Si vous avez connaissances de références bibliographiques absentes de cette liste,
ou si vous avez une version pdf, ayez l'amabilité de me les communiquer.
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or if a pdf version is available, please send them to me.

Fabiani R. 1903. La fauna fossile della grotta di Bernardino nei Colli Berici [La faune fossile de la grotte de Bernardino près de Colli Berici]. Atti R. Ist. Ven. Sc. Lett. Art., 17 : 657-671.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, mandibule, mandible, paléontologie, paleontology, Vénétie, Venetia, Italie, Italy.

Fabricius J. 1794. Einige Bemerkungen den Winterschlaf in Lichtenberg [Quelques remarques sur l'hibernation au Lichtenberg. Some remarks on hibernation in Lichtenberg]. Voigt's magaz., 9 (4) : 79-81.
En allemand, in German.
Hibernation.

Fabricius J. 1799. Observations on the winter sleep of animals and plants [Observations sur l'hibernation des animaux et des plantes]. Phil. mag., 3 : 156-157.
En anglais, in English.
Hibernation.

Facello C., Macchi E., Panzera M., Piazza R. & Tesio E. 1997. Nekotorye fonetitcheskie parametry zvoukogo predouprejdayuchtchego ob opasnosti signala ou Marmota marmota L.: razlitchiya mejdou pervym i vtoritchnymi svistami na silouety. Some phonetic parameters of the alarm calls in Marmota marmota L.: differences between the first and the secondary whistles relared to the silhouettes [Quelques paramètres phonétiques des cris d'alarme chez Marmota marmota L. : différences entre le premier et le second sifflet en liaison avec les silhouettes]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, 100 (Rousskie), 141-142 (Angliïskie) [In Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 100 (Russian), 141-142 (English).
Marmota marmota, son, sound, cri d'alarme, alarm call.

Facello C., Macchi E., Panzera M., Piazza R. & Tesio E. 1997. Vremennye i spektal'nye osobennosti zvoukovgo predouprejdayuchtchego ob opasnosti signala Marmota marmota L.: ouroven' otveta na iskousstvennyï vozdouchtchyï stimoul. Temporal and spectral features of alarm calls in Marmota marmota L.: answer degree to artificial aerial stimuli [Caractéristiques temporelles et spectrales des cris d'alarme chez Marmota marmota : degré de réponses à des stimuli aériens artificiels]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, 99 (Rousskie), 142-143 (Angliïskie) [In Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 99 (Russian), 142-143 (English).
Marmota marmota, son, sound, cri d'alarme, alarm call.

Fadeev E.V. & Pavlov M.P. 1959. [Surplus de fourrures inutilisées. Unused Fir-skin Stocks]. Hunting and Hunting Farms, 3.
Fourrure, fur.
En russe, in Russian.

Fadeeva N.V. 1963. Selenginskoe srednegorye. Oulan-Oude, Bouryat. kn. izd-vo.
En russe, in Russian.

Faivre Paul & Théâtre Françoise (illustration) 2004. Marmottes et marmottons [Marmots and young marmots]. Pontarlier, P. Faivre, 10 p.
En français, in French.
Marmotte, marmot, littérature enfantine, juvenile literature.

Falcoz L. 1912b. Deux Coléoptères nouveaux pour la faune française : Philonthus spermophili Gglb. et Henoticus Gyll [Two new beetles for French fauna: Philonthus spermophili Gglb. et Henoticus Gyll]. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 93.
En français, in French.
Insectes, Insects, entomologie, entomology, terrier, burrow, France.

Falcoz L. 1912-1913. La recherche des Arthropodes dans les terriers [Research on Arthropods in the burrows]. Feuille des jeunes Naturalistes, 5 (42) : 178 et 5 (43) : 1.
En français, in French.
Arthropodes, arthropods, terriers, burrow, entomologie, entomology.

Falcoz L. 1913a. Sur l'éthologie de quelques espèces du genre Quedius Steph. [Upon ethology of some species of the Quedius Steph. genus]. Cong. Soc. Savantes, Grenoble, 187.
En français, in French.
Ethologie, ethology, Insectes, insects, entomologie, entomology.

Falcoz L. 1913b. Description d'un Lycoria (Sciara) nouveau de France : L. vaneyi, du terrier de la marmotte [Description of a new Lycoria (Sciara) in France: L. vaneyi, from the marmot burrow]. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 344-346.
En français, in French.
Insectes, insects, entomologie, entomology, terrier, burrow.

Falcoz L. 1914. Contribution à l'étude de la faune des microcavernes. Faune des terriers et des nids [Contribution to the study of the fauna in microcaves. Burrow and nest fauna]. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61 : 59-245.
En français, in French.
Insectes, insects, entomologie, entomology, Diptera, 2600 m, Arctomys marmotta, Marmota marmota, terrier, burrow.
Pdf disponible/available

Faliu L., Lignereux Y. & Barrat J. 1980. Identification des poils des mammifères pyrénéens [Identification of Pyrenean mammal hairs]. Donana, Acta Vert., 1(2): 125-212.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, poils, hair, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

Fal'k I.P. 1824. Zapiski poutechestviya [Notes de voyage. Travel notes]. SPB, 1 (Poln. sobr. outchenykh poutestviï po Rossii, t.6).
En russe, in Russian.
Expédition, expedition.

Fall M.W. 1971. Seasonal variations in the food consumption of woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Variations saisonnières de la consommation des marmottes (M. monax)]. J. Mammal., 52 : 370-375.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, saison, season, alimentation, foraging.

Farand E. 1995a. Impact de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota, L.) sur la richesse et la composition floristique de prairies de fauche de l'étage montagnarrd supérieur [Impact of the alpine marmot on richness and flora composition of mowed meadows of the supeior montane level]. Rapport technique, DEA Analyse et Modélisation des systèmes biologiques, Lyon, 32 pp.
En français, in french.
Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, végétation, vegetation.

Farand E. 1995b. Rôle des herbivores mammaliens sur la diversité floristique des milieux ouverts : Mécanismes et patrons [Role of herbivorous mammals on the flora diversityof open environments : mechanism and patterns]. Diplôme d'Étude Approfondie "Analyse et Modélisation des Systèmes Biologiques", Rapport bibliographique,UCB lyon1, 37p.
En français, in French.
Herbivores, herbivorous.

Farand E. L. & Allainé D. 1998. Grosse souris ou petite baleine ? Variation des survies chez la marmotte alpine.[Big mouse or small whale ? Survival rate changes in Alpine marmot.]
5ème Journée d'Étude sur la Marmotte Alpine, Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. eds. : 35-42.

Farand E., Allainé D. & J. Coulon (Фаранд Е., Аллен Д., Кулон Ж.) 2002a. Survival of the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota L.): a capture-recapture study. емость альпийского сурка изучение методом повторных отловов. [Vyjivaemost' alpiiskogo (Marmota marmota L.): izoutcheniemetodom povtornykh otlovov. Survie chez la marmotte alpine : étude par cature-recapture]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.YU. eds., Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on marmots, Moscow, ABF P.H., 151-160.
En anglais et russe avec résumé en français ; In English and Russian with a French abstract.
Marmota marmota, survie, survival.
We used Capture-Recapture models to study survival rates variations of the monogamous Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota L.) in the valley of La Sassière (French Alps, 2350 m elevation). Using a seven years dataset (1990 to 1996), we tested biological hypotheses in order to know which factors are involved in population survival rates variations. We used specific factors (sex and age) and environmental ones (annual variations). In agreement with evolutionary model predictions, we found no sex effect on survival rates variations. On the contrary, the lack of age effect was surprising as age-structured mortality is the rule among mammals. We suggest that either a too small size or the effect of social thermoregulation could explain this result. Annual survival rates variations are important and positively correlated with winter snowdepth (Likelihood Ratio Test, p=0.003). Environment is very sharp in the valley of La Sassière: we suggest that burrow thermal insulation during hibernation may be a major factor of annual survival.
Key-words: survival, sex, age, environmental variations, Marmota marmota.
Nous avons utilisé des modèles de Capture-Recapture pour étudier les variations des taux de survie de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota L.), une espèce monogame, dans le vallon de La Sassière (Alpes françaises, 2350 m d’altitude). Grâce à un jeu de données couvrant 7 années (de 1990 à 1996), nous avons testé différentes hypothèses biologiques. Notre but était de déterminer quels facteurs interviennent dans les variations des taux de survie dans cette population. Nous avons utilisé des facteurs spécifiques (âge et sexe) et environnementaux (variations annuelles). Conformément aux prédictions des modèles évolutifs, nous ne trouvons pas de rôle du sexe dans les variations de survie. A l’inverse, l’absence d’effet de l’âge était inattendue, car la structuration de la mortalité par l’âge est la règle chez les mammifères. Nous supposons soit que notre échantillon est trop petit, soit que la thermorégulation sociale pourrait expliquer ce résultat. Les variations annuelles des taux de survie sont important et corrélés positivement avec l’enneigement hivernal (Likelihood Ratio Test, p = 0,003). L’environnement est très rude à la Sassière : nous suggérons que l’isolation thermique des terriers pendant l’hibernation pourrait être un facteur majeur de la survie annuelle.
Mots clés: survie, sexe, âge, variations environnementales, Marmota marmota.
Pdf disponible/available

Farand E., Allainé D. & J. Coulon 2002b. Variation in survival rates for the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota): effects of sex, age, year, and climatic factors [Variation des taux de survie de la marmotte alpine : effet du sexe, de l’âge de l’année et des facteurs climatiques]. Can. J. Zool., 80: 342-349.
En anglais, in English.
Pdf disponible/available

Fatio V. 1869. Faune des vertébrés de Suisse. Histoire naturelle des mammifères [Vertebrate fauna of Switzerland. Natural history of mammals]. H. Georg, Genève et Bâle, J.B. Baillière et fils, Paris.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota p. 169, faunistique, fauna, Suisse, Switzerland.

Fatou Hélène (Angeli May illustration) 1986. Vigie la marmotte [Lookout the marmot]. Paris, Flammarion, 31p.
En français, in French.
Marmottes, marmots, littérature enfantine, Juvenile literature.

Faudel 1866. Sur la découverte d’ossements humains fossiles dans le lehm alpin de la vallée du Rhin à Eguisheim, près de Colmar [About the discovery of fossil human bones in the alpine lehm in the Rhine Valley at Eguisheim, near Colmar]. Comptes rendus hedomadaires des séances de l’académie des Sciences, 63, 689-691.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Homme, Man, cerf, Elephas primigenius, Bos priscus, Cheval, Bison. Lehm, Alsace.
pdf disponible/available

FAUNMAP working group 1994. FAUNMAP: a database documenting late Quaternary distributions of mammal species in the United States [Faunmap : une base de données sur la répartition des mammifères des Etats-Unis d’Amérique au Quaternaire final]. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers, 25, 690 p.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, database, base de données, quaternaire, quaternary, EUA, USA.

