Blanchard R. 1903b. Expériences et observations sur la marmotte en hibernation. IV- Réceptivité à l'égard des trypanosomes. VI- Observations sur les parasites en g&ecute;néral [Experiments and observations on hibernating marmots. 4. General observations on parasites]. CR Séances et Mémoires Soc. Biol., 55 : 1122-1126.
Marmota marmota, Protozoaires, physiologie, physiology, parasitologie, parasitology, hibernation.
Blanchard R. & Blatin M. 1907. Immunité de la marmotte en hibernation à l'égard des maladies parasitaires [Immunity from parasitic disease in hibernating marmot]. Archives de parasitologie, 11 : 361-378.
Marmota marmota, hibernation, immunologie, immunology, parasitologie, parasitology.
Blanford W.T. 1875. On the species of Marmot inhabiting the Himalaya, Tibet, and the adjoining regions [Sur la marmotte habitant en Himalaya, au tibet et les régions voisines]. J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, Part. II, Phys. Sc., 44: 113-127.
Marmota, Himalaya, Tibet, Asie, Asia.
Blanford W.T. 1888-1891. The fauna of British India, Mammalia [La faune des Indes britanniques, mammifères]. Taylor and Francis, London, pp.617.
Mammifères, faunistique, fauna, Indes
Blasius Johann Heinrich 1857a. Fauna der Wirbelthiere Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Länfer von Mitteleuropa [Histoire naturelle des mammifères d'Allemagne. Natural history of mammals from Germany]. Verlag F. Vieweg &Sohn, Braunschweig.
En allemand, in German.
Mammifères, mammals, faunistique, fauna, Allemagne, Germany, Blasius Johann Heinrich 1809-1870.
Blasius Johann Heinrich 1857b. Naturgeschichte der Säugethiere von Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Länder von Mitteleuropa.
F. Vieweg und Sohn, 549 pages.
En allemand, in German.
Arctomys marmota, Arctomys bobac.
Extrait pdf extract.
En russe, in Russian.
Blattny T. 1954. Vyskyt svista v Nizkych Tatrach. Les, 10 (7-8) : 60.
Marmota marmota, Slovaquie, Slovakia, Tatras.
Blažej A., Galatčik A., Galatčik J., Krul Z. & Mládek M. 1989. Atlas of microscopic structures of fur skins [Atlas des structures microscopiques des fourrures]. Elsevier.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota bobac, marmotte des steppes, steppe marmot, microscopie, microscopic, fourrure, fur.
Approximately 150 different species of animal furs are presently produced by the fur industry. Insufficient supplies of certain types of skin, and the increased cost of rare skins, have compelled fur manufacturers to change the colour, thickness, hair shape, and other such properties of cheaper skins, and to perfect imitations of rare skin types. It has therefore become increasingly important for people in the fur trade to be able to identify the products in microscopic detail. Such identification is also necessary for archaeologists, zoologists and criminologists. Microscopy is a commonly available method, but when trying to use this technique for identification of an unknown sample, it is necessary to compare microscopic features with those of a great number of species having similar patterns. The primary objective of this book is to fill a gap in the available reference material by presenting an exact description and proper illustrations of a wide range of skin species. Secondly, it aims to complete the fur microscopic pattern classification with newly recognised types, together with the adaptation of the nomenclature to the microstructures observed by modern electromicroscopic techniques. The book contains a wide collection of microphotographic figures and the numerical codes for the microscopic structures of fur. This first volume covers approximately one half of the range of important skin species. The remaining skin species will appear in a second volume. This book will be invaluable to animal fur breeders, veterinary specialists, fur manufacturers, zoologists, archaeologists, and criminologists.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, quaternary, mammifères, mammals, Dordogne, France.
Bliss L.C., G.M. Courtin, D.L. Pattie, R.R. Riewe, D.W.A. Whitfield & P. Widden 1973. Artic tundra ecosystems [Ecosystème de la toundra artique]. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 4: 359-399.
En anglais, in English.
Ecologie, ecologfy, Arctique, Arctic, toundra, tundra.
Bliznetzov I.Ya. 1966. [Quelques particularités écophysiologiques des marmottes grises et des sousliks jaunes torpides. Some eco-physiological peculiarities of the torpid gray marmots and yellow susliks]. Ref. cand. diss. Frunze, 19 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota baibacina, écologie, ecology, physiologie, physiology, hibernation.
Block T.M., Lu X., Mehta A.S., Blumberg B.S., Tennant B., Ebling M., Korba B., Lansky D.M., Jacob G.S. & Dwek R.A. 1998. Treatment of chronic hepadnavirus infection in a woodchuck animal model with an inhibitor of protein folding and trafficking. Nat. Med., 4(5): 610-4.
En anglais, in English.
A novel strategy for anti-viral intervention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) through the disruption of the proper folding and transport of the hepadnavirus glycoproteins is described. Laboratory reared woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) were treated with N-nonyl-deoxynojirimycin (N-nonyl-DNJ), an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) alpha-glucosidases. The woodchucks experienced significant dose dependent decreases in enveloped WHV, resulting in undetectable amounts in some cases. The reduction in viremia correlated with the levels of hyperglucosylated glycan in the serum of treated animals. This correlation supports the mechanism of action associated with the drug and highlights the extreme sensitivity of the virus to this type of glycan inhibitor. At N-nonyl-DNJ concentrations that prevented WHV secretion, the glycosylation of most serum glycoproteins appeared unaffected, suggesting great selectivity for this class of therapeutics. Indeed, this may account for the low toxicity of the compound over the treatment period. We provide the first evidence that glucosidase inhibitors can be used in vivo to alter specific steps in the N-linked glycosylation pathway and that this inhibition has anti-viral effects.
Block T.M., Comunale M.A., Lowman M., Steel L.F., Romano P.R., Fimmel C., Tennant B.C., London W.T., Evans A.A., Blumberg B.S., Dwek R.A., Mattu T.S. & Mehta A.S. 2005. Use of targeted glycoproteomics to identify serum glycoproteins that correlate with liver cancer in woodchucks and humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A.), 102(3): 779-784.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, hépatite, hepatitis, cancer.
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is associated with the majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The diagnosis of HCC is usually made in the late stages of the disease, when treatment options are limited and prognosis is poor. We therefore have developed a method of glycoproteomic analysis in an attempt to discover serum markers that can assist in the early detection of HBV-induced liver cancer. Briefly, a comparative method for analysis of oligosaccharides released from serum glycoproteins and for recovery and identification of proteins with aberrant glycosylation, as a function of cancer diagnosis, is described. The model we have used is the woodchuck (Marmota monax), which shares similarities in the glycosylation pattern associated with liver proteins in human HCC. In this report, we show that woodchucks diagnosed with HCC have dramatically higher levels of serum-associated core alpha-1,6-linked fucose, as compared with woodchucks without a diagnosis of HCC. The coupling of this methodology with 2D gel proteomics has permitted the identification of several glycoproteins with altered glycosylation as a function of cancer. One such glycoprotein, Golgi Protein 73 (GP73), was found to be elevated and hyperfucosylated in animals with HCC. Further, the study showed GP73 to be elevated in the serum of people with a diagnosis of HCC, providing a validation of our approach. The potential of this technology for biomarker discovery and the implications of increased levels of GP73 in liver cancer are discussed.
pdf
Blood D.A. 1993. Vancouver Island Marmot [La marmotte de l'île de Vancouver]. Wildlife in British Columbia at Risk Series Brochure, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks (Victoria, BC). 6 pp.
Marmota vancouverensis, conservation, Canada, British Columbia.
Blumberg B.S. 1980. The hepatitis B virus [Le virus de l'hépatite B]. Public Health Rep., 95(5): 427-435.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis.
Blumberg B.S. 1981. Viruses similar to hepatitis B virus (Icrons) [Virus similaires au virus de l'hépatite B]. Hum. Pathol., 12(12): 1107-1113.
En anglais, in English.
Blumberg B.S., Allison A.C. & Garry B. 1960. The haptoglobins, hemoglobins and serum proteins of the Alaskan fur seal, ground squirrel and marmot [Les protéines haptoglobiniques, hémoglobiniques, et sériques de la fourrure du phoque d'Alaska, d'écureuil terrestre, et de marmotte]. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 55: 61-71.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caligata, physiologie, physiology, sang, blood.
Blumberg B.S. & London W.T. 1981. Hepatitis B virus and the prevention of primary hepatocellular carcinoma [Le virus de l'hépatite B et la prévention des carcinomes hépatocellulaires primaires]. N. Engl. J. Med., 304(13): 782-784.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis.
Blumberg B.S. & London W.T. 1982. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus [Carcinome hépatocellulaire primaire et virus de l'hépatite B]. Curr. Probl. Cancer, 6(12): 1-23.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis, carcinome, carcinoma.
Blumberg B.S., Millman I., Venkateswaran P.S. & Thyagarajan S.P. 1989. Hepatitis B virus and hepatocellular carcinoma--treatment of HBV carriers with Phyllanthus amarus. Cancer Detect. Prev., 14(2): 195-201.
Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte commune ou américaine, Phyllanthus amarus, hépatite.
Blumenbach Johan Freidrich 1779. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte [Manuel d'histoire naturelle . Handbook of natural history]. 1-79.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota,taxonomie, taxonomy, Blumenbach Johan Freidrich 1752-1840.
Blumenbach Johann Friedrich 1803 (An XI). Manuel d’histoire naturelle [Manual of Natural History]. Soulange Artaud (traducteur/translator), Metz, Collignon, Paris, Levrault, Henrichs, Lenormant, num. Google.
En français, in French.
Alpina, Arctomys, murmeltier, marmotte, murmont, Mus montanus.
pdf
En anglais, in English.
Alpina, Arctomys, murmeltier, marmotte, murmont, Mus montanus.
Blumenbach Johann Friedrich 1827. A Manual of Comparative Anatomy [Manuel d'anatomie comparée]. W. Simpkin and R. Marshall, London.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota citillus, Mus citillus.
Blumenschine R. & Cavallo J. 1992. Nos ancêtres des charognards ? [Our ancestors were they necrophagous?]. Pour la Science, n°182, Décembre 1992.
En français, in French.
Homme, Man, Paléontologie, Paleontology, nécrophage, negrophagous.
Blumstein D.T. 1989. Food habits of Red-tailed Hawks in Boulder County, Colorado [Habitudes alimentaires des buses à queue rousse du comté de Boulder, Colorado]. The Journal of Raptor Research, 23:53-55.
En anglais, in English.
pdf available ou/or pdf
Buteo jamaicensis.
Blumstein D.T. 1991. Mountain marmots of the Karakoram [Les marmottes du Karakorum]. Natura--World Wide Fund for Nature--Pakistan, Newsletter, 12(3):8-11.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caudata, Karakoram, Pakistan.
[pdf disponible/available]
Blumstein D.T. 1992a. Multivariate analysis of golden marmot maximum running speed: a new method to study MRS in the field [Analyse multivariée de la vitesse maximum de déplacement de la marmotte dorée : nouvelle méthode pour étudier la VMD sur le terrain]. Ecology, 73: 1757-1767.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf available ou/or pdf
Marmota caudata, méthode, method.
Blumstein D.T. 1992b. Boxing marmots: functions of play [Marmottes boxant : fonctions du jeu]. Natura--World Wide Fund for Nature--Pakistan, Newsletter, 17(4):8-10.
Blumstein D.T. 1993a. New records of Mustela from Khunjerab National Park, Pakistan [Nouvelles observations de Mustela au Parc National du Pakistan]. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 90:500-501.
Blumstein D.T. 1993b. Making humans part of the solution: a reply to Willers. Conservation Biology, 7:223-224.
Blumstein D.T. 1993c. Infanticide: a search for an adaptive explanation [Infanticide : recherche d’une explication adaptative]. Natura--World Wide Fund for Nature--Pakistan, Newsletter, 19(3): 14-15.
Blumstein D.T. 1993d. Naveed's first lesson. Natura--World Wide Fund for Nature--Pakistan, Newsletter ,18(1):14-15.
&Blumstein; D.T. 1994a. Predation hazard assessment and management in golden marmots (Marmota caudata aurea) [Estimation du hasard de prédation et gestion des marmottes dorées (M. c. aurea)]. Ph. D. University of California, Davis.
Blumstein D.T. 1994b. The lessons of Naveed the marmot. Mithu Begum--World Wide Fund for Nature--Pakistan, Children's Comic Book.
Blumstein D.T. 1994c. Marmots-a species account. For International Snow Leopard Trust training manual (ed. by R. Jackson).
Blumstein D.T. 1995a. Golden-marmot alarm calls: I. The production of situationally specific vocalizations [Les cris d'alarme chez la marmotte dorée : I. La production de vocalisations de situations spécifiques]. Ethology, 100: 113-125.
Blumstein D.T. 1995b. Golden-marmot alarm calls: II. Asymmetrical production and perception of situationally specific vocalizations? [Les cris d'alarme chez la marmotte dorée : II. Production asymétrique et perception de vocalisations spécifiques?]. Ethology, 101:25-32.
Blumstein D.T. 1995c. An ecotourist's guide to Khunjerab National Park[Guide écotouristique du Parc National de Khumjerab]. Worl Wide Fund for Nature-Pakistan, Lahore.
Blumstein D.T. 1995d. The Marmot Burrow- marmots of the world" (On-line). Accessed October 2, 2001 at http://www.marmotburrow.ucla.edu/bobak.html.
Blumstein D.T. (Блюмштайн Д.Т.) 1997a. Эволюция ситуативно специфической коммуникации сурков. The evolution of situationnally specific marmot communication [Evolution de la communication de situation spécifique chez la marmotte]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 22 (Rousskie, Russian), 128 (Angliïskie, English).
Blumstein D.T. (Блюмштайн Д.Т.) 1997b. Cooperative breeding in marmots [La coopération lors de la reproduction chez les marmottes]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 22 (Rousskie, Russian), 128-129 (Angliïskie, English).
Blumstein D.T. 1997c. Infanticide among golden marmots (Marmota caudata aurea) [L'infanticide parmi les marmottes dorées]. Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 9: 169-173.
Blumstein D.T. 1998a. Quantifying predation risk for refuging animals: a case study with Golden marmots [Quantification du risque de prédation chez les animaux à refuges : étude du cas des marmottes dorées]. Ethology, 104: 501-516.
Blumstein, D.T. 1998 b. Female preferences and effective population size. Animal Conservation, 1:173-177.
Blumstein Daniel T. 1999a. Alarm calling in three species of marmots [Les cris d'alarme chez trois espèces de marmottes]. Behaviour, 136 (6): 731-757.
Blumstein Daniel T. 1999b. The evolution of functionnally referential alarm communication: multiple adaptations; multiple constraints [L’évolution de la communication d’alarme fonctionnellement référentielle : adaptions mulitples, contraintes multiples]. Evol. Comm., 3: 135-147.
Blumstein, D.T. 1999c. Perspective: Selfish sentinels [Perspective : sentinelles égoïstes]. Science, 284:1633-1634.
Blumstein D.T. 2000. Understanding antipredator behavior for conservation. [Comprendre la comportement antiprédateur en vue de la conservation]. The Open Country, 1(2):37-44.
Blumstein D.T. 2000. The evolution of infanticide in rodents: a comparative analysis [Evolution de l'infanticide chez les rongeurs : une analyse comparative]. In: Infanticide by males and its implications, C. van Schaik and C.H. Janson, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 178-197.
Blumstein D.T. 2001. Book review: Behaviour and conservation [Revue de livre : comportement et conservation] (ed. by L.M. Gosling and W.J. Sutherland). Journal of Wildlife Management, 65:601-603.
Blumstein D.T. 2002a. The evolution of functionally referential alarm communication: multiple adaptations; multiple constraints [Evolution de la communication d'alarme fonctionnellement référentielle]. The Evolution of Communication 3:135-147.
Blumstein D.T. 2002b. Social complexity but not the acoustic environment is responsible for the evolution of complex alarm communication. La complexité sociale et non l'environnement acoustique est responsable de l'évolution de la communication d'alarme complexe. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 20-21.
Blumstein D.T. & Armitage K.B. 1997a. Alarm calling in yellow-bellied marmots: I. The meaning of situationally variable alarm calls [Cri d'alarme chez les marmottes à ventre jaune : I. La signification des cris d'alarme suivant les situations]. Animal Behaviour, 53(1): 143-171.
Blumstein D.T. & Armitage K.B. 1997b. Does sociality drive the evolution of communicative complexity? A comparative test with ground-dwelling sciurid alarm calls [La socialité dirige-t-elle l'évolution de la compléxité de la communication? test comparatif des cris d'alarme chez les sciuridés terrestres]. Amer. Nat., 150: 179-200.
Blumstein D.T. & Armitage K.B. 1998a. Why do yellow-bellied marmots call? [Pourquoi les marmottes à ventre jaune crient-elles ?]. Animal behaviour, 56 : 1053-15055.
Blumstein D.T. & K. B. Armitage 1998b. Life history consequences of social complexity: a comparative study of ground-dwelling sciurids. [Conséquences pour l'histoire de vie de la complexité sociale : étude comparative des sciuridés terrestres. Behav Ecol, 9 (1) : 8-19.
Blumstein D.T. & Armitage K.B. 1999. Cooperative breeding in marmots [Coopération au cours de la reproduction chez les marmottes]. Oikos, 84: .
Blumstein D.T. & Arnold W. 1995. Situational-specificity in alpine-marmot alarm communication [Spécificité situationnelle de la communication d'alarme chez la marmotte alpine]. Ethology, 100:1-13.
Blumstein D.T. & Arnold W. 1998. Ecology and social behavior of golden marmots (Marmota caudata aurea) [Ecologie et comportement des marmottes dorées (M. caudata aurea)] . J. Mammal., 79(3): 873-886.
Blumstein D.T., Bitton A. & daVeiga J. 2006. How does the presence of predators influence the persistence of antipredator behavior? [Comment la présence des prédateurs influence-t-elle la persistence de comportement anti-prédateur ?]Journal of Theoretical Biology, 239: 460-468.
Blumstein D.T., R. Bowen, L. Boggs, J. Daniel, E.F. Loomis & J.W. McNutt. N.D. A training manual for Khunjerab National Park guides [Manuel d’apprentissage des guides du Parc National de Khunjerab]. World Wide Fund for Nature-Pakistan, Lahore.
Blumstein D.T., Cooley L., Winternitz J. & Daniel J.C. 2007. Do yellow-bellied marmots respond to predator vocalisations? [Les marmottes à ventre jaune répondent-elles aux vocalisations des prédateurs ?] Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.
Blumstein D.T. & J.C. Daniel. 2002a. Isolation from mammalian predators differentially affects two congeners [Isolement des prédateurs mammaliens affecte différentiellement deux congénères]. Behavioral Ecology
Blumstein D.T. & Daniel J.C. 2002b. Yellow-bellied marmots discriminate individuals based on alarm calls. Les marmottes à ventre jaune reconnaissent les individus sur la base de leurs cris d'alarme. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 22-23.
Blumstein D.T., Daniel J.C. & Arnold W. (Бдюмшейн Д.Т., Дэниель Дж.К., Арнолд В.) 2002. Survivorship of golden marmots (Marmota caudata aurea) in Pakistan. Выживаемость золотых (красных) сурков (Marmota caudata aurea) в Пекистане [Vizhivaemost' zolotykh (krasnykh) sourkov (Marmota caudata aurea) v pakistane. La survie des marmottes dorées (Marmota caudata aurea) au Pakistan]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF and International Marmot Network, Moscow, 82-87.
Blumstein D.T., Daniel J.C. & Evans C.S. 2006. JWatcher 1.0. An introductory user's guide [Jwatcher1.0. Guide d’introduction de l’utilisateur].
Blumstein Daniel T., Evans Christopher S. & Daniel Janice C. 2000.JWatcher 0.9: An introductory user's guide [Jwatcher0.99. Guide d’introduction de l’utilisateur].
Blumstein D.T., Evans C.S. & Daniel J.C. 2001. Jwatcher: a new tool for acquisition and analysis of observational data [Jwatcher : un nouvel outil d'acquisition et d'analyse de données d'observation]. Animal Behavior Society ABS 2001 Meeting.
Blumstein D.T., Evans C.S. & Daniel J.C. 2002. Jwatcher: a new tool for acquisition and analysis of observational data. Jwatcher : un nouvel outil d'acquisition et d'analyse de données d'observation In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 24-25.
Blumstein D.T. & Foggin J.M. 1997. Effects of vegetative variation on weaning success, overwinter survival, and social group density in golden marmots (Marmota caudata aurea) [Effets de la végétation sur le sevrage, la survie hivernale et la densité du groupe social chez les marmottes dorées]. J. Zool., Lond., 243: 57-69.
Blumstein D.T. & Henderson S.J. 1996. Cheek-rubbing in golden marmots (Marmota caudata aurea) [Le marquage jugal chez les marmottes dorées]. J. Zool., Lond., 238: 113-123.
Blumstein D.T., Holland B.-D. & Daniel J.C. 2005. Predator discrimination in captive Vancouver Island Marmots. Sposobnosti opoznavaniya khichtchnikov ou virachtchennikh v nevole vankouverskikh sourkov. [Reconnaissance des prédateurs chez les marmottes de l’”le de Vancouver captives]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 22-23.
Blumstein D.T., Runyan A., Seymour M., Nicodemus A., Ozgul A., Ransler F., Im S., Stark T., Zugmeyer C. & Daniel J.C. 2004. Locomotor ability and wariness in yellow-bellied marmots [Capacité locomotrice et prudence chez les marmottes à ventre jaune]. Ethology, 110: 615-634.
Blumstein Daniel T., Verneyre Laure & Daniel Janice C. 2004.Reliability and the adaptive utility of discrimination among alarm callers [Fiabilité et utilité adaptative de la discrimination parmi les crieurs].
Boas Franz 1895. Tenth report on the north-western tribes of Canada
British Association for the Advancement of Science [Dixième rapport sur les tribus du nord-ouest de l'Association Britannique pour l'Avancment des Sciences]. Committee on North-Western Tribes of the Dominion of Canada, Ipswich.
Bobrinsky N.A. 1933. Sourki [Marmottes. Marmots]. Moscou.
Bobrinskii N.A. 1935. [Rongeurs. Rodents]. In A Guide to Commercial Animals in the USSR, Moscow-Leningrad, All-Union Cooperative Publishers, 114-115.
