasversaria, in the intermediate host [Sur le développement du cycle de la cestode des marmottes, Paranoplocephala trasversaria, dans l'hôte intermédiaire]. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 28(3): 262-270.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Helminthes.

Lin-Yuguang, Jian-Xuelian, Guang-Jiazhen, et al. 1983. Studies on the Anoplocephalate cestodes and the Oribatid mite vectors of Moniezia in Ar-Bar Country, Sichuan Province [Etudes des cestodes Anoplocephalate et de l'acarien Oribatide, vecteurs de Moniezia dans le comté d'Ar-Bar, provinde de Sichuan]. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 29(4): 323-332.
Marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Helminthes, Acariens.

Lindberg J., Pichoud C., Gilbert J.M., Vitvitski L, Grimaud J.A., & TRepo C. 1982. Course and outcome of woodchuck hepatitis [Développement et résultat de l'hépatite de la marmotte des bois]. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol., 6 : 805.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, médecine, hépatite, hepatitis.

Lindberg J., Pichoud C., Hantz O., Vitvitski L, Grimaud J.A., Gilbert J.M., Joubert L., Frommel D. & TRepo C. 1985. Woodchuck hepatitis virus infection : serologic and histopathologic course and outcome [Infection par le virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte des bois : évolution sérologique et histopathologique et résultat]. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 4 (1) : 59-61.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, épidémiologie, epidemiology, virus, médecine.

Lindemann & Zelle H. 1952. Zu : Murmeltierprobleme. Der Deutsche Jäger, 70.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Lindner E. 1973. Alpenfliegen. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld, 204 p.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Insecta, Diptera, Mydaea rufinervis, terrier, Burrow, fèces, faeces.

LindsayE.H. 1984. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4(2): 208-215.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Paenemarmota barbouri, Minaca Mesa, Blancan, Chihuahua, Mexico.

Linné Caroli a (Linné Carl von) 1767. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, sinonimis, locis. Tomus I, Pars II, Regnum animale. Holmiae, impensis Laurentii Salvii, Num. BNF, 533-1327.
En latin, in Latin.
marmota, monax p.81.
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Linnaeus 1766.Systemea natura. 12th ed., vol.i, p. 86.
En latin, in Latin.
Sciurus.

Лински В.Н. (Linskii V.N.) 1895. [L'expédition au Gissar de 1895. The Expedition to the Gissar Launched in 1895. The Expedition to the Gissar Launched in 1895]. The Bulletin of the Russian Geographical Society (RGS), St. Petersburg, 33.
En russe, in Russian.

Linzey Donald W. 1995a. Mammals of Great Smoky Mountains National Park [Mammifères du Parc National des Great Smoky Mountains]. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, Virginie, Virginia, EUA, USA.

Липаев В.М. (Lipaev V.M.) 1954. Kobinirovannyi metod boriby s tarbaganom. Izv. Irkoutsjogo PTchI, 13, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica.

Липаев В.М. (Lipaev V.M.) 1959. Tchoumye epizootii na Severo-Bostoke MongoliiMongolii [Epizootie de peste dans le sud-est de la Mongolie. Plague epizooty in the south-eastern Mongolia]. Izv. Irkutskogo PTchI, 21, Irkutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, peste, plague.

Липаев В.М. (Lipaev V.M.) 1966. Materialy po staztsialinomu razmesheniiu gryzunov v stepyakh Sever-Vostotchnoj Mongolii [Matériaux sur la répartition des implantations de rongeurs dans les steppes nord-est de Mongolie. Material on the distribution of the settlments of rodents in the steppes of north-eastern Mongolia]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 26, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Mongolie.

Липаев В.М. (Lipaev V.M.) 1967. Gryzoumy Severo-Vostotchnoï Mongolii v svyazi s ikh znatcheniem v epizootologii tchoumy [Les rongeurs du nord-est de Mongolie et leur importance dans l'épizootie de la peste. Rodents of the north-eastern of Mongolia et their importance in the plague epizooty]. Avtoref. kand. diss. Irkoutskii c.-kh. in-t., Irkoutsk, pp. 21.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Mongolie.

Липаев В.М. (Lipaev V.M.) 1974. O raspredelenii gryzumov i zaïtseobraznykh na territorii Mongolii u granish Iugo-Zapadnoï Tyvy [Sur la répartition des rongeurs et lagomorphes en Mongolie &agrve; proximité du sud-ouest de Touva. On the distribution of rodents and lagomorphs in Mongolia near Tuva]. Problemy osobo opasnykh infektsij, Saratov, 5 (39) : 20-25.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, Mongolie

Липаев В.М. (Lipaev V.M.), Некипелов Н.Б. (Nekipelov N.B.), Подд В.Е. (Podd V.E.), Тарасов П.П. (Tarasov P.P.) & Фирстов Н.И. (Firstov N.I.) 1950. Vremennaya instruktsiya po boribe s tarbaganom v Zabaïkalie [Instructions temporaires pour la lutte contre la marmotte tarbagan dans le Transbaïkal. Provisional instructions fot the fight against the tarbagan marmot in Cis-baikal]. Irkutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, éradiction, eradication, Transbaïkal.

Липаев В.М. (Lipaev V.M.), Тарасов П.П. (Tarasov P.P.) 1952. [Alimentation des oiseaux de proies du sud-est du Transbaïkal (Analyse des fèces). Data on nutrition of predaceous birds in South-East Transbaikalia (by analisis of faeces)]. Izvest. Irkutskogo protivochum. in-ta Sibiri i Dal. Vost., 10: 103-110.
En russe, in Russian.
Oiseaux, birds, prédation, alimentation, diet, Transbaïkal.

Lipecki G. & Woital P. 1998. Mammal remains [Mammifères fossiles]. In Complex of Upper Palaeolihic Sites near Moravany, Western Slovakia, J. K. Kozlowski (Ed.), Vol. 2 Moravany-Lopata (Excavations 1993-1996), Institute of Archaeology - Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Archaeological Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Kraków. Pp.103-126.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, mammifères, mammals, Slovaquie, Slovakia.

Lipecki G. & Wojtal P. 1999. Les restes fauniques du site de Kraków-Spadzista B1 [Fauna remains in the Kraków-Spadzista B1 site].In Les chasseures de mammouths de la vallée Vistule. Kraków-Spadzista B, un site gravettien à amasd'ossments de mammouths, C. Escutenaire, J.K. Koz owski, V. Sitlivy & K. Sobczyk(eds) MonographiedePrèhistoire Generale, 4. Musées Royaux d'Art d'Histoire et Université Jagellon de Cracovie, Bruxells. Pp: 35-37.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pologne, Poland.

Lipps L. & Ray C.E. 1967. The Pleistocene fossiliferous deposit at Ladds, Bartow County, Georgia [Le dépôt fossilifère du Pléistocène de Ladds, Comté de Bartow, Georgia]. Bulletin of the Georgia Academy of Science, 25(3): 113-119.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Miocène, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Marmota monax, Ladds Quarry, Géorgie, Georgia, États-Unis d\'Amérique.