Fayard A., Rolandez J-L. & Roncin P. 1979. Les mammifères du département de l'Ain [Mammals of the Ain department]. Le Bièvre, 1(1) : 1-26.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction.

Feathers D. 1936. Ramsay Expedition-Laurier Pass and Mount Redfern [Expédition Ramsay - Passe Laurier et Mont Redfern]. Field notes, catalogue, map of camps. Mammalogy Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia.

Fédération Rhône-Alpes de protection de la nature 1976. Réintroduction de la marmotte en Vercors [Marmot reintroduction in the Vercors]. Isère, Grenoble : FRAPNA, 66 diapositives couleur ; 24 x 36 mm+ Notice de 6 p., bande-son magnétique.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, rintroduction, Vercors, France.

Fedina O.A. 1948. [Les puces de la région d'Alma Ata. The fleas of Alma-Ata oblast]. ]. Izv. Acad. Nauk Kaz SSR, 43, ser. parasitol., Alma-Ata, 5: 76-91.
En russe, in Russian.
Insectes, Insects, puces, fleas, Alma-Ata.

Fedorin YU.V., Tyukika O.V. & Pachkov YU.N. 1973. Zemelnyï fond tsentral'nykh oblasteï Evropeïskoï tchasti SSSR i ego ispol'zovanie v sel'skom khozyaïstve [Réserves terrestres des régions centrales de la partie européenne de l'URSS et leur utilisation agricole. Terrestrial reserves of the middle regions of the European part of the USSR and their agricultural use]. V kn. Voprosy preobrazovaniya prirody Roussko&iouml;ravniny, M.
En russe, in Russian.
Réserves, reserves, conservation, URSS, USSR.

Fedorenko O.N. & Levykin S.V. 2006. [Réserves territoriales pour le rétablissement écologique de marmottes des steppes de la région d’Orenbourg. Terrotorial reserve for ecological restoration of settlements of steppe marmots in the Orenburg area]. In Marmots in anthropogenic landscapes of Eurasia, 9th International Meeting on Marmots.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobak, marmotte des steppes, steppe marmot, réintroduction, re-introduction, Orenbourg, Orenburg, Russie, Russia.

Fedorov V.M. 1966. Vliyanie raspashek zemeli na tchislennosti tarbagana v Iugo-Vostotchnom Zabaikalie [Impact du labourage sur le nombre de marmottes tarbaganes du sud-est du Transbaïkal. Ploughing impact on the number of the Tabargan marmots from south-western Cis-baikal]. In Osobo opasnye infektsii v Sibiri i na Dalinem Vostoke, Dokl. Orkutskogo PUI, 7, Kyzyl. (en russe, in Russian)
(Marmota sibirica) ; Agriculture ; Transbaïkal

Fedorova O.I. 1999. Vzaimosvyaz' priznakov, obouslivaiuchtchikh okraskou i katchestvo opoucheniya sourkov. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 101-102. (en russe, in Russian)
Marmota, gestion, management.

Fedoseeva G.A. 2005. Captive breeding of bobak marmots (Marmota bobak) in the cages. Osnoby razvedeniya srepnykh sourkov (Marmota bobak) v ousloviyakh kletotchnogo soderjaniya. [ Élevage en captivité des marmottes bobak (Marmota bobac)]. Abstracts of fifth International Conference on genus Marmota, 52-53.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobac, Èlevage, breeding.
The unique and only Russia\'s marmot nursery was established within JSC captive breeding farm "Pushkinskiy". There have been studied bobak marmots' (Marmota bobak) biological features and capacity for adaptation to artificial habitat, and various scenarios of animal keeping have been tested. Keeping one mature male together with one mature female proved to be the best way. It is also possible to keep one female with two males in one enclosure. Keeping one male with two females is to be excluded, since females were observed to fight one another until one them died. It was also interesting to observe marmots escape from enclosure. Most often the runaway would settle by enclosure where its mate lived, having dug a burrow just in front of the enclosure or close to it. It mainly concerns the animals that have been together for more than three years. Such behavioral patterns were not observed in young animals however, though they dug holes near enclosures. This is attributed to their being genetically predisposed to living in colonies. However, a case that a male runaway did not dig a burrow but lived for two weeks in another enclosure, which was subject to repair, penetrating into it through a hole of the cellular tloor, was reported in summer, 2003. Note that according to the same year observations a pair (a male and female) that escaped together also settled together in enclosure subject to repair, getting in it through the trapdoor. These cases evidence the adaptation of marmots to living in enclosures. Marmot-breeding in enclosures allowed revealing numerous ways of reproductive potential realization. Most often we observed monogamy (a male couples with one female during a reproduction season). Polyandrical contacts, where one female couples with several males during a reproduction season, are also possible. The cases of polygamy, where a male couples with several females during a reproduction season, were also observed in marmots. Marmots' reproduction period extends over approximately two months. 171 litters occurred during the years of observations (1995-2004). The earliest lit ter was reported on March 13, and the latest - on May 1. A peak reproduction was during a period 29th of March through 7th of April. 59.4 percent of females gave birth to their cubs during this period. A main problem of animals' adaptation to fundamentally new keeping and breeding conditions was an increased reproductive capacity. 11 of 25 females ( 44 % ) of the main herd gave birth to cubs in 2004. The rate of prolificacy was 4.64 cubs, and female's output was 5.75 cubs. The trapdoors of marmot houses were sequentially opened as they finished hibernation. The houses were opened on February 1. Marmots on the sunny side of enclosure awoke earlier. 16 pairs (64 percent) of marmots on the sunny side and 3 (12 %) on the shady one awoke before February 15. Eight of the females (32 %) living on the sunnyside of enclosure and 3 (12 percent) (P > 0.99) living on the shady side gave birth to cubs. The earlier opening oftrapdoors resulted in a shorter littering period (April3 through April17).

Fedorova O.I. & Koldaeva E.M. 1997. Topografitcheskaya izmentchivosty volosyanogo pokpova sourkov-vtorogodok kletotchnogo razvedeniya. The hairs cover topographic variablility in second year marmot from cages breeding [La variabilité topographique des poils des marmottes de deux ans en élevage]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, 101 (Rousskie), 144 (Angliïskie) [In Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 101 (Russian), 144 (English).
Marmota, fourrure, fur, élevage, breeding.

Fedorova L.V., Tereshchenko P.F. 1950. [La chloropicrine comme moyen d'extermination des arthropodes des nids de marmottes. Chloropicrin briquettes as means for extermination of arthropoda in marmot's nests]. Izv. Irkout. protivochum. in-ta Sibiri i Dal. Vostoca, Irkutsk, 8: 151-161.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, Arthropodes, Arthropods, extermination.

Fedoseeva G.A. 1996. Okraska mekha stepnykh sourkov v ousloviyakh kletotchnogo soderjaniya. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 85.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina.

Fedoseeva G.A. 2002. [Corrélations entre des caractères quantitatifs des marmottes des steppes sur quelques générations. Finding of correlation between quantitative characters in steppe marmots (Marmota bobak) during some generations]. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 65.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, biométrie, biometry.

Fedoseeva G.A. & Kazakova T.I. 1999. Ispol'zovanie jira sourka v meditsine. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 102-103.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, médecine, medecine.

Fedoseeva G.A, Kazakova T.I. & Babunidze O.E. 1999. Kombikorma dliya sourkov kletotchnogo razvedeniya. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 103-104.
En russe, in Russian.

Fedoseeva G.A. & Rymalov I.V. 1997. Plemennaya rabta s sourkami pri kletotchnom razvedenii. Selection of marmots in fur breeding [La sélection de la fourrure chez les marmottes d'élevage]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, 102 (Rousskie), 145 (Angliïskie) [In Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 102 (Russian), 145 (English).
Marmota, fourrure, fur, élevage, breeding.

Fedoseeva G.A., Tinaeva E.A. & Balakirev N.A. 2002. Connection between the allele frequency of polymorphous loci and their complexes and polygenetic heritable signs in prairie marmots. Rapport entre la fréquence allélique et leurs complexes de locus polymorphes et de leurs signes d'héritabilités chez la marmotte des steppes. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 54-55.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota bobac, breeding, élevage, allele frequency, fréquence allélique, albumin, albumine, transferin, transférine, erythrocytes.

Feitelson M.A. 1986. Products of the "X" gene in hepatitis B and related viruses. Hepatology, 6(2): 191-198.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis, chromosome, génétique, genetic.

Feitelson M.A., Lega L., Duan L.X. & Clayton M. 1993. Characteristics of woodchuck hepatitis X-antigen in the livers and sera from infected animals. J. Hepatol., 17 Suppl 3: S24-34.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, génétique, genetic.

Feitelson M.A., Marion P.L. & Robinson W.S. 1981. Antigenic and structural relationships of the surface antigens of hepatitis B virus, ground squirrel hepatitis virus, and woodchuck hepatitis virus. J. Virol., 39(2): 447-454.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, virus.

Feitelson M.A., Marion P.L. & Robinson W.S. 1983. The nature of polypeptides larger in size than the major surface antigen components of hepatitis b and like viruses in ground squirrels, woodchucks, and ducks. Virology, 130(1): 76-90.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Feitelson M.A., Ranganathan P.N., Clayton M.M. & Zhang S.M. 1997. Partial characterization of the woodchuck tumor suppressor, p53, and its interaction with woodchuck hepatitis virus X antigen in hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncogene, 15(3): 327-336.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Fejfar Oldrich 1961. Review of Quaternary vertebrata in Czechoslovakia [Revue des vertébrés du Quaternaire en Tchéquoslovaquie]. Prace Institut Geol. Warzawa, 34 : 109-118, p. 113.
Marmota marmota, Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology.

Fejfar O. & Storch Gerhard 1990. Eine pliozäne (ober-ruscinische) Kleinsäugerfauna aus Gundersheim, Rheinhessen. -- 1. Nagetiere: Mammalia, Rodentia. [Faune de micromammifères du Pliocène (Ruscinian supérieur) de gundersheim, Rheinhessen] A Pliocene (upper Ruscinian) micro-mammal fauna from Gundersheim, Rheinhessen. -- 1. Rodents: Mammalia, Rodentia.]. Senckenbergiana Lethaea, 71 p. 139-184.
En German with English summ.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pliocène, Pliocene.

Fenyuk B.K. 1958. Voprosy geografii prirodnykh otchagov tchoumy [Questions géographiques sur les foyers naturels de peste. Geographic questions upon the natural foci of plague]. Zool. J., 37(7).
En russe, in Russian.
Géographie, geography, peste, plague.

Fenyuk B.K. 1959. Zametki o prirodnykh otchagakh tchoumy i protivotchmno&iml; rabote v Kitaïskoï Narodnoï Respoublike (po poutevym vpetchatleniyam) [Remarques sur les foyers naturels de peste et lutte contre la peste en République populaire de Chine (Impressions de voyage). Remarks upon the natural foci of plague and fight against plague int the Popular Republic of China (Travel impressions)]. J. mikrobiol., epidemiol. i immounol., 10.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Chine, China.