Bobrinsky N.A. 1937a. Obzor evraziïskikh surkov [Généralités sur les marmottes de l'Eurasie. Generality on the Eurasian marmots]. Cb. pamyati akad. M.A. Menzbira, M.L.
Bobrinsky N.A. 1937b. [Revue des marmottes d'Eurasie (Marmota). Review of Eurasian marmots (Marmota)]. Akad. Nauk. USSR, Moscow-Leningrad: 51-68.
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Bobrinsky N.A., Kuznetsov B.A. & Kuzhakin A.P. 1965. Opreditel mlekopitayuchtchikh SSSR (Clef de détermination des mammifères d'URSS. Key to Mammals of USSR). Prosvescenie, Moskva: 1-382.
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Bocherens H., Fizet M., Mariotti A., Lange-Badre B., Vandermeersch B., Borel J.P. & Bellon G. 1991. Isotopic biochemestry of fossil vertebrate collagen: application to the study of a past food web including néanderthalian [Biochimie isotopique du collégène des vertébrés fossiles : application à l'étude des réseaux d'alimentation du passé incluant les néandertaliens]. Journal of Human Evolution, 20, 481-492.
Bocherens H., Grupe G., Mariotti A. & Turban-Just S. 1997. Molecular and isotopic preservation of mesolithic human finds from the Ofnet Cave (Bavaria, Germany) [Préservation moléculaire et isotopique de reste humains mésolithiques de la grotte Ofnet (Bavière, Allemagne)]. Anthropologische Anzeiger, 55(2) :121-129.
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Borgo Antonio 1999. Selezione dell'habitat e modello di idoneità ambientale della Marmotta nel Parco Naturale Dolomiti Friulane. [Habitat requirements of two reintroduced populations of Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) in Eastern Alps. A verify of the Ideal Free Distribution Theory]. IV Convegno Nazionale dei Biologi della Selvaggina. Nel presente lavoro sono state censite le tane invernali (N =33) e analizzate le preferenze ambientali della Marmotta in due popolazioni (A e B) reintrodotte nel Parco Naturale Dolomiti Friulane (Alpi orientali), rispettivamente nel 1977 e 1983. La popolazione A è caratterizzata da una più alta densità di nuclei rispetto alla popolazione B. Ciò è legato alla più giovane età della popolazione B, che appare ancora in una fase di espansione areale. Per lo scavo della tana invernale, la popolazione B seleziona positivamente (Indice di Jacobs) un minor numero di ambienti e classi di pendenza rispetto alla popolazione A, e in particolare quelli con selezione positiva più forte nella popolazione A: prateria primaria e secondaria con più del 30% della superficie coperta da massi. Mediante Analisi di funzione Discriminante e oneway ANOVA sono state studiate le caratteristiche dell‚intorno delle tane invernali, dividendo le due aree di studio in celle da 1 ettaro e definendo, in ognuna di esse, la presenza-assenza di tane. È stato quindi ottenuto un modello predittivo di valutazione ambientale. Le celle con tane sono risultate caratterizzate da una maggior abbondanza di ambienti prativi (primari e secondari) e di cespugliati aperti di Alnus viridis. La preferenza per le aree prative appare subordinata alla presenza di massi, specie nella prateria secondaria. Confrontando i risultati ottenuti per le due popolazioni, si osserva che la popolazione più giovane e a minore densità mostra preferenze ambientali e di pendenza più ristrette. L’insieme delle analisi sembra indicare che le preferenze ambientali della Marmotta seguono, in accordo con quanto previsto dalla teoria della Ideal Free Distribution, un‚evoluzione densità dipendente, in base alla quale l‚aumento della densità spinge la specie a sfruttare una maggior gamma di ambienti. Alla luce di questa teoria, è quindi possibile cominciare ad individuare una "graduatoria " nelle preferenze ambientali della specie, considerando ottimali per la Marmotta gli ambienti e le pendenze preferiti e selezionati dalla popolazione a minore densità. The habitat preferences of the Marmot were analysed in two populations (A and B) reintroduced in the Dolomiti Friulane National Park (Oriental Alps, Friuli-Venezia Giulia region), in 1977 and 1983 respectively. Population A presents a higher density of family units, as population B is younger and still spreading. For the research, winter burrows were counted and mapped (N=33). Population B positively selects, for burrowing, fewer types of habitat than population A (Jacobs index), and especially those who are more strongly selected by population A: prairie and pasture-land (secondary prairie), with rocks covering more than 30% of the area. Through Stepwise Discriminant Function Analysis and Oneway ANOVA, we studied the characteristics of the winter burrows surroundings, by splitting up the two study areas into squares 1 hectare wide, and surveying the presence or absence of winter burrows in each plot; thus, an environmental suitability model was obtained. The squares with burrows (N=33) are characterised by a greater abundance of meadow-lands (both primary and secondary), and of open bushes of Alnus viridis. The preference for the meadow-lands appears, though, to be subordinate to the presence of rocks, especially in the secondary prairie (pasture-land). Comparing the results obtained separately for the two populations, the younger population ˆwith a lower density ˆ shows to have more restrictive habitat and incline preferences. The analysis on the whole show that the habitat preferences of the Marmot change, in accordance with the Ideal Free Distribution theory, in connection with the population density: an increase in the density would lead the species to exploit a broader range of habitats. According to this theory, it is possible to identify a "classification" of the habitat preferences of the species, considering as optimal the habitats and inclines chosen by population at a lower density.
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Bryant A.A. 1992. Demography of Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis): year-end report for 1991 [La démographie de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver : rapport annuel final 1991]. Unpub. rep. prepared for the Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team, Andrew A. Bryant Services, Nanaimo, B.C., 28 pp.
Bryant A.A. 1993a. A compilation of location records for the Vancouver Island marmot [Inventaire des sites répertoriés de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver]. Unpublished report submitted to the Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team and Ministry of Environment, Nanaimo, BC, 11pp.
Bryant A.A. 1993b. A review of inventory data for Vancouver Island Marmots [Une revue des inventaires des marmottes de l'île de Vancouver]. Unpub. rep. prepared for the Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team, Andrew A. Bryant Services, Nanaimo, B.C., 26 pp.
Bryant A.A. 1993c. A stochastic population simulation model, and estimates of effective population size Ne, for Vancouver Island Marmots [Modèle stochastique de simulation des populations et estimations de la taille effective de la population Ne pour la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver]. Unpub. rep. prepared for the Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team, Andrew A. Bryant Services, Nanaimo, B.C., 22 pp.
Bryant A.A. 1994a. Notes on the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) [Notes sur la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver]. Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Project Review Paper N° 3, 25P.
Bryant A.A. 1994b. Démographie des marmottes de Vancouver dans leur habitat naturel et en clairières. Demography of Vancouver Island Marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) in natural and clearcut habitats. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 42-43.
Bryant A.A. 1995a. Vancouver Island marmot research project. 1995 population inventory and recent trends [Projet de recherche sur la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver: inventaire de la population et tendance actuelles]. Unpublished report submitted to the Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team and Ministry of Environment, Nanaimo, BC, 5 pp.
Bryant A.A. 1995b. Unsuccessful searches for Vancouver Island marmots, 1972-1994 [Recherches infructueuses des marmottes de l'île de Vancouver, 1972-1994]. Unpublished report submitted to the Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team and Ministry of Environment, Nanaimo, BC, 5 pp.
Bryant A.A. 1996. Démographie de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver dans les habitats naturels et les clairières. Demography of Vancouver Island Marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) in natural and clearcut environments. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes/Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre, R. Ramousse & Le Guelte L. eds, International Marmot Network, 157-168.
Bryant A.A. 1996. Reproduction and persistence of Vancouver Island Marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) in natural and logged habitats [Reproduction et persistence des marmottes de l'île de Vancouver dans les habitats naturels et déforestés]. Canad. J. Zool., 74 (4): 678-687.
Bryant A.A. 1997. Status report on species at risk in Canada. Vancouver Island Marmot Marmota vancouverensis [Rapport d'état sur les espèces à risque au Canada. Marmotte de l'île de Vancouver]. COSEWIC, CSEMDC, 21pp.
Bryant A.A. 1998. Metapopulation ecology of Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) [Écologie de la métapopulation des marmottes de l'île de Vancouver] . PhD, university of Victoria.
Vancouver Island marmots (M. vancouverensis) rank among the world's most critically endangered mammals. There were probably fewer than 100 marmots in 1998, with 90% distributed south of Alberni Inlet, and the remainder on or near Mount Washington. This represents a 60-70% decline in numbers during the past 10 years, and a considerably reduced geographic range during the past several decades.
Bryant A.A. 2000. Forestry and historical population dynamics of the endangered Vancouver Island marmot [Foresterie et dynamique de population historique de la marmotte en danger de l'île de Vancouver]. American Society of Mammalogists meeting, Durham, New Hampshire, June 2000. In the Vancouver Island Marmot pages (http://www.marmots.org).
Bryant A.A. 2000. Relative importance of episodic versus chronic mortality in the decline of Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) [Importance relative de la mortalité épisodique ou chronique dans le déclin de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver]. In Proceedings of a conference on the biology and management of species and habitats at risk, Darling L.M. (ed.), 189-195, Volume I. Proceedings, Biology and Conservation of Habitats and Species at Risk Conference (Kamloops, BC, Feb. 15-19 1999). British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, and University College of the Caribou. 472 pp.
Bryant A.A. 2001. Notes on the Vancouver Island marmot: a road-map to the primary scientific literature.
Bryant A.A. 2005. Marmots, landscape change and predation : the conservation biology of North America’s rarest mammal. Sourki, izmenenie landchafta i khichtchnitchestvo : sokhranenie redkikh mlekopitaiuchtchikh severno‘ Ameriki. [Marmottes, changements de paysage et pr-adation : biologie de la conservation des plus rares mammif¿res am-aricains]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 26-27.
Bryant A.A. & Janz D.W. 2002. Clarifying mortality factors in wild Vancouver Island marmots [Clarifier les facteurs de mortalité dans la nature des marmottes de l'île de Vancouver]. Science Advisory Group meeting,UBC, Jan. 2002. In The Vancouver Island Marmot pages (http://www.marmots.org)
Bryant A.A & Janz D.W. 2002. Hibernation patterns in wild and captive Vancouver Island marmots [Canevas d'hibernation chez les marmottes de l'île de Vancouver sauvages et en captivité]. Science Advisory Group meeting, UBC, Jan. 2002. In The Vancouver Island Marmot pages.
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Byrcyn W.G. Voir (See) Grasienica-Byrcyn
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En anglais, in English.
Marmota, jeu, play.
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En anglais, in English.
Mustela, Pakistan.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
En anglais, in English.
[pdf available ou/or pdf
En anglais, in English.
Infanticide.
[pdf available ou/or pdf
En anglais, in English.
[pdf available ou/or pdf
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caudata aurea, prédation, predation, conservation.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf available] ou/or pdf
En anglais, in English.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Marmota caudata, éthologie, ethology, communication, son, sound.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Marmota caudata, communication, son, sound.
En anglais, in English.
Ecotourisme, ecotourism, Pakistan.
EN anglais, in English.
Marmota bobak.
Blumstein D.T. 1996. How much does social group size influence Golden marmot vigilance? [Comment la taille du groupe social influence-t-elle la vigiliance de la marmotte dorée]. Behaviour, 133: 1133-1151.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Marmota caudata, social, surveillance, groupe familial, family group.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota, communication, évolution, evolution.
Marmota, éthologie, ethology, coopération, ccoperation, reproduction.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available] ou/or pdf
Marmota caudata, éthologie, ethology, infanticide, sélection sexuelle, sexual selection, soins parentaux, parental care.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Marmota caudata, éthologie, ethology, prédation, predation.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Taille de population efficace, effective population size, femelle, female, conservation, reproduction, modèle, model.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Marmota olympus, Marmota caligata, Marmota vancouverensis, évolution, evolution of communication, communication, Son, cris d'alarame, alarm calls, communication référentielle, referential communication.
marmots.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota olympus, Marmota caligata, Marmota vancouverensis, évolution, evolution of communication, communication, Son, cris d'alarame, alarm calls, communication référentielle, referential communication.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
En anglais, in English.
Comportement, behaviour, conservation.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, infanticide.
[pdf available ou/or pdf
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Évolution, evolution, communication référentielle, referential communication, context, habitat accoustique, habitat acoustics,
structure sociale, social structure, cris d'alarme, alarm calls
Many species produce specific alarm vocalizations when they encounter
predators.There is considerable interest in the degree to which bird,
ground-dwelling sciurid rodent, and primate alarm calls denote the species
or type of predator that elicited the vocalization. When there is tight asso-
ciation between the type or species of predator eliciting an alarm call, and
when played-back alarm call elicits antipredator responses qualitatively
similar to those seen when individuals personally encounter predator, the
alarm calls are said to be functionally referential. In this essay I aim to make
two simple points about the evolution of functionally referential alarm
communication. Firstly, functionally referential communication is likely to
be present only when species produces acoustically distinct alarm vocaliza-
tions. Thus, to understand its evolution we must study factors that in fluence
the evolution of alarm call repertoire size. Secondly, and potentially de-
coupled from the ability to produce coustically distinctive alarm vocaliza-
tions, species must have the perceptual and motor abilities to respond differ-
ently to acoustically-distinct alarm vocalizations. Thus, to understand the
evolution of functionally referential communication we also must study
factors that influence the evolution of context-independent perception.
While some factors may select for functionally referential alarm communica-
tion, constraints on production or perception may prevent its evolution.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota,communication, alarm call, cri d'alarme, evolution, évolution, acoustic environment, milieu acoustique.
En anglais, in English.
Dictionnaire, dictionary, éthologie, ethology.
pdf
Blumstein D.T. 2003. Social complexity but not the acoustic environment is responsible for the evolution of complex alarm communication. La complexité sociale est responsable de l'évolution de la communication d'alarme et non l'environnement acoustique. Сложность социальной структуры, а не аккустической среды, как основной фактор влияющтй на эволюцию сложности сигнала тревоги. In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 31-38.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
PDF disponible/available
Marmota,communication, alarm call, cri d'alarme, evolution, évolution, acoustic environment, milieu acoustique.
Deux hypothèses, non exclusives, peuvent expliquer l'évolution de la complexité de la communication. Elle peut, d’abord, coévoluer avec la complexité sociale car elle pourrait profiter aux espèces les plus sociales. Ensuite, cette évolution peut être contrainte par le milieu acoustique, car les signaux, fortement atténués et dégradés lors de la transmission dans le milieu, ne peuvent pas être interprétés correctement. À l’aide des phylogénies récentes, j'ai testé l'importance relative des deux hypothèses dans l'évolution de la communication d'alarme chez les marmottes. Le nombre de cris d'alarme produits par une espèce varie entre espèces voisines, suggérant un potentiel d'adaptation coévolutif. Les résultats suggèrent que la complexité sociale, et non le milieu acoustique, soit responsable de l'évolution de la complexité de la communication chez les marmottes. Ils confirment d'autres découvertes récentes, et suggèrent que l'importance du milieu acoustique dans l'évolution de la communication devrait être ré-éxaminée.
Blumstein D.T. 2004. Antipredatory behavior: A brief overview [Le comportement anti-prédateur : brève revue]. In The encyclopedia of animal behavior (M. Bekoff, ed.). Greenwood Press, 45-47.
En anglais, in English.
Étologie, ethology, prédation, predation.
pdf
Blumstein D.T. 2004. Communication-vocal: alarm calls [Communication vocale : cris d'alarme]. In Handbook of animal behavior (ed. M. Bekoff), 381-382. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
En anglais, in English.
Éthologie, ethology, communication, alarme, alarm.
pdf
Blumstein D.T. 2006. The multi-predator hypothesis and the evolutionary persistence of antipredator behavior [L'hypothèse multi-prédatrice et persistence évolutive du comportement anti-prédateur]. Ethology, 112: 209-217.
En anglais, in English.
Éthologie, ethology, prédation, predation.
Isolation from predators affects prey behavior, morphology, and life history, but there is tremendous variation in the time course of these responses. Previous hypotheses to explain this variation have limited predictive ability. I develop a ‘multipredator’ hypothesis to explain the evolutionary persistence of antipredator behavior after the loss of some, but not all, of a species’ predators. The hypothesis assumes pleiotropy, whereby elements of antipredator behavior may function in non-predatory situations, and linkage, such that genes influencing the expression of antipredator behavior do not assort independently. The hypothesis is restricted to species with multiple predators (most species) and aims to predict the conditions under which antipredator behavior will persist following the loss of one or more of a species’ predators. I acknowledge that the relative costs of non-functional antipredator behavior will influence the likelihood of linkage and therefore persistence. The hypothesis makes two main predictions. First, genes responsible for antipredator behavior will not be scattered throughout the genome but rather may be found close together on the same chromosome(s). Secondly, the presence of any predators may be sufficient to maintain antipredator behavior for missing predators. Advances in behavioral genetics will allow tests of the first prediction, while studies of geographic variation in antipredator behavior provide some support for the second.
pdf
Blumstein D.T. 2007 The evolution of alarm communication in rodents: structure,
function, and the puzzle of apparently altruistic calling [Évolution de la communication d'alarme chez les rongeurs : structure, fonction et énigme de l'appel apparemment altruiste]. In Rodent societies (ed. J. O. Wolff & P. W. Sherman). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
En anglais, in English.
Éthologie, ethology, communication, alarme, alarm.
Blumstein D.T. 2007. The evolution, function, and meaning of marmot alarm communication [Évolution, fonction et signification de la communicaton d'alarme des marmottes]. Advances in the Study of Behavior.
En anglais, in English.
Éthologie, ethology, communication, alarme, alarm.
Blumstein D.T., Anthony L.L., Harcourt R.G. & Ross G. 2002. Testing a key assumption of wildlife buffer zones: is flight initiation distance a species-specific trait?[Tester une hypothèse clé des zones tampon de la vie sauvage : la distance de fuite est-elle un trait spécifique ?] Biological Conservation
En anglais, in English.
Distance de fuite, flight distance, éthologie, ethology, conservation.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Marmota flaviventris, éthologie, ethology, communication, son, sound, Colorado, Utah.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Marmota caudata, Cynomys, Spermophilus, social, évolution, evolution, phylogénie, phylogeny, communication.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Marmota flaviventris, cri, call.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Cynomys, Marmota, Spermophilus, coûts et bénéfices de la socialité, cost and benefits of sociality, traits d'histoire de vie, life history, complexité sciale, social complexity.
We examined life-history consequences of increased social complexity in ground-dwelling scuirids rodents. We derived a continuous metric of social complexity from demographic data. Social complexity increased with the number of age-sex "roles" that interacted in a social group. Data were analyzed by computing phylogenetically independant contrasts and by using phylogenetic autocorrelation to estimate and then remove the maximum amount of variation in life-history variables that could be attributed to phylogenetic similarity. Analyses that incorporates estimates of phylogeny generated consistent results. As social complexity increased, a smaller proportion of adult females bred, there was a greater time to first reproduction, litter size decreased, and there was greater first-year offspring survival. Social complexity influenced neither gestation nor lactation time. Thus, social complexity has costs in terms of a reduction in the annual per-capita number of offspring produced but benefits in terms of enhanced offspring survival.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Marmota, social, reproduction, écologie, ecology, coopération.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, communication, son, sound.
En anglais, in English.
pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Marmota caudata, écologie, ecology, social, Pakistan.
En anglais, in English.
Théorie, theory, prédation, predation.
We developed a virtual world to study the effect of predators on predator recognition. We trained a neural network to discriminate between the shapes of simulated aerial and terrestrial predators and non-predators. Then, the network’s weighting values were fixed into the genomes of a set of autonomous agents. These animats were required to eat, avoid death due to starvation, and avoid predation, by fleeing from approaching predators. We systematically varied the predator’s lethality, the mutation rate, the cost of fleeing a predator, and the presence or absence of aerial and terrestrial predators. We used ANOVA to analyse the average recognition ability (a measure of directional selection) and the standard deviation of recognition ability (a measure of relaxed selection) after 500 generations of selection. Mutation rate and the cost of flight had the greatest effect on both the average and standard deviation of recognition abilities. The loss of all predators relaxed selection on predator recognition abilities. The loss of specific predators had complex effects on recognition abilities. Persistence is largely influenced by escape costs.
pdf
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Méthodologie, methodology, comportement, behaviour.
En anglais, in English.
Manuel, guide, conservation, parc, park.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, prédation, predation, son, sound.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Marmota caudata, Marmota flaviventris, Marmota marmota, habitat, son, sound.
En anglais, in English.
Prédation, predation, Macropus.
Evolutionary isolation from predators can profoundly influence the morphology, physiology, and behavior of prey, but little is known about how species respond to the loss of only some of their predators. We studied antipredator behavior of a wallaby and a kangaroo on an island, where they have been isolated from mammalian predators for several thousand years but remain vulnerable to aerial predators, and on the mainland, where both species have been exposed continuously to mammalian and avian predators. At both locations, wallabies modified the amount of time they allocated to vigilance and foraging in response to group size, whereas kangaroos did so only at the higher-risk mainland site. Both species modified overall time budgets and space use patterns, but wallabies were closer to cover at the mainland site, while kangaroos were, on average, farther from cover. The presence of a single predator may affect the way a species responds to the loss of other predators by maintaining certain antipredator behaviors. Such an effect of the 'ghost of predators past' may be expected as long as species encounter some predators.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota flaviventris, cri d'alarme, alarm call, reconnaissance individuelle, individual discrimination.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, cri d'alarme, alarm call, reconnaissance individuelle, individual discrimination.
Unlike individually distinctive territorial calls, contact calls, or calls that aid in the recognition of young by their parents, the function or functions of individually distinctive alarm calls (vocalizations produced in response to predators) is not immediately apparent. Yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris, grounddwelling sciurid rodents, produce individually distinctive alarm calls. Using an habituation-recovery playback protocol, we show that marmots can perceive differences between the calls of different adult females. We further show that marmots are able to discriminate between at least one broad age-sex category. In contrast to what has been reported in other species, playback of calls from juveniles elicited a greater response (i.e. marmots increased vigilance and suppressed foraging) than did playback of calls from adult females. No other age-sex category led to responses significantly different from adult females. Future studies will seek to understand why individual discriminative abilities exist, but we have shown that individuals are able to identify when young, and presumably vulnerable, marmots are calling, and to respond by engaging in vigilance.
pdf
Blumstein D.T., Daniel J.C. & Arnold W. (Бдюмшейн Д.Т., Дэниель Дж.К., Арнолд В.) 1997. Выживаемость золотого (Длиннохвостого) сурка (Marmota caudata aurea) в Пакистане. Vyjivaemost' zolotogo (dlinnokhvostogo) sourka (Marmota caudata aurea) v Pakistane. Survivorship of golden marmot (Marmota caudata aurea) in Pakistan [Survie de la marmotte dorée au Pakistan]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 22-23 (Rousskie, Russian), 129 (Angliïskie, English).