Littré E. 1873. Dictionnaire de la langue française. Tome 1, A - C. Paris, Librairie Hachette et Cie.
En français, in French.
Langue française, French langage, cruellement, cruelly, Buffon, citation, Littré, Émile (1801-1881).
pdf

Лицинов Н.И. (Litsinov N.I.) & Тарасов М.П. (Tarasov M.P.) 1966. Mongoliskii surok v Zabaïkalie [La marmotte de Mongolie du Transbaïkal. The Mongolian marmot in Cis-baikal]. Okhota i okhotnitchie kh-vo, 9.x
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, distribution, Baïkal, Transbaïkal.

Лицинов Н.И. (Litsinov N.I.) & Тарасов М.П. (Tarasov M.P.) 1967. Rasprostranehie mongoliskogo sourka v Pribaïkalie i Zabaïkalie [Répartition de la marmotte de Mongolie dans les régions du Baïkal et du Transbaïkal. Distribution of the Mongolian marmot in Baikal and Cis-baikal regions]. Resoursy fauny sourkob v SSSR, In-t geogr. AN SSSR, M., Nauka.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, distribution, Baïkal, Transbaïkal.

Liu C.Y., Liu Q. & Z. Zhai 1981. On a new species of Macrostylophora and notes on the genus in China [Sur une nouvelle espèce de Macrostylophora et notes sur le genre en Chine]. Entomotaxonomia, 3(1) 23-27.
Insectes, Insects, taxonomie, taxonomy, Chine, China.

Liu G., Wen D. & Huang X. 1990. [Characterization of the expression of LDH isozymes genes during non-hibernation Himalayan marmots]. Yi Chuan Xue Bao, 17(2):130-5.
En chinois, in Chinese.
Marmota himalayana robusta, hibernation.
The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes from heart, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle in Himalayan marmots (Marmota himalayana robusta) in non-hibernation were investigated in the present experiment. The isozyme patterns were analyzed by means of disc electrophoresis and the ultraviolet enzymatic determination. The following conclusions were obtained: 1. It was found that two expression patterns of LDH genes presented in the skeletal muscle of Himalayan marmots. There was a LDH-B4 band only in one marmots and absent in others. The interindividual polymorphism of LDH isozyme patterns may be attribute to one or more regulator genes controlling synthesis of B-subunit of LDH. 2. LDH zymograms of various tissues of Himalayan marmots showed different subbands. This is presumably due to the existence of both symmetrical and asymmetrical conformers of this tetramer.

Liu R. H. 1993. The production of nitric oxide and N-nitrosamines in normal woodchucks, hepatitis virus-infected woodchucks and isolated hepatocytes. Ph.D. Dissertation. Cornell University.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, bioxyde d'azote, nitric oxide.

Liu Rui Hai, Jacob James R., Hotchkiss Joseph H., Cote P.J., Gerin J.L. & Tennant B.C. 1994. Woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen induces nitric oxide synthesis in hepatocytes: possible role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis, 15(12): 2875-2877.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Liu Rui Hai, Jacob James R., Hotchkiss Joseph H. & Tennant B.C. 1993. Synthesis of nitric oxide and nitrosamine by immortalized woodchuck hepatocytes. Carcinogenesis, 14(8): 1609-1613.
En anglais, in English.

Liu Rui Hai, Jacob James R., Tennant Bud C. & Hotchkiss Joseph H. 1992. Nitrite and Nitrosamine Synthesis by Hepatocytes Isolated from Normal Woodchucks (Marmota monax) and Woodchucks Chronically Infected with Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus. Cancer Research, 52, 4139-4143.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
Hepatocytes isolated from woodchucks (Marmota monax) were shown to produce nitrite in vitro from L-arginine after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Hepatocytes isolated from woodchucks that were chronic carriers of woodchuck hepatitis virus formed twice as much nitrite as hepatocytes from noninfected animals. Nitrite synthesis by hepatocytes was directly related to L-arginine and LPS concentrations in the tissue culture medium and reached a plateau at 0.5 mM L-arginine and 1.0 µg/ml LPS. LPS-stimulated hepatocytes nitrosated morpholine to form N-nitrosomorpholine in the presence of L-arginine at a physiological pH of 7.4. There was a 10-fold increase in N-nitrosomorpholine production when hepatocytes were stimulated with LPS compared to unstimulated hepatocytes under similar conditions when both nitrite and morpholine were directly added to the medium. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, a selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, inhibited formation of both nitrite and N-nitrosomorpholine. These results demonstrate that nitrosating agents are formed in hepatocytes via the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. This suggests that endogenous formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds could influence the process of hepatocarcinogenesis in woodchucks with chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection.
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Loibl M.F. 1983. Social and non-social behaviors of arctic marmots, Marmota broweri, housed outdoors. [Comportements sociaux et non-sociaux des marmottes arctiques, M. broweri, logées en extérieur]. Unpubl. M.S. thesis, Univ. Maryland, College Park.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota broweri, éthologie, etology, Maryland, EUA, USA.

Лобанов В.С. (Lobanov V.S.) 1974. [Paramètres internes et caractéristiques de l'âge du système digestif de la marmotte bobac. The intern parameters and age features of the digestive system of the bobak-marmot]. Biol. nauki, Alma-Ata, 1: 71-76.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, digestion, morphologie, morphology.

Лобанов В.С. (Lobanov V.S.) 1982. [Reproduction, classes d'âge et de sexe de la population de marmotte bobac du Kazakhstan central. Reproduction, age and sex structure of bobac population in Central Kazakhstan]. Zhivotny mir Kazakhstana i problemy jego okhrany, Alma-Ata, 114-115.
En russe, in Russian.

Лобанов В.С. (Lobanov V.S.) 1984. Baïbak v Severo-Kazakhstoï oblasti [Marmotte bobac dans le nord du Kazakhstan]. Izutchenie i okhrana zapovednykh obiektov, Alma-Ata.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, distribution, Kazakhstan.

Лобанов В.С. (Lobanov V.S.) & Спиридонов А. (Spiridonov A.) 1985. Baïbak v Pavlodarskoïoblasti. Okhota i Okhotn. Kh-vo, 3(19).
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, distribution.

Lobley J. Logan 1908. The American fauna and its origin [La faune américaine et son origine]. Jour. Victoria Inst., XL 190-221.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota.

Locard Arnould 1888. Catalogue descriptif des Mammifères qui vivent dans le département du Rhône et les régions avoisinantes [Descriptive catalog of mammals living in the Rhône department and the neighbouring regions]. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 35 : 1.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota marmota, fossiles, rfemains, Rhône, France.