Fenyuk BK. 1960. Experience in the eradication of enzootic plague in the north-west part of the Caspian region of the USSR [Expérience d'éradication de l'enzootie de peste dans le nord-ouest de la région Caspienne de l'URSS]. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 23: 263-273.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, peste, plague, Union Soviétique, Soviet Union.

Feranec R.S. 1999. Evolution of the grazing niche in Pleistocene mammals from Florida: evidence from stable carbon and oxygen isotopes [Evolution de la niche de pâturage chez les mammifères du Pléistocène de Floride : preuves de la stabilité d'isotopes de carbone et d'oxygène]. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts of Papers, Supplement,19(3):44A.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, Paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocen, Mammifères, Mammals, Brouteur, Grazer, Isotope, Carbone, Carbon, Floride, Florida.

Feranec Robert S. 2004. Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of marmot cheek teeth from the Pit Locality, Porcupine Cave, Colorado [Analyse isotopique du carbone et de l'oxygène des dents de marmottes de Pit Locality, Porcupine Cave, Colorado]. In Biodiversity Response to Environmental Change in the Early and Middle Pleistocene: The Porcupine Cave Fauna from Colorado, Barnosky, A. D. (ed.), University of California Press, Berkeley, 327-331.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, dent, tooth, analyse isotopique, isotope analysis.

Feranec R.S. & MacFadden B.J. 2000. Evolution of the grazing niche in Pleistocene mammals from Florida: evidence from stable isotopes. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 162: 155-169.
En anglais, in English.
Available pdf disponible
Paléontologie, Paleontology, Mammifères, Mammals, Carbone, Carbon, Floride, Florida.

Féret-Fleury Christine & Alloing Louis (illustration) 2004. La marmotte a disparu [The marmot disappeared]. Paris, Flammarion, 93 p.
En français, in French.
Marmotte, marmot, littérature enfantine, juvenile literature.

Ferrant & Friant 1936. La faune pléistocène d'Oetrange [Pleistocen fauna in Oetrange]. Bull. mens. nat. Lux., N.S., 30 : 14-89 et 31, 54 pp. p. 28.
En français, in French.
Arctomys marmota, Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Luxembourg

Ferraiuolo Valentina,Krieger Chiara & Santi Giuseppe, 2002. Upper Pleistocene Marmota marmota Linnaeus, 1758 remains from Como Province(Lombardy-Northern Italy). Osteological study and morphometric observations [Fossiles de Marmota marmota du Pléistocène supérieur de la province Côme (Lombardie, Italie du nord)]. Società ticinese di Scienze naturali, 90(1-2), 29-38.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, osteological and morphometric study, ostéologie, morphométrie, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Lombardie, Lombardy, Italie, Italy. Vengono studiati morfologicamente e osteometricamente circa 300 reperti di Marmota marmota L., 1758 provenienti da due località della provincia di Como (Bulgarograsso e Olgiate Comasco). Nel confronto fra parametri dentali, craniali e mandibolari con resti di marmotte pleistoceniche provenienti dalla Grotta dei Parmorari (Borgio Verezzi - Savona) ed attuali (Piemonte), è stato dimostrato che i reperti della collezione comasca possono essere inclusi nella variabilità delle marmotte recenti e che più in particolare, hanno una taglia inferiore rispetto alle piemontesi. È confermata la taglia superiore delle marmotte pleistoceniche, mentre le differenze morfologiche riscontrate fra le marmotte comasche e quelle piemontesi potrebbero dipendere o da diversità sessuale o, più verosimilmente, da leggere variazioni dell’ambiente di vita.
About three hundred remains of Marmota marmota L., 1758 from two localities of the Como Province (Bulgarograsso and Olgiate Comasco) (Lombardy) are morphologically and osteometrically studied. From the comparison of dental, craniometric and mandibular parameters between the Pleistocene and recent marmots from Parmorari Cave (Borgio Verezzi, Savona, Liguria Region) and from the Piedmont, it has been demonstrated that the Como collection specimens can be included in the recent marmots variability and, more in particular, that they have a smaller size compared to the ones of Piedmont. The larger size of the Pleistocene marmots is confirmed, whereas the observed morphologic differences between the Como and the Piedmont marmots could be due to the sexual diversity or, more probably, to slight habitat variations.

Ferrario G., G. Scherini, G. Tosi & S. Toso 1985. Distribution, population and diet of the Golden Eagle in the central Alps [Répartition, population et alimentation de l'aigle royal dans les Alpes centrales]. Atti III Conv. ital., Orn.: 263-264.
En anglais, in English.
Aquila chrysaetos, Marmota marmota, prédation, predation, Alpes centrales, central Alps.

Ferraris P. 1990. Dislocazione tane invernali di marmotte nel parco N. Alta Valsesia, nel comune di Alagna Valsesia. Dati raccolti nell'autunno 1988 [Déplacement du terrier d'hiver de marmotte du Parc N. Alta Valsesia, commune d'Alagna Valsesia. Données de l'automne 1988]. Collana Scientifica Parco Nazionale Gran Paradiso, 177 : 35-39.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, terrier, burrow, Italie, Italy.

Ferraris Maria, Sala Benedetto & Scola Valeria 1990. The late Pleistocene fauna with Pliomys lenki from the Ghiacciaia Cave loess (northern Italy) [Faune du Pléistocène avec Pliomys lenki de la grotte de Ghiacciaia (Italie du Nord). Quat. Int., 5: 71-79, Oxford, New York.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Italie, Italy.

Ferri M., L. Sala, C. Sola, Spampanato A., P. Tongiorgi & L. Tosi 1987. La marmotta, Marmota marmota Linneo: indagini preliminari per uno studio della popolazione dell'Appennino settentrionale [La marmotte, M. marmota L. : recherches préliminaires pour une étude de la population de l'Appenin septentrional. The marmot, M. marmota L.: preliminary research for a study of the western Appenines population]. Relazione siullo stato dellambiente nella provincia di Modena, 2 : 81-85.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, biogéographie, biogeography, population, Italie, Italy, Appenins.

Ferri M., L. Sala, C. Sola, Spampanato A., P. Tongiorgi & L. Tosi 1992. La marmotta, Marmota marmota Linneo: indagini preliminari per uno studio della popolazione dell'Appennino settentrionale [La marmotte, M. marmota L. : recherches préliminaires pour une étude de la population de l'Appenin septentrional. The marmot, M. marmota L.: preliminary research for a study of the western Appenines population]. In: Relazione sullo stato dell'ambiente nel-la provincia di Modena, Aggiornamento, Vol. 2. Provincia di Modena, pp. 81-85.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, biogéographie, biogeography, population, Italie, Italy, Appenins.

Ferri M., L. Sala, C. Sola, Spampanato A., P. Tongiorgi & L. Tosi 1992. La marmotta sull'Appennino settentrionale [La marmotte de l'Appenin septentrional]. Habitat, 7: 4-8.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, biogéographie, biogeography, population, Italie, Italy, Appenins.

Ferri M., G. Pigozzi, Sala L., Sola C., Spampanato A., Tarantino J., P. Tongiorgi P., L. Tosi 1988a. Primi risultati di una ricerca sulla popolazione di Marmotta del crinale appennico Tosco-Emilinao [Premiers résultats d'une recherche sur la population de marmottes de la ligne de crêtes des Apennins de Toscane-Emilie. First results of a study of the marmot population of the Apennines ridge of Tosco-Emilinao. Atti del I Convegno Nazionale dei Biologi della Selvaggina, 14 : 339-349.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, population, Italie, Italy, Appenins.

Ferris G.F. 1919. Contribution toward a monograph of the sucking lice [Apport pour une monographie des poux], pt.1. Stanford univ., California.
En anglais, in English.
Insectes, Insects, parasitologie, parasitology.

Ferroglio E. & Durio P. 1992. Utilizzo delle tane in una colonia di marmotte in val di Viu' . Burrows use in marmot colony in val di Viu' (W. Alps). Burrows use in marmot colony in Val di Viu marmot . [Utilisation des terriers dans une colonie du Val di Viu]. Proc. 1st Intern. Symposium on Alpine Marmot and on Genus Marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E eds., Torino, 247-248.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Marmota marmota, terrier, burrow, population, Italie, Italy, Alpes.

Ferron J. 1981. Comparative ontogeny of behaviour in four species of squirrels (Sciuridae)[Ontogénese comparée du comportement de quatre espèces d'écureuils]. Z. Tierpsychol., 55, 193 - 216.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, éthologie, ethology, ontogenèse, ontogenesis.

Ferron J. 1984.. Behavioral Ontogeny Analysis of Sciurid, Rodents, with Emphasis on the Social of Ground Squirrels [Analyse ontogéntique du comportement des Sciuridae, Rongeurs, particulièrement du comportement social des écureuils terrestres]. In Behavioral Ontogeny of Sciurid Rodents, 24 - 42.
En anglais, in English
Sciuridae, éthologie, ethology, ontogénese, ontogenesis, social.

Ferron J. 1991a. Quels sont les déterminants de l'organisation socio-spatiale chez les Sciuridés [What are the causes of socio-spacial structure in Sciuridae?]. Actes Colloque Le rongeur et l'Espace, Lyon, 1989, Le Berre M. et L. Le Guelte ed., Chabaud.
En français, in French.
Sciuridae, social, territoire, territory.

Ferron J. 1991b. Inter- vs intra- specific variations in home range size of sciurid rodents: influence of ecological constraints [Variations inter et intraspécifique de la taille du domaine vital chez les rongeurs sciuridés : effet des contraintes écologiques]. In Report of the third International meeting "Rodens & Spatium", Mammalia, 55 (3) : 475.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Tamiasciurus, habitat.

Ferron J. 1996. How do woodchucks (Marmota monax) cope with harsh winter conditions? [Comment les marmottes (M. monax) font-elles face aux rudes conditions hivernales]. Journal of Mammalogy, 77(2): 412-416.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, écologie, ecology, hiver, winter.

Ferron J. & L. Lefebvre 1982. Comparative organization of grooming sequences in adult and young sciurid rodents [Organisation comparée des séquences de toilettage chez les adultes et les jeunes rongeurs sciuridés]. 110 -127.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, éthologie, ethology, toilettage, grooming.

Ferron J. & Ouellet J.P. 1989. Temporal and intersexual variations in the use of space with regard to social organization in the woodchuck (Marmota monax) [Variations temporelles et inter-sexuelles de l'utilisation de l'espace au regard de l'organisation sociale chez la marmotte (M. monax)]. J.Can. Zool., 67.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, social, sexe, sex.