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota caudata, survie, survival, Pakistan.
En anglais et en russe avec résumé français ; in English and in Russian, with a French abstract.
Marmota caudata, survie, survival, Pakistan.
La survie des marmottes dorées a été étudiée, entre 1988 et 1993, dans le Parc National de Khunfjerah au Pakistan. La mortalité au cours de la première année est élevée pour les deux sexes, puis se stabilise. La survie des marmottes dorées a été comparée à celles d’autres espèces très sociale (M. vancouverensis et M. olympus), ainsi qu’à celle d’une autre espèce moins sociale (M. flaviventris). Comme les autres marmottes à niveau de socialité élevé, les marmottes dorées ont une survie annuelle relativement élevée, ce qui fournit un appui supplémentaire à l’hypothèse selon laquelle une meilleure socialité accroît la survie.
pdf
En anglais, in English.
[pdf available ou/or pdf
Marmota vancouverensis, écologie, ecology, interactions prédateur/proies, predator/prey interactions; gestion environnementale, environmental management, gestion de la faune sauvage, Wildlife and habitat management, conservation.
Behavioral comparisons between endangered species and their congeners may provide valuable data with which to test ideas about declining populations or the future direction of recovery efforts. We considered the case of the highly endangered Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis). Predation is a current source of mortality, and inadequate anti-predator behavior could have profound ramifications for the future success of re-introductions. We tested whether M. vancouverensis anti-predator behavior was unusual or 'deficient' by quantifying it and comparing it to 13 other marmot species. We found no evidence that Vancouver Island marmots were unwary. If anything, the converse was true. Vancouver Island marmots were responsive and vigilant towards real and simulated predatory threats. They dug numerous escape burrows that reduced the likelihood of predation. Our results have several implications for future recovery efforts, one of which was to establish 'baseline' flight-response targets that captive-bred Vancouver Island marmots will have to meet or exceed prior to release into predator-rich environments.
En anglais, in English.
Ethology, ethology, méthodologie, methodology.
(en ligne/on line)ou/or pdf
En anglais, in English.
Ethology, ethology, méthodologie, methodology.
(en ligne/on line)ou/or pdf
En anglais, in English.
(en ligne/on line) pdf disponible/available]
We have developed, and freely distribute, JWatcher: an event-recording and focal data analysis program. JWatcher is written entirely in Java and consequently runs on any modern microcomputer, regardless of operating system. Our philosophy is that users should only need to score behavior once. Flexible data post-processing allows a wide variety of analyses, all based upon the same original data file. These can consider a subset of key codes, or explore patterns of behavior using different time windows. Both event (frequency) and state (duration) descriptive statistics are available. A batch-processing mode permits efficient analysis of large numbers of observation data files. Errorchecking functions are built into the analysis algorithms. It is straightforward to export data and results to spreadsheet and statistics programs for further processing. Versions of JWatcher for Mac and PC, together with a 33 page manual, can be downloaded from the web site.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Observational data, données d'observation, recording tool, enregistrement, statistics, statistique, analysis, analyse.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Pyrrhocorax graculus, Vulpes vulpes montana, Khunjerab National Park, Pakistan.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Marmota caudata, sevrage, weaning, survie, survival, social, végétation, vegetation.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Marmota caudata, éthologie, ethology, morphologie, morphology, olfaction, marquage, marking.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, prédation, predation, puma, cougar, Felis concolor, loup, wolf, Canis lupus, ch¿vre domestique, domestic goat, Capra aegagrus.
Fewer than 35 Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) remain in the wild and captive breeding program has begun. Predation has been implicated in the initial population decline and in the loss of 4 of 13 reintroduced marmots. To identify whether predator discrimination abilities are lost in captivity, we presented wild-caught and captive born marmots with taxidermic mounts of predators (a cougar Felis concolor and wolf Canis lupus) together with control stimuli (marmot, domestic goat Capra aegagrus (=hircus), the cart on which all stimuli were presented, and a • blank ™ no-stimulus control. Because overall • personality ™ may be associated with response to predators, we also conducted a mirror-image stimulus (MIS) presentation experiment where marmots were video-recorded with or without the presence of a wolf. Marmots discriminated among these stimuli, responding the most to the wolf and cougar. The MIS results suggest that marmots varied along a continuum of reactivity. The amount of reactivity was unaffected by the presence of a wolf, and was correlated with our highest level of responsiveness (vigilance at the burrow and time within burrow) to the wolf. Taken together, we conclude that marmots differentiate predators from non-predators and that this ability has not been lost under the conditions that they have been reared.
Russian pdf russe
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, prédation, predation, puma, cougar, Felis concolor, loup, wolf, Canis lupus, ch¿vre domestique, domestic goat, Capra aegagrus.
Pdf
A major impediment to recovering declining populations successfully is the mortality of reintroduced or translocated animals. We generally assume that captive-born animals may lose their antipredator behaviour abilities in captivity, but studies rarely compare predator recognition abilities of captive-born and wildcaptured animals to test this. To identify whether predator discrimination abilities of the critically endangered Vancouver Island marmots Marmota vancouverensis were lost in captivity, we presented wild-captured and captive-born marmots with taxidermic mounts of predators (a cougar Felis concolor and wolf Canis lupus) together with control stimuli (marmot, domestic goat Capra aegagrus, the cart on which all stimuli were presented and a ‘blank’ no-stimulus control). Regardless of specific predator discrimination abilities, for some species overall ‘personality’ may be associated with response to predators and subsequent survival. Thus, to quantify overall reactivity in the presence of a predator, we also conducted a mirror-image stimulus (MIS) presentation experiment where marmots were videorecorded with or without the presence of a wolf. Marmots discriminated among these stimuli, responding the most to the wolf and cougar. The MIS results suggest that marmots varied along a continuum of reactivity. The amount of reactivity was unaffected by the presence of a wolf, and was correlated with our highest level of responsiveness (vigilance at the burrow and time within the burrow) to the wolf. Taken together, we conclude that marmots differentiate predators from nonpredators and that this ability has not been lost under the conditions in which they have been reared.
Blumstein Daniel T., Im Soyeon, Nicodemus Amanda & Zugmeyer Claire 2004. Yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) hibernate socially [Les marmottes à ventre jaune (Marmota flaviventris) hibernent socialement]. Journal of Mammalogy, 85(1): 25-29.
En anglais, in English.
Of 14 species of marmots (genus Marmota, Family Sciuridae), only 2, the woodchuck (M. monax) and yellow-bellied marmot (M. flaviventris), have not been reported to be obligate social hibernators. There is one published report of yellow-bellied marmot juveniles hibernating together at a subalpine site, and social hibernation was reported at a single high-alpine site. Solitary hibernation is expected in woodchucks because they do not share burrows during summer, but is unexpected in yellow-bellied marmots, a harem-polygynous species where females may share burrows and have extensive home-range overlap with female kin during summer. We documented emergence patterns in 13 matrilines to determine whether adult marmots hibernate socially. We found that adult males hibernated with 1 or more adult females, and mothers hibernated with their offspring. Therefore, we conclude that yellow-bellied marmots hibernate socially. There is, however, no evidence that suggests that yellow-bellied marmots receive social thermoregulatory benefits from social hibernation. Documenting social hibernation required us to quantify patterns of emergence from hibernation. Throughout our subalpine site, emergence appears to be getting earlier; a result consistent with a previous report based on 1 colony site and which suggests the effects of global climate change are affecting hibernation patterns.
Changements climatiques, climate change, évolution de la socialité, evolution of sociality, Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, hibernation sociale, social hibernation.
pdf
Blumstein D.T. & Munos O. 2005. Individual and age/sex class variation in marmot alarm calls [Changement individuel et les classes âge/sexe dans les cris d'alarme des marmottes]. Animal Behaviour, 69:353-361.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, cri d'alarme, alarm call.
Individuals produce distinctive vocalizations that may contain considerable potential information about a signaller. Simply finding significant covariation between call structure and some individual attribute does not itself mean that there has been selection on callers to produce individually distinctive calls, nor on receivers to discriminate between them. Moreover, acoustic variation may degrade while being transmitted through the environment, making it potentially difficult for receivers to extract potential information. We focused on the individually distinctive calls of yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris, to describe attributes of individuals encoded in calls. Using discriminant function analysis, we found significant potential information about identity, age and sex encoded in calls. When calls were broadcast and rerecorded over 10 m and 40 m, identity, age and sex remained statistically discriminatable. Key variables that enabled discrimination were repeatable (they had high intraclass correlation coefficients), whereas those that did not enable discrimination were less repeatable. Finally, statistics developed to describe, in a standardized and comparative way, the information about individual signallers contained in vocalizations, revealed that marmot alarm calls contained at least 3.37 bits of information about identity. When compared to other species for which the information content of signals has been calculated, marmots may have not undergone strong selection for individually distinctive vocalizations. The fact that receivers discriminate between individuals suggests that receivers benefit by doing so.
Pdf
Blumstein D.T., Ozgul A., Yovovich V., Van Vuren D.H. & Armitage K.B. 2006. Predation risk predicts presence and persistence of yellow-bellied marmot colonies [Le risque de prédation prédit la présence et le maintien des colonies de marmottes à ventre jaune]. Journal of Zoology, London 270: 132-138.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, prédation, predation.
Habitat selection may have population level consequences and ultimately may influence a population’s local persistence or extinction. We capitalized on a longterm study (1962-2004) of yellow-bellied marmots Marmota flaviventris in and around the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, Colorado, USA, and compared habitat characteristics associated with food availability and predation risk to explain variation in persistence of marmots at 27 sites, and their absence at 22 additional, randomly selected sites. We classified sites as persistent, intermittent or null based on whether there was a history of extinction; intermittent sites periodically went extinct and null sites never had marmots. Logistic regression analyses revealed that environmental variables associated with visibility and safety, rather than food, correctly classified sites as persistent or non-persistent as well as persistent or intermittent. Discriminant function analysis that included the null sites revealed that the same visibility-related characteristics predicted where marmots were found. These results highlight the importance of variation in safety among sites in predicting long-term population persistence, as well as a species’ distribution.
pdf
Blumstein D.T., Patton M.L. & Saltzman W. 2006. Faecal glucocorticoid metabolites and alarm calling in free-living yellow-bellied marmots [Métabolites glucocorticoïdes fécaux et le cri d'alarme chez les marmottes à ventre jaune sauvages]. Biology Letters, 2: 29-32.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, cri d'alarme, alarm calling, glucocorticoïdes, glucocorticoids, stress.
When individuals of a variety of species encounter a potential predator, some, but not all, emit alarm calls. To explain the proximate basis of this variation, we compared faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in live-trapped yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) between occasions when they did and did not emit alarm calls. We found that marmots had significantly higher glucocorticoid levels when they called than when they did not call, suggesting that stress or arousal may play an important role in potentiating alarm calls. Marmots are sensitive to variation in the reliability of callers. The present finding provides one possible mechanism underlying caller variation: physiological arousal influences the propensity to emit alarm calls.
pdf
Blumstein D.T. & Pelletier D. 2005. Yellow-bellied marmot hiding time is sensitive to variation in costs [Le temps d'embusquage des marmottes à ventre jaune est sensible aux changements de coûts]. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 83: 363-367.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot,
Many species use refugia to avoid predators, but remaining in a refuge is costly because foraging and engaging in other beneficial activities are curtailed while in a refuge. Thus, we expect that the duration of refuge use will be optimized. We tested a key prediction of this optimization hypothesis in yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris (Audubon and Bachman, 1841), by providing supplemental food next to their burrows to manipulate the costs of remaining in a refuge. We then systematically walked towards a subject that was foraging on supplementary food or a subject that was not foraging on supplementary food until the individual disappeared into its burrow. We found a significant effect of our feeding treatment; subjects with supplementary food emerged from their burrows sooner than those without it. We also found a complex interaction between our feeding treatment and immergence distance (i.e., the distance subjects were at when they disappeared into their burrows). Individuals that tolerated close approaches emerged sooner when food was present, while those that were intolerant of approaching humans took longer to emerge and emerged sooner when food was not present. Juveniles emerged significantly sooner than adults, while there was no detectable difference between emergence times for adults and yearlings. This is the first demonstration in a mammal that hiding time is sensitive to the cost of remaining in the burrow. A number of previous studies on hiding times have focused on ectothermic species. More generally, our results suggest that endotherms are also likely to optimize the time that they remain in a refuge.
De nombreuses espèces animales échappent à leurs prédateurs en s’abritant dans un terrier. Cependant, cela ne va pas sans coût, car tant que l’animal reste réfugié, toute activité profitable, comme la recherche de nourriture, est suspendue. Par conséquent, une optimisation de la durée pendant laquelle l’animal se cache serait à prévoir. Nous avons testé cette hypothèse sur les marmottes à ventre jaune, Marmota flaviventris (Audubon et Bachman, 1841). Pour cela, nous avons manipulé les coûts reliés au fait de rester réfugié, en apportant de la nourriture supplémentaire près de l’entrée du terrier. Un expérimentateur a ensuite systématiquement marché en direction soit d’un sujet consommant les apports de nourriture, soit d’un individu occupé à d’autres activités, jusqu’à ce que l’animal disparaisse dans son terrier. Les résultats montrent un effet significatif de notre traitement alimentaire: les sujets en présence de nourriture supplémentaire ressortent plus vite de leur terrier que ceux qui n’en ont pas eue. Nous avons, de plus, trouvé une interaction complexe entre le traitement alimentaire et la distance de « perte de vue » (c’est-à-dire la distance entre l’expérimentateur et le sujet au moment où ce dernier disparaît dans son refuge). Les individus tolérant une distance faible entre l’expérimentateur et eux-mêmes ressortent plus vite en présence de surplus de nourriture. Les sujets intolérants mettent globalement plus de temps à réapparaître et ressortent plus vite quand il n’y a pas de surplus de nourriture. Les jeunes de l’année émergent significativement plus tôt que les adultes et les jeunes de 1 an qui mettent un temps semblable à émerger. Notre expérience constitue la première démonstration chez un mammifère que le temps passé à se cacher est soumis aux coûts du retrait dans un terrier. Un certain nombre d’études précédentes sur le temps passé dans un refuge concernent les espèces ectothermes. Nos résultats laissent croire plus généralement qu’il est aussi probable que les endothermes optimisent leur temps dans les refuges.
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Blumstein D.T. & Robertson M. 1995. Summer diets of Tibetan red foxes in Khunjerab National Park, Pakistan [Régimes alimentaires estivaux des renards rouges du Parc National de Khunjerab, Pakistan]. Z. Saug., 60: 243-245.
En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Vulpes vulpes montana, alimentation, diet, Marmota caudata aurea, Khunjerab National Park, Pakistan.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, locomotion.
Animals employ a variety of behaviors to reduce or manage predation risk. Often, these are studied in isolation, but selection may act on packages of behavior that are referred to as behavioral syndromes. We focused on yellowbellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) and examined three commonly studied antipredator behaviors. We fitted general linear models to explain variation in maximum running speed, time allocated to vigilance and foraging during bouts of foraging, and flight initiation distance (FID). Marmot maximum running speed was influenced by the substrate run across; marmots ran fastest across dirt or low vegetation and slowest across stones or talus. Incline and several other variables shown to affect running speed in other marmot species failed to explain significant variation in yellow-bellied marmots. From these results we expected marmots to be sensitive to substrate while foraging, but insensitive to incline. However, time allocated to foraging was affected by incline but not by substrate. In bouts of foraging observed in different habitats, and on different inclines, more time was allocated to foraging and less to vigilance on steep slopes and less on level ground. Substrate influenced FID. Marmots in tall vegetation were less tolerant of an approaching person than were those in shorter vegetation. Finally, we found significant correlations between the residuals from the maximum running speed model and the residuals from the time allocated to vigilance and foraging models. We found a tendency for marmots that ran slower than predicted to be less vigilant while foraging. We also found that relatively slow marmots engaged in more active foraging and less vigilance during foraging bouts. This finding suggests a locomotor abilitywariness while foraging syndrome. It also suggests that vulnerable individuals minimize their exposure while foraging.
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En anglais, in English.
[pdf disponible/available ou/or pdf
Marmota flaviventris, éthologie, ethology, évolution, evolution, soins parentaux, communication, son, sound, Colorado, Utah.
En anglais, in English.
pdf
Communication d'alarme, alarm communication, reconnaissance individuelle, individual recognition, sûreté, reliability.
Unlike individually-distinctive contact calls, or calls that aid in the recognition of young by their parents, the function or functions of individually-distinctive alarm calls is less obvious. We conducted three experiments to study the importance of caller reliability in explaining individual-discriminative abilities in the alarm calls of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris). In our first two experiments, we found that calls from less reliable individuals and calls from individuals calling from a greater simulated distance were more evocative than calls from reliable individuals or nearby callers. These results
are consistent with the hypothesis that marmots assess the reliability of callers to help them decide how much time to allocate to independent vigilance. The third experiment demonstrated that the number of callers influenced responsiveness, probably because situations where more than a single caller calls are those when there is certain to be a predator present. Taken together, the results from all three experiments demonstrate the importance of reliability in explaining individual discrimination abilities in yellow-bellied marmots. Marmots’ assessment of reliability acts by influencing the time
allocated to individual assessment and thus the time not allocated to other activities.
En anglais, in English.
Piège à marmotte, Marmot trap, peau de marmotte, marmot skin, viande, marmot meat, Tsimshian Indians, Tinne Indians, ethnologie, ethnology, Canada, Boas, Franz, 1858-1942.
Texte complet/Full text ICMH (Institut Canadien de Microreproductions historiques)/CIHM
La femme marmotte, the marmot woman, les enfants du chien, the children of the dog, Adada, Indiens, indians, Folklore, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia, Boas F. 1858-1942.
Texte complet/Full text ICMH (Institut Canadien de Microreproductions historiques)/CIHM
Bobbé S. 1999. Entre domestique et sauvage : le cas du chien errant. Une liminalitébien dérangeante [Between domestic and wild : the case of the stray dog. An upsetting liminality]. Ruralia, 5. 2000. Courrier de l'Environnement de l'INRA, 40 : 66-74.
Canis, prédation, predation.
Texte
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, monographie, monography.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbira, monographie, monography, Eurasie, Eurasia.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, Eurasie, Eurasia.
En russe, in Russian.
Montagnes, mountains, Asie, Asia.
En russe, in Russian.
Montagnes, mountains, Asie, Asia.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, URSS, USSR.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, clef de détermination, determination key, taxonomie, taxonomy, URSS, USSR.
En russe, in Russian.
Montagnes, mountains, Asie, Asia.
En russe, in Russian.
Montagnes, mountains, Asie, Asia.
En anglais, in English.
Biochimie, Biochemestry, Collagène, Collagen, Alimentation, Food, Paléontologie, Paleontology, grotte de Marillac, Marillac Cave, France.
Mesures d'abondances isotopiques naturelles en 13C et 15N de la matiere organique fossile.
Application au site de Marillac (Charente, France), daté du Würm ancien (-40000).
En anglais, in English.
Homme, Man, Palkéontologie, Paleontology, Mésolithique, Mesolitic, Biochimie, Biochemistry, Os, bone.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, os, bone.
En français, in French
Paléontologie, palontology.
En français, in French.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Magdalénien, Magdalenian, Drôme, France.
Boer A.H. 1972. Behavioural population dynamics of woodchucks (Marmota monax rufescens Howell) [Dynamique des populations comportementale de la marmotte des bois (M. monax rufescens Howell)]. Ph.D. thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, population.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, taxonomie, taxonomy.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota camtschatica.
M. c. camtschatica, M. c. bungei and M. c. doppelmayeri subspecies have differences in morphology, immunogenetics and in sound signalization. However they have identical karyotypes (2n=40, NFa=62). We investigated differential staining of chromosomes of M. c. bungei and M. c. doppelmayeri and metrical and non-metrical characteristics of skulls of all subspecies of the marmot and features of their fur colour. C-banding of the chromosomes shows low quantity of C-heterochromatin. Ag-Nor-staining revealed polymorphism in number and localization of NORs in their chromosomes. Morphological data confirmed V. Kapitonov (1978) opinion on the presence of significant differences between M. c. camtschatica and M. c. doppelmayeri. Besides, we found differences in shapes of incisive and choana foramen between these subspecies. By a number of features, M. c. bungei occupy an intermediate position between them. A heterogeneity of M. c. bungei is revealed : the skulls of Kharaulakh marmots are larger than those of Verkhoyansk ones. A divergence level between M. c. camtschatica and M. c. bungei probably reaches the interspecific, and between Verkhoyansk and Kharaulakh marmots M. c. bungei it exceeds the interpopulational.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota camtschatica, taxonomie, taxonomy.
En russe, in Russian.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, génétique, genetic.
En anglais, in English.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota camtschatica, Russie, Yakoutie
En anglais, in English.
Marmota camtschatica, écologie, écology, éthologie, ethology, hibernation, Russie, Russia, Yakoutie
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, morphologie, morphology, immunologie, immunology.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota camtschatica, morphologie, morphology, immunologie, immunology.
The morphological and immunogenetic parameters of three Marmota camtschatica subspecies were studied. The greatest differences in measurements and nonmetric skull characteristics were revealed between M. c. camtschatica and M. c. doppelmayri; in a number of cases, the variation ranges of these parameters did not overlap. M. c. bungei was intermediate between the latter two subspecies and, at the same time, heterogeneous. Immunogenetic tests revealed distinct differences between the three subspecies of the black-capped marmot and between two geographic forms of marmots from Yakutia. The results of this study and published data are evidence for a high divergence of the M. camtschatica forms; the extent to which the Kamchatka and Barguzin subspecies differ from each other in the entire set of parameters is comparable to the differences between separate species; the Yakut subspecies occupies the intermediate position. The black-capped marmot probably is a species in statu nascendi and shows a situation resembling the phenomenon of a circle of races (Ras-senkreise). Most likely, the black-capped marmots should be considered to be a superspecies M. camtschatica.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Volga, Russie Russia.