Locari 1873. Sur la présence d’ossements humains dans les brèches osseuses de la Corse [On human bone presence in the bone breccias of Corse]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 76 : 379-381.
En français, in French.
pdf
Paléontologie, paleontology, brèche, breccia, Lagomys corsicanus, Myoxus glis, Mus sylvaticus, Canis vulpes, Ovis musimon, Perdrix, Helix broccardiana, Zonites obscuratus, Monodonta Olivieri, Patella vulgata, Patella Bonardi, Venus decussata, homme, man, Corse.

Loeb Jonathan Edward 2000. Uses and mechanism of the woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element in the enhancement of gene expression. PhD University of California, San Diego, 120 pages.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte commune ou américaine, hépatite, hepatitis.
The woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE) is a cis-acting RNA sequence which evolved to enhance the expression of intronless viral messages. The WPRE is composed of three modular subelements, each contributing to its ability to localize unspliced messages to the cytoplasm. To determine whether the ability of the WPRE to enhance expression could be useful in non-viral and heterologous viral gene delivery systems, we analyzed the ability of the WPRE to elevate the expression of cDNA encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in these contexts. We find that the WPRE can stimulate the expression of GFP when the gene is delivered by transfection or transduction with recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) to cell lines or to primary fibroblasts. To elucidate the mechanism of enhancement, we analysed nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA fractions of transduced or stably transfected cell lines. We find that the presence of the WPRE causes a significant increase in the levels of GFP RNA detected in both cellular compartments, independent of copy number. Analysis of RNA reveals an increase in poly(A) tail length to the physiological maximum on messages bearing the WPRE. This increase is established in the nucleus. We compared the tail lengths of messages containing the WPRE and other characterized viral export elements, revealing that the WPRE is unique both in its ability to maximize poly(A) tail length and in its ability to enhance expression. The WPRE maximizes poly(A) tail length independently of the identity of the polyadenylation signal or promoter. In addition to increasing the maximum tail length on a given message, the WPRE protects messages from deadenylation in the cytoplasm. Mutational analysis of the WPRE indicates a correlation of maximized and maintained poly(A) tail length with the enhancement of expression conferred by the WPRE, and assigns these functions to different cis-acting sequences within the WPRE. The chain-terminating adenosine analog cordycepin specifically antagonizes the effect of the WPRE on cytoplasmic poly(A) tail length, suggesting that the WPRE facilitates continued polyadenylation. These results suggest that the WPRE positively affects gene expression in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments by influencing the 3′ metabolism of messages.

Loew 1872. Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Berl. Ent. Z., 49.
Rat des prairies, Cynomys, Insectes, Insects, Microcavernicole, terrier, burrow.

Логачев Е.Д. (Logachev E.D.) & БатЬкаев А.Л. (Bat'kaev A.L.) 1979. [Marmota bobac, nouvel hôte intermédiaire d'Echinococcus multilocularis. Marmota bobac, a new intermediate host of Echinococcus multilocularis.Voprosy Prirodnoi Ochagovosti Boleznei, 10: 133-141.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, parasitologie, parasitology.

Logan Lloyd E. 1983. Paleoecological implications of the mammalian fauna of Lower Sloth Cave, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas [Implications paléoécologiques de la faune mammalienne de la grotte Lower Sloth, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas. NSS Bull., 45 : 3-11.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, mexicana, paléontologie, paleontology, Texas, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Lohrengel B., Lu M. & Roggendorf M. 2000.Expression and purification of woodchuck tumour necrosis factor alpha. Cytokine, 12(6): 573-7, ISSN: 1043-4666.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
The production of recombinant woodchuck cytokines is an essential prerequisite to study the immune response to hepadnavirus infection in the woodchuck model. Woodchuck tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was expressed in mammalian cells and in Escherichia coli. A test system for the biological activity of woodchuck TNF-alpha was established on basis of its cytotoxic effect to the murine fibrosarcoma cell line L929. Recombinant TNF-alpha was purified and used for the production of neutralizing antisera.

Lom Bertrand de 1855. Gisement de gemmes et de fossiles découverts récemment dans des communes de la Haute-Loire. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, 40 : 885-887.
En français, in French.
Géologie, geology, paléontologie, paléontologie, Taulhac, Bessac, Cerey, Haut-Loire, France.
pdf disponible/available.

Lonchampt, M-C. 1999. Contribution à l'étude préventive et curative des cancers hépatocellulaires viro-induits, par l'utilisation d'antiviraux : intérêt du modèle marmotte [Contribution to the preventive and cuurative study of hepatocellular viro-induced cancers, with antivirals: adavantage of the marmot model].Thèse Vétérinaire, Lyon 1.
En français, in French.
Marmota, virus, hépatite, hepatits,thérapie, therapy.

London W.T. 1979. Observations on hepatoma. Monograph, 455-458.; No abstract available.
En anglais, in English.

Long G. 1833. The penny cyclopædia of the Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge. Vol. XV ; Massagetae – Muridae. Charles Knight & Co, London.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys Empetra, Arctomys Marmota.
pdf.

Longet François-Achille 1842. Anatomie et physiologie du système nerveux de l'homme et des animaux vertébrés : ouvrage contenant des observations pathologiques relatives au système nerveux et des expériences sur les animaux des classes supérieures [Anatomy and physiology of the nervous system of humans and animals: work containing pathological observations on the nervous system and experiments on animals of the upper classes]. Tome 1. Paris, Fortin, Masson et Cie, 934 p., in-8, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Physiologie, physiology, neuroanatomie, neuroanatomy, protubérance annulaire, pons varolii, tubercules quadrijumeaux, quadrijeminal bodies, glande pinéale, pineal gland, marmotte, marmot.
Available pdf disponible

Lopez E. 2003. Les coléoptères commensaux des terriers de marmottes : approches écologiques et évolutives [Commensal of the beetles of marmot burrows : ecological and evolutive approaches]. Mémoire de DEA Écologie des systèmes continentaux, Université Toulouse III, Réserve naturelle d’Eyn, Naturalia eynensia, 6: 1-30.
En français, in French.
Entomologie, entomology, terrier, burrow, Marmota marmota, coléoptères, beetle, réserve naturelle, natural reserve, Pyrénées-Orientales, France.

Lorius C. & Duplessy J.C. 1977. Les changements climatiques [The climatic variations]. La Recherche, 83(8): 947-955.
En français, in French.
Climat.

Lortet & Chantre 1872. Etudes paléontologiques dans le bassin du Rhône [Paleontologic studies in the Rhône Basin]. Arch. Mus. Hist. nat. Lyon, 1 : 76-129.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota primigenia, Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.

Lory 1882. Caverne à ossements de Presle (Isère) [The bone cave of Presle (Isère). Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, 10 : 348. In Revue des travaux scientifiques, 1883 : 234-235.
En français, in French.
pdf. Paléontologie, paleontology, caverne, cave, Ursus spelaeus, Isère, France.

Loti Pierre 1891. Le roman d'un enfant. Calmann-Lévy, Paris, 314 p. 1961, INALF, Paris, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, marmotter, to mumble, Loti Pierre (1850-1923).
Extrait/Extract pdf

Louarn H. & Saint Girons M.-S. 1977. Les rongeurs de France [The Rodents of france]. Paris : INRA, pp. 164.
En français, in French.
Rongeurs, France.