Ferron J. & J.P. Ouellet 1991. Physical and behavioral postnatal development of woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Développement postnatal physique et comportemental des marmottes (M. monax)]. Can. J. Zool., 69 : 1040-1047.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, morphologie, morphology, ontogenèse, ontogenesis.

Fetisov A.S. 1935. O rasprostanenii tarbagana v Kyakhtinskom i Selenginskom aïmakakh Bouryat-Mongolii [Sur la répartition de la marmotte tarbagane à Kyakhtinski et à Selenginski aïmakakh Bouryat-Mongolii. On the distribution of the Tarbagan marmot in Kyakhtinski and Selenginski aimakakh Bouryat-Mongolia]. Izv. Irkoutskogo naoutch.-issled. protivotchoumnogo in-ta Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka, 2.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, distribution, Bouriatie, Buratia, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Fetisov A.S. 1936a. O rasprostranenii tarbagana v Kekhtinskom i Celennskom ajmakakh Bouryat-Mongolii [Sur la répartition de la marmotte tarbagane à Kekhtinski et &eagrave; Selennskom aïmakakh Bouryat-Mongolie. On the distribution of the Tarabana marmot in Kekhtinskom i Selennskom aimakakh Bouryat-Mongolia]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PUI, 3, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, distribution, Bouriatie, Buratia, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Fetisov A.S. 1936b. Ekologitcheskie nabliudennya nad gryzunami Bargoïskikh stepeï v svyazi s voprpsom epidemiologii tchumy v Zabaïkalie [Observations écologiques sur les rongeurs des steppes de Bagorjski en relation avec la question de l'épidémiologie de peste en Transbaïkalie. Ecological observations on steppe rodents in Bagorjski in relation with the epidemiologic question of plague in Cis-baikal]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PUI, 4, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, écologie, ecology, peste, plague, Transba&iml;kalie.

Fetisov A.S. 1937. Vredbye i poleznye mlekopitayuchtchie v sel'skom khozyaïstve Zapadnogo Zabaïkal'ya [Mammifères nuisibles et utiles en agriculture dans l'ouest de la Transbaïkalie. Pest and useful mammals in farming in the Cis-Baikal]. Izv. Irkout. gos. mouzeya, 2(7).
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, agriculture, Transbaïkalie, Transbaikalia.

Fetisov A.S. & Khrustselevsky V.P. 1948. Mlekopitaiutsie Iougo-Vostotchnogo Zabaïkaliya [Mammifères du sud-est du Transbaïkal. Mammals from south-western Cis-Baikal]. Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.< br> Mammifères, mammals, Transbaïkal.

Feuerstein D. 1944. Peterli, Geschichte eines Murmeltieres [Peterli, histoire de marmottes]. Fretz & Wasmuth Verlag A.G., Zürich.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Feuillée-Billot A. 1930. Enquête sur les rongeurs de France [Survey on rodents of France]. La Nature, 2844 : 417-418.
En français, in French.
Rodentia, Marmota marmota.

Feydeau Georges 1988a. Théâtre complet. I. Paris, Bordas. Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Littérature françaises, French literature, marmotter,to mumble.
Extrait/extract pdf

Fezhfar O. 1964. The lower Villafranchian vertebrates from Hajnacka near Filakovo in southern Slovakia [Les vertébrés du Villafranchien inférieur de Hajnacka près Filakovo en Slovaquie du sud]. Rozpravy, Ustredniho ù geol. Prague, 30 : 1-115.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Slovaquie, Slovakia, Quaternaire, Quaternary.

Ficheur E. & Brives A. 1900. Sur la découverte d'une caverne à ossements, à la carrière des Bains-Romains, à l'ouest d'Alger [On the discovery of a bone cave, in the Bains-romains quarry, West of Algiers]. Comptes rendus hebdomadairse des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 130 : 1485-1487.
En français, in French.
pdf
Patella furruginea, Conus mediterraneus, Cerithium vulgatum, Monodonta tuberculata, Pectunculus, Canis familiaris, Bubaalus antiquus, Bos opisthonomus, Cervus pachygenys, Chonochoetus prognu, Boselaphus probubalis, Dorcas crassicornis, Dorcas nodicornis, Dorquas triquetricornis, Hippotamus icosiensis (amphibus), Rhinoceros bicornis, Rhinoceros subineermis, Equus asinus africanus, Moustérien, Algérie.

Figgins 1915. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington.

Figuier L. 1892. Mammalia: their various forms and habits [Mammifères : leur différentes formes et leurs comportments]. Adapted by E.P. Wright, London, Cassel & Co. Ltd.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, éthologie, ethology.

Fikkan, P., J. Fikkan, J. Collier, and R. Kresek, 1973. Some observations of a Fisher at close range [Quelques observations de proximité d'un pêcheur]. The Murrelet, 54(2): 22
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caligata, hoary marmot, marmotte givrée.

Filatov A. Rasselenie stepnogo sourka [Répartition de la marmotte bobac. Distribution of the bobac marmot]. Okhota i Okhot.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, répartition, distribution.

Filhol E., Jeanbernay E. & Timbal-Lagrave E. 1874. Exploration scientifique du massif d'Arbas (Haute-Garonne) [Scientific exploration of the Arbas Massif (Haute-Garonne)]. Bull. Soc. Sc. phys. et natur. Toulouse, 2 : 367-478.
En français, in French.
Expédition, grotte de ourgue, grotte de Goueil de Her, grotte Tuto de las Spigos de Couanca, Ursus arctos, grotte de Bourusse, Ursus speleus, Ursus priscus, Ursus arctos, grotte de Pène-Blanque, 800 m., ours des cavernes, foyers, fireplace, homme, man, Haute-Garonne, France.
pdf.

Filhol H. 1881. Sur les différentes espèces d'ours dont les débris sont ensevelis dans la caverne de Lherm (Ariège). Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'académie des sciences, 92 (15) : 929. In Revue des travaux scientifiques, 1882, 2 : 801.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, caverne, cave, Rhinoceros, Cervus, Hyoena speloea, Ursus speloeus, Ursus Gaudryi, Ariège, France.

Filippova N.A. & Panova I.V. 2000. [Différenciation intraspécifique de la tique de terrier Ixodes crenulatus (Ixodidae). The intraspecific differentiation of the burrow tick Ixodes crenulatus (Ixodidae)]. Parazitologiia, 34(4): 265-279.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac bobac, Marmota baibacina centralis, Marmota sibirica sibirica, Ixodes crenulatus, parasitologie, parasitology, terrier, burrow.
In four extensive disjunct areas of the distribution range of Ixodes crenulatus Koch, 1844 complexes of samples in 8 locations, and separate samples in two locations have been studied (fig.). Morphological characters (sizes of organs of idiosome, gnathostoma, legs, as well as some proportions of organs), which show statistically significant differences between complexes of samples on all corresponding stages of ontogenesis were revealed (tabl. 1, 2). Statistically significant differences were determined by Student's criterion (table. 3, 4). We use the term "transit" characters to denote these characters if they have to addition a similar tendency at all stages of ontogenesis. Complexes of samples showing statistically significant differences of transit characters are considered by us as morphotypes. Apparently these differences of morphotypes were formed evolutionally. In European disjunct area morphotypes divided into two groups on the basis of the degree of differences: western (A, B), and eastern (C, D, E). Degree of differences of morphotypes within each group is low, whereas one between of these two groups is high and corresponds to differences of morphotypes A, B from all Asian morphotypes (F, G, H, I, J), and of morphotypes C, D, E from Asian ones in mountain disjunct areas I. crenulatus (G, H, I, J). At the same time Eastern-European complex of morphotypes (C, D, E) is morphologically similar to the morphotype from north Kazakhstan disjunct area (F). All Asian morphotypes have high degree of differences one from the other. Species of the genus Marmota are initial hosts of I. crenulatus, they retain the main role as hosts in Eastern-European and Asian morphotypes: C, D, E, F--M. bobac bobac (Muller, 1776), G--M. baibacina centralis (Thomas, 1909), I, J--M. sibirica sibirica (Radde, 1862). The most aberrant in all characters morphotypes are the ones inhabiting European areas (A, B), where marmots are exterminated. These morphotypes parasitize on hibernating carnivores.

Filonov K.P. 1959b. Okhrana Kamtcatskogo surka v Severo-Vostotchnom Pribaïkalie [Protection de la marmotte du camtchatka au nord-est du Baïkal. Preservation of the Kamtschatka marmot in the north-eastern Baikal]. V sb. Okhrana priropa Sibiri, Mat-ly I-oj Sib; . konf. So AP SSSR 1958 g., Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, conservation, Baïkal.

Filonov K.P. 1960. Tchernochapotchnyï sourok. V stat'e Materialy po mlekopitayuchtchim Bargouzinskogo zapovednika [La marmotte à tête noire. The black-capped marmot. In Matériaux sur les mammifères de la réserve de Bargouzinski. Mammal material in the Barguzinsk reserve]. Tr. Bargouzin. gos. zapovenila, 2.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, réserve.

Filonov K.P. 1961. Materialy po ekologii tchernoshapotchnogo sourka Bargyzinskogo zapovednika [Données sur l'écologie de la marmotte à tête noire dans la réserve de Bargouzinski. Ecological data on the black-capped marmot in the Barguzinsk reserve. Tr. Bargouzinskogo zapovednika, 3 : 169-180.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, écologie, ecology, forât, forest.

Filonov K.P. 1967. Razmeshenie tcherno-shapotchnogo sourka na zapadnom sklone Bargouzinskogo khrebta [Répartition de la marmotte à tête noire sur les pentes ouest de la cha&icicr;ne de Bargouzinski. Distribution of the black-capped on the west slopes of the Barguzinsk range]. In Resoursy faouny sourkov v SSSR, in-t geogr. AP SSSR M. Nauka.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica.