En russe, in Russian.
Chasse, hunting, Russie, Russia, Caucase.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, Ouzbekistan, Uzbekistan.
En russe, in Russian.
Animaux, animals, Ouzbekistan, Uzbekitan.
En ouzbeck, in Uzbek.
Marmota menzbieri
Rodentia, Marmota menzbieri.
En anglais, en russe et en Ouzbeck, in English, Russian and Uzbek.
Marmota menzbieri.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, coeur, heart, Erithrizon dorsatum, porc-épic nord américain.
En anglais, in English.
Nasuella olivacea, coati de montagne, Marmota monax, respiration.
En anglais, in English.
Nasuella olivacea, coati de montagne, Marmota monax, respiration.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, respiration, taille corporelle, body size.
En allemand, in German.
Rodentia, locomotion.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, paysage, landscape, adaptation.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Aveyron, France.
En fran¡ais, in French.
Rythme, rhythm, hibernation.
Boissy Louis de 1813. Le français à Londres [The French in London]. Paris, Menard et Raymond. Comédie, présentée, pour la première fois, le 19 juillet1727. Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, marmotter, to mumble.
Extrait/extract pdf
Boitard M. 1842. Le jardin des plantes. description et moeurs des mammifères de la ménagerie et du muséum d'histoire naturelle. Les marmottes, 313-317. [The plants garden. Description and habits of the mammals of the menagerie of the Natural History Museum]. Dubochet, Paris.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Marmota marmota, Arctomys marmotta, alpine marmot, Marmota bobac, bobak, Arctomys bobac, marmotte de Pologne, monax, Arctomys monax, Cuniculus bahamensis, marmotte du Canada, siffleur, Arctomys empetra (Mus empetra), marmotte du Québec, Arctomys fulva, marmotte fauve, Arctomys pruinosa, marmotte poudrée, Arctomys mugosaricus, marmotte mugosarique, Arctomys leptodactylus, marmotte aux doigts lisses, Arctomys gundi (Mus gundi), gundi, Arctomys maulina (Mus maulinus), maulin, Arctomys circassiae (Mus tscherkessicus), Arctomys citillus (Mus citillus, Spermophilus citillus, Zizel, souslick, marmotte de Sibérie, Arctomys Richardsonii (Spermophilus Richardsonii), marmotte tannée d'Amérique, Arctomys hoodii (Spermophilus Hoodii), spermophile de Hood, Arctomys Franklinii (Spermophilus Franklinii), marmotte grise d'Amérique, Arctomys Parryii (Spermophilus Parryii), écureuil de terre, Arctomys ludoviciana, Arctomys missouriensis, Cynomis socialis, Spermophilus ludovicanus, wistouwisch, chien des prairies ; Ethologie.
En français, in French.
Marmotte, Arctomys, marmot, Arctomys marmotta Gml., Arctomys alpina Blum., marmotte de Pologne, Arctomys bobac Gmel., monax, Arctomys monax Gml., Cuniculus bahamensis Catesb., marmotte du Canada, siffleur, whistler ; marmotte de Québec, Arctomys empetra Gml., Mus empetra Pall., Arctomys caligata Eschsch.
Extrait/extract pdf
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, France, Vosges.
En mongol, in Mongolian.
Uncia uncia, léopard des neiges, snow leopard, Altaï.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, faunistique, fauna, distribution, Italie, Italy, Appenins, Emilie-Romagne.
En anglais, in English.
Pdf
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, pest.
En anglais, in English.
Hibernation, déclencheur, trigger, coeur, heart.
En anglais, in English.
4th Intern. Conf. Rodens & Spatium, May 24-28 1993, Mikolajki, Poland.
Mammifères, mammals, technologies, technology, Oural, Ural.
En Français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Marmota bobac.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Marmota bobac.
En italien, In Italian.
Mammifères, mammals, Italie, Italy.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Italie, Italy.
En italien, in Italian.
Ursus spelaes, Rupicapra rupicapra, Capra ibex, Canis lupus, Marmota marmotta, pléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, pleistocene.
The excavation carried out in 1998 autumn along Caverna Generosa entrance gallery allowed to recover not only Ursus spelaeus rests, but also other mammals bones. These finds, in consideration of their stratigraphic position, are divided in three faunal associations. The older is constituted by Ursus spelaes, Rupicapra rupicapra, Capra ibex, Canis lupus, Marmota marmotta. The second by Alces alces, Capra ibex, Cervus elaphus, Marmota marmotta and Ursus spelacus. The first one, which is the youngest, consists of mammals that live today on the Generoso Mountain. The two ancient associations show climate change from cold dry and open situation lo cold and woody one. The lacking of direct dating does not permit to position with precision this event, but Ursus spelaeus
presence permits to consider that this climate change was happened in the Late Pleistocene.
En italien, in Italian.
Dictionnaire, dictionary, italien, Italian language, Arctomio, arctomys, marmotta.
En russe, in Russian.
Bibliographie, bibliography, peste, plague, Altaï.
En russe, in Russian.
Bactérie, bacterium,este, Altaï
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, parasitologie, parasitology, distribution, peste, plague, parasitologie, parasitology, Altaï.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, épizootie, epizooty, Altaï.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, pathologie, pathology.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, éthology, prédation, predation, fuite, flight.
Extrait/extract pdf
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, ethologie, ethology, spatial, Italie, Italy, préalpes, pre-Alps.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, rythme, rhythm.
Monthly activities of a population of alpine marmots (Marmota marmota), living in the Julian Pre-Alps (NE Italy), have been observed and analyzed in order to investigate external and internal factors that may influence their behaviour. Behavioural data have been collected for two consecutive years. Social organization and demography are also described. A summer trend in the distribution of activities is discussed. Among the external factors, meteorological conditions seem to play a major role. Turk and Arnold's (1988) hypothesis about the function of lying in alpine marmot is supported by our data. A hypothesis relating territory defence and probability of meeting dispersing individuals is formulated.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, rythme, rhythm, activité, activivity, Italie, Italy, Alpes, Alps.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, France.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology, France.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Bouche-du-Rhône, France.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, paléontologie, paleontology, Hérault, France.
En français, in French.
Quaternaire, Quaternary.
En français, in French.
Préhistoire, prehistory, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Haute-Loire, France.
Bonifay E. & Bonifay M.F. 1981. Le gisement préhistorique de Soleilhac (Blanzac, Haute-Loire) [The prehistoric deposit of Soleihac (Blanzac, Haute-Loire)]. In Le bassin du Puy aux temps préhistoriques, Le Puy, Musée Crozatier, 19-36.
En français, in French.
Préhistoire, prehistory, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Haute-Loire, France.
Bonifay E. & Bonifay M.F. 1983. Le Paléolithique ancien en Velay et Auvergne : civilisations préhistoriques et milieu naturel [The ancient paleolithic in Velay and Auvergne: prehistoric civilisations and natural environment]. In Les inédits de la Préhistoire auvergnate, Clermont-Ferrand, Musée Bargoin, 91-104.
En français, in French.
Préhistoire, prehistory, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Haute-Loire, France.
Bonlan G. 1901. Opisanye Oukrainy. In Lyakoronskiiuml; V.G., Gil'om Levasser de Bolan i ego istoriko-geog. tr. otnositel'no Yujnoï Rossii, Kiev.
En russe, in Russian.
Ukraine.
En français, in French.
Ethnologie, ethnology, amerindiens, indians, faune, fauna, absence de marmotte, no marmot, Canada.
Extrait/extract pdf
En français, in French.
Marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, description naturaliste, naturalistic description, langage des bêtes, animal langage, Bonnet, Charles (1720-1793).
Extrait/extract pdf
Bonnet-Arnaud P. 1996a. Stratégies d'occupation de l'espace chez les Rongeurs [Space occupation strategies in Rodents]. Rapport bibliographique DEA Analyse et modélisation des systèmes biologiques, Lyon 1.
Rodentia, espace, space.
Marmota marmota, spatial, terrier, burrow.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, biométrie, biometry, âge, age.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, rétroduction, re-introduction, Drôme, France.
En français, in French.
Enseignement secondaire classique, classical secondary education, animaux, animals, marmotte , marmot, Gaston Bonnier, 1853-1923.
Extrait Pdf extract
Marmota marmota, fourrure, fur, économie, economy.
En anglais, in Enghlish.
Paléontologie, paleontology, cougar, puma, Montana, États-Unis d'Amérique, United States of America.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, répartition géographique, geographic range, Bergame, Bergamo, Italie, Italy.
Bonzano A.G. 1992. La presenza delle marmotte sulle montagne bergamasche [Présence de la marmotte sur les montagnes bergamasques. Marmot presence on the Bergamo mountains]. Bergamo caccia e pesca, 9: 5.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, répartition géographique, geographic range, Italie, Italy.
Booth David 1836. An Analytical Dictionary of the English Language, in which the Words are Explained in the Order of their natural affinity [Dictionnaire analytique de l’anglais, dans lequel les mots sont expliqués dans l’ordre de leur affinité naturelle]. Simpkin Marshall and Co., London, 457p., Num. Google.
En anglais, in Enghlish.
Dictionnaire, dictionary, Anglais, English language, Arctomys marmot, Alpine mouse, mountain mouse, monax, Maryland marmot, woodchuck, ground-hog.
Extrait pdf extract
Bopp P. 1950. Zur Bedeutung des Murmeltierpfiffes [Signification des sifflements de marmottes. Whistle significance in marmots]. Der Tierfreund, Bern, 3: 37-39.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, communication, son, sound.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, territoire, Suisse Switzerland.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, territoire, territory.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, communication, marquage, marking, territoire, territory.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, territoire, territory.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, social, territoire, territory.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, écologie, ecology, territoire, territory.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, terrier, burrow, Alpes, Alps.
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Littérature française, French literature, Bordeaux Henry 1870-1963.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Magdaléinien, Magdalenian, Haute-Loire, France.
En français, in French.
Marmota, p. 431, paléontologie, paleontology, géologie, geology, France.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, moustérien, Mousterian, France.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, moustérien, Mousterian, France.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology, France, Dordogne.
En français, in French.
Pas de marmotte.
En français, in French.
Dictionnaire, dictionary, language français, French language, absence du terme marmotte, absence of the marmot term.
Extrait pdf extract
Borghesio L., Palestrini C. & Passerin d’Entrèves P. The dung Beetles of Gran Paradiso national park: A preliminary analysis (Insecta, Coleoptera, scarabeoidea). Ibex, Journal of Mountain Ecology, 6.
En anglais, in English
en ligne, on line
Available pdf disponibleA survey of the dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) of Gran Paradiso National Park was done in1996-97. The insects were collected directly in the dung of wild and reared mammals or by automated pitfall traps. Altogether 28 sites were sampled, at altitudes ranging from 700 to 2800 m. Thirty species of Scarabaeoidea were collected, of which 27 inside the borders of the protected area and another 3 just outside of them, at low altitude sites.The dung beetle community was dominated by Aphodiidae (20 species), while Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae were represented by 6 and 4 species respectively. Among the species found, we remark the presence of Aphodius pyrenaeus, a high altitude species typical of Alpine marmot’s burrows, and of Geotrupes mutator, whose distribution and population have strongly decreased in Europe.
En anglais, in English
pdf
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, Aphodius pyrenaeus, Coleoptera, Aphodiidae, coprophage, coprophagous beetle, bousier.
La biologie des bousiers de la famille des Aphodiidae reste mal connue et les informations sur les espèces vivant dans des habitats extrêmes comme la haute montagne demeurent pratiquement inexistantes. De 1994 à 1999, nous avons étudié Aphodius pyrenaeus, un bousier de l'étage subnival dans les Alpes occidentales. L'espèce a été étudiée tant sur le terrain qu'en laboratoire. Elle vit à haute altitude (2 300-2 780 m) où elle choisit des microhabitats abrités, en particulier des latrines de la marmotte des Alpes Marmota marmota. Cela lui permet de débuter sa reproduction avant les autres bousiers qui coexistent avec elle. La densité de population est maximale en juillet. À partir de début août, de grands nombre de jeunes apparaissent et, au moins une partie d'entre eux, se reproduisent l'année même de leur émergence. Cela semble inhabituel chez les Aphodiidae, en particulier chez ceux qui vivent en altitude. La sélection de ressources varie en fonction de l'âge, du sexe et de la condition reproductrice des individus. Dans les laissées de bouquetins Capra ibex nous avons trouvé plus de mâles et moins de femelles que dans celles de marmottes. De plus, les femelles trouvées dans les excréments de bouquetins portaient moins d'oeufs que celles collectées dans les fèces de marmottes. Il apparaît que les excréments de bouquetins ne sont que des sources de nourriture occasionnelles alors que ceux des marmottes sont également utilisées pour la ponte. En laboratoire, nous avons observé que les fèces de marmottes ne sont préférées à celles de bouquetins que quand elles sont fraîches. Les selles plus anciennes, déjà visitées par d'autres insectes, sont délaissées. La ponte se fait dans des terriers, profonds d'environ 2,5 cm creusés par la femelle. Ces terriers protègent probablement les oeufs des dommages physiques que pourrait engendrer la forte densité des coléoptères qui vivent dans les excréments. Les femelles préparent ces terriers en 2-3 jours, sans l'aide des mâles. Après éclosion, les larves creusent parfois leurs propres terriers pour s'abirter.
The biology of the dung beetles of the family Aphodiidae is poorly known, and information on the species living in extreme habitats, such as the high mountains, is almost non-existent. From 1994 to 1999 we studied Aphodius pyrenaeus, a dung beetle of subnival habitats in the western Alps. The species was studied both in the field and in the laboratory, A. pyrenaeus lives at high altitudes (2 300-2 780 m), where it selects sheltered microhabitats, especially latrines of Alpine marmot Marmota marmota. This allows it to start breeding before other coexisting dung beetles. Population density peaks in July, From the beginning of August large numbers of young appear, and at least some of them breed in the same year of their emergence. This seems to be uncommon in the Aphodiidae, especially those living in high-altitude habitats. Resource selection varied according to age, sex and reproductive condition of individuals. In the dung of Ibex Capra ibex we found more males and fewer females than in dung of Marmot. Moreover, females found in Ibex dung carried fewer eggs than those collected in Marmot dung. It appears that Ibex dung is mainly an occasional food source, while that of Marmot is also used for laying eggs, In laboratory tests we found that Marmot dung was preferred to Ibex dung only if freshly deposited. Old dung, where other insects had already been present, was avoided, Egg deposition occurred in underground burrows about 2.5 cm deep dug by adult females. These burrows probably protect the eggs from physical damage due to the high density of beetles living in the dung. Females prepared these burrows in 2-3 days without the help of males. After hatching larvae sometimes dug their own underground burrows as a shelter.
Sol : Espagne : Pyrénées.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, habitat.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, sélection de l'habitat, habitat selction.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, habitat suitability, habitat potentiel, model, modèle.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, re-introduction, réintroduction, gestion, management, ideal free distribution.
I analyzed the habitat selection of two Alpine marmots Marmota marmota (Linnaeus, 1758) populations (A and B) re-introduced in the Friulian Dolomites Natural Park (Eastern Italian Alps) in 1977 and 1983 respectively. Population A showed a higher density of family units than the more recently introduced and still increasing population B. I mapped winter burrows and I conferred proportions of usage of habitat types with their availability by the Jacobs index. Population B positively selected fewer types of habitat than population A, and particularly selected those habitat types more strongly selected by A. Through stepwise discriminant function analysis and oneway ANOVA, I analyzed the characteristics of the winter burrow surroundings, by splitting up the two study areas into sample squares covering 1 ha each. The importance of the alpine meadows and pastures was subordinate to the presence of rocks, especially in the pastures. Comparing the results obtained separately for the two populations, the more recent and less dense population showed a more restrictive habitat and slope selection, in accordance with the ideal free distribution theory. In order to validate the habitat suitability model obtained by discriminant analysis I applied it to two other populations of Alpine marmots present in FDNP and in the Julian Prealps Natural Park.
PDF disponible/available
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, Dolomites, Dolomiti, Italie, Italy.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
PDF disponible/available
Marmota marmota, habitat suitability, habitat potentiel, model, modèle.
Dans les Alpes italiennes orientales, la réintroduction des marmottes alpines, disparues depuis la préhistoire, a débuté en 1955 et se poursuit. Au cours des décades passées, les lâchers ont été réalisés sans tenir compte de la capacité et de l’habitabilité des milieux. Particulièrement, du fait de la fragmentation des prairies alpines, il est essentiel d’évaluer l’isolement futur des populations avant que les réintroductions soient réalisées. Le Parc Naturel des Dolomites Frioulane s’est engagé dans l’établissement d’une métapopulation viable. Nous suggerons que la procédure adoptée par le parc est optimale. Elle comprend trois étapes : A) localisation des aires potentielles de réintroduction ; B) analyse des besoins de l’espèce dans ces milieux et formulation d’un modèle d’habitabilité (MH); C) évaluation de l’habitabilité des aires potentielles de réintroduction.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, peste, plague, pathologie, pathology.
En russe, in Russian.
Botanique, botanic, Kazakhstan.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, prédation, predation, Tatra, Pologne, Poland.
En russe, in Russian.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, population, rééerve, conservation, Ukraine.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, population, Lugansk, Ukraine.
En français, in French.
Dictionnaire, dictionary, Sciences naturelles, Natural history, marmontain, marmontaine, marmotte des Alpes, Bobak, Arctomys bobac, Arctomys tridecemlineata, Sciurus tridecemlineatus, Marmotte du Missouri, Arctomys Missouriensis, Arctomys Ludoviciani, Marmotte de Franklin, Arctomys Franklinii, marmotte de Richardson, Arctomys Richardsonii, tawny American marmot, marmotte poudrée, Arctomys pruinosa, marmotte du Québec, Mus empetra, Arctomys empetra, Monax, Arctomys Monax, Cubiculus bahamensis, marmotte brachyure, Arctomys brachyura, Anisonya brachyura, burrowing squirrel, marmotte rousse, Arctomys rufa, Anisonyx rufa, Arctomys lutrans, barring squirrel, écureuil aboyant, marmotte de Parry, Arctomys Parryii, Arctomys latrans.
Extrait pdf extract
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, maladie, disease, Mongolie, Mongolia.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Aveyron, France.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Italie.
En italien, in Italian.
Rodentia, paléontologie, paleontology, Pliocène, Italie, Italy.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Insectes, Diptès.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, économie, economy, réintroduction, re-introduction, France.
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Marmota marmota.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota bobak, marmotte des steppes, steppe marmot, mice of Pontus, Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, mice of the Alp.
Extrait Pdf Extract
Bossu Antonin 1858. Nouveau dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle et de phénomènes de la nature[New dictionary of Natural history and of nature phenomenons]. Au Bureau de l'Abeille Médicale, Paris, t. 2, 365-366.
En français, in French.
Marmotte, marmot, Arctomys, marmotte grise ou des Alpes, alpine marmot, Arctomys marmotta, Marmota marmota.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite.
Institut fur Virologie, Universitatsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
Deletion mutants of hepatitis B virus (HBV) are often found in chronically HBV-infected patients. It has not been possible to study the significance of such deletion mutants on liver diseases in a suitable animal model. In this study, we characterized naturally occurring deletion mutants of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) in 11 chronically WHV-infected woodchucks. Deletions within the WHV preS region (nt 2992-338) had a length of 72 or 84 bp and were located in the amino terminal part of preS1. Internal deletions within the core gene (CID) had variable lengths (103 to 312 bp) and were identified within the center of this gene (nt 2021-2587). Four of seven CIDs were in-frame deletions, whereas the remaining three CIDs were out-of-frame deletions and led to the interruption of the reading frame. Sequence analysis of cloned PCR products of CIDs showed that heterogeneous WHV deletion mutants coexisted in single woodchucks. In addition, WHV genomes with double deletions in the preS1 and the core region could be found. We were unable to detect the expression of truncated core proteins in transfection experiments. The CID mutations led to a marked increase of the expression of the luciferase gene which was fused to the start codon of WHV polymerase, probably due to the shortening of the untranslated region or the removal of AUGs preceding the polymerase start codon. The characterization of naturally occurring WHV deletion mutants will allow us to study their biological and pathogenic properties in the woodchuck model in the future.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Alpes-maritimes, France.
Boubet B. 1996. L'hibernation de la marmotte des Alpes Marmota marmota [Hibernation in Alpine marmot, M. marmota]. Thèse Vétérinaire, Lyon.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, hibernation.
La marmotte des Alpes est un rongeur a structure sociale très développée et fournit un bon exemple d'hibernation chez les Sciuridés. Sa physiologie hivernale est considérablement modifiée par l'anorexie et l'hypothermie, qui entraînent un ralentissement du métabolisme, de la fonction endocrinienne et du système nerveux autonome. La connaissance des mécanismes de l'hibernation progresse rapidement, mais chaque découverte génère de nouvelles interrogations.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, faunistique, fauna, Auvergne, France.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Auvergne, France.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontologie, Moustérien, Mousterian, phase froide du Würm I,Ursus spelaeus, Ursus arctos, Aurignacien, début Würm II, cheval, horse, bovidés, bovine, Périgordien, Perigordian, absence marmotte, no marmot.
pdf.
Bouchud Jean 1951. Étude paléontologique de la faune d'Isturitz [Paleontologic study of the Isturitz fauna]. Mammalia, 15(4) : 184-203.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, France, Pyrénées atlantiques
En français, in French.
Rodentia, Oiseaux, birds, paléontologie, paleontology.
En français, in French.
Rodentia, Oiseaux, Birds, paléontologie, paleontology, France, Dordogne.
En français, in French.
Rodentia, Oiseaux, Birds, paléontologie, paleontology, France, Charente.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology, Haute-Marne, France.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, absence de marmotte, no marmot, abri Rousseau,Rousseau shelter, fin du Würm I, end of Wurm I, steppe froide et humid, cold and humid steppe, Würm II, more cold, abri Sabourin, Sabourin shelter, Würm II, Anglin, Anglin river, Vienne, France.
pdf.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, France.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, renne, Rangifer tarandus, bovidès, bouquetin des alpes, Capra ibex, chamois, Rupricapra tragus, lagomorphe, France.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Dordogne, France.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, indicateur de climat, climate indicator, absence marmotte, no marmot, Baume-Vallée, 800m, Moustérien, Mousterian, Baume-Loire, Azilien, Azilian, Solignac-sur-Loire, Haute-Loire, France.
pdf.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota primigenia p. 174, paléontologie, paleontology, Charente, France.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, France.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, oiseaux, absence de marmotte, no marmot, Magdalénien final, final Magdalenian, Azilien, Azilian, climat tempéré, mild climate, forêt, forest, Haute-Loire, France.
pdf.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota marmota, Magdalénien, Magdalenian, gibier, game, fourrure, fur, cerveau, brain, râble, back, Drôme, France.