Loudon Jane 1850. The entertaining naturalist- Being popular descriptions, tales, and anecdotes of more than five hundred animals [Le naturaliste amusant]. H.G. Bohn, London, 544 pages.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, Arctomys marmotta, alpine rat.
Extrait/Extract pdf

Louis S. 1996. Dérangement humain et mammifères sauvages : synthèse bibliographique [Human disturbance on wildlife: bibliographic review]. 4ème Journée d'Étude sur la Marmotte Alpine, Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. eds. : 21-30.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Marmotte alpine, Marmota marmota, dérangement anthropique, habituation. Mammals, Alpine marmot, human disturbance, habituation.

Louis S. 1999. Influence de la pression humaine sur la répartition spatiale de la marmotte alpine. [Effect of human pressure on spatial distribution in Alpine marmot]. In 5ème Journée d'Étude de la marmotte : 75-82.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, dérangement anthropique, human disturbance.
Pdf

Louis S., Giboulet O. & Semenov Yu. (Луи С., Жибуле о., Семенов Ю. ) 2002.. History of cohabitation of humans and marmots: the case of AUssois, Savoie, France. История взаимоотношений между человеком и сурком в ассуа, савой, франция. [Istoriya vzaimootnocheniï mezhfu tchelovekom i surkom v Assua, Savoï, Frantsiya. Histoire de la cohabitation homme-marmotte: cas d'Aussois (Savoie, France)]. In Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF and International, Marmot Network, Moscow, 249-254.
En anglais et en russe, résumé en français ; in English and Russian, French abstract.
Marmota, biodiversité, biodiversity, Eurasie, Eurasia.
Pdf

Louis S. & M. Le Berre 1996. Impact de la pression anthropique sur la marmotte alpine. Influence of anthropic pressure on the Alpine marmot. In 3ème Journée d'Etude sur la marmotte alpine, Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre eds., Réseau International sur la Marmotte, Lyon, 59-66.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, accoutumance, anthropisation, prédation, Alpes, Alps.

Louis S. & Le Berre M. (Луи С., Ле Бэр М.) 1997. Человек,как беспокоящтй фактор, и дикая природа: ситуация применительно к европейскому сурку. Предварительные результаты. Human disturbance and wildlife : Alpine marmot's case-preliminary results [Tchelovek, kak bespokoyachtchiï faktor, i dikaya priroda: sitoutsiya primenitel'no k evropeïskomou sourkou. Predvaritel'nye rezoultaty. Dérangement humain et vie sauvage : le cas de la marmotte alpine. Résultats préliminaires]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Брандлер О.С. (Brandler O.V.) eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 61 (Rousskie, Russian), 165 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota marmota, dérangement.

Louis S. & Le Berre M. 1997b. Visitors impact on Alpine marmot foraging behaviour [Impact des visiteurs sur l'affouragement de la marmotte alpine]. Journal of Wildlife Research, 2: 133-136.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, dérangement, alimentation..
A study of alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) foraging behaviour was carried out in the French Alps under different anthropogenic pressures. Two sites were compared: the Vallon and the Plan. More human pressure was experienced by marmots living in the Vallon with a peak of hikers between 2 and 4:30 p.m. Marmots living at Plan were less in contact with people. Marmot foraging time was longer in Plan, but this difference was compensated from 9:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. In September, no hiking was observed and there was no difference in the foraging duration between the two sites. Visitors impact on foraging behaviour of marmots habituated to human pressure is not very important and marmots are able to adapt to exogenous pressure.

Louis S. & Le Berre M. 2000. Adjustment of flight distances in Marmota marmota [Ajustement des distances de fuite à l'homme chez Marmota marmota]. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78 : 1-9.
En anglais, in English.
Flight distance is the quantitative measurement of the reactivity and response of an animal to a disturber or predator. Flight distance seems to vary with group size, distance to shelter, and direction of predator approach. We suggest that other factors may influence flight distance, such as frequency of interactions, presence of a dog with the experimenter, presence of pups in the family group outside the burrows, time of day, and number of animals on the home range outside the burrows. We tested these factors on alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) and bobac marmots (Marmota bobac). Alert and flight distances and exit delays are shorter in groups with frequent interactions and in nonhunted groups (M. marmota). The presence of a dog with the experimenter increased alert and flight distances. The presence of pups outside the burrows during the experiment caused an increase in alert and flight distances and in exit delays. Alert and flight distances decreased during the day. A positive correlation was found between alert and flight distances. Alpine marmots emit very few alarm calls in response to the presence of humans. These results correlated with the hypothesis of accommodation of wildlife to human interactions. Marmots adjust their flight distance, which enables them to maintain certain behaviours in spite of the presence of humans.
La distance de fuite est une mesure quantitative de la réaction et de la réponse d'un animal à une perturbation ou un prédateur. Les distances de fuite semblent varier avec la taille des groupes, la distance au terrier, et la direction de l'approche par le prédateur. Nous suggérons que d'autres facteurs peuvent influencer les distances de fuite, tels que la fréquence des interactions, la présence de chien avec l'expérimentateur, la présence de jeunes dans le groupe, la période de la journée, le nombre d'animaux avec l'animal testé. Nous avons testé ces facteurs sur des marmottes alpines (Marmota marmota) et des marmottes bobacs (Marmota bobac). Les distances d'alerte et de fuite ainsi que les délais de sortie sont plus courts dans les groupes souvent soumis à des interactions et non chassés (M. marmota). La présence du chien avec l'expérimentateur provoque une augmentation des distances d'alerte et de fuite. La présence de marmottons à l'extérieur pendant l'expérience provoque une augmentation des distance d'alerte, de fuite et des délais de sortie. Les distances d'alerte et de fuite diminuent au cours de la journée. Les marmottes alpines émettent très peu de cris d'alarme vis-à-vis de l'homme. Ces résultats corroborent les hypothèses d'accoutumance des animaux sauvages aux interactions avec l'homme. Les marmottes ajustent leurs distances de fuite, ce qui leur permet de maintenir certains comportements malgré la présence humaine.