Findley J.S. 1956. Mammals of Clay County, South Dakota [Mammifères du Clay County, South Dakota]. University of South Dakota Publications in Biology, 1: 1-45.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, biogéographie, biogeography, South Dakota, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Findley J.S. 1987. The natural history of new mexican mammals [Histoire naturelle des nouveaux mammifères mexicain]. New Mexico natural history series, fauna guide, 137-150.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris.
Tayassu tajacus, Odocoileus hemionus, Odocoileus virginianus, Cervus canadensis, Cervus elaphus, Cervus canadensis merriami, Cervus merriami, extinct species: Antilocapra americana, Ovis canadensis, Bison bison, Capra ibex, Ammotragus lervia, Capra hircus, Oryx gazella, introduction: Equus caballus (feral), Equus asinus (feral), New Mexico 35-48: Choeronycteris mexicana, Leptonycteris sanborni, Tadarida brasiliensis, Tadarida macrotis, Nyctinomops macrotis, Tadarda femorosacca, Nyctinomops femorosacca, Eumops perotis, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasionycteris noctivagans, Eptesicus fuscus, Pipistrellus hesperus, Myotis volans, Myotis leibii, Myotis velifer, Myotis californicus, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis yumanensis, Myotis auriculus, Myotis thysanodes, Myotis evotis, Euderma maculatum, Plecotus townsendii, Idionycteris phyllotis, Antrozous pallidus, Canis latrans, Canis lupus, Extripation: Vulpes vulpes, Vulpes macrotis, Vulpes velox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Euarctos americanus (ursus americanus), Ursus arctos (?), Procyon lotor, Bassariscus astutus, Nasua nasua, Mustela erminea, Mustela frenata, Mustela nigripes, Mustela vison, Martes americana, Taxidea taxus, Spilogale putorius, Mephitis mephitis, Conepatus mesoleucus, Lutra canadensis, Panthera onca, Felis onca, Felis concolor, Lynx rufus, Ochotona princeps, Lepus americanus, Lepus townsendii, Lepus californicus, Lepus callotis, Sylvilagus nuttalli, Sylvilagus floridanus, sylvilagus auduboni; sciurus aberti; tamiasciurus hudsonicus; sciurus arizonensis; sciurus niger; eutamias dorsalis; Eutamias minimus, Eutamias quadrivittatus, Eutamias canipes, Eutamias cinereicollis, Marmota flaviventris, Ammospermophilus leucurus, Cynomys gunnisoni, Ammospermophilus harrisi, Cynomys ludovicianus, Ammospermophilus interpres, Otospermophilus variegatus, Spermophilus variegatus, Callospermophilus lateralis, Spermophilus lateralis, Castor canadensis, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, Myocastor coypu, Spermophilus spilosoma, Spermophilus mexicanus, Erethizon dorsatum.

Finkelstein M. & Darling B. 1973. Marmot survey, 1973 [Enquête marmotte, 1973]. Unpubl. rep. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Fish and Wildlife Branch, Nanaimo, 51 pp.
En anglais, in English)
Marmota vancouverensis, conservation, Bristish Columbia, Canada.

Firminhac Abbé 1833. Album savoyard. Les nouvelles savoyardes. Recueil de lithographies, de chansons et d'histoires savoyardes, dédié aux enfants associés de la Petite Oeuvre des Savoyards. [Savoyard album. The Savoyard news]. Joseph et Bernard Faye, Bordeaux, 144p.
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Marmota marmota.

Firstov N.I. 1952. Skortosti zaseleniya tarbaganami otrabotannykh ploshadeï [Vitesse de colonisation des marmottes tarbaganes sur les terres cultivées. Colonization rapidity of the tarabagan marmot in agricultural lands]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PUI, 10, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, agriculture, colonisation.

Firstov N.I. 1957. [Les rongeurs de l'Alaï méridional. Rodents of South Altai]. Mater. nauch. konf. po prirodn. ochagovosti i epidemiol. osobo opasn. infec, Saratov: 420-422.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, Alaï.

Firsoff V.A.1943. The Tatra Mountains. Lindsay Drummond, England.
En anglais, in English.
Electronic publication, http://www.geocities.com/the99the/beamar.htm
About bears, marmots and suchlike. p. 104-109.
The once rich fauna of the Tatra is largely on the ebb. The wolf is extinct and so are the lynx, the wild cat and the wolverine, though I have heard that some lynxes have survived in the wild woodland of the western part. But there are still about a dozen couples of brown bears (Ursus Arctos) roaming among the crags and forests of the Tatra, and if one is fond of berries, though I am not sure whether bears like bearberries, one has a chance of meeting a competitor who may not appreciate one's presence. On the whole, however, bears are quiet, shy creatures and, if not angered, behave politely. But a she-bear with cubs doesn't like to be disturbed in her maternal cares; I have met one myself and never before or since have I climbed so fast on rocks so nearly perpendicular to have a better view of the other side of the mountain.
Of non-carnivorous forest-dwellers, the stag would be the most impressive, had not a couple of European bisons been imported into the Tatra by Prince Hohehlohe. Chamois are quite plentiful and of the smaller inoffensive creatures a marmot (Marmota marmota) can be often seen basking in sunshine among the scree. He would be quite difficult to notice owing to his grey-browish fur, which resembles the colour of stones and dry grass. But his shrill whistle by which he warns his comrades of the approaching danger as he scuttles into a burrow can be heard for half a mile around among the stillness of the mountains.

Fish and Wildlife Service 1978. Rehabilitation of western wildlife habitat: a review [Réhabilittion de l'ouest sauvage : revue]. FWS/OBS-78/86. 237pp.
En anglais, in English.

Fish D. & R.C. Dowier 1989. Host associations of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing medium-sized mammals in a Lyme disease endemic area of souther New York [Associations d'hôtes des tiques (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitant les mammifères de taille moyenne dans une zone endémique de la maladie de Lyme du sud de New York]. J. Med. Entomol., 26(3): 200-209.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, Acariens, parasitologie, parasitology, Améréique du Nord, USA.

Fish F.F. 1930. Coccidia of rodents: Eimeria monacis n. sp., from the woodchuck [Les Coccidia des rongeurs : Eimeria monacis n. sp.chez la marmotte des bois]. J. parasit., 17:
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, parasitologie, parasitology, Protozoaires.

Fishbein D.B., Belotto A.J., Pacer R.E., Smith J.S., Winker W.G., Jenkins S.R. & K.M. Porter 1986. Rabies in Rodents and Lagomorphs in the United States, 1971-1984: increased cases in the woodchuck (Marmota monax) in mid-Atlantic states [La rage chez les rongeurs et les lagomorphes aux Etats-Unis, 1971-1984 : augmentation du nombre de cas chez la marmotte dans les états atlantiques centraux]. J. Wildlife Diseases, 47(3): 573-576.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, rage, rabes, épidémiologie, epidémiology, EUA, USA ; Amérique du Nord.
A review of surveillance data on animal rabies from the Centers for Disease Control revealed 104 cases of rabies in rodents and lagomorphs for 1971 through 1984 in the United States; 80% of these were reported between 1980 and 1984. Woodchucks (Marmota monax) accouted for 64% of the cases. Most of the cases of rabies in woodchucks were associated with an epizootic of rabies in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in the mid-Atlantic states. In rabies endemic areas, humans exposed to woodchucks should receive rabies postexposure prophylaxis if the animal is not available for testing. The decision to administer postexposure prophylaxis to humans exposed to other rodents and lagomorphs should take into consideration the epidemiology of rabies in the exposing species.

Fischer Gotthelf von Waldheim 1800. Ueber die verschiedene Form des Intermaxillarknochens in verschiedenen Thieren. Schäferschen Buchhandlung, Leipzig, 151p.
En allemand, in German.
Mus marmotta, Arctomys marmotta, Marmotta alpina.
Pdf.

Fischer 1833. Nouv. Mém. de la Soc. des natural. de Mosc., 3.
Arctomys spelaeus.

Fisher P. 1889. Détermination des régions du globe dont la faune est insuffisamment connue [Determination of the world regions where fauna is insufficiently known]. CR Congrès Intern. Zool., Paris 1889, R. Blanchard ed., 17-25.
En français, in French.
Faunistique, fauna.

Fisher W.H. 1893. Investigations of the burrows of the American marmot [Enquête sur les terriers de la marmotte américaine]. J. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 16 : 105-123.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, Amérique du Nord, North America, statistique, statistic.

Fisher Robin & Bumsted J.M. Eds. 1982. An account of a voyage to the northwest coast of America in 1785 & 1789 by Alexander Walker [Récit d'un voyage sur la côte nord-ouest de l'Amérique en 1785 et 1789 par Alexander Walker]. Douglas & McIntyre, Toronto, ON, 319 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Expédition, Amérique du Nord, North America.
In Kyuquot territory at Nootka Sound in 1786, Alexander Walker observed marmots skins, but these may not necessarily be the products of Vancouver Island. Furs of mainland animals such as fox and rabbits were also observed.

Fisiko-Geografitcheskpe Raïnirovanie SSSR: Kharakteristika Regional'Nykn Edinits 1968. [Découpage physico-géographique de l'URSS : caractéristiques des unités régionales. Physico-geographical cutting out of USSR: characteristics of the regional units]. Pod red. H.A. Gvozdetskogo. M., Izd-vo MGOu.
En russe, in Russian.
Géographie, geography, URSS, USSR.

Fiske John 1882. Europe before the Arrival of Man [Europe avant l’arrivée de l’homme]. In The Atlantic monthly, 49(294) : 1-886, pp. 433-444.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, marmotte, marmot p. 444, Tamise, Thames River, Grande Bretagne, Great Britain, Europe, Europa.
Pdf.

Fitzgerald J.P., Meaney C.A. & Armstrong D.M. 1994. Mammals of Colorado [Mammifères du Colorado]. University of Colorado Press, Niwot, CO, xii+ 467 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammalia, mammals, biogéographie, biogeography, Nebraska, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Fiume L., Busi-C., Di-Stefano-G., Mattioli A., Torrani-Cerenzia M., Bonino F., Capra G., De Bernardi W., Ponzetto A., Lavezzo B. et al. 1995. Liver targeting of adenine arabinoside monophosphate (ara-AMP) by coupling to lactosaminated human serum albumin. Ital. J. Gastroenterol., 27(4): 189-92.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
Adenine arabinoside monophosphate (ara-AMP) is a potent antiviral agent against hepadnaviruses but its use in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B is hampered by severe neurotoxic side effects, which are dose dependent. In order to reduce these adverse reactions and to adopt the lysosomotropic approach to antiviral chemotherapy, ara-AMP was coupled to lactosaminated human serum albumin (L-HSA), a neoglycoprotein which specifically penetrates hepatocytes. In mice with Ectromelia virus hepatitis, ara-AMP coupled with L-HSA was selectively delivered to liver cells in which it was released in a pharmacologically active form. Moreover in woodchucks with WHV hepatitis and in patients with chronic HBV infection, coupled ara-AMP inhibited hepadnavirus replication at a dose (1.5 mg/kg/day) 3-6 times lower than the free drug. A clinical study using a 28-day period of treatment with conjugated ara-AMP at 1.5 mg/kg/day has now been started. In the first 6 patients the treatment has been completed. The conjugate inhibited virus growth without producing any side effects. L-HSA-ara-AMP conjugate must be given by intravenous infusion. New hepatotropic conjugates of ara-AMP have been recently prepared which could be administered by bolus intravenous injection or by intramuscular route. These complexes might assure a better compliance in patients with hepatitis B virus infection for a long lasting liver targeted antiviral treatment.