Le Magdalénien final de la grotte des Freydières a livré une faune banale, sans éléments arctiques, dans laquelle le Bouquetin et la Marmotte sont très répandus. Parmi les oiseaux, le Lagopède des Alpes, le Merle à plastron, le Crave et le Chocard sont les plus nombreux. Cette faune est comtemporaine de l’oscillation d’Alleröd.
The late Magadalenian level of the Freydières cave has given an unrare fauna without arctic elements, where Ibex and Alpine marmot are very numerous. Among the birds, Ptarmigan, Ring Ouzel, Chough and Alpine Chough are the most abundant. This fauna is contemporary with the Alleröd oscillation.
pdf.
En français, in French.
Philosophie, phylosophy, éthologie, ethology, animaux, animals, instinct, langage, language, sons, sounds, castor, beaver, loup, wolf, transport collectif, collective transport, société, society, rire, laugh, gestuelle, sign language.
pdf.
Bouillé de 1873. Mammifères des Pyrénées [Mammals of the Pyrenees]. Comptes-rendus du Congrès scientifique de Pau.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, faune, fauna, absence de marmotte, no marmot, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.
Boulart R. 1883. Les animaux utiles du point de vue de l'industrie, des arts et de la médecine [Useful animals from the industrial, arts and medecine point of view]. J. Rothschild, Paris , pp. 384.
En français, in French.
Economie, economy, médecine, medecine.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Quaternaire, quaternary, silex, flints, Cantal, France.
En français, in French.
Pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, géologie, geology, Haute-Loire, France.
Boule M. 1899c. Sur l’existence d’une faune d’animaux arctiques dans la Charente à l’époque quaternaire [About the presence of arctic fauna in Charente during the quaternary]. Compte Rendu hebdomadaire de l’Académie des Sciences, 120 : 1188-1190.
En français, in French.
pdf
Châteauneuf-sur-Charente, Charente, France, Arctomys marmotta, marmotte, Spermophilus rufescens, Spermophile, Arvicola amphibius, Arvicola ratticeps, campagnol du nord, Canis vulpes, Renard commun, Canis lagopus, renard arctique, Canis lupus, Loup, Hyoena crocuta spelea, Hyène des cavernes, Mustela putorius, Putois, Felis leo spelea, Lion des cavernes, Equus caballus, Cheval, Cervus tarandus, renne, Casarca rutila, Canard, Rana, Grenouille, Bufo, Crapaud.
Boule Marcellin 1892. Découverte d’un squelette d’Elephas meridionalis dans les cendres basaltiques du volcan de Senèze (Haute-Loire) [Discovery of an Elephas meridionalis skeleton in the basaltic ashes of the Senèze Volcano (Haute-Loire)]. Compte Rendu hebdomadaire de l’Académie des Sciences, 115 : 624-626.
En français, in French.
pdf
Equus stenonis, Bos elatus, Rhinoceros, Hyoena, Cervidés, proboscidien, Elephas meridionalis, Elephas antiquus, Mastodon arvensensis, paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, quaternary, terrains volcaniques, Haute-Loire, France.
Boule Marcellin 1902. La caverne à ossements de Montmaurin (Haute-Garonne) [The bone cave of Montmaurin (Haute-garonne)]. L'Anthropologie, 13 : 305-319.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Haute-Garonne, France.
En français, in French.
pdf
Paléontologie, paleontology, caverne du Prince ou du Pont romian, Prince or Pont romain cave, grotte des Enfants, Enfants cave, grotte du Cavillon, Cavillon cave, quaternaire supérieur, upper quaternary, climat froid, cold climate, Rhinoceros tichorhinus, renne, reindeer, bouquetin, ibex, marmotte, marmot, quaternaire inférieur, lower quaternary, climat chaud, warm climate, Elephas antiquus, Rhinoceros Mercki, hippopotame, Monaco.
En français, in French.
pdf
Paléontologie, paleontology, grotte des Enfants, Enfants cave, Homme, Man, quaternaire inférieur, lower quaternary, ours des cavernes, cave bear, hyène des cavernes, cave hyena, grand lion des cavernes, great cave lion, castor géant, giant beaver, quaternaire moyen, marmotte, marmot, quaternaire supérieur, upper quaternary, cerf élpahe, daim, deer, bouquetin, ibex.
Boule Marcellin 1905. Les lions des cavernes [The lions of the caves]. Comptes rendus hebdomadairse des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 140 : 547-549.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Felis leo Edwardsi.
Boule Marcellin 1906a. Les grottes de Grimaldi (Baouss&eacte; Roussé) [The Grimaldi's caves (Baoussé Roussé)]. Géologie et Paléontologie, Monaco, 1(4) : 286-298. p. 294.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie;, paleontology, Monaco.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Carnivora, Felidae, paléontologie, paleontology.
Boule Marcellin 1908. L’homme fossile de la Chapelle-aux-Saints (Corrèze) [The fossil Man of the Chapelle-aux-Saints (Corrèze)]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 147 : 1349-1352.
En français, in French.
Pdf.
Pléistocène moyen, Middle Pleistocene, Moustérien, Mousterian, Homme, Man, néanderthal, neanderthal, La Chapelle-aux-Saints, Corrèze, France.
En français, in French.
Pdf.
Crâne, skull, néanderthal, neanderthal.
pdf
Boule Marcellin 1909b. Le squelette du tronc et des membres de l’Homme fossile de la Chapelle-aux-Saints [The trunk and members skeleton of the fossil man of the Chapelle-aux-Saints]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 148 : 1554-1556.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Squelette, skeleton, néanderthal, neanderthal, La Chapelle-aux-Saints, Corrèze, France.
Boule Marcellin 1911. L'homme de La Chapelle-aux-saints [La Chapelle-aux-saints' man]. Annales de Paléontologie, 4.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, Corrèze, France.
En français, in French.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.
En français, in French.
Arctomys marmota, Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, Charente, France.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, absence de marmotte, no marmot, Protosolutréen, Haute-Loire, France.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota marmota, gestion, management.
En français, in French.
Géologie, geology, Quaternaire, France.
En français, in French.
En français, in French.
Préhistoire, prehistory.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, éthologie, ethology.
En français, in French.
Éthnobiologie, ethnobiology, Marmota marmota, Savoie.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology.
pdf
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, introduction, massif du Mézenc, Mezenc Massif.
Bourova N.D. 2001. Taphonomical and zooarchaeological methods in the study of the Upper Paleolithic Yudinovo site (Bryansk Region, Russia) [Méthodes taphonomique et zooarchéologique d'études du paléolithique supérieur de Yudinovo (Région de Bryansk, Russie)]. Conférence/Lecture The VIII Nordic Conference on the Application of Scientific Methods in Archaeology (SMIA), Umeå.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota bobak, paléontologie, paleontology, Pélolithique, Paleolitic, chasse, hunting, Russie, Russia.
This investigation is focused on the examination of the faunal remains from the Upper Paleolithic Yudinovo site. This site is located in the first alluvial terrace on the Right Bank of the Sudost' River. This site belongs to a big group of the Desna River basin Upper Paleolithic sites such as Yeliseevichi, Mezin, Timonovka and others. The settlement dated to the Late Valdai Glacial period (14 000 BP). The osteological collection numerated more than 22 000 identifiable bone remains belong to the 11 species of large and medium mammals. Among them the remains of polar fox (Alopex lagopus) are predominated. Bones of musk ox (Ovibos moschatus), wolf (Canis lupus), marmot (Marmota bobak) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) are followed by less numerous correspondingly. The remains of microtine rodents, insectivores and mammoth have not been analyzed. Taphonomical and zooarchaeological analyses are including the classification of bone remains respect to color, weathering, breakage characteristics, surficial damage and the studies of bone surficial damage related to a human action and the animal skeletal parts representation. The results of analyses allow us to conclude that these bone assemblages originated mainly from the remains of prey brought to the site by hunters. One can say that the treatment of ungulate animals and large preys were made outside the settlement. In general men supplied the site by fells (often with distal skeleton elements of extremities) and some particular parts of the procured animals. The fragmentation of ungulate's longbones may be inferred by bone broken for marrow. The skinning of polar fox were also done within the procuring place and the fells together phalanges were brought to the site. A whole bodies of polar fox, marmot and wolf were transported not so often to the settlement for the treatment and the further utilization. Subsequently the useless whole or any parts of animal carcasses were piled (discarded) in pits (refuse pits). It can be testified by the presence of bones in anatomical order and the peculiarities of the weathering of skeleton elements connecting with the successive of the disarticulation of carcasses. The dark grey color of bones probably shows that the assemblages at first time were accumulated in the soil with high concentration of huminic acids. A good preservation of osteological material caused by both the rather fast accumulation of bone remains and the fast formation of the deluvial deposits in the region investigated.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, voyage, travel, Genève, Lausanne, Suisse, Switzerland, Chamonix, Mont-Blanc, Haute-Savoie, France.
Extrait/Extract
En anglais, in English.
Prédation, predation, modèle, model.
[pdf disponible/available]
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Magdalénien, Magdalenian, vallée de la Loire, Loire Valley, Haute-Loire, France.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Haute-Loire, France.
Bout P. 1960. Le Villafranchien du Velay et du Bassin hydrographique moyen et supérieur de l'Allier [The Villafranchian of Velay and of the central and upper hydrologic basin of Allier]. Imprimerie Jeanne d'Arc, Le Puy.
En français, in French.
Géologie, geology, France
En français, in French.
Mammifères, paléontologie, paleontology, France, Haute-Loire, Marmota marmota primigenia.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology, France, Haute-Loire.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology.
En français, in French.
Médecine, medecine.
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Marmota marmota.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Ursus spelaeus, grotte des demoiselles, demoiselles cave, grotte Laroque, Laroque cave, cutting flint, silex taillé, Ursus spelaeus, Hérault, France.
pdf disponible/available
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, homme, man, ruminants, renard, fox, dent percée, pierced teeth, foyer, fireplace.
pdf disponible/available
Bouvier A. 1886. Les Mammifères de France [Mammals of France]. Paris.
En français, in French.
(Mammifères).
En français, in French.
(Marmota marmota) ; Pathologie ; Chasse ; Epidémiologie ;Suisse.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Suisse, Switzerland.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, renne, reindeer, Cervus tarandus, Equus caballus, blaireau, badger, renard, fox, Rhinoceros tychorhinus, Arctomys marmotta, Pléistocène moyen, Middle Pleistocene, Moustérien supérieur, Mousterian, Homme, Man, néanderthal, neanderthal, La Chapelle-aux-Saints, Corrèze, France.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota.
Bowdish B.S. 1922. Tree-climbing woodchucks [Marmottes grimpeuses d'arbres]. J. Mammal., 3(4): 259.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, biogéographie, biogeography, Iowa, Etats-Unis d'Amérique, USA.
En anglais, in English.
Ecosystème, ecosystem, alpin, alpine, Colorado, EUA, USA.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, alimentation, diet, hépatite, hepatitis.
En anglais, in English.
En anglais, in English.
Histoire, history, Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, chasse, hunting p.91, terrier, burrow p. 127, New-York, États-Unis d’Amérique, United States of America.
Extrait pdf extract
En français et anglais, in French and English.
Dictionnaire, dictionary, marmotte, marmot.
Extrait pdf extract
Bracco J.P. 1997. Du site au territoire : l'occupation du sol dans les hautes vallées de la Loire et de l'Allier au Paléolithique supérieur (Massif central, France) [From site to territory: soil occupation in the upper valleys of the River Loire and Allier in the Upper Paleolithic (Central Massif, France)]. Gallia Préhistoire, tome 38 : 43 - 67.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, palélithique, paleolithic, Massif Central, France.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, physiologie, physiology, sang, blood.
En anglais, in English.
Exploration, Missouri, États-Unis, USA.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, comportement, communication olfactive, marquage jugal, territoire. Behavior, olfactory communication, cheek-marking, territoriality.
Cheek-marking in yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) was studied by observations of cheek-marking in two colonies from 10 June to 6 August, 1996 and by experimental studies of responses to olfactory secretions from the perioral gland. The rate of cheek-marking declined significantly as the season progressed. Most cheek-marking occurred within 3 m of the main burrow system and was primarly associated with sitting or lying and short locomotory bouts aroud the main burrow area. Cheek-marking rates of individuals differedsignificantly and adults appeared to mark more than yearlings. In the experiments, marmots cheek-marked stakes with perioral secretions significantly more than stakes without secretions. However, they marked unfamiliar and familiar smells equally. Marmots investigated strange secretions longer than familiar secretions and afmiliar secretions longer than blank treatment. Functionally, cheek-marking is a multipurpose activity. It provides cues for young of the year to learn the safe areas in the home range, imparts familiarity with the burrow area, communicates burrow occupancy, and functions in territorial defense.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, reproduction, Orenbourg, Orenburg, Russie, Russia.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, éthologie, ethology, territoire, territory.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, génétique, genetic, chromosome, caryotype, karyotype.
En russe, In Russian.
Marmota, génétique, genetics, taxonomie.
There are problems in systematics and taxonomy of the genus Marmota decision of which alaborated by classical morphological methods. For the decision of these problems the application of modern methods from area of cytology, genetics, immunogenetics, biochemistry, bioacoustics, and molecular biology is expedient. In marmots systematics karyotyping, protein gelelectrophoresis, immunogenetics, bioacoustics, and the DNA sequences methods were applied. Chromosome numbers and morphology were described for all marmot species. The marmots chromosome karyotyping was carried out by the method of routine colouring. Studies of marmots were based on a few
specimens from limited number of localities. A karyological picture is discovery of 36- chromosome karyotype for subspecies M. baibacina kastschenko indicates on promising of chromosome study of marmots.
The only on the marmot’s interspecies relations research was carried out by the protein gel-electrophoresis method, as an attempt to define genetic distances between some species of Palearctic Marmota was made.
The constructed schema in a whole does not contradict to views of the majority of systematists, but it shows appreciable genetic affinity of the investigated Marmota species in comparison with another genus - Spermophilus. This work has preliminary character in connection with restricted material and unsufficiently complete scope of the investigated forms. The biochemical researches are perspective for study of the close forms with identical chromosome number, for example the bobak group. Alarm calls of marmots have species specific characters. They are used for specification of species areals, definition of hybrid zones and
definition of the taxonomy status of disputable populations of species with indistinct morphological differences. The application of these characters in marmot systematics is an achievement of the Russian zoological school. A level of relationship of the majority of Palearctic and Nearctic species of marmots was appreciated by immunogenetics method. The immunogenetic data became one of the arguments to consider M. camtschatica as superspecies. As a whole the immunogenetics method has appeared enough productive in application to marmot systematics, in particular at study of an interspecies polymorphism and genetic distances between the close forms. It has some restrictions. Marmots are studied by methods of molecular biology from the beginning of 90th. The method of mitochondrial genes cytochrome b and ND4 sequences was applied in marmots systematics. The method is perspective with using of increasing number of researched genes and special
views to nuclear genes. Palearctic marmots are better investigated than Nearctic by modern methods as by quantity of species and localities as on number of used techniques. Only complex application of modern methods of researches and morphological, physiological, ecological, ethological, biogeocenological researches can approach us to comprehension of processes, really proceeding in a nature, and to existing interspecies and intraspecies relations.
Russian pdf russe
Anglais et français ; English and French
.
Marmota baibacina, chromosome.
Брандлер О. С. (Brandler O.V.) 2003. Chromosomal evolution and polymorphism in gray marmots (Marmots, Sciuridae, Rodentia). Polymorphisme et évolution chromosomique chez les marmottes grises (Marmota, sciuridae, Rodentia). Полиморфизм и хромосомное видообразование у серых сурков (Marmota, sciuridae, Rodentia). In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 57-62.
Anglais et français, résumé russe ; English and French, Russian abstract.
PDF disponible/available
Marmota baibacina, Marmota kastschenkoi, chromosome, évolution, evolution, spéciation, speciation, caryotype, karyotype.
Le groupe des marmottes holarctiques est un modèle pertinent pour l'étude des processus de microévolution car il est constitué de formes à différentes étapes de différenciation. Les marmottes néarctiques et paléarctiques présentent des différences caryotypiques et ont eu différents types d'évolution chromosomique. Les études du caryotype des marmottes paléarctiques ont modifié notre vision de leur faible différenciation. La découverte d'une forme de marmotte grise à 36 chromosomes nous a amené à décrire une
nouvelle espèce de marmotte paléarctique. D’autres spécimens hétérozygotes à 2n=37 ont été mis en évidence dans une population de M. baibacina à 38 chromosomes. Ils présentent la mutation chromosomique qui a conduit à l'émergence de la forme à 36 chromosomes. Les caractères de ces mutants s'accordent très bien à la théorie de la spéciation chromosomique. La découverte d'une mutation variable dans le milieu nous offre la possibilité d'étudier différents états de l'évolution chromosomique.
Брандлер О. С. (Brandler O.V.) 2005. Phylogenetic relationships in genus Marmota and a history of palearctic marmots’ area. Filogenetitcheskie svyaei v rode Marmota I istoriya stanovleniya areala palearktitcheskikh sourkov. Relations phylog-an-atiques dans le genre Marmota et histoire de la zone de r-apartition des marmottes pal-aarctiques]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 24-25.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Phylog-anese, phylogenesis, Marmota caudata, Marmota marmota, Marmota menzbieri, Marmota sibirica, Marmota camtschatica, Marmota himalayana, Marmota kastschenkoi, Marmota bobak.
A schema of Palearctic marmots’ phylogenesis based on molecular-genetical, karyological and literature data is offered. A time of divergence of a marmot phylum from common stem of ground squirrels is dated from Miocene according to as palaeontological so molecular-genetical data. An initial Pliocene differentiation had developed on the American territory. Marmots came into the Asia in the beginning of late Pliocene before a disappearance of Beringian Bridge when deforestation of the North-East Asia and north of Alaska was. At the time a caudata-like marmot with 2n=38 migrated in Asia. Primary expansion of marmots expanded from North and East to South and West simultaneously with a shifting of woodless zones from North to South. M. caudata differentiated in Central Asia and M. marmota formed in Europe at the beginning of Pleistocene. Other early Pleistocene marmots were low differentiated sibirica- or himalayana-like forms. Middle Pleistocene warm period (700-800 thousand years ago) led to a general outspread of forests. It caused disappearance of marmots in South-East Europe and a considerable reduction and fragmentation of marmot’s area in Asia. Probably, at that period a differentiation of himalayana and sibirica began. These forms had a big common area for a long time apparently. Maybe, M. menzbieri was isolated in Middle Asia at that period. A growth of periglacial landscapes promoted an expansion of marmots at the late Pleistocene. At that stage, marmots had advanced from South and East to North and West, from Middle Pleistocene China-Mongolian refugium where himalayana and sibirica forms differentiated. Sibirica-like form became an ancestor of a bobak-group and a sibirica-camtschatica group. M. sibirica and M. camtschatica had differentiated during the second part of Pleistocene in Trans-Baikalia. An ancestor of bobak-group had colonized territories of periglacial steppe of East Asia and Europe during second Pleistocene glaciation (nearly 100-600 thousand years ago) intensive forming geographical races. Mikoulin interglacial (75-130 thousand years ago) led to reduction and fragmentation of an area of bobak-group marmots. At that time bobak and baibacina forms began to differentiate. The last evolution occurrences are an isolation of 36-chromosomal kastschenkoi in West Siberia and emergence of intra-species forms of M. bobak. These events may be dated from 17-21 thousand years ago when the last global glacial was.
Russian pdf russe
Брандлер О. С. (Brandler O.V.) & Bogdanov A.S. 2002. [Polymorphime chromosomique et spéciation chez la marmotte grise. Chromosomal polymorphism and speciation in gray marmots (Marmota, Sciuridae, Rodentia)]. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 11-12.
En russe, in Russian.
marmota baibacina, polymorphisme, polymorphism,
Брандлер О. С. (Brandler O.V.), Крамеров Д.А.(Kramerov D.A.), Банникова А.А. (Bannikova A.A.) & Лярунова Е.А. (Lyapunova, Lïapounova E.A.) 2006. [Phylogeny of marmots ; new molecular-genetic data. Phylogénie des marmottes, nouvelles données moléculaires et génétiques]. In Marmots in anthropogenic landscapes of Eurasia, 9th International Meeting on Marmots.
En russe, in Russian.
Biologie moléculaire, molecular biology, génétique, genetics, marmottes, marmots.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota, génétique, genetic, taxonomie, taxonomy.
The problem of the origin and evolution of genus Marmota remains debatable up to now in spite of intent attention of many researchers. On the whole the species structure of Eurasian marmots is discussed. In palearctic some authors distinguish from 1 (Rausch & rausch 1965) to 8 species (Ognev 1947, Gromov et al. 1965, Bibikov 1989, Hoffmann et al. 1992). That was evoked, apparently, by the difficult to apply the species criteria to allopatric forms and also this was evoked by not distinct morphological differences of some species and by the presence of traits of generalized forms, that witnesses about their recent formation. All marmots species were karyotyped in the sixties of this century (Lyapunova & Vorontsov 1969). A caryologitical homogeneity of Palearctic marmots was revealed (2n=38 ; NFa=64-66), except M. camtschatica (2n=40 ; NFa=62) (Lyapunova et al. 1992). However we can not exclude structural chromosomal reorganisations without change their numbers. For study of thin chromosomal structure the differential banding of chromosomes was used. Continuation before made, differential banding of 6 nominal marmots species from 9 localities of Palearctic were received by us. In the disposal we had : M bobac 4 specimens from Ukraine, M. b. schaganensis 1- from Kazakhstan; M. camtschatica camtschatica 4 specimens from Kamtchatka; M. c. bungei 1 from Yakutia; M. c. doppelmayeri 1 from Transbaykalia; M. caudata aurea 2 specimens from Kirgizia; M. baibacina kastschenko 1 specimen from Novosibirsk region; M. menzbieri menzbieri 1 specimen from Kirgizia, Chatkal range; M. sibirica sibirica 2 specimens from Transbaycalia. G- and N-banding of all species chromosomes were received for the first time. The results are on stage of processing.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, physiologie, physiology, histologie, histology, cellule, cell.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, distribution, Lougansk, lugansk, Russie, Russia.