Louis S. & Le Berre M. (Луи С., Ле Бэр М.) 2002. Human disturbance and wildlife: preliminary results from the alpine marmot. Bespokoïstvo ot tcheloveka i dikie jivotnye : sloutchaï s al’piïskim sourkom (predavaritel’nye rezoul’taty).Dérangement anthropique et faune sauvage : exemple de la marmotte alpine (Résultats préliminaires).In Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF and International, Marmot Network, Moscow,255-262.
En anglais et en russe, résumé en français ; in English and Russian, French abstract.
Marmota marmota, dérangement, disturbance.
Une première étude a été conduite sur le comportement alimentaire de la marmotte alpine en relation avec le dérangement humain, comme l’alimentation est essentielle pour la survie. Une seconde étude a été menée sur tous les autres comportements, et plus spécialement sur le comportement social (jeu, marquage, interactions), pour cette espèce territoriale et sédentaire qui vit en groupe familial. Les premiers résultats semblent indiquer que l’habituation des marmottes aux hommes leur permet de conserver tous leur comportement, comme les différences entre les groupes dérangés et non dérangés ne sont pas significatives. Comme la plupart des animaux, les marmottes semblent être habituées à la présence des hommes sur le sentier. La stratégie d’occupation spatiale pendant le jour doit être étudiée pour comprendre les mécanismes qui permettent cette habituation.
Extrait/Extract pdf

Louis S., Semenov Yu. & Giboulet O. (Луи С., Семенов Ю., Жибуле О. ) 1997. Люди-сурки,.тстория совместного обитания: случай применителбно к Ассуа (Савойя, франция). Human-marmots cohabitation history: the case of Aussois (Savoie, France). [Lyudi - sourki, istoriya sovmestnogo obitaniya: sloutchaï primenitel'no k Assoua (Savoïya, Frantsiya). Histoire de la cohabitation humain marmotte : le cas d'Aussois (Savoie, France)]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Брандлер О.С. (Brandler O.V.) eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 61 (Rousskie, Russian), 166 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota marmota, histoire, history, France.
Un équilibre existe entre les populations de proies et de prédateurs. Les animaux ajustent leur comportement pour réduire la prédation et permettre la survie de l’espèce, et les prédateurs prélèvent uniquement ce qui leur est nécessaire pour éviter l’épuisement de leur source d’alimentation. Selon certains auteurs, la faune sauvage est menacée par le dérangement humain car il est trop récent et les animaux ne sont pas habitués. Dans cet article, nous tentons de suivre les relations entre l’homme et les marmottes dans un village de Savoie (France) pour démontrer que cette cohabitation n’est pas si récente et que dans ce site, les marmottes peuvent s’habituer au dérangement humain.

Лукашкин А.С. (Loukachkin, Lukashkin Anatoly S.) 1937. Mammals collected by the Dalai-Khingan Zoological Expedition of the Manchuria Research Institute at Harbin in 1935 (Preliminary report) [Mammifères récoltés par l’expédition zoologique du Dalai-Khingan de l’Institut de recherche de Mandchourie à Harbin en 1935]. Bull. of Institute of Scientific Research, Manchoukuo, 1(2):59-67, 6 figs. Hsinking, Manchuria.
Expéditin, expedition, mammifères, mammals.

Лукашкин А.С. (Loukachkin, Lukashkin Anatoly S.) 1937. [[Sur la protection de la vie sauvage du Mandchoukouo. On the protection of wild life of Manchukuo]. Bull. Institute of Scientific Research, Manchoukuo, 1(Z) :89-95, Hsinking, Manchuria.
Faune sauvage, wildlife, conservation, Mandchoukouo, Mandchourie.

Лукашкин А.С. (Loukachkin, Lukashkin Anatoly S.) 1937. [La tarbagan ou marmotte de sibérie. Tarbagan or Siberian Marmot]. North Manchurian Economic Board of the South Manchuria Railway Company. 1937, Harbin, Manchuria, pp. 1-5, 1-98, 1-16, 12 pls., 1 map. 1937.
En japonais, in Japanese.
Marmota camtschatica, Sibérie, Siberia.

Лукашкин А.С. (Loukachkin, Lukashkin Anatoly S.) 1937. The mammals of North Manchuria [Les mammifères du Nord de la Mandchourie]. Jour. Mamm., 18(3); 327-332, 1 map.
Mammifères, mammals, Mandchourie, Manchuria.

Лукашкин А.С. (Loukachkin, Lukashkin Anatoly S.) 1937. The Tarbagan or the Transbaikalian Marmot as a carrier of plague [La tarbagan ou la marmotte de Transbaïkalie, porteuse de la peste]. Comptes rendus du XIIe Congrès International de Zoologie, Lisbonne, 1935. Vol. III, Section X: Parasitologie. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, 6-A: 2097-2111.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota camtschatica, parasitologie, parasitology, peste, plague.

Лукашкин А.С. (Loukachkin, Lukashkin Anatoly S.) 1937. The Tarbagan or the Transbaikalian Marmot and its economic value [La tarbagan ou la marmotte du Transbaïkal et sa valeur économique]. Comptes rendus du XIIe Congrès International de Zoologie, Lisbonne, 1935. Vol. III, Section XI: Zoologie Appliquée. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, 6-A: 2233-2294.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota camtschatica, gestion, management.

Лукашкин А.С. (Loukachkin, Lukashkin Anatoly S.) 1938. Mammals found in the territory of the Greater Harbin [Mammifères trouvés dans le territoire du Grand Harbin]. Report of Institute of Scientific Research, Manchukuo, II(2):111-122, 6 pls., 3 figs., 1 map.
Mammifères, mammals, Mandchourie, Manchuria.

Лукашкин А.С. (Loukachkin, Lukashkin Anatoly S.) 1938. [Animaux à fourrures des steppes de Barga. Fur-bearing wild animals on the Barga Steppes]. Contemporary Manchuria ,II(6):60-84, 3 pls., 1 map, Tokyo, Japan.
En japonais, in Japanese.
Fourrure, fur, Manchourie, Manchuria.

Лукашкин А.С. (Loukachkin, Lukashkin Anatoly S.) 1939. [Mammifères à fourrure et gibier de la Mandchourtie septentrionale. Fur and game mammals of North Manchuria]. North Manchurian Economic Board of the South Manchuria Railway Company, 1939, pp. 1-6, 1-473, 1 pl., 69 text figs., 1 map, Tokyo, Japan.
En japonais, in Japanese.
Mammifères, mammals, fourrure, fur, Manchourie, Manchuria.

Лукашкин А.С. (Loukachkin, Lukashkin Anatoly S.) 1974.Mongolian elements in mammalian fauna of Northern Manchuria [Eléments mongoliens de la faune des mammifères de Mandchourie septentrionale. Résumé]. Abstracts of the First International Theriological Congress in Moscow, June , 1974.
En anglais et en russe, in English and Russian.
Faune, fauna, Mandchourie, Manchuria.

Лукашкин А.С. (Loukachkin, Lukashkin Anatoly S.) 1975. [Eléments mongoliens de la faune des mammifères de Mandchourie septentrionale. Texte complet. Mongolian elements in mammalian fauna of Northern Manchuria (full text)]. Zoologicheskiy Journal, 54(10):1578-1581, October 1975.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mandchourie, Manchuria.

Loven Judy 2000. Woodchucks [Marmotte commune d’Amérique]. Animal damage management, Perdue University. http://icwdm.org/wildlife/woodchuck/woodchuck.asp
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, piège, trap, chasse, shooting.Extrait/Extract pdf

Lowery George H. 1974. The mammals of Louisiana and its adjacent waters [Les mammifères de Louisiane et des zones avoisinantes]. Louisiana State Univ. Press, Baton Rouge, 565 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota, Louisiane, EUA, USA, Lowery George H. jr. 1913-1978.