Fiume L., Di Stefano G., Busi C., Mattioli A., Rapicetta M., Giuseppetti R., Ciccaglione A.R. & Argentini C. 1995. Inhibition of woodchuck hepatitis virus replication by adenine arabinoside monophosphate coupled to lactosaminated poly-L-lysine and administered by intramuscular route. Hepatology, 22(4 Pt 1): 1072-1077.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Fiume L., Di Stefano G., Busi C., Mattioli A., Battista Gervasi G., Bertini M., Bartoli C., Catalani R., Caccia G., Farina C., Fissi A., Pieroni O., Giuseppetti R., D'Ugo E., Bruni R. & Rapicetta M. 1997. Hepatotropic conjugate of adenine arabinoside monophosphate with lactosaminated poly-L-lysine. Synthesis of the carrier and pharmacological properties of the conjugate. J. Hepatol., 26(2): 253-259.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Fladerer F.A. 1989. Die pleistozäne Fauna der Tropfsteinhöle im Kugelstein [La faune du Pléistocène de la grotte de Kugelstein. The Pleistocene fauna of the Kugelstein cave]. In Höhlenfundplatz im Raum Peggau-Deutschfeistritz, Steiermark, Österreich, G. Fuchs, ed.; British Archaeologica Reports International Series, 510: 159-169.
En allemand, in German.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Autriche, Austria.

Flajolet M. 1998. Mécanismes d'activation en Cis- et en trans- du proto-oncogène N-MYC2 lors de l'hépathocarcinogenèse viro-induite. Thèse doctorale, Paris 7.
En français, in French.
Gastroentérologie, gastroenteroloogy, foie, liver, pancréas, pancreas, carcinogenèse, carcinogenesis, Marmota monax, modèle animal, animal modele.
Le carcinome hépatocellulaire est très souvent associé au portage chronique du virus de l’hépatite B. Il existe deux modèles animaux apparentés, l’un infectant la marmotte (WHV) et l’autre l’écureuil (GSHV). Chez la marmotte la sur-expression des oncogènes Myc et du gène N-Myc2 en particulier est très fréquente dans les tumeurs. Le but de mon travail était d’étudier les mécanismes d’activation du promoteur —Myc2, activation en trans. Nous avons montré que les 2 sites de fixation aux facteurs de transcription et contenus dans le promoteur N-Myc2, sont fonctionnels et responsables de l’activité basale du promoteur. . Il est également capable d’activer le promoteur N-Myc2, mais de façon plus modeste. Enfin, la protéine virale X, qui possède des propriétés transactivatrices mais dont la fonction n’est pas encore clairement établie est également capable de trans-activer le promoteur N-Myc2, activatiàn en cis à l’aide de mutants de délétion. Nous avons montré que la seule région du virus WhV en position homologue des deux enhancers du virus HBV (E1 et E2) est diouée d’une activité cis-activatrice et que l’élément E2 minimal est essentiel. Ceci a été confirmé par l’atude d’une intégration virale clonée.A partir d’une tumeur de marmotte (2260T1) dans laquelle nous retrouvons 5 copies de E2. Cette séquence possède une activité cis-activatrice très forte (X 100).Nous montrons que l’élément E1 n’a pas de rôle intrinsèque. Mais il potentialise celui de E2 par différentes approches. Nous avons montré que les sites de fixation pour des facteurs de transcription foie-enrichis présents dans E2 (1 site HNF1 et 2 site HFN4) étaient fonctionnels et responsables de la quasi totalité de l’activité de E2. Cis et trans-activation coopèrent .Nous avons montré que les effets cis et trans étaient cumulatifs, conduisant à des taux d’activation très élevés et permettant d’obtenir dans le meilleur des cas un facteur d’activation de 450 études comparatives (WHV, GSHV).Nous avons mis en évidence l’absence d’un des 2 sites NF1 dans l’élément E2 du virus GSHV, par rapport au virus WHV. Une activité cis-activatrice plus faible pour GSHV que pour WHV, ainsi que des différences dans l’affinité de laison des facteurs HNF1 et HNF4. Ces différences restent subtiles et il est difficile à ce jour d’évaluer leur rôle dans le pouvoir oncogénétique de ces virus.

Flajolet M., Gegonne A., Ghysdael J., Tiollais P., Buendia M.A. & Fourel G. 1997. Cellular and viral trans-acting factors modulate N-myc2 promoter activity in woodchuck liver tumors. Oncogene, 15(9): 1103-1110.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Flajolet M., Tiollais P., Buendia MA. & Fourel G. 1998. Woodchuck hepatitis virus enhancer I and enhancer II are both involved in N-myc2 activation in woodchuck liver tumors. J. Virol., 72(7): 6175-80.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
Direct activation of the N-myc2 oncogene by insertion of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) DNA is a major oncogenic step in woodchuck hepatocarcinogenesis. We previously reported that WHV enhancer II (We2), which controls expression of the core/pregenome RNA, can also activate the N-myc2 promoter in hepatoma cell lines. To better define the integrated WHV regulatory sequences responsible for N-myc2 promoter activation in woodchuck liver tumors, we analyzed the structure and enhancer activity of a single viral integrant found at the win locus in tumor 2260T1 and mapping approximately 175 kb 3' of N-myc2. This viral insert was made of 11 concatemerized WHV fragments, 5 of which overlapped with We2 sequences and 1 with WHV sequence homologous to that of hepatitis B virus enhancer I (We1). In transient transfection assays in hepatoma-derived cells, the We2 activator was found to be fully effective only when inserted in close proximity to the N-myc2 promoter whereas the We1 element by itself was apparently devoid of activity. In contrast, the 2260T1 viral insert exhibited a potent enhancer capacity that depended both on multimerized We2 and on We1 sequences. In a survey of different woodchuck hepatomas, both elements were commonly found within integrated viral sequences involved in long-range N-myc2 activation.

Flammarion Camille. Contemplations scientifiques [Scientific contemplations]. Paris, E. Flammarion, 375 p., Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Sciences naturelles, natural sciences, vulgarisation, popularization, paléontologie, paleontology, marmotte, marmot, Flammarion Camille (1842-1925).
Extrait pdf extract

Flaubert Gustave 1990. Madame Bovary : moeurs de province. Paris : Bordas, éd. par Claudine Gothot-Mersch,. Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Littérature, française, French literature, marmotter, to mumble, prier, to pray.
« Puis, quand elle eut sa médaille, elle la considéra. Alors un sourire de béatitude se répandit sur sa figure, et on l'entendit qui marmottait en s'en allant:
- Je la donnerai au curé de chez nous, pour qu'il me dise des messes.
Charles, sans pleurer, se tenait en face d'elle, au pied du lit, tandis que le prêtre, appuyé sur un genou, marmottait des paroles basses. »

Fleetwood R.J., Komarek E.V. & Komarek R. 1938. Mammals of the Great Smoky Mountains [Mammifères des montagnes Great Smoky]. Bulletin of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 5 (6): 137 - 162.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Parc, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Fleetwood R.J., Linzey D.W. 1995a. Mammals of Great Smoky Mountains National Park [Mammifères du parc national Great Smoky]. Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Inc.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Parc, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Fleetwood R.J. & Linzey D.W. 1995b. Mammals of Great Smoky Mountains National Park-1995 Update. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 111(1): 1-81.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Parc, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Fleetwood R.J. & Linzey D.W. 1998. The Mammals of Virginia. Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Inc.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Parc, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Fleetwood R.J. & Mundt J.O. 1963. Occurrence of enterococci in animals in a wild environment. Applied Microbiology, 11: 136 - 140.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Parc, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Fleetwood R.J. & Stupka A. 1935 -63. Nature Journal, Great Smoky Mountains National Park. 28 vols. (years) each with index. (Typewritten copy in files of Great Smoky Mountains National Park library).
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Parc, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Fleetwood R.J. & Svendsen, G.E. 1999. Woodchuck. In The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals, D.E. Wilson, and S. Ruff (eds.), Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 398-399.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Parc, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Fleming John D.D. 1822. The pilosophy of zoology or A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals [Philosophie de la zoologie ou Une vue générale de la structure, des fonctions et de la classification des animaux]. Vol. II, Archibald Constable & Co, Edinburgh, Hurst, Robinson & Co , London.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys marmota, Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, trempérature corporelle, body temperature.
Extrait pdf extract

Fleming W.J., J.R. Georgi & J.W. Caslick 1979. Parasites of the woodchuck (Marmota monax) in Central New York State [Les parasites des marmottes (M. monax) du centre de l'état de New York]. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash., 46 : 115-127.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, épidémiologie, epidemiology, parasatilogie, parasitology, EUA, USA, New York.

Fleming W.J., Gutenmann W.H. & Lisk D.J. 1979. Selenium in tissues of woodchucks inhabiting fly ash landfills. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 21(1-2): 1-3. No abstract available.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, toxicologie, toxicology.

Fleming W.J., Haschek W.M., Gutenmann W.H., Caslick J.W. & Lisk DJ. 1977. Selenium and white muscle disease in woodchucks. J. Wildl. Dis., 13(3): 265-268.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, toxicologie, toxicology.

Fleming W.G., Nusbaum S.R., Caslick J.W. 1979. Serologic evidence of Leptospirosis in Woodchucks (Marmota monax) in central New York State [Preuve sérologique de Leptospirose chez les marmottes (M. monax) du centre de l'état de New York]. J. Wildl. Dis., 15 : 245-251.
En anglais, in English.

Fleury Edouard 1852a. Observations sur les grottes de Pardondru et Vailly. Bulletin de la Société académique de Laon, 7.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology.

Florant G.L. 1991. Is brain insulin a satiety signal in hibernators? [L'insuline cérébrale est-elle un signal de satiété chez les hibernants?] Appetite, 17(3): 240.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, physiologie, physiology, cerveau, brain, masse corporelle, body mass, hibernation.

Florant G.L. 1998. Lipid metabolism in hibernators: The importance of essential fatty acids [Le métabolisme chez les hibernateurs : importance des acides gras essentiels]. American Zoologist, 38: 331-340.
En anglais, in English.
Pdf disponible/availablee
Marmottes, marmots, lipides, lipids, acide gras essentiel, essential fatty acids.
Two polyunsaturated essential fatty acids, linoleic acid and linolenic acid, are important for their inherent energy during lipid oxidation, In addition, they influence the length of hibernation bouts and the metabolic rates of mammals that hibernate, Hibernators that lack linoleic acid in their diet or that are fed a diet high in saturated fatty acids have significantly shorter bouts of hibernation and have a higher mass specific metabolic rate, The decrease in the length of a bout of hibernation is significant because the animal arouses from hibernation more frequently, using more of its energy stores, This could result in a decreased chance of survival, How the essential fatty acids exert their actions in hibernators is just beginning to be elucidated. Essential fatty acids are the sole precursors for the eicosanoids that influence thermoregulation, Thus, studies of eicosanoid function during hibernation are warranted, The recent discovery and characterization of the protein leptin, which can regulate energy balance and may be regulated by polyunsaturated fatty acids, may prove to be important to hibernation and the regulation of body mass, Future investigations of the regulation of body mass during hibernation should consider the fatty acid composition of the diet and the effect of the essential fatty acids on gene transcription.