En allemand, in German.
Mammifères, mammals, Russie, Russia.
En allemand, in German.
Paléontologie, paleontology, mammifères, mammals, quaternaire, quaternary, Eurasie, Eurasia..
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, fourrure, fur.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Dipodidae, Allactaga elater, Citellus, Talpa, taxonomie, taxonomy.
En russe, in Russian.
Agriculture.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, Mus musculus, souris grises, house mouse, Aedes aegypti, moustique, yellow fever mosquito.The role of the serine/threonine protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt) is becoming increasingly more evident to researchers investigating diverse cellular processes such as glucose uptake, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis and transcriptional regulation. New roles for PKB/Akt have been described in various organisms and biological processes. From the regulation of ovarian ecdysteroid production in the humble mosquito (Aedes aegypti), through the seasonal, tissue-specific regulation of PKB/Akt during the hibernation of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris), to the control of glucose metabolism and insulin signalling in the mouse (Mus musculus), our knowledge of the function of this protein kinase has expanded greatly in recent years. Significant advances in all aspects of PKB/Akt signalling have occurred in the past 2 years, including biological insights, novel substrates and newly discovered regulatory mechanisms of PKB/Akt. Collectively, these data expand the current models of PKB/Akt signalling and highlight potential directions for PKB/Akt research in the future.
En français, in French.
Rien sur marmotte, nothing about marmot, Jean de Brébeuf (saint ; 1593-1649).
Extrait/Extract Pdf
Bregetova N.G. 1956. [Gamasoidae. Bref manuel d'identification. Gamasoidea. Brief handbook for the identification]. M.-L.: 1-247.
En russe, in Russian.
Acariens, clé de déterlination, identification key.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Arctomys marmotta, Marmota marmota, TII : p. 76, marmotte vulgaire, das Murmelthier, Arctomys bobac, Marmota bobac, der Bobak, Poland Marmot, TII : p. 75.
Extrait/Extract Pdf
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Frioul-Vénétie, Friuli-Venezia, Italie, Italy.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, reintroduction, Vercors, France.
En français, in French.
Available pdf disponible
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, quaternary, terrier, burrow, France, Aisne.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Grotte de Portel ou de Crampagna, peintures, paintings, gravures, engravings, bison, buffalo, bouquetin, ibex, cheval, horse, renne, reindeer, Loubens, Ariège, France.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys marmotta, Marmota marmota.
Bridault A. & Chaix L. 1999. Contribution de l'archéozoologie à la caractérisation des modalités d'occupation des sites alpins et jurassiens, de l'Epipaléolithique au Néolithique [Archeological contribution to feature occupation modalities of Alpine and Jurassian sites, from the Epipaleolithic to the Neolithic]. In L'Europe des derniers chasseurs : épipaléolithique et mésolithique : Actes du 5e Congrès international UISPP, A. THEVENIN, éd., commission XII, Grenoble, 18-23 septembre 1995, Ed. CTHS, Paris : 547 - 558.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, paléolithique, paleolithic, néolithique, neolithic, Alpes, Alps, Jura.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, parasitologie, parasitology, Kansas, EUA, USA.
Seven species of hard-bodied ticks were collected from 20 species of small and medium-sized mammals in Kansas; Amblyomma americanum L., Dermacentor variabilis (Say), Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard), Ixodes cookei Packard, I. kingi Bishopp, I. sculptus Neumann, and I. texanus Banks. Dermacentor variabilis was found statewide, A. americanum only in the eastern one-third of the state, and the Ixodes spp. and H. leporispalustris were widely scattered. The most common tick found was D. variabilis, both by itself and in association with other ticks. Mammals that ticks were collected from included Canis latrans Say, Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus (Ord), Didelphis virginianus Kerr, Geomys bursarius (Shaw), Lynx rufus (Schreber), Marmota monax bunkeri Black, Mephitis mephitis (Schreber), Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner), Mus musculus L., Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque), P. maniculatus (Wagner), Procyon lotor hirtus Nelson and Goldman, Reithrodontomys megalotis (Baird), Sciurus niger rufiventer Geoffroy, Sigmodon hispidus texianus (Audubon and Bachman), Sylvilagus floridanus (J. A. Allen), Taxidea taxus taxus (Schreber), and Vulpes velox velox (Say).
En allemand, in German.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota marmota.
En allemand, in German.
Mammifères, mammals, Europe, Europa.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, faunistique, fauna, Europe, Europa, Marmota marmota, p. 97 et Marmota bobac, p. 97.
En allemand, in German.
Mammiféres, mammals, sécrétion,secretion, peau, skin.
En latin, in Latin.
Marmota alpina, Marmota marmota p. 165.
C’est la première fois que le hamster est nommée « marmotte de Strasbourg », Glis suscus (Marmota monax) p. 115, Glis flavicans, capute rufescente p. 116, Marmota argentoratensis (Cricetus) p. 117.
En anglais, in English.
En ligne/On line. ou/or 1230
Marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, Marmota flaviventris, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, Marmota monax, hoary marmot, Marmota caligata, marmotte de l’île de Vancouver, Vancouver island marmot, Marmota vancouverensis.
Marmota, physiologie, physiology.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, magdalénine, Magdalenian, Drôme, France.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, magdalénine, Magdalenian, Drôme, France.
Brodar S.& Brodar M. 1983. Potocka zijalka - viskogorska postaja aurignacienskih lovcev [Potocka zijalka, eine hochalpine Aurignacienjager station. Potocka zijalka, une station aurignacienne des hautes alpes]. Dela 1 in 4. razr. SAZU, 24: 1-213, Lubljana.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Slovénie.
Brody A.K. & Armitage K.B. 1985. The effects of adult removal on dispersal of yearling yellow-bellied marmots [Les effets du retrait d'adulte sur la dispersion des jeunes d'un an chez les marmottes à ventre jaune]. Can. J. Zool., 63 : 2560-2564.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, éthologie, ethology, dispersion, dispersal, conservation.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, cannibalisme, cannibalism.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, woodchuck, parasitisme, parasitism, cerveau, brain.
A juvenile woodchuck (Marmota monax) with vestibular signs was found in Woodbridge, Ontario (Canada) and later euthanized. At necropsy there was marked distortion of the right side of the skull, where a large, fluctuant, subcutaneous mass extended under the zygomatic arch and caudally from the right eye towards the right ear. The mass was multiloculated and contained a large number of tapeworm cysticerci, each about 1 to 2 mm in diameter. The third and lateral ventricles of the brain were dilated and contained large numbers of similar cysticerci. Based on the exogenous budding of cysts and the morphology of the scolex in each cyst, they were identified as cysticerci of Taenia crassiceps. This is the first report of cerebral cysticercosis in a woodchuck.
Extrait pdf extract
Marmota sibirica, répartition, distribution, dénombrement, census, Transbai¨kal.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, dénombrement, census, steppe.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Touva.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, méthodologie, methodology, terrier, burrow.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, Insectes, Insects, répartition, distribution, dénombrement, census.
En français, in French.
Sciences naturelles, natural science, marmotte, marmot, Brongniart, Charles (1859-1899).
Extrait pdf extract
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.
Bronn H.G. & Römer F. 1856. H.g. Bronn's Lethaea Geognostica- Oder, Abbildung und Beschreibung der für die Gebirgs-formationen bezeichendsten versteinerungen. Dritter Band. 4. Caeno-Letaea : VI. Theil : Mollassen-Periode, E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.
En allemand, in German.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Plesiarctomys Gervaisi.
Extrait pdf extract
Bronson F.H. 1961. Some aspects of social pressure in woodchucks [Quelques aspects de la pression sociale chez les marmottes]. Ph. D. thesis, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Pennsylvania, 107p.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, ethologie, ethology, social, EUA, USA, Pennsylvanie.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, saison, season, éthologie, ethology, rythme, rhythm, EUA, USA, Pennsylvanie.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, social.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, social, EUA, USA, Pennsylvanie.
En anglais, in English.
Mammalia, reproduction.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota p.338.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Amérique du Nord, Arkansas.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, combat, fight.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, olfaction, social.
En allemand, in German.
Rodentia, incisives.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Caviidae, intestin, intestine, hibernation.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Arctomys marmotta primigenia (151), France.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, Paleontology, Paléolithique,Paleolitic, Os, Bone, Portugal.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, paléontologie, paleontology, Espagne, Spain, Zaragoza.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Insectivora, paléontologie, paleontology, Grèce.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, paléontologie, pleontology, Grèce.
En anglais, in English.
Mammiféres, mammzld, Sciuridae, paléontologie, paleontology, Grèce.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, paléontologie, paleontology, Pakistan.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Magdalénien, Magdalenian, Haute-Loire, France.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Magdalénien, Magdalenian, vallée de l'Allier, Allier Valley, Haute-Loire, France.
Bruni R., Argentini C., D'Ugo E., Giuseppetti R., Ciccaglione A.R. & Rapicetta M. 1995. Recurrence of WHV integration in the b3n locus in woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma. Virology, 214(1): 229-234.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
En anglais, in English.
A methodology based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction analysis for rapid mapping of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) integrations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues is described. Conventional PCR with viral primer pairs is not suitable for mapping WHV-integrated regions because the presence of minimum amounts of non-integrated (PCR amplifiable) WHV genome and replicative intermediates cannot be excluded. The first relevant part of the strategy is the identification of the cellular sequences flanking the WHV integration in order to select one (or more) integration-specific primer. The cellular flanking sequence can be rapidly obtained by means of inverse-PCR amplification of the viral/cellular junction and sequencing of the product. Mapping of the integrated regions is carried out by fixed flanking primer PCR (FFP-PCR) using the cellular primer as a 'fixed' primer in PCR association with each of an available set of WHV primers. Amplification of episomal WHV sequences is thus avoided. PCR products can also undergo restriction analysis. PCR-positive viral primers and specific WHV restriction sites are assembled into a map, based on the size and restriction pattern of the PCR products. The results of WHV integration mapping in a woodchuck HCC are described.
En anglais, in English.
In woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) the myc-oncogene family (particularly N-myc2) and the win locus of cellular genome have been reported as frequent targets for integration of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) DNA. In this paper a further cellular locus, b3n, is reported as recurrent target for WHV integration in woodchuck HCC. Cloning and sequencing of a WHV-DNA integration and its cellular flanking regions showed that viral DNA was inserted in a chromosomal region already described for WHV integration in another single HCC. The two integration sites are only 0.5 kb apart. A link between WHV integration in b3n and HCC development may be postulated. Careful analysis of the sequence of the unoccupied locus revealed that, in addition to Alu-like repeats and a gag-like coding region, already described, several features of Matrix Attachment Region (MAR) sequences are present. Thus (part of) b3n might be a previously unrecognized MAR. Organization of the chromatin in functional domains and regulation of gene expression are some functions attributed to MAR sequences. The occurrence of WHV-DNA integration close to the same putative MAR in two different HCCs suggests that a mechanism of deregulation of MAR functions by WHV insertion might act in some liver tumors.
Bruni R., Conti I., Villano U., Giuseppetti R., Palmieri G. & Rapicetta M. 2006. Lack of WHV integration nearby N-myc2 and in the downstream b3n and win loci in a considerable fraction of liver tumors with activated N-myc2 from naturally infected wild woodchucks. Virology, 345(1): 258-269.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis, Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, génétique, genetic.
In liver tumors induced by chronic WHV infection in the WHV/woodchuck model of HBV infection, activation of genes of the myc family by WHV insertion has been well documented. Several studies have shown that N-myc2 is by far the most frequently involved, and in most cases, its transcriptional activation is due to WHV insertion nearby the gene. N-myc2 has been shown to be also activated by WHV insertion in two downstream loci, b3n and win. Although the extent of insertion in these latter loci in woodchuck tumors has not been investigated, their discovery has led to the notion that therein WHV insertion accounts for N-myc2 activation in the remaining tumors expressing the proto-oncogene in absence of any detectable alteration nearby the gene, a notion remained unproved and not further investigated yet. In the majority of cases, the above observations were derived from tumors developed in colony born laboratory bred woodchucks experimentally infected with standardized viral inocula, mostly of the same lineage. In the present work, we investigated a survey of liver tumors naturally developed in wild woodchucks with naturally acquired chronic WHV infection. Tumors had histological features of well to moderately differentiated HCCs. In most animals, multiple tumor nodules were observed; in the great majority of cases, they were shown to be independent tumors because their WHV integration patterns were not clonally related. 53 independent tumors were investigated for N-myc activation and WHV integration nearby N-myc genes and in the b3n and win loci. Comparison of our results with data from previous studies revealed that, in tumors from naturally infected wild woodchucks, the frequency of WHV integration nearby N-myc2 has a tendency to be lower and, in addition, N-myc2 activation is due to WHV integration nearby the gene significantly less frequently than in tumors from experimentally infected colony born animals (12/28, 43% vs. 15/20, 75%, P = 0.0397). These findings are likely related to the less uniform conditions as to infecting virus and host genetic background in naturally infected wild woodchucks with respect to experimentally infected colony born woodchucks and suggest that viral and/or host factors may influence the site of viral insertion finally detected in overt tumors. In addition, more than one third (11/28, 39%) tumors with activated N-myc2 transcription did not show rearrangement either nearby the gene, or in b3n or in win. These findings challenge the notion that integration in the downstream b3n and win loci is responsible for N-myc2 activation in tumors lacking insertion nearby N-myc2 and suggest that in a considerable fraction of liver tumors, at least from wild woodchucks, N-myc2 activation might be due either to WHV integration in further regions of the N-myc2 chromosomal domain or to other mechanisms related or unrelated to viral insertion.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, hépatite, hepatitis, Proto-oncogene.
Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and the woodchuck (Marmota monax) are models for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced by hepatitis B virus (HBV). In woodchuck liver tumors, the N-myc2 proto-oncogene is frequently activated by WHV integration either close to the gene or in the b3n and win downstream loci, located 10 and 150 kb from N-myc2, respectively. A scaffold/matrix attachment region (S/MAR) regulative element was shown to be in b3n, possibly mediating activation of the upstream N-myc2 gene upon WHV integration. To investigate if S/MAR elements are in win too, a 17-kb DNA fragment corresponding to the major region of WHV insertion in this locus was cloned and sequenced. Overlapping subcloned fragments spanning candidate S/MARs predicted by sequence analysis were tested by standard in vitro binding assays. Results showed the presence of two S/MAR elements in win. The distribution of previously described WHV insertions relative to the S/MARs reinforces the hypothesis that S/MARs nearby distal WHV insertions might be involved in long-range activation of N-myc2.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota sp., Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology, Allemagne, Germany.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota sp.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.
En anglais, in English.
Mammiféres, mammals, poil, hair.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, génétique, genetic.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, génétique, consanguinité, in-breeding.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, génétique.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, social, social, interbreeding, croisement.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, social, social, interbreeding, croisement.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, acides gras essentiels, essential fatty acids.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, alimentation, diet, acides gras, fatty acids.
Anglais et français ; English and French
.
Marmota baibacina, chromosome.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, social, social, interbreeding, croisement.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, variation génétique, genetic variation; polymorphisme, polymorphism; goulot d'étranglement populationel, population bottleneck
Allozymic variability of 303 Alpine marmots (Marmota m. marmota) from three local populations of the Swiss canton Grisons was studied by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis to corroborate or refute the 'species-wide bottleneck hypothesis' of this species. This hypothesis has previously been suggested in order to explain the low genetic variability on the allozyme level found so far in all regional populations of this species (Preleuthner and Pinsker 1993). Based on 25,436 genes presently studied, polymorphism was found at eight of 48 loci screened. All polymorphic loci were diallelic. Overall rate of polymorphism (16.7%) was significantly higher than the value based on all populations screened earlier from the Eastern and from parts of the Western Alps. Population-specific rates of polymorphism (8.33 - 14.58 %), expected heterozygosities (2.3 - 3.8 %) and H(e) / P -rates were well within the ranges found in many terrestrian mammalian species without obvious bottleneck history. These results contradict the 'species-wide bottleneck hypothesis' of Alpine marmots.
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Marmota marmota, Haute-Savoie, France.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota arizonae, paléontologie, paleontology, Amérique du Nord.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, paléontologie, paleontology, reassigned Arctomys minor to Marmota minor, reassigned Arctomys vetus to Palaearctomys vetus, morphologie, morphology.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, écologie, génétique, population, Canada, Bristish Columbia.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, écologie, ecology, dénombrement, census.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, distribution.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, distribution.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, méthodologie, methodology, population.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, peuplement, écologie, ecology, population, conservation, Canada, British Columbia.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, peuplement, écologie, ecology, population, conservation, Canada, British Columbia.
I monitored n=93 ear-tagged Vancouver Island marmots at 5 natural subalpine and "clearcut" colonies to assess demographic trends. Compared to other Marmota, M. vancouverensis is slow to achieve sexual maturity and exhibits low reproductive rates. Litter sizes of 1 to 5 were observed (mean = 3.16, s.d. = 0.60, n=26), and most females did not breed until age 4. Most mortality apparently occurs during winter hibernation. Significant differences exist between "natural" and "clearcut" marmots. Marmots in clearcuts are typically larger in size, perhaps due to earlier emergence from hibernation. Annual survival rates in clearcuts (50%) are significantly lower than those in natural habitats (>70%). Females born in clearcut colonies have a 9.3% chance of reaching reproductive age (age 4), while females born in natural colonies have a 38.9% chance. Clearcut habitats do not permit M. vancouverensis to establish stable colonies. I hypothesize that clearcut logging may have important metapopulation effects because clearcut habitats act as a "sink" for potential dispersers. Clearcutting could slow or prevent the natural recolonization of some historic habitats.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, conservation, population.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, dénombrement, census.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, écologie, ecology, habitat, reproduction, Canada, Bristish Columbia.
Vancouver Island Marmots (Marmota vancouverensis: Swarth) normally inhabit sub-alpine meadows at 1000-1400 metres elevation. In recent years marmots colonized habitats created by clearcut logging of forests above 700 metres in elevation, but disappeared from some natural habitats. The current population is small (100-200 individuals) and highly concentrated. M. vancouverensis exhibits low reproductive rates, with small litters ( mean= 3.36, SD = 0.83, n = 36), late sexual maturity ( age at first reproduction mean= 4.00, SD = 0.82, n = 13) and a lengthy non-reproductive interval between litters ( mean = 1.83 years, SD = 0.76, n = 6). Predation and unsuccessful hibernation are the most important causes of mortality. Marmots inhabiting recently logged habitats produce fewer young and show significantly lower survival rates. Clearcut habitats may act as population "sinks" by consuming more marmots than they produce. Forestry may ultimately slow or prevent recolonization of some historic habitats.
Marmota vancouverensis, Swarth, occupaient surtout les prairies subalpines (1000 et 1400 m¿tres d'altitude) de l'”le de Vancouver. Ces derni¿res ann-aes, elles ont colonis-a les clairi¿res de d-aforestation (<700 m¿tres d'altitude), et ont disparu de certains habitats naturels. la population actuelle est õ la fois faible (100-200 individus) et tr¿s concentr-ae. ses taux de reproduction sont peu -alev-as : port-aes de petite taille ( moyenne= 3,36 ; SD = 0,83 ; n = 36), maturit-a sexuelle tardive (1¿re reproduction moyenne = 4,00 ans, ET = 0,82, n = 13) et longs intervalles entre port-aes sans reproduction ( moyenne = 1,83 ans, ET = 0,76, n = 6). Pr-adation et -achec d'hibernation sont les principales causes de mortalit-a. Les marmottes de clairi¿res ont moins de marmottons et pr-asentent des taux de survie plus faibles que les marmottes des habitats naturels. Les clairi¿res, "puits" õ population, consomment plus de marmottes qu'elles n'en produisent. La sylviculture peut, ainsi, ralentir ou pr-avenir la reconqu’te de certains habitats historiques.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, écologie, ecology, reproduction, Canada, British Columbia.
J'ai marqué et suivi des marmottes de l'île de Vancouver (M. vancouverensis) pour étudier les tendances démographiques des colonies des prairies sub-alpines naturelles et de celles des forêts récemment coupées. Cette marmotte a un taux de reproduction faible et produit des portées de 2 à 5 petits (moyenne= 3.36, SD = 0.83, n=36). Les femelles peuvent se reproduire à l'âge de 3 ans, mais la plupart ne le font qu'à l'âge de 4 ans (moyenne= 4.00, SD = 0.82, n=13) et il y a un intervalle d'au moins 1 an entre les portées (moyenne= 1.83, SD = 0.76, n=6). La fidélité des marmottes à un endroit est plus élevée aux sites naturels que dans les forêts coupées (65% versus 48%). L'âge maximal des femelles a été évalué à 9 ans dans les habitats naturels et à 5 ans dans les forêts coupées à blanc. Aucune femelle des forêts coupées à blanc (n=14) n'a produit plus d'une portée, alors que 5 des 14 femelles des milieux naturels ont produit 11 portées. Le coefficient net de reproduction des colonies des forêts coupées à blanc équivalait à moins de la moitié de celui estimé dans les colonies des milieux naturels (0.25 versus 0.72). Les forèts récemment exploitées servent peut-être de "bassins" démographiques en absorbant plus d'individus non sédentaires qu'ils n'en produisent et ces milieux empêchent donc la recolonisation des milieux naturels éloignés.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, protection, conservation, British columbia, Canada.
Description: The Vancouver Island (Marmota vancouverensis), like other members of the genus, is fossorial, herbivorous and hibernates during winter. M. vancouverensis differs from other species in karyotype, skull characteristics, pelage and behaviour. It is similar to other alpine-dwelling marmots in its slow maturation, long life span, and complex social organization. M. vancouverensis persists despite a small and fragmented natural habitat base. It exhibits a « metapopulation » structure. The entire population consists of a small colonies that occasionally form and become extinct.
Distribution: M. vancouverensis is endemic to Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The current population is concentrated within 5 adjacent watersheds on south-central Vancouver Island. Even within this area the population is extremely localized; >65% of marmots live on 4 mountains in the central 40 km2 portion of their current range. Paleaontological and archaeological records indicate that M. vancouverensis enjoyed a broader distribution in the recent geological past. Historic records suggest that marmots disappeared from some areas quite recently (10-30 years ago).