Лозан М.Н. (Lozan M.N.) 1969. Osnovnye mesto-nakhojdeniya v Moldavii ostatkov melkikh mlekopitayuchtchikh pozdnego pleïstotsena i golotsena i ikh faouny [Principales localités des dépôts de petits mammifères fossiles du pléistocène supérieur e de l'holocène et leurs faunes. Moldavie Main localities in Moldaviya of small mammals remains of upper pleistocene and holocene and their fauna]. Izv. AN MSSR. Ser. biol. i khim. naouk, 1.News of Sc. Acad. Mold. SSR, seria biol., chem.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Moldavie.

Лозан М.Н. (Lozan M.N.) 1970. Gryzuny Moldavii. Istorija stanovlemija fauny i ekologija recentnich vidov. Tom 1. [Rongeurs de Moldavie. Rodents of Moldavia. Vol. 1]. Akademia Nauk MoSSR, Kisinev. 170 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Rongeurs, rodents, Moldavie, Moldavia.

Lu M., Hilken G., Yang D., Kemper T. & Roggendorf M. 2001. Replication of naturally occurring woodchuck hepatitis virus deletion mutants in primary hepatocyte cultures and after transmission to naive woodchucks. J. Virol., 75(8): 3811-3818.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, woodchuck, virus, hépatite, hepatitis.
Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) mutants with core internal deletions (CID) occur naturally in chronically WHV-infected woodchucks, as do hepatitis B virus mutants in humans. We studied the replication of WHV deletion mutants in primary woodchuck hepatocyte cultures and in vivo after transmission to naive woodchucks. By screening 14 wild-caught, chronically WHV-infected woodchucks, two woodchucks, WH69 and WH70, were found to harbor WHV CID mutants. Consistent with previous results, WHV CID mutants from both animals had deletions of variable lengths (90 to 135 bp) within the middle of the WHV core gene. In woodchuck WH69, WHV CID mutants represented a predominant fraction of the viral population in sera, normal liver tissues, and to a lesser extent, in liver tumor tissues. In primary hepatocytes of WH69, the replication of wild-type WHV and CID mutants was maintained at least for 7 days. Although WHV CID mutants were predominant in fractions of cellular WHV replicative intermediates, mutant covalently closed circular DNAs (cccDNAs) appeared to be a small part of cccDNA-enriched fractions. Analysis of cccDNA-enriched fractions from liver tissues of other woodchucks confirmed that mutant cccDNA represents only a small fraction of the total cccDNA pool. Four naive woodchucks were inoculated with sera from woodchuck WH69 or WH70 containing WHV CID mutants. All four woodchucks developed viremia after 3 to 4 weeks postinoculation (p.i.). They developed anti-WHV core antigen (WHcAg) antibody, lymphoproliferative response to WHcAg, and anti-WHV surface antigen. Only wild-type WHV, but no CID mutant, was found in sera from these woodchucks. The WHV CID mutant was also not identified in liver tissue from one woodchuck sacrificed in week 7 p.i. Three remaining woodchucks cleared WHV. Thus, the presence of WHV CID mutants in the inocula did not significantly change the course of acute self-limiting WHV infection. Our results indicate that the replication of WHV CID mutants might require some specific selective conditions. Further investigations on WHV CID mutants will allow us to have more insight into hepadnavirus replication.

Лудовина К ; (Ludovina, Loudovina K.) 2004. Омелянивна средообразующая диялрнистъ степового бабака (Marmota bobac Mull.) и вплив антропогенной трансформаций на його биоресурсы в степах Пивденного Орала [Omelïanivna Sredoobrazouïouchtchaïa diïal’nist’ stepnogo babaka (Marmota bobac Mull.) i vpliv antropogennoï transformatsiï na ïougo bioresoursy v stepakh Pivdennogo Ouralou]. Dis. kand. biol. Naouk., Orenbourg.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac.

Ludwig J. & Davis D.E. 1975. An improved woodchuck trap [Un piège à marmotte amélioré]. J. Wildlife Manag., 39 : 439-442.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, méthodologie, methodology, capture.

Luini P.V. 1992. Survey on the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota marmota) in the natural park of Paneveggio - Pale of San Martino (Eastern Alps) [Aperçu sur la marmotte alpine (M. m. marmota) dans le parc naturel de Paneveggio-Plae de San Martino]. Proc. 1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 151-155.
En italien et en anglais, in Italian and in English.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, cognition.

Луковчев Ю.С. (Loukovtsev, Lukovtzev Yu.S.) 1986. [Black-capped marmot in Yakutia. Matériaux pour le dénombrement de la marmotte à tête noire dans les montagnes du nord-est de la Yakoutie]. In 4th Conf. All-Union Theriol. Soc., abstr., Moscow, 1: 270.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, Yakoutie.

Луковчев Ю.С. (Loukovtsev, Lukovtzev Yu.S.) 1994. Ekologiya polevok gor osevoï tchasti verkhoyanskogo khrebta (severo-vostotchnaya Yakoutia). Thèse, Novosibirsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Ecologie, ecology, montagne, mountain, Sibérie, Siberia.

Луковчев Ю.С. (Loukovtsev, Lukovtzev Yu.S.), Перфилиев В.И. (Perfiliev V.I.), Яковлев Ф.Г. (akovlev, Yakovlev F.G.) & Василиев В.Н. (Vasiliev V.N.) 1990. Chernoshapochnyi sourok v Oust-Lenskom zapovednike [The Black-capped Marmot in Ust-Lensky Reserve]. Resoursy jivotnogo mira Sibiri [In Resources of Animals of SiberiaNovosibirsk].
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, Yakoutie, Yakutia.

Луковчев Ю.С. (Loukovtsev, Lukovtzev Yu.S.), Перфилиев В.И. (Perfiliev V.I.), Яковлев Ф.Г. (akovlev, Yakovlev F.G.), Василиев В.Н. (Vasiliev V.N.). 1990. Chernoshapochnyi sourok v Oust-Lenskom zapovednike [La marmotte à tête noire dans la réserve naturelle de l'Ust-Léna. The black-capped marmot in Ust-Lena nature reserve]. Resoursy jivotnogo mira Sibiri [In Resources of Siberia fauna], Novosibirsk: 261-263.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, Yakoutie, Yakutia.

Луковчев Ю.С. (Loukovtsev, Lukovtzev Yu.S.) & Василиев И.С. (Vasiliev I.S.) 1989. [Sur le nombre de rétablissement de Marmota camtschatica en Yakoutie. On question of number restoration Marmota camchatica in Yakutiya]. Mater. Vsesoyuzn. soveshc. po probleme kadastra i oucheta jivotn. mira. Tez. dokl. Ufa, 2: 242.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, Yakoutie, Yakutia.