Florant Gregory L. 2000. Circadian rhythms of body temperature in laboratory and field marmots [Ryhtmes circadiens de la température corporelle chez les marmottes de laboratoire et sauvages]. In Life in the Cold, 11th International Hibernation Symposium 2000.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, rythme circadien, circadian rhythm, température corporelle, bidy temperature.

Florant G., Green R., Abel T., Hartzell S., Tamarkin L., Brainard G. 1989. Melatonin profile in marmots: the influence of catecholamines, hibernation, and light [Profil de la mélatonine chez les marmottes : influence des catécholamines, de l'hibernation et de la lumière]. J. Pineal Res., 7(2): 105-113.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, physiologie, physiology, rythme, rhythm, mélatonine, melatonin, catécholamines, catecholamines.

Florant G.L. & Greenwood M.R.C. 1986. Seasonal variations in pancreatic function in marmots : the role of pancreatic hormones and lipoprotein lipase in fat deposition [Variations saisonnières de la fonction pancréatique chez les marmottes : rôle des hormones pancréatiques et de la lipase lipoprotéinique lors de l'accumulation des graisses]. In Living in the Cold : Physiological and Biochemical Adaptations, H.C. Heller et al. eds, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., 273-280.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, physiologie, physiology, endocrinologie, endocrinology.

Florant G.L. & Heller H.C. 1977a. CNS regulation of body temperature in euthermic and hibernating marmots (Marmota flaviventris) [Régulation de la température corporelle par le système nerveux central chez les marmottes actives et hibernantes (M. flaviventris)]. Am. J. Physiol., regulat., integrat. comp. physiol., 1 (3) : 203-208.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, physiologie, physiology, hibernation, thermorégulation, thermoregulation, cerveau, brain.

Florant G.L. & Heller H.C. 1978. Temperature regulation during wakefulness, sleep and hibernation marmots [Thermorégulation pendant l'éveil, le sommeil et l'hibernation]. Am. J. Physiol., 235: 82-88.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, physiologie, physiokogy, thermorégulation, thermoregulation.

Florant G.L., Hester L., Ameenuddin S. & Rintoul D.A. 1993. The effect of low essential fatty acid diet on hibernation in marmots (Marmota flaviventris) [Effet d'un régime alimentaire pauvre en acides essentiels sur l'hibernation chez les marmottes (M. flaviventris)]. Am. J. Physiol., 264R: 747-753.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, alimentation, foraging, hibernation.

Florant G.L. Hill V. & Ogilvie M.D. 2000.Circadian rhythms of body temperature in laboratory and in field marmots [Rythmes circadiens de la température corporelle chez les marmottes de laboratoire et sauvages]. In In Life in the Cold, Heldmaier G. & Klingenspor M. eds. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, p.223.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, rythme circadien, circadian rhythm, température corporelle, body temperature.

Florant G.L., Lawrence A.K., Williams K., Bauman W.A. 1985. Seasonal changes in pancreatic B-cell function in euthermic yellow-bellied marmots. Am. J. Physiol., 249(2 Pt 2): R159-165.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, masse corporelle, body mass, thermorégulation, thermoregulation, hibernation.

Florant G.L., L.C. Nuttle, D.E. Mullinex & D.A. Rintoul 1990. Plasma and white adipose tissue lipid composition in marmots [Composition lipidique du plasma et du tissus adipeux blanc chez les marmottes]. Amer. Physiol. Soc., 1123-1131.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, physiologie, physiology, sang, blood, lipide, lipid.

Florant G.L., Porst H., Peiffer A., Hudachek S.F., Pittman C.A., Summers S., Rajala M.W. & Scherer P.E. 2004. Fat-cell mass, serum leptin and adiponectin changes during weight gain and loss in yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris). J. Comp. Physiol. [B], 174(8): 633-639.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, lipides, lipids, saison, season.
Leptin and adiponectin are proteins produced and secreted from white adipose tissue and are important regulators of energy balance and insulin sensitivity. Seasonal changes in leptin and adiponectin have not been investigated in mammalian hibernators in relationship to changes in fat cell and fat mass. We sought to determine the relationship between serum leptin and adiponectin levels with seasonal changes in lipid mass. We collected serum and tissue samples from marmots (Marmota flaviventris) in different seasons while measuring changes in fat mass, including fat-cell size. We found that leptin is positively associated with increasing fat mass and fat-cell size, while adiponectin is negatively associated with increasing lipid mass. These findings are consistent with the putative roles of these adipokines: leptin increases with fat mass and is involved in enhancing lipid oxidation while adiponectin appears to be higher in summer when hepatic insulin sensitivity should be maintained since the animals are eating. Our data suggest that during autumn/winter animals have switched from a lipogenic condition to a lipolytic state, which may include leptin resistance.

Florant G.L., Rivera ML., Lawrence A.K., Tamarkin L. 1984. Plasma melatonin concentration in hibernating marmots; absence of a plasma melatonin rhythm [Concentration de la mélatonine plasmatique chez les marmottes hibernantes ; absence d'un rythme de mélatonine plasmatique]. Am. J. Physiol., regulat., integrat. comp. physiol., 16 (6) : R1062-R1066.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, physiologie, physiology, endocrinologie, endocrinology, hibernation, rythme, rhythm.

Florant G.L., Singer L., Scheurink A., Park C.R., Richardson R.D. & Woods S.C. 1991. Intraventricular insulin reduces food intake and body weight of marmots during the summer feeding period [L’insuline ventriculaire réduit la prise alimentaire et la masse corporelle des marmottes au cours de la période d’alimentation estivale]. Physiology and Behavior, 49(2): 335-338.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, physiologie, physiology, masse corporelle, body mass, insuline.

Florant G.L., Tamarkin L. 1984. Plasma melatonin rhythms in euthermic marmots (Marmota flaviventris) [Rythmes de la mélatonine plasmatique chez les marmottes non-hibernantes (M. flaviventris)]. Biol. Reprod., 30 (2) : 332-337.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, physiologie, physiology, endocrinologie, endocrinology, hibernation, rythme, rhythm, plasma, melatonin.

Florant G.L, K. Tokuyama & D.A. Rintoul 1989. Carbohydrate and lipid utilization in hibernators [Utilisation des glucides et des lipides chez les hibernants]. In Living in the cold, A. Malan & B. Canguilhem eds., 141-145.
En anglais, in English.

Florant G.L., Turner B.M., Heller H.C. 1978. Temperature regulation during wakefulness sleep and hibernation in marmots [Régulation de la température au cours du sommeil chez les marmottes vigiles et hibernantes]. Am. J. Physiol., regulat., integrat. comp. physiol., 4 (1) : 82-88.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, physiologie, physiology, hibernation, thermorégulation, thermoregulation, rythme, rhythm.

Florant G.L. & Weitzman E.D. 1980. Diurnal and episodic pattern of plasma cortisol during fall and spring in young and old woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Canevas diurnes et épisodiques du cortisol plasmatique à l'automne et au printemps chez les marmottes jeunes et âgées (M. monax)]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 6671 (?) : 575-581. (en anglais, in English)
(Marmota monax) ; Physiologie ; Endocrinologie ; Hibernation ; Rythme.

Florant G.L., Weitzman E.D., Jayant A., Côté D.J. 1982. PLasma catecholamine levels during cold adaptation and hibernation in woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Niveaux de catécholamines plasmatiques pendant l'adaptation au froid et l'hibernation chez les marmottes (M. monax)]. J. therm. biol., 7 : 143-146. (en anglais, in English)
(Marmota monax) ; Physiologie ; Endocrinologie ; Hibernation ; Rythme.

Florian Jean-Pierre Claris de 1792. Fables de M. de Florian. Le renard qui prêche. Paris, P. Didot l'aîné. Num. BNF , 204 p.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, marmotte, marmot, renard, fox, fable.
Extrait/extract pdf

Florio John 1611. Queen Anna's New World of Words or dictionarie of the Italian and English tongues. London, printed by Melch. Bradwood, for Edw. Blount and William Payres. Italian/English Dictionary, Dictionnaire italien/Anglais, Marmotana.

Floyd C.H., Vuren D. Van & May B. 2002. Marmots on Great Basin mountaintops: Using microsatellites to test for dispersal between ranges. Les marmottes du Great basin : Utilisation des microsatellites pour tester la dispersion entre les aires de distribution. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 58-59.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota flaviventris, dispersal, dispersion, microsatelittes, genetic drift, dérive génétique, Holocen, Holocène.

Foggin J.M. 1993. Vegetational characteristics of an alpine meadow and golden marmot social group size [Caractéristiques de la végétation d'une prairie alpine et taille du groupe social de la marmotte dorée]. Honors. McGill University.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caudata, social, botanique, botany.

Fokanov V.A. 1952. Obzob mlekopitaiushikh Priouraliskogo rajona Zapadno-Kazakhstanskoj oblasti [Généralités sur les mammifères de la région de l'Oural, dans le secteur ouest du Kazakhstan. Generalities upon mammals in the Ural, western sector of Kazakhstan]. Tr. Zool. in-ta AP SSSR, II.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, Oural, Ural, Kazakhstan.

Fokanov V.A. 1966. Novyï podvid sourka-baïbaka i zametchaniya po geografitcheskoï izmentchivosti [Une nouvelle sous espèce de Marmota bobac et quelques notes sur sa variabilité géographique. A new sub-species of M. bobac and notes on its geographical variability]. Zool. zh., 45 (12) : 1862-1866.
En Russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, taxonomie, taxonomy, biogéographie, biogeography.

Folitarek S.S. 1945. Nekotorye dannye po ekologii Tien-Shanskogo sourka Marmota baibacina v svyazi s ego e demiologitcheskii znatcheniem [Quelques données sur l'écologie de la marmotte du Tien Chan M. baibacina et leur signification sur les dèmes. Some data on the ecology of the Tien Shan marmot M. baibacina and their meaning about dems]. Refer. rab. utchrezhd. otd. biol. nauk AP SSSR za 1941-1943 gg.
En Russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, écologie, ecology, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Folk G.E., Folk M.A., Kreutzer F. 1970. Initial stages of hibernation: is cold acclimatization necessary? [Les étapes intiales de l'hibernation : l'acclimation au froid est-elle nécessaire?]. Acta. Theriol., 15 : 373-380.
En Anglais, in English.
Hibernation, thermorégulation, thermoregulation.

Fontan Alfred 1858. Sur des dents humaines et des ustensiles humains trouvés dans les cavernes à ossements de Massat (Ariège) [About human teeth and tools found in the bone caves of Massat (Ariège)]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, 46 : 900-903.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paléontologie, Homme, Man, outils, tools, rongeurs, rodents, Ariège, France. pdf disponible/available

Fontana L. 1998a. Mobilité et subsistance au Magdalénien dans le Languedoc occidental et le Roussillon [Mobility and livelihood during the Magdalenian in the western Languedoc and the Roussillon]. Thèse de IIIè cycle, Université de Paris I, 287 p.
En français, in French.
Archéozoologie, archeozoology, France.