Protection: M. vancouverensis is listed as endangered under the B.C. Wildlife Act (1980). It is also listed as endangered by the Committee on the status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, the U.S. Endangered Species Act and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Most colonies occur on privately owned lands. Two marmot habitats are legally protected (combined area of <400 ha).
Population size and trends: The current population contains 150-200 individuals. This represents a 50-60% decline in numbers during the past 10 years. Concomitant with this has been local extinction of several colonies during this period, including some which typically contained >10 adults.
Habitat: Vancouver Island marmots require three essential habitat features: 1) grasses and forbs to eat, 2) colluvial soil structure for construction of overnight and overwintering burrows, and 3) microclimatic conditions that permit summer foraging, thermoregulation, and successful hibernation. Most marmots are found between 1000 and 1400 metres in elevation, and on south to west-facing slopes. Habitat scarcity is the fundamental reason for the rartity of M. vancouverensis.Biology: M. vancouverensis is among the most social of marmots. They live in colonies which contains fewer than 5 adults on average. Females are capable of breeding at age 3, but most animals, do not breed until age 4. Young marmots disperse at age 2 or later, dispersal is fundamental to maintaining metapopulation structure.
Limiting factors: The essential short-trend problem is low adult and juvenile survival. Predators and unsuccessful hibernation are the principal causes of mortality. Both factors are exacerbated by the restricted range. reproduction rates are apparently stable. There is no evidence of inbreeding depression or disease. Long -term problems probably include reduced long-distance dispersal (altered landscape connectivity caused by logging, invasion of sub-alpine meadows). The question of why marmots no longer inhabits some areas is of fundamental importance. If climatic change is principally responsible, efforts to re-establish colonies will fail and there may be little that managers can do to enhance marmot populations. Alternatively, if human-caused alteration of landscape connectivity is the problem, then reintroductions should allow recovery of the species within a reasonable time period.
Special significance of the species: M. vancouverensis is one of only five endemic mammals in Canada. It is the only endemic mammal species which appears on the COSEWIC endangered list.
Recommendations/Management options: Recovery Plan objectives have not been met. The current « eggs in one basket » distribution is highly dangerous. Planned recovery activities (research, captive-breeding, and reintroduction) should be pursued vigorously, with the objective of increasing numbers and distribution as speedily as possible.
Evaluation: Recommended status is Endangered.
Distribution : M. vancouverensis est endémique dans l'île de Vancouver en Colombie Britannique. La population actuelle est concentrée dans cinq bassins versants au centre -sud de l'île de Vancouver. Même dans cette région, la population, est très localisée puisque plus de 65% des marmottes vivent sur quatre montagnes dans 40 km2 au centre de leur aire actuelle de distribution. Des données paléontologiques et archéologiques indiquent que M. vancouverensis était plus répandue dans le passé géologique récent. Selon les données historiques, la marmotte a disparu de certaines régions fort récemment (il y a de 10 à 30 ans).
Protection : Selon la loi (1980) sur la faune de la C-B., M. vancouverensis figure sur la liste des espèces en danger de disparition. elle est aussi sur la liste des espèces en péril du Comité sur le statut des espèces menacées de disparition du Canada, de la Endangered Species Act des E-U. et de l'Union mondiale pour la conservation de la nature. La plupart des colonies vivent sur des terrains privés. Deux sites inhabités par cette marmotte jouissent d'une protection légale (pour une superficie combinée de moins de 400 ha).
Taille et tendance de la population : La population actuelle est de 150 à 200 individus, ce qui représente une baisse de 50 à 60% au cours des 10 dernières années. Plusieurs colonies sont disparues au cours de la même période, y compris certaines qui avaient plus de 10 adultes.
Habitat : L'habitat de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver doit avoir trois caractéristiques : 1) des graminées et des plantes herbacées dicotylédones à manger ; 2) un sol colluvial permettant la construction de terriers pour s'abriter la nuit et de ceux nécessaires pour hiverner, 3) un microclimat permettant l'alimentation en été, la thermorégulation et une hibernation réussie. On observe la plupart des marmottes à une élévation de 1 000 à 1 400 mètres sur les pentes sud ou ouest des montagnes. La rareté de l'habitat est la raison fondamentale de la rareté de la M. vancouverensis.
Biologie : M. vancouverensis est une des marmottes les plus sociales. les colonies ont en moyenne moins de cinq adultes. Les femelles peuvent se reproduire à trois ans, mais la plupart ne se reproduisent pas avant l'âge de quatre ans. Les jeunes marmottes se dispersent à deux ans ou un peu plus tard ; la dispersion est essentielle au maintien de la structure de métapopulation.
Facteurs contraignants : Le principal problème à court terme est la faible survie des adultes et des juvéniles. Les prédateurs et les conditions d'hibernation sont les principales causes de mortalité. Les deux facteurs sont aggravés par l'aire limitée. Les taux de reproduction semblent stables. il ne semble pas y avoir de problèmes de santé causés par la consanguinité. Les problèmes à long terme comprennent probablement la réduction de la dispersion sur de longues distances (l'isolation des terrains eux à cause de l'exploitation forestière ainsi que la réduction de la survie dans les terrains exploités) et le changement climatique et de la végétation (l'invasion des prés subalpins par les arbres). Il est d'importance fondamentale de comprendre pourquoi les marmottes ne vivent plus dans certaines régions. Si le changement climatique est la principale cause, les efforts de rétablissement des colonies ne vont pas réussir et les interventions des gestionnaires visant à accroître le nombre de marmottes peuvent donc être limitées. Par ailleurs, si les bris entre les terrains provoqués par l'exploitation forestière sont la cause du problème, les réintroductions devraient permettre le rétablissement de l'espèce dans un délai raisonnable.
Importance particulière de l'espèce : M. vancouverensis est l'un des cinq mammifères endémiques du Canada. Elle est la seule espèce de mammifère endémique inscrite sur la liste des espèces en péril du CSEMDC.
Recommandations/options de gestion : Les objectifs du plan de rétablissement n'ont pas été atteints. La concentration actuelle de l'espèce sur le même territoire est très inquiétante. Il faut poursuivre vigoureusement les activités de rétablissement prévues (recherches, reproduction en captivité et réintroductions) dans le but d'accroître aussi rapidement que possible le nombre et la distribution des marmottes.
Evaluation : Recommandée au statut EN DANGER DE DISPARITION.
En anglais, in English.
I used data from marked animals, radio-telemetry and population counts to test whether population dynamics were consistent with predictions made under five hypotheses: habitat tracking, sink-connectivity, weather, predators and disease. Estimates of demographic rates from intensive mark-recapture work and population counts were generally consistent, although estimation of adult survival from counts was problematic because of the difficulty of distinguishing surviving marmots from immigrants. There was no apparent influence of mark-recapture on survival or reproduction, and intensively studied colonies showed similar dynamics to colonies that were visited infrequently.
There was little evidence for habitat tracking in natural habitats. Few colonies showed chronically low reproduction or survival, which would be the predicted result of a gradually deteriorating environment. Declines were more often abrupt and catastrophic. Marmots did not colonize clearcuts in proportion to their temporal or spatial availability, and ultimately colonized only a minuscule fraction of the potential habitat. However, marmots already inhabiting clearcuts represent a special case of habitat tracking; survival rates were significantly lower at clearcuts of more advanced seral age (i.e., >11 years after harvest).
Evidence for source-sink and landscape connectivity processes was relatively strong. Marmots inhabiting clearcuts had chronically lower survival rates (by 5-10%). Per female reproductive contribution in clearcuts was half that of females inhabiting natural environments. However not all clearcuts acted as sinks, or acted as sinks in all years. Colonizations of clearcuts were spatially concentrated and none occurred at distances greater that 5 km from an existing natural colony. Apparent adult survival was significantly associated with isolation but juvenile survival was not, which is consistent with the prediction that isolated colonies should receive fewer immigrants. However the spatial pattern of extinctions was unexpected. Isolated and closely-clustered colonies had similar probabilities of extinction.
Weather significantly influenced marmot survival and reproduction but explained only small amounts of variation. Survival was significantly associated with rainfall, temperature and snowpack depth. Reproduction was negatively associated with snowpack and temperature. Slope aspect was significantly associated with survival, perhaps suggesting the importance of snowmelt patterns. Natural and clearcut colonies responded differently to weather.
Indices of wolf and cougar abundance were inconsistent and probably do not reflect true population sizes. Deer abundance was weakly associated with marmot survival in natural habitats, which could suggest switching of predator hunting effort. Marmot survival was spatially correlated, which is consistent with the idea that a few individual predators may focus hunting efforts at adjacent colonies. Field observations and radio-telemetry corroborated the importance of predators. In natural habitats, disappearances were uniformly distributed throughout summer, as predicted. In clearcuts, disappearances were more heavily skewed towards late summer, suggesting that winter mortality was more important.
Spatial correlation of survival is also consistent with the disease hypothesis. Survival was lower in colonies with high relative density of adults, which is a predicted result given the prediction of increased risk of disease transmission. The incidence of high mortality events increased during the 1990s, and the degree of spatial correlation also increased despite a more fragmented population structure. These trends are consistent with a hypothesis of a new disease organism or increased risk of infection.
Forestry appears to be the primary cause of recent population dynamics in the Nanaimo Lakes region. Logging reduced overall marmot survival, inhibited their ability to re-colonize sites, and concentrated the population, making colonies more susceptible to predators and disease. The prognosis for continued survival remains hopeful provided that current plans for captive-breeding and reintroduction are pursued aggressively.
En anglais, in English.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis.
I used population count data collected from 1979-1998 to evaluate the relative importance of “chronic” versus “episodic” mortality patterns in Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis). I hypothesized that some factors (e.g., gradual vegetation change, forestry effects, or predation) should produce chronic patterns of mortality, and others (disease and weather) should produce episodic patterns. A few colonies had consistently low survival. These results are consistent with a hypothesis of poor quality “sink” habitats that are maintained by immigration from nearby “sources.” However, most colonies had distinct episodes of high mortality, and these appear to be the primary cause of recent population declines. Spatial and temporal patterns of survival are consistent with a hypothesis of disease outbreak or increased hunting effort by predators within a small geographic area. The impact of both factors was probably exacerbated by forestry activities. Results underscore the precarious status of this endangered mammal and illustrate the value of carefully designed annual population surveys.
En anglais, in English.
In the Vancouver Island Marmot pages (http://www.marmots.org)
Bryant A. 2002. The Vancouver Island marmot pages, Annual report [Les pages de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver, compte-rendu annuel].
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, British columbia, Canada.
En ligne, on line
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, prédation, predation, Canada.
Bryant A.A. 2000. Reproduction and persistence of Vancouver Island Marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) in natural and logged habitats [Reproduction et persistance des marmottes de l'île de Vancouver dans les habitats naturels déforestés]. Canadian Journal of Zoology.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, reproduction,, Canada.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, pr-adation, predation, conservation, loup, wolf, Canus lupus, puma, cougar, Puma concolor, cerf mulet, black-tailer deer, Odocoileus hemionus.
The Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) is probably North America’s most endangered mammal. The wild population of this island endemic has declined from over300 individuals during the 1980s to fewer than 35 individuals at present. The species also provides an unusual case study in conservation. Apart from climate-vegetation change over lengthy time scales, there has been no direct • loss ™ or • destruction ™ of habitat. However, the small habitat patches in which marmots live are embedded in a landscape matrix that has exceptionally high economic value (commercially valuable forests), and the landscape has been extensively modified by clearcut logging. Populations of predators such as wolves (Canus lupus) and cougars (Puma concolor), together with prey species such as Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus), have also changed dramatically. The result has been unsustainably-high levels of predation and near-extinction of marmots in the wild. Fortunately a captive-breeding program, established literally at the last minute in 1997, has apparently been successful at preventing extinction. However, restoring wild marmot populations also represents a conservation challenge on several levels. The first challenge is to raise sufficient marmots in captivity to furnish the raw material for reintroduction. Evidence to date suggests that this challenge will be met. The second challenge is to remove the proximate cause of decline by reducing current losses from predation. The third and largest, challenge must be to determine how the already-modified landscape can be managed in such a fashion as to allow marmot population processes (births, deaths and between-patch dispersal) to return to more sustainable levels. Here I report on the encouraging progress so far made in captive-breeding and reintroducing marmots, and discuss the options for short and long-term landscape management.
Russian pdf russe
Des données récoltées dans des populations en captivité et en nature de la marmotte de l’île de Vancouver (Marmota vancouverensis Swarth, 1911), une espèce fortement menacée, durant la période 1980-2004, ont permis d’estimer les taux de reproduction. Les résultats se rapprochent de ceux obtenus chez d’autres marmottes alpines, en particulier chez les espèces apparentées, Marmota caligata (Eschscholtz, 1829) et Marmota olympus (Merriam, 1898). Les femelles en captivité se reproduisent pour la première fois à 3 ou 4 ans (Treproduction = 4,3 ans, ET = 1,15, n = 9), ce qui ne diffère pas significativement des femelles en nature (Treproduction = 3,6 ans, ET = 1,2, n = 16). Les nombres de petits sevrés par portée sont semblables en captivité (Npetits = 3,0, ET = 1,4, n = 25) et en nature (Npetits = 3,4, ET = 1,1, n = 58). Les femelles réussissent à sevrer des petits durant deux années consécutives (46,4 %, n = 13), mais elles sautent souvent une année (39,3 %, n = 11) ou deux (14,3 %, n = 4) entre les portées. Les femelles de 2 ans réussissent rarement à sevrer leurs petits (Preproduction = 0,09, n = 43) et les femelles plus âgées sont plus susceptibles de se reproduire (Preproduction = 0,40, n = 200), sans différence significative entre la captivité et la nature. La femelle reproductive la plus âgée avait 10 ans, mais la taille des échantillons d’animaux plus vieux que 8 ans est petite et l’âge maximal de reproduction a pu être sous-estimé. Les intervalles entre les portées sont significativement plus courts en captivité (Tintervalle = 1,4 année, ET = 0,7, n = 11) qu’en nature (Tintervalle = 1,9 année, ET = 0,7, n = 17). Les rapports femelles:mâles ne diffèrent pas de 1:1 en nature (femelle/mâle = 1,04), mais ils favorisent significativement les mâles en captivité (femelle/mâle = 0,56). En conclusion, la performance reproductive de la marmotte de l’île de Vancouver est restreinte tant par sa condition corporelle que par ses contraintes sociales.
Bryant Andrew & Eastman Don 2000. Forestry and historical population dynamics of
Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) [Foresterie et dynamique de population historique de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver]. Abstracts, Society for Ecological Restoration, Liverpool, England.
En anglais, in English.
We used data from systematic population surveys, ear-tagged or radiotagged animals, GIS-based landscape measurements, and missing values analysis to clarify changes in the abundance and distribution of Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis). Data are insufficient to assess population dynamics or the timing of marmot disappearance from parts of northern Vancouver Island. On southern Vancouver Island, clearcut logging of old-growth forests was associated with profound changes in marmot abundance and patterns of habitat occupancy. Marmots began to colonize recently logged (0-15 year old) clearcuts during the early 1980s. By the 1990s half of the world’s population of this species was living in clearcuts. However this expansion was temporary and limited in geographic scope. Overall marmot numbers declined from a peak of 300-350 animals during the mid-1980s to fewer than 70 animals in 1999. The principal effect of forestry was to concentrate the population, apparently making marmots more susceptible to mortality from unsuccessful hibernation, predators and disease. The prognosis for continued survival of this critically endangered species remains hopeful provided that current plans for captive-breeding and reintroduction are pursued aggressively.
Bryant A.A. & Janz D.W. 1996. Distribution and abundance of Vancouver Island Marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) [Distribution et abondance des marmottes de l'île de Vancouver]. Canad. J. Zool., 74: 667-677.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, écologie, ecology, distribution, densité, density, gestion, management, faune sauvage, Wildlife, Canada, British Columbia.
En anglais, in English.
En anglais, in English.
(http://www.marmots.org)
Marmota vancouverensis, hibernation, faune sauvage, wildlife, captivité, captivity, Canada, British Columbia.
En anglais et en russe avec résumé français ; in English and in Russian, with a French abstract.
pdf
We used location records and annual marmot count, landscape and predator-prey data to assess recent changes in Vancouver Island marmot populations. There were probably fewer than150 marmots in 1997, with 90% distributed south of Alberni Inlet and the remainder on or near Mount Washington. This represents a 60% decline in numbers during the past decade and a similar reduction in geographic range in the last several decades. Forestry was associated with profound structural changes in the largest remaining metapopulation. Half of the world's M. vancouverensis were living in clearcuts in 1997, compared to ~25% in the mid 1980s and none prior to high elevation logging that began in the late 1960s. Adult population trends and per capita birth rates were not correlated among natural and clearcut habitats. Probable adult numbers in natural habitats were correlated with deer abundance and extent of old-growth forests (P<0.001) and negatively associated with cougar abundance (p<0.05). adult numbers in clearcuts were not correlated with potential clearcut habitat availability or deer abundance. some curious results were obtained. probable adult numbers in natural habitats were positively associated with wolf abundance (p<0.05) while numbers in clearcuts were positively associated with cougar abundance (p<0.05). results suggest that several environmental factors influence M. vancouverensis and that natural and clearcut colonies respond differently.
Les changements récents des populations de marmotte de l’île de Vancouver ont été évalués à partir des enregistrements de localisation et des comptages annuels de marmottes, des données sur les paysages et de prédateur-proie. Il y avait probablement moins de 150 marmottes en 1997, dont 90% d’entre elles se trouvaient au sud d’Alberni Inlet et les restantes sur ou près du mont Washington. Leur nombre a décliné de 60% au cours de la dernière décade et leur aire de répartition géographique a diminué de façon similaire au cours des dernières décades. La foresterie est associée aux modifications structurales profondes de la plus grande métapopulation restante. Les zones de coupe à blanc étaient occupées par la moitié de la population de marmottes. La moitié des M. vancouverensis occupait des zones de coupe à blanc en 1997, alors qu’elles n’étaient qu’approximativement 25% au milieu des années 1980 et qu’aucune d’entre-elles ne s’y trouvait avant la forte augmentation de la déforestation qui a commencé fin des années 60. Les tendances démographiques de la population adulte et des taux de naissance par individus ne sont pas en corrélation parmi les habitats naturels et les habitats de clairière. Le nombre probable d’adultes des habitats naturels est en corrélation positive avec l’abondance des cerfs et l’extension des forets anciennes (P < 0,001) et en corrélation négative avec l’abondance des cougars (p < 0,05). les nombres d’adultes dans les coupes à blanc ne sont pas en corrélation avec la disponibilité de ces habitats potentiels ni avec l’abondance des cerfs. quelques résultats curieux ont été obtenus. les nombres probables d’adultes des habitats naturels sont en corrélation (p < 0,05) avec l’abondance des loups (p < 0,05) alors que les nombres d’adultes des coupes à blancs sont en corrélation positive avec l’abondance des cougars (p < 0,05).les résultats suggèrent que de nombreux facteurs environnementaux influencent M. vancouverensis et que les colonies naturelles et des coupes à blanc régissent différemment.
Mot clés : Marmotte de l’île de Vancouver, Marmota vancouverensis, population, abondance.
Anglais et français ; English and French
.
Marmota vancouverensis, hibernation, wildlife, vie sauvage, captivity, captivité.
Anglais et français, résumé russe ; English and French, Russian abstract.
PDF disponible/available
Marmota vancouverensis, hibernation, social thermoregultion, thermorégulation sociale, wildlife, vie sauvage, captive breeding, elevage en captivité.
Nous avons évalué les canevas d'hibernation de populations sauvages et captives de la marmotte, très menacée, de l'île de Vancouver (Marmota vancouverensis). Réglage et durée de l’hibernation sont significativement affectés par la captivité. Les marmottes sauvages entrent en hibernation 6 semaines plus tôt et en sortent 5 semaines plus tard que les marmottes captives. Celles-ci hibernent à des températures (6-9°) et des humidités relatives (28-83 %) variables. Des conditions plus chaudes et plus sèches diminuent souvent la durée d'hibernation. Dans la nature, les marmottes solitaires hibernent avec succès dans une variété d'habitats et les antenais n'hibernent pas toujours avec leurs parents. Les Pertes de Masse Journalières des animaux torpides suggèrent que les marmottes de Vancouver sont des hibernants efficaces (moyenne PMJ = 0,95 ; IC 95 % = 0,89 à 1,01 ; n = 102). L’existence de thermorégulation sociale n’est pas évidente. Le comportement d'hibernation de la marmotte de Vancouver peut refléter une histoire évolutive favorisant la survie de petits groupes. Les comparaisons interspécifiques de l’efficacité de l’hibernation peuvent être biaisées par le moment de la mesure.
Bryant Andrew A. & Page Rick E. 2005. Timing and causes of mortality in the endangered Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) [Rythme et causes de la mortalité chez la marmotte en danger de l’île de Vancouver (Marmota vancouverensis). Canadian journal of zoology. (Can. j. zool..), 83(5) : 674 - 682.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, marmotte de l'île de Vancouver, Aquila chrysaetos, aigle royal, Canis lupus, loup, wolf, Puma concolor, couguar, prédation, pedation.
We used radiotelemetry to evaluate seasonal survival rates and mortality factors for a critically endangered island endemic, the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis Swarth, 1911). Recovery of radio transmitters and marmot remains suggested that predation was the major cause of mortality, accounting for at least 24 of 29 (83%) known-fate deaths recorded since radiotelemetry efforts began in 1992. Wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) and cougars (Puma concolor (L., 1771)) apparently accounted for 17 deaths (59%). Three marmots (10%) were killed by golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos (L., 1758)), four (14%) were killed by unknown predators that probably included all of the above species, two (7%) died from unknown causes, and three (10%) died during hibernation in a single burrow. Mortality rates varied seasonally. The daily probability of death during hibernation was very low (Pdeath = 0.016). The probability of death was also low from spring emergence through 31 July (Pdeath = 0.051), but was eight times higher in August (Pdeath = 0.395) and four times higher in September (Pdeath = 0.175). We concluded that predation was the proximate cause of recent declines in wild Vancouver Island marmot populations, that losses were highly concentrated in late summer, and that previous studies exaggerated the importance of winter mortality. We suggest that high predation rates were associated with forestry and altered predator abundance and hunting patterns.
La radio-télémétrie nous a servi à évaluer le taux saisonnier de survie et les facteurs de mortalité chez la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver (Marmota vancouverensis Swarth, 1911), une espèce endémique insulaire fortement menacée. La récupération des émetteurs et des carcasses de marmottes laisse croire que la prédation est la cause principale de mortalité, représentant au moins 24 (83 %) des 29 cas étudiés depuis le début de l'utilisation de la radio- télémétrie en 1992. Les loups (Canis lupus L., 1758) et les couguars (Puma concolor (L., 1771)) sont apparemment responsables de 17 (59 %) des morts. Trois (10 %) des marmottes ont été tuées par des aigles royaux (Aquila chrysaetos (L., 1758)) et quatre (14 %) par des prédateurs inconnus qui incluent peut-être toutes les espèces mentionnées précédemment; deux (7 %) sont mortes de causes inconnues et trois (10 %) sont mortes dans un même terrier durant l'hibernation. Les taux de mortalité varient en fonction de la saison. La probabilité quotidienne de mortalité durant l'hibernation est très faible (P = 0,016). La probabilité de mortalité est aussi faible de l'émergence printanière jusqu'au 31 juillet (P = 0,051), mais elle est huit fois plus élevée en août (P = 0,395) et quatre fois plus élevée en septembre (P = 0,175). En conclusion, la prédation est la cause immédiate des déclins récents des populations sauvages de marmottes de l'île de Vancouver, les pertes sont fortement concentrées en fin d'été et les études antérieures ont exagéré l'importance de la mortalité hivernale. Nous croyons que les forts taux de prédation s'expliquent par les pratiques forestières, ainsi que par les changements dans l'abondance des prédateurs et les patterns de chasse.
Bryant A.A., Schwantje H.M. & de With N.I. ( Брайант А.А., Шванти Х.М., де Вит Н.И. ) 2002. Disease and unsuccessfull reintroduction of Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis). Заболевания и неудачная реинтродукция ванкуверских сурков (Marmota vancouverensis). [Zabolevaniya i neoudatcnaya reintrodouktsiya vankouverskikh sourkov (Marmota vancouverensis). Maladie et échec d'une réintroduction de marmotte de l'île de Vancouver (Marmota vanouverensis)]. In Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity, Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev VY., Proceedings of the 3d International Conference on Marmots, Cheboksary, Russia, 101-112.
En anglais et en russe avec résumé français ; in English and in Russian, with a French abstract.
Extrait/Extract pdf
Key-words: disease, reintroduction, Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis).
En 1996, nous avons réalisé une réintroduction expérimentale de la marmotte de Vancouver (Marmota vancouverensis). Six animaux, captures dans 3 colonies installées dans des habitats récemment déboisés, ont été relâchés dans une prairie naturelle subalpine. Deux mâles ont quitté le site peu après le lâcher. Un mâle, tué par un prédateur, fut retrouvé à 5 Km du site de lâcher; le second n’a pas été revu.Les 4 animaux restants se sont installés sur le site de lâcher où ils ont creusé des terriers, se sont alimentés et ont présenté une croissance pondérale typique, et sont entrés en hibernation. Ces animaux sont morts pendant l’hiver 1996-1997. Leur mort est due à une infection bactérienne (Yersinia frederiksenii). Notre expérience souligne la fragilité des réintroductions réalisées avec un petit nombre d’animaux et illustre les risques de maladies dans les populations réintroduites de petite taille.
Mots clés : Maladie, réintroduction, marmotte de l’île de Vancouver (Marmota vancouverensis).
En anglais, in English.
Marmota minor, Marmota nevadensis, Marmota vetus, Amérique du Nord.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite.
A unique series of simple "unnatural" nucleosides has been discovered to inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. Through structure-activity analysis it was found that the 3'-OH group of the beta-L-2'-deoxyribose of the beta-L-2'-deoxynucleoside confers specific antihepadnavirus activity. The unsubstituted nucleosides beta-L-2'-deoxycytidine, beta-L-thymidine, and beta-L-2'-deoxyadenosine had the most potent, selective, and specific antiviral activity against HBV replication. Human DNA polymerases (alpha, beta, and gamma) and mitochondrial function were not affected. In the woodchuck model of chronic HBV infection, viral load was reduced by as much as 10(8) genome equivalents/ml of serum and there was no drug-related toxicity. In addition, the decline in woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen paralleled the decrease in viral load. These investigational drugs, used alone or in combination, are expected to offer new therapeutic options for patients with chronic HBV infection.
Bryant N. & Schlafer D. 1995. Uterine adenocarcinoma in an adult woodchuck (Marmota monax) [Adenocarcinome utérin chez la marmotte commune d'Amérique adulte (Marmota monax)]. American College of Veterinary Pathologists, 46th Annual Meeting. Vet. Pathol. V32. Nov. 10-18, 1995, Atlanta, Georgia.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, utérus, uteri, cancer.
Bryzgalin G.A. 1919. [Conservation d'importants objets naturels en Ukraine. Conservation of important nature objects in Ukraine]. 7.
En ukrainien, in Ukrainian.
En russe, in Russian.
Expédition, Asie, Asia.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, rythme, rhythm, hibernation.
En mongol avec résumé russe, in Mongolian, with Russian summary.
Marmota sibirica, chasse, hunting, dénombrement, census, Mongolie, Mongolia.
En mongol avec résumé russe, on Mongolian, with Russian summary.
Marmota sibirica, écologie, ecology, Mongolie.
En Mongol, In Mongolian.
Marmota sibirica, population, Mongolie.
En anglais, in English.
Virus de l'hépatite, hepatitis virus, Marmota monax, écureuil, squirrel.
Buffon Georges-Louis Leclerc de, Montbard 1707-Paris 1788
Portrait
Buffon G. de 1749. Histoire naturelle. XVI et XVII.
En français, in French.
Monax, marmotte du canada, p.175, marmotte de Kamtschtka, p. 176, marmotte du Cap de Bonne Espérance, p.177.Extrait/Extract pdf
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Marmotte p. 219, description de la marmotte, 228-244, description de la partie du cabinet qui a rapport à l'histoire naturelle du surmulot & de la marmotte, 245-248.
Extrait/Extract pdf
En français, in French.
En français, in French.
Marmotte monax, siffleux, marmotte de Canada, p. 175; Marmotte de Kamtschatka, p. 176; Marmotte du Cap de Bonne Espérance, marmotte bâtarde d'Afrique, Cavia capensis, p. 177-180, Planche XXVIII, La monax, Planche XXIX, La marmotte du cap.
Extrait/Extract pdf
En français, in French.
Marmota monax, monax, marmotte du cap, Cavia capensis.Extrait/Extract pdf
Buffon Georges Louis Leclerc de 1819. Compendio di notizie di storia naturale tratte dalla grand'opera del signor di Buffon ad uso della gioventu... [Résumé des notices d’histoire naturelle traitant de la grande œuvre de monsieur de Buffon à l’usage de la jeunesse. Compendium of natural history notices on the main work of mister de Buffon to youth use]. Graziosi.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, marmotta.
Extrait/Extract pdf
Buffon G.-L. Transactions philosophiques, n° 397.
En français, in French.
A propos de l'hibernation du loir.
En français, in French.
Et pour mettre de l' ordre dans cette réduction,
nous séparerons d' abord les animaux des deux
continents, et nous observerons qu' on peut réduire
à quinze genres et à neuf espèces isolées,
non-seulement tous les animaux qui sont communs
aux deux continents, mais encore tous ceux qui
sont propres et particuliers à l' ancien. Ces genres
sont : 1 yy celui des solipèdes proprement dits, qui
contient le cheval, le zèbre, l' âne avec les mulets
féconds et inféconds ; 2 yy celui des grands pieds
fourchus à cornes creuses, savoir le boeuf et le
buffle avec toutes leurs variétés ; 3 yy la grande famille
des pieds fourchus à cornes creuses, tels
que les brebis, les chèvres, les gazelles, les chevrotains
et toutes les autres espèces qui participent
p140
de leur nature ; 4 yy celle des pieds fourchus
à cornes pleines ou bois solides, qui tombent et
qui se renouvellent tous les ans : cette famille
contient l' élan, le renne, le cerf, le daim, l' axis et
le chevreuil ; 5 yy celle des pieds fourchus ambigus,
qui est composée du sanglier et de toutes les variétés
du cochon, telles que celui de Siam à ventre
pendant, celui de Guinée à longues oreilles pointues
et couchées sur le dos, celui des Canaries à
grosses et longues défenses, etc.. ; 6 yy le genre très-étendu
des fissipèdes carnassiers à griffes, c' est-à-dire
à ongles crochus et rétractibles, dans lequel
on doit comprendre les panthères, les léopards,
les guépards, les onces, les servals et les chats,
avec toutes leurs variétés ; 7 yy celui des fissipèdes
carnassiers à ongles non rétractibles, qui contient
le loup, le renard, le chacal, l' isatis et le chien,
avec toutes leurs variétés ; 8 yy celui des fissipèdes
carnassiers à ongles non rétractibles, avec une
poche sous la queue : ce genre est composé de
l' hyène, de la civette, du zibet, de la genette, du
blaireau, etc.. ; 9 yy celui des fissipèdes carnassiers,
à corps très-allongé, avec cinq doigts à chaque
pied, et le pouce ou premier ongle séparé des autres
doigts : ce genre est composé des fouines,
martes, putois, furets, mangoustes, belettes, vansires,
etc.. ; 10 yy la nombreuse famille des fissipèdes
qui ont deux grandes dents incisives à chaque
mâchoire et point de piquants sur le corps : elle
est composée des lièvres, des lapins, et de toutes
les espèces d' écureuils, de loirs, de marmottes et
de rats ; 11 yy celui des fissipèdes dont le corps est
couvert de piquants, tels que les porcs-épics et
les hérissons ; 12 yy celui des fissipèdes couverts
d' écailles, les pangolins et les phatagins ; 13 yy le
genre des fissipèdes amphibies, qui contient
la loutre, le castor, le desman, les morses et les
phoques ; 14 yy le genre des quadrumanes, qui contient
les singes, les babouins, les guenons, les
makis, les loris, etc.. ; 15 yy enfin celui des fissipèdes
ailés, qui contient les roussettes et les chauves-souris,
avec toutes leurs variétés. Les neuf
espèces isolées sont l' éléphant, le rhinocéros,
l' hippopotame, la girafe, le chameau, le lion,
et le tigre, l' ours et la taupe, qui toutes sont
aussi sujettes à un plus ou moins grand nombre
de variétés.
De ces quinze genres et de ces neuf espèces isolées,
deux espèces et sept genres sont communs
aux deux continents ; les deux espèces sont : l' ours
et la taupe ; et les sept genres sont : 1 yy celui des
grands pieds fourchus à cornes creuses ; car le
boeuf se retrouve en Amérique sous la forme du
bison ; 2 yy celui des pieds fourchus à bois solide ;
car l' élan se trouve au Canada, sous le nom d' original,
le renne sous celui de caribou, et l' on
trouve aussi dans presque toutes les provinces de
l' Amérique septentrionale des cerfs, des daims et
des chevreuils ; 3 yy celui des fissipèdes carnassiers
à ongles non rétractibles ; car le loup et le renard
se trouvent dans le nouveau monde comme dans
l' ancien ; 4 yy celui des fissipèdes à corps très-alongé ;
la fouine, la marte, le putois se trouvent
en Amérique comme en Europe ; 5 yy on y trouve
aussi une partie du genre des fissipèdes qui ont
deux grandes dents incisives à chaque mâchoire,
les écureuils, les marmottes, les rats, etc.. ; 6 yy celui
des fissipèdes amphibies ; les morses, les phoques,
les castors et les loutres existent dans le nord du
nouveau continent, comme dans celui de l' ancien ;
7 yy le genre des fissipèdes ailés y existe aussi en
partie, car on y trouve des chauves-souris et des
vampires, qui sont des espèces de roussettes. p. 141.
En français, in French.
Extrait/extract pdf
Buffon Georges-Louis Leclerc & Daubenton Louis-Jean-Marie 1765. Histoire naturelle générale et particulière : avec la description du Cabinet du Roy. Tome treizième. Paris, Impr. royale, 441 p., Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Le bobak et les autres marmottes, 136-138. Description du Bobak, 139-140.
Extrait/Extract pdf
Buffon & Lacepede 1868. Histoire naturelle extraite de Buffon et de Lacépède [Natural history extracted from Buffon and Lacépède]. Alfred Mame & Fils, Tours, pp. 399.
En français, in French.
En français, in French.
Arctomys marmotta, Arctomys monax, Arctomys bobac.
Extrait/extract pdf
En anglais, in English.
Syst¿me sanguin, blood system.
Buhot D. 1974. Images du Parc National de la Vanoise [Images of the National Park of La Vanoise]. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. de la Savoie, 51 : 5-7.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Vanoise, France. Elle serait en pleine expansion.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota camtchatica, Arctomys camtschatica Brandt, Arctomys cliffoni Thomas, expédition, Sibérie, Siberia.
En russe, in Russian. Peste, plague, désert, desert, montagne, mountain.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, ectoparasite, Rodentia, Marmota baibacina, Marmota caudata, Alaï.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, Gerbille, gerbil, coopération, cooperation.
En russe, in Russian.
Puce, flea, rongeur, rodents, Chine, China.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, conservation, disparition, extinction.
En Ukrainien et résumé anglais, in Ukrainian with English.
Marmota bobak, paélontologie, paleontology, Ukraine.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, bactérie;, bacterium, parasitologie, parasitology, Amérique du Nord.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, Protozoaires, Acariens, Acaridsa, parasitologie, parasitology, Amérique du Nord, North America.
En français, in French.
Marmota monax, Marmotte commune d'Amérique, woodchuck, littérature enfantine, Juvenile literature, Burgess Thornton Waldo 1874-1965.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Suisse, Switzerland.
En français, in French.
En anglais, in English.
Modélisation, model, méthodologie, methodology, conservation.
Modélisation, model, méthodologie, methodology, conservation.
A review of extinction risk analysis and viability analysis methods is presented. The importance of environmental, demographic and genetic uncertainties, as well as the role of catastrophes are successively considered, and different approaches aiming at the integration of these risk factors in predictive population dynamic models are discussed.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, coeur, heart, sang, blood.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, hibernation, sang, blood.
Anglais et français ; English and French.
Marmota baibacina, gray marmot, marmotte grise, Marmota sibirica, Mongolian marmot, marmotte de Mongolie, hunting, chasse.
En français, in French.
Aquila chrysaetos, Marmota marmota, prédation, predation, Suisse, Switzerland.
En anglais, in English.
Taphonomie, taphonomy, changement d'habitat, habitat changes, extinction d'espèces, extinct species, pléistocène, pleistocene, holocène, holocene, Marmota caligata.
Canis latrans, Vulpes vulpes, Vulpes velox, Vulpes sp., Martes americana, Mustela ermina, Mustela frenata, Mustela rixosa, Mustela nivalis, Mustela nigripes, Mustela sp., Lynx sp., Ochotona princeps, Lepus americanus, Eutamias sp., Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, Marmota caligata, Spermophilus columbianus, Callospermophilus lateralis, Spermophilus lateralis, Cynomys churcherii, Cynomys sp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caligata, Hoary marmot, marmotte givrée, introduction, Amérique du Nord, North America.
Burroughs John 1870. The Fox [Le renard]. In Putnam's monthly magazine of American literature, science and art, 16(34) : 1-570, pp. 371-376, Num. Cornell University.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck p. 375.
Extrait Pdf extract
Burroughs John 1876. Autumn Tides [Marées automnales]. In Scribners monthly, an illustrated magazine for the people, New York, 12(6) : 1-922, pp. 873-877, Num. Cornell University.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck p. 876.
Extrait Pdf extract
Burroughs John 1877. April [Avril]. In Scribners monthly, an illustrated magazine for the people, 13(6) : 1-890, pp. 799-803, Num. Cornell University.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck p. 802.
Extrait Pdf extract
Burroughs John 1892. Glimpses of Wild Life [Aperçus de vie sauvage]. In The Century; a popular quarterly, New York, 44(4) : 1-986, pp. 560-565, Num. Cornell University.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck p. 560, 562, 563.
Extrait Pdf extract
Burroughs John 1900. Squirrels and Other Fur-bearers [ Écureuils et autres animaux à fourrure]. Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 150 pages.
En anglais, in English.
Woodchuck.
Extrait Pdf extract
Burroughs John 2001. Squirrels and Other Fur-bearers [ Écureuils et autres animaux à fourrure]. Fredonia books, Amsterdam, 188 pages.
En anglais, in English.
Woodchuck.
Burov V.N. 1968. Plotnost' popoulyatsiï kak faktor dinamik tchilesnnosti. Zool. J., 47 : 1455-1462.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte commune ou américaine, États-unis d'Amérique, USA, Tennessee.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte commune ou américaine, États-unis d'Amérique, USA.
Marmota monax, Marmota caligata, Hoary Marmot, marmotte givrée, mammifères, mammals, pédagie.
Portées comprises entre 2 et 6 jeunes.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte commune ou américaine, Tennessee, États-unis d'Amérique, USA.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte commune ou américaine, Marmota olympus, États-unis d'Amérique, USA, Tennessee.
En anglais, in English.
Dispersion, dispersal, flux de gènes, gene flow, différentiation génétique, genetic differentiation, dérive génétique, genetic drift, isolemet par distance, isolation by distance, barrières paysagères, landscape barriers, lièvre d’Amérique du Nord, snowshoe hare, comparaison avec marmotte alpine, compartison with alpine marmot.
Spatial population structure has important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Little is known about the population structure of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), despite their ecological importance in North American boreal forests. We used seven variable microsatellite DNA loci to determine the spatial genetic structure of snowshoe hares near Kluane Lake, Yukon during a cyclic population peak. We sampled 317 hares at 12 sites separated by distances ranging from 3 to 140 km, and used 46 additional samples from Alaska and Montana. The level of genetic variation was high (13.4 alleles/locus, 0.67 expected heterozygosity) and the distribution of alleles and genotypes was not homogeneous across the sites. The degree of differentiation was low among Yukon sites (F ST = 0.015) and between Yukon and Alaska (F ST = 0.012), but the Montana site was highly differentiated (F ST = 0.20). A weak pattern of isolation by distance was found over the Yukon study area, with an indication that local genetic drift may be important in shaping the regional genetic structure. Landscape barriers expected to influence gene flow did not consistently affect genetic structure, although there was evidence for a partial barrier effect of Kluane Lake. The high level of inferred gene flow confirms that snowshoe hare dispersal is widespread, successful and equal between the sexes. A stepping-stone model of gene flow, potentially influenced by the synchronous density cycle, appears to best explain the observed genetic structure. Our results suggest that despite their dramatic fluctuations in density, snowshoe hares in the northern boreal forest have a large evolutionary effective population size and are not strongly subdivided by either physical or social barriers to gene flow.
Extrait Pdf extract
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, social, Minnesota, EUA, USA.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, peste, plague, parasitologie, épidémiologie, epidemiology, Mongolie.
En russe, in Russian.
Epizootie, peste, plague.
En français, in French.
Mammiféres, herbivores.
En français, in French.
Littérature enfantine, child literature.
En français, in French.
Economie, economy, colonisation, colonization, Amérique du Nord, North America, fourrure, fur, marmotte absente, no marmot, Butel-Dumont Georges-Marie (1725-1788), Forbonnais François Véron Duverger de (1722-1800).
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Butler P.M. & Joysey K.A., eds. 1978. Development, function and evolution of teeth [D-aveloppement, fonction et -avolution des dents]. Academic Pr., New York. 523 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Dent, tooth.
Bykov N.T. 1946. Vyzhivaemosti tchumnoï palotchki v sukhikh shkurakh tarbagan [Survie des bacilles pesteux dans les peaux séchées de M. sibirica. Survivorship of plague bacillus in dried skins of M. sibirica]. Izv. Irkutskogo PUI, 6, Irkutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota caudata, marmotte longue queue, long-tailed marmot, Tien Chan, Tien Shan, Pamir-Alay, Ouzbekistan, Uzbekistan.
In Uzbekistan, long-tailed marmot (Marmota caudata Geoffroy, 1892)
inhabits two isolated areas - the Western Tien Shan and Pamiro-Alay. The
eastern and north-eastern border of its habitat runs across the Western
Tien Shan mountains and includes the Pskem, Ugam and Maidantal ridges
(the Maidantal, Bodaksay, Choralma rivers, and the Oigaing river basin),
as well as the southern slopes of the Chatkal ridge facing the Fergana valley
(Saldyrmasay, Chanachsay, Nanai). Also, long-tailed marmot was found near
village Soh on the northern slopes of the Alai ridge in the Fergana valley.
The Pamiro-Alay part of long-tailed marmot\'s habitat includes the western
spurs of the Gissar ridge along the Kizildarya, Tanhazdarya, Aksu, Tamshush,
Sangardak, and Handiza rivers. Though, in the past it was recorded in
Baisuntau, this data now needs to be confirmed. The habitat of long-tailed
marmot has expanded during the last decade. Its lower border moved down
for more than 10 km. In 2002, resettling marmots were observed in the close
vicinity of hydro-post Maidantal, tract Karanghi- Tugai (1414 rn a.s.l.). In
spring 2003, we saw marmots living at the left bank of the Pskem river at a
record-breaking low altitude of 1,377 rn a.s.l. In 1985-1990, a lower border
ran near mouth of the Beshtor river, the tributary of the Oigaing river, at
1800 m a.s.l. Moreover, a permanent residence of marmots was observed at
the left bank of the Charalma river, near the place where it flows into the
Oigaing river. In Pamiro-Alai, a habitat oflong-tailed marmot is shrinking. A
lower border of the species\' habitat was at midstream of the Kizildarya river,
at 2000 rn a.s.l. During the last decade this species has disappeared in the
upper-rivers Djindidarya, Igrisu, and Kalasay. In 1992, we investigated the
long-tailed marmot colonies at the left bank of the Kalasay river, at 3500 rn
a.s.l. (Vashetko et al., 1996). This territory was intensively used for livestock
grazing. We could observe the movement of sheep herds, found lost traps
near marmot\'s holes, and numerous hidden dwellings of poachers. At present,
long-tailed marmot has been completely exterminated in the area, as well as
in the upper-river Igrisu towards the border of the Gissar nature reserve and
a watershed ridge between the Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya provinces.
Uninhabited and partially destroyed burrows oflong-tailed marmot were still
remaining here.
Russian pdf russe
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, distribution, Ouzbekistan, Uzbekistan.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, aent toxique, toxic agent.