Луковчев Ю.С. (Loukovtsev, Lukovtzev Yu.S.) & Василиев В.Н. (Vasiliev V.N.). 1992.La marmota camtschatica Pall. in Yakutia (Nord-Est della Russia). The black-capped marmot (Marmota camtschatica Pall.) in Yakutia (the north-eastern part of the USSR). [La marmotte à tête noire (Marmot camtschatica Pall.) en Yakoutie (nord-est de l'URSS).] Proc. 1st International Symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota ) and on Genus Marmota, Bassano et al., 231-232.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Marmota Camtschatica, Yakoutie, Yakutia.

Луковчев Ю.С. (Loukovtsev, Lukovtzev Yu.S.) & F.G. Yakovlev 1994. Effectif des marmottes à tête noire (Marmota camtschatica Pall.) en Yakoutie. Number of the black-capped marmot (Marmota camschatica Pall.) in Yakutia. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 90-91.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota camtschatica, densité, density, Yakoutie, Yakutia.
In 1950s the number of black- capped marmot was being estimated as 80.000 individuals in the Northern-Eastern Yakutian mountains. The density of their population was characterized by a mean value which is equal to 25 individuals on 100 km² of relative natural territory (Kapitonov, 1978). The received results of investigations show that M. Camschatica populations density is very low now- 9 individuals on 100 km². These data are evidence of the fact that only about 30.000 marmots dwell in Northern-Eastern Yakutia. The marmot number is no more than several hundreds in Southern Yakutia. So it turned out that the present number of black-capped marmot is lower for 2, 3 times on the whole than it had been named to be 4 decades ago. The species number lowering is to be observed almost everywhere. It is evidence of obvious degradation of black-capped marmot Yakutian population.

Луковчев Ю.С. (Loukovtsev, Lukovtzev Yu.S.) & F.G. Yakovlev 1996. Effectifs de la marmotte à tête noire (Marmota camtschatica Pall.) en Yakoutie. Number of the black-capped marmot (Marmota camtschatica Pall.) in Yakutia. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes/Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, .241-242.
En français et anglais, in French and English.
Marmota camtschatica, distribution, dénombrement, census, Yakoutie, Yakutia, Russie, Russia.

Lumaret J.-P. & Jay-Robert P. 1998. Étude des Coléoptères coprophages [Study of the coprophagan beetles]. Université Montpellier III, Réserve Naturelle de Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste.
En français, in French.
Entomologie, entomology, terrier, burrow, Marmota marmota, coléoptères, beetle, réserve naturelle, natural reserve, Pyrénées-Orientales, France.

Lumley H. de 1965. Evolution des climats quaternaires d'après le remplissage des grottes de Provence et du Langedoc méditerranéen [Evolution of quaternary climates according to the fillings of the Caves of Provence and mediterranean Langedoc]. A.F.E.Q., 2 : 165-170.
En français, in French.
Climat, climate, Provence, Languedoc, France.

Lumley-Woodyear Henry de 1969. In Le paléolithique inférieur et moyen du midi méditerranéen dans son cadre géologique, Tome I. Ligurie-Provence, Supplément Gallia Préhistoire, Paris, CNRS.
Paléontologie, paleontology, faune, fauna, grotte du Tonneau, Tonneau Cave, La Bouilladisse, Bouches-du-Rhône, France.
Extrait/Extract pdf

Lumley H. De, Gagniere S., Barral L. & Pascal R. 1963. La grotte du Vallonet, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin (Alpes-Maritimes) [The Vallonet Cave, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin (Alpes-Maritimes)]. Bull. Mus. Anthrop. Préh. Monaco, 10.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Alpes-Maritimes, France.

Lumley de H., Guerrier E. & Fournier A. 1972. Évolution du paysage et du climat pendant le Würmien II en Languedoc méditerranéen [Landscape and climate evolution during the Wurm II in mediterranean Langedoc]. Etudes Quaternaires, Mémoire n°1.
En français, in French.
Paysage, landscape, climat, climate, Würm, Wurm.

Lumley H. de, J.C. Miskovsky, J. Renault-Miskovsky 1977. Grotte de Lazaret [The Lazaret Cave]. Bull. liaison du CRDP de Nice, biologie-géologie, 14 : 107.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, France.

Lundrigan B. & Mueller M. 2003. Marmota camtschatica (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed March 28, 2006 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_camtschatica.html.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota camtschatica, espèce menacée, threatened species.

Lutwick L.I, Hebert M.B. & Sklamberg T. 1982. Specificity of hepatitis B virus affinity for human hepatic tissue. J. Med. Virol., 9(2): 101-109.
En anglais, in English.

Using radiolabeled purified hepatitis B surface antigen and human liver slices, the affinity of hepatitis B virus to its host organ was evaluated. Saturable adsorption of the 125I-HBs Ag complex to liver was demonstrated over both time and complex concentration which could be blocked by excess unlabeled antigen. The specific binding was not found using human pancreas, lung, or kidney tissue. Correspondingly, no specific binding could be found for murine liver but it could be demonstrated with woodchuck liver. The woodchuck is a natural host for one of the newly described hepatitis B-like viruses which is antigenically cross-reactive with the B virus.

Lutwick L.I., Hebert M.B. & Sywassink J.M. 1981. Cross-reaction between the hepatitis B and woodchuck hepatitis viruses [Contre réaction entre l'hépatite B et les virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte des bois]. In Viral hepatitis, Szmuness W., Alter H. & Maynard J., Intern. Symp. Philadelphia : Franklin Institute Press, 711-712.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, épidémiologie, epidemiology, virus, Médecine.

Лувсандендев А. (Louvsandendev, Luvsandendev A., ed.) 1982. [Contes nationaux de Mongolie. Mongolian national tales]. Ulan-Bator, 28-29.
En Mongol, in Mongolian.
Marmotte, marmot, ethnozoologie, ethnozoology.

ЛЬвова В.И. (L'vova V.I.) 1945. [Mammifères de la vallée du Gissar et des montagnes voisines. Mammals of the Gissar Valley and adjacent mountain regions]. Proceedings of the Tadjik Base of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Leningrad, 12.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, gissar, tadjikistan, Tajikistan.

ЛЬвова А.Н. (L'vova A.N.) 1952. [Le règne animal en Tchouvachie. Animal Kingdom of the Chuvash Republic]. Cheboksary, Chuvash Publish. House, 113-12l.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, République Tchouvache, chuvash republik, Russie, Russia.

Ляпунова Е.А. (Lïapounova, Lyapunova E.A.), Бойескоров Г.Г. (Boïeskorov, Boyeskorov G.G.) & Ворончов Н.Н. (Vorontsov N.N.) 1992. Marmota camtschatica Pall. Un elemento neartyico tra le marmotte paleartiche. Marmota camtschatica Pall. - Nearctic element in palearctic Marmota fauna. Proc. 1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 185-191.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Marmota camtschatica, faunistique, fauna, paléarctique.