Fontana L. 1998b. Subsistance et territoire au Magdalénien supérieur dans les Pyrénées : l'apport des données archézoologiques de la grotte de Belvis (Aude) [Livelihood and territory during the upper Magdalenian in the Pyrenees : contribution of archeozoological data of the Belvis cave (Aude)]. Préhistoire du Sud-Ouest, 5(2) : 131-146.
En français, in French.
Archéozoologie, archeozoology, France, Aude.

Fontana L. 1999a. Mobilité et subsistance au Magdalénien dans le Bassin de l'Aude [Mobility and livelihood during the Magdalenian in the Aude Basin]. Bull. S.P.F., 96(2) : 175-190.
En français, in French.
Archéozoologie, archeozoology, France.

Fontana L. 1999b. La faune de l'horizon Châtelperronien de Belvis (Aude, France) [The fauna of the Chatelperronian level from Belvis (Aude, France)]. Bulletin Préhistoire du sud-Ouest, 6 : 133-139.
En français, in French.Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Aude, France.
Les restes archéologiques de la couche 7 de la grotte de Belvis témoignent d'une occupation châtelperronienne située environ entre 34000 et 36000 BP. L'étude de rares restes fauniques montre que les hommes de Belvis ont pratiqué une chasse diversifiée reflétant l'exploitation e biotopes variés de moyenne montagne.
Los vestigios de la capa 7 de la Cueva de Belvis (Aude) demostran una ocupacion "chatelpenou" situada cerca de los 34-36000 BP. El estudio de los hallazgos de fauna atestiga que los hombres de Belvis han practicado una Caza diversificada en unos nichos ecologicos de montana baja.

Fontana L. 2000. La faune du pont-de-Longues (les Martres-de-Veyre, Puy-de-Dôme) : analyse archézoologique des restes fauniques d'un site magdalénien de plein air [The Pont-de-Longues fauna (The Martres-de-Veyre, Puy-de-Dôme): archeozoological analysis of the faunal remainsof an open air Magdalenian site]. Bulletin Préhistoire du Sud-Ouest, 7 : 109-125.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, site de plein air, open air site, Gallo-romain, Magdalénien, Renne, reindeer, Rangifer tarndus, cheval, Equus caballus, bison, aurochs, Bos primigenius, cerf, Cervus elaphus, renard, Vulpes vulpes, loup, Canis lupus, Puy-de-Dôme, France.
L'étude archéozoologique des restes fauniques du Pont-de-Longues issus de deux coiuches magdaléniennes a mis en évidence : - la chasse préférentielle au renne et au cheval, - des chasses au renne durant l'été et l'automne, le traitement différentiel des divers éléments des caacasses et la fonction spécialisée du secteur fouillé, liée à une partie du traitement boucher. Cette analyse a suggéré que le site n'aurait pas été un site d'abattage mais plutôt un site d'habitat. Ces données sont replacées dans leur contexte chronologique et régional afin de mieux apprécier l'apport de cette étude dans la compréhension des stratégies de subsistance au magdalénien supérieur dans ce secteur de la vallée de l'Allier.
El estudio arqueozoologico de los restos faunisticos de Pont-de-Longues extrazidos de dos capas magdalenienses, ha puesto en evidencia : - una breferncia por la caza del reno y del caballo, - las cacerias de reno durante el verano y el otono, - el tratamiento diferncial de los diversos elementos de las osamentas y la especializada funcion del sector excavad unido a une partedel tratamiento carnicero. Este analisis ha sugerido, que este yacimento no habria sido un lugar de matanza, mas bien un lugar de habitacion. Estos datos son repuestos en sus contextos cronologico y regional, con objeto de una mejor apreciacion de la aportacion de este estudio a la comprension de las estrategias de subsistencia en el Magdaleniense superior, en este sector del valle del Allier.

Formozov A.N. 1929a. Skotosboï, ego znatchenie dlya stepnoï faouny i bor'ba s vreditelyami [Destruction d'animaux, sa signification pour la faune steppique et la lutte contre les nuisibles. Animal destruction, its meaning on steppe fauna and pest struggle]. Priroda, 11.
En russe, in Russian.
Eradication, steppe.

Formozov A.N. 1929b. Mlekopitaiushie Severnoj Mongolii po sboram zkspeditsii 1925 g [Les mammifères de Mongolie du nord, d'après la récolte de l'expédition de 1926. Mammals of Northern Mongolia, based on collection of 1926 year-expedition]. Leningrad, Izd-vo AP SSSR, pp. 144.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, faunistique, fauna, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Formozov A.N. 1935. Kolebaniya tchislennosti promyslovykh Jivotnykh [Variations du nombre d'animaux chassés professionnellement. Number changes in hunted animals ]. M., L., KOIZ.
En russe, in Russian.
Chasse, hunting.

Formozov A.N. 1956. [Les formes biologiques des animaux des régions arides et semi-arides de l'Asie Moyenne et Centrale. Essais de Géographie. Biologic forms of the animals of dry and semi-arid regions of Middle and Central Asia. Geographic essay]. Recueil des articles pour le XVIIIe Congrés International de Géographie, Acad. Sci. URSS.
En russe, in Russian.
Géographie, geography, Asie, Asia.

Formozov A.N. 1962. Izmenenie prirodykh ousloviï stepnogo yuga Evropeïskoï tchasti SSSR za poslednie sto let i nekotorye tchesti sovremennoï faouny stepne&iml; [Variations des facteurs naturels des steppes du sud de la partie européenne de l'URSS au cours du dernier siècle et quelques éléments de la faune actuelle. Changes of natural factors in the southern steppes of the European part of USSR during the last century and some data on the present fauna]. V kn. Issledovaniya geografii prirodnykh resoursov jivotnogo i rastitel'nogo mira, M., Izd-vo AN SSSR.
En russe, in Russian.
Faunistique, fauna, histoire, history, steppe, USSR, URSS.

Formozov A.N. 1966. Adaptative modifications of behavior in mammals of the Eurasian steppes [Modifications adaptatives du comportement chez les mammifères]. J. Mammal., 47 : 208-233.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, éthologie, steppes, Eurasie Eurasia.
The vast steppe zone of Eurasia is inhabited by about 90 species of mammals, and one-thrid of them are steppe endemics. Herbivores obtain food from the many species of nutrient-rich grasses and herbs in the diverse steppe vegetational associations. Many small rodents and lagomorphs have elaborate behavioural patterns associated with storage of dry plant parts for winter. Burrowing adaptation are also important in providing cover from predators and suitable microclimates in the steppes, which are much more exposed to direct climatic influences than forest biotopes. Related to burrowing are daily and seasonal patterns of activity, and the abundance of hibernating species in the steppe fauna. Steppe mammals are grouped by life forms, based on trophic relationships, ecological stratum occupied, social behavior, seasonal activity patterns,etc. The behavioral adaptations of four such life forms os steppe mammals are discussed in detail.

Formosov A.N. & Kiris J.B. l937. Activity of rodents in pasture lands and meadows [Activité de rongeurs dans les pâture et les prairies]. Scientific Notes of the Moscovian State University. Pt. 13: Zoology. (Ouchenye zapiski Moskovskogo Gosoudarstvennogo Ouniversiteta). Moscow. roy.8. 320 p., 4 pls., 149 figs., tabs.
With summaries in English, German or French.
Rodentia.

Formozov N.A. & Khodasnova K.S. 1961. Les rongeurs vivant en colonie dans la steppe eurasienne et leur influence sur les sols et la végétation [Rodents living in colony in the Eurasian steppe and their influence on soils and vegetation]. Terre et Vie, 108 : 116-129.
En français, in French.
Rodentia, Eurasie, Eursia, steppe.

Formozov N.A. & Nikolskiy A.A. 1986. Zvoukovye signaly serogo sourka i tarbagana v zone simpatrii [Cris d'alarmes de la marmotte grise et de la marmotte tarbagan dans la zone sympatrie. Alarm calls of grey marmot and tarbagan in the zone of sympatry]. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, 16 (3): 41-44.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, Marmota baibacina, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Formozov N.A. & Vorontsov A.G. 1939. Deyatelnost' gryzounov na past bishchakh i senokosnykh ougod'akh Zapadnogo Kazakhstana i yeye khozyaystvennoe znachenie [Acitivté des rongeurs dans les pâtures et les prairies du Kazakhstan occidental et son importance pour l'agriculture. Activity of rodents in pastures and hayfields of western Kazakhstan and its agricultural significance]. Ouchenye zapiski MGU, 20, Moskva.
En russe, in Russian)
Rodentia, agriculture, Kazakhstan.

Formozov N.A., Yendukin A.Yu. and Bibikov D.I. 1991. Marmots (Marmota Sibirica), Mongolian hunters and the plague [Les marmottes (M. Sibirica), les chasseurs de Mongolie et la peste]. Abstracts 1st International Symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota ) and on Genus Marmota, 8.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota Sibirica, gestion, management, chasse, hunting, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Formozov N.A., Yendukin A. Yu. & Bibikov D.I. 1994. Coadaptation of marmots and Mongolian hunters [Coadaptation marmottes et chasseurs mongols]. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 70-71.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota sibirica, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, alarme, alarm, chasse, hunting, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Formozov N.A., A. YU. Yendukin & D.I. Bibikov 1996. Co-adaptations des marmottes (Marmota sibirica) et des chasseurs de Mongolie. Coadaptations of marmots (Marmota sibirica) and Mongolian hunters. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes /Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 37-42.
En français et en anglais, in French and English.
Marmota sibirica, chasse, hunting, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Fornier Marcellin, Juvénis Raymond & Albert Antoine 1890-1892. Histoire générale des Alpes maritimes [General history of the Alps]. Guillaume Paul, Éditeur scientifique, Tome 1er, Paris, H. Champion, 874 p. Num. BNF [Document électronique].
En français, in French.
extrait pdf extract.Histoire, history, chamoy, chamois, lièvre, hare, ours, bear, gliron, murette, Alpes-Maritimes, France.

Forsberg F., Goldberg B.B., Liu J.B., Merton D.A., Rawool N.M. & Shi W.T. 1999. Tissue-specific US contrast agent for evaluation of hepatic and splenic parenchyma. Radiology, 210(1): 125-32.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, modèle biologique, biologic model.
To evaluate the recently developed ultrasonographic (US) contrast agent SHU 563A, which is specifically taken up by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Color Doppler imaging (CDI) was performed in a gel phantom, with SHU 563A microbubbles in stationary suspension. CDI was performed in vivo in five woodchucks with natural hepatomas and in 12 rabbits before and after intravenous bolus injections of SHU 563A (0.16-0.48 mL/kg). After a 15-135-minute delay, the liver and spleen were scanned again, and the image findings were compared with pathologic analysis results. Phantom CDI demonstrated a random mosaic color pattern in spite of the lack of flow. This phenomenon