Ляпунова Е.А. (Lïapounova, Lyapunova E.A.) & Брандлер О.С. (Brandler O.V.) 2002a. Study of remote hybridization in Palearctic marmots (Marmota, Sciuridae, Rodentia) based on molecular genetic data. Etude d'hybridation éloignée chez les marmottes paléarctiques (Marmota, Sciuridae, Rodentia) sur la base de données de génétique moléculaire. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 84-85.
En anglais et français, in English and French.
Marmota, palearctic marmots, marmottes paléarctiques, hybridization, hybridation, molecular genetics, génétique moléculaire.

Ляпунова Е.А. (Lïapounova, Lyapunova E.A.) & Ворончов Н.Н. (Vorontsov N.N.) 1969. Novyie dannyie o khromosomakh evraziyskikh surkov [Dernières données sur les chromosomes des marmottes eurasiennes. New data on the chromosomes of Eurasian marmots. In Les Mammifères : Evolution, Caryologie, Systématique et faunistique. The Mammals (Evolution, Karyology, Taxonomy, Fauna. N.N. Voronstov ed.]. Sb. Mlekopitaiusheniye. Evolutsiya, kariologiya, faunnistika, sistematika. Tezisy k-2mm Vseoyuzn. soveshelniyn po mlekapitaiushchim, Novosibirsk, 36-40.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, génétique, genetic, systématique.

Ляпунова Е.А. (Lïapounova, Lyapunova E.A.) & Жолнеровская Е.И. (Zholnerovskaya, Jolnerovskaïa E.I.)1969. Khromosomnye nabory nekotorykh belich'ikh (Sciuridae) [Les chromosomes de quelques écureuils (Sciuridae). Chromosomes of some squirrels (Sciuridae). In Mlekopitayuchtchie (evolyutskia, kariologiya, sistematika, faounistika), Mat. II Vsesoyuz. soveshsch. po mlekopitayuchtchim, Novosibirsk, 57-59.
En russe, in Russian.
Sciuridae, génétique.

Lydekker Richard 1885. Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum, (Natural History). Part 1. Containing the Orders Primates, Chiroptera, Insectivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia [Catalogue des mammifères fossiles au British Museum, (Histoire naturelle). Partie 1. Odre des Primates, Chiroptères, Insectivores, Carnivores et Rongeurs]. British Museum.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Arctomys marmotta, p.214.

Lyman C.P. & Chatfield P.O. 1953. Hibernation and cortical electrical activity in woodchuck (Marmota monax) [Hibernation et activité corticale électique chez la marmotte des bois (M. monax)]. Science, 117 (3046): 533-534.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, hibernation, cerveau, brain.

Lyman C.P. & Chatfield P.O. 1955. Physiology of hibernation in mammals [Physiologie de l'hibernation chez les mammifères]. Physiol. Rev., 35:403-425.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, physiologie, physiology, hibernation.

Lyman C.P. & A.R. Dawe 1960. Mammalian hibernation [Hibernation des mammifères]. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 124: 1-549.
En anglais, in English.
Hibernation.

Lyman C.P. & O'Brien R.C. 1972. Sensitivity to low temperature in hibernating rodents [Sensibilité aux basses températures des rongeurs hibernants]. Am. J. Physiol., 22: 864-849.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, hibernation, thermor&eaute;gulation.

Lyman C.P., J.S. Willis, A. Malan & L.C.H. Wang 1982. Hibernation and torpor in Mammalian and Birds [Hibernation et torpeur chez les mammifères et les oiseaux]. Academic Press, New York.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Oiseaux, birds, hibernation.

Lyman R.L. 1982. The taphonomy of vertebrate archaeofaunas: bone density and differential survivorship of fossil classes [Taphonomie de l'archéofaune vertébrés : densité des os et survie différentielle des classes fossiles].. Ph.D. Dissertation: University of Washington.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, tphonomie, taphonomy.

Lyman R.L., Houghton L.E. & Chambers A.L. The effect of structural density on marmot skeletal part representation in archaeological sites. Journal of Archaeological Science, 19: 557-573.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris et monax, Single Photon Absorptiometry.)

Лйнов Ю.С. (Lïnov, Lynov Yu.S.) 1978. [Relations trophiques des loups dans la chaîne occidentales du Chatcal. Trophic relations of wolves in the West of the Chatcal Ridge]. The Protection of wild life and plants in Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 23-24.
En russe, in Russian.
Canidae, alimentation, diet.

Лйнов Ю.С. (Lïnov, Lynov Yu.S.) 2005. Menzbier’s marmot phenology. Fenologiya sourka menzbira. [Phénology de la marmotte de Menzbier]. Abstracts of fifth International Conference on genus Marmota, 72-73.
menzbieri.
Marmota menzbieri, rythme, rhythm, rÈserve naturelle de Chatkal, Chatkal nature reserve.
Main behavioral patterns of marmots associated with certain seasons and periods of yearly cycle. Sufficiency and acceptability of widely ranging time factors (month, 10-day period, five-day period) for ecological characteristic of the population. Time or phenologic date is a calendar date plus a changeability factor expressed by either duration of inter-quartile area (25- 75 percent phenologic border transition), or its mean square (standard) deviation. A required 95 percent level of confidence in biological and geological studies logically confirms the median (transition of phenologic border by 50 percent of animals) to be a phenologic date. A variant with low labour cost - single observations - is normally applied. The risk of registration of extreme values as phenologic date grows sharply (they are rejected during statistical processing). Vast colonies of marmots make it possible to collect mass ecologic material. A low labour cost organoleptic method is applied (one of the methods is phenologic observations). Important factors affecting time shifts are altitude, exposition of slope, and weather conditions. The rhythms caused by environmental factors are stratified by endogenous rhythms, which eventually reflect climatic rhythms. Here are the examples of phenologic phenomena in different years in the Maidantal area of the Chatkal nature reserve (2600-2800 rn a.s.l., bottom of the valley): Coming out onto the surface - punching a hole in thick snow cover. Object - winter hole. Median – April 13.2, inter-quart - 6.4 days. Extremely early punching of holes is rejected. The beginning of feeding at thawed patches and the beginning of laying the first marking routes. Object - an animal. Median – April 19.7, inter-quart - 4.7 days. Coming out of new-born marmots from holes. Object - new-born marmot. Median - ]une 9.5, inter-quart - 3.3 days. The beginning of renovating the beddings in winter holes. Object - bring grass in the mouth. Median - May 12.0, inter-quart - 1l.4 days. The beginning of hibernation - last animals seen on the surface. Object - an animallast in the family to hibernate. Median - August 18.8, inter-quart - 8.5 days. Continuous rain or snowfall complete and cut off this phenologic phenomenon: median (50 percent) may coincide with 75 or even 100 percent of the objects, that is curve on the charts is cut off. Extreme phenologic dates are also possible.

Lyon Marcus Ward 1974. Mammals of Indiana [Mammifères de l’Indiana]. Nature, Ayer Publishing, reprinted from The American midland naturalist, v. 17, no. 1, pp. 1-384, January, 1936.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune, woodchuck, ground-hog, p.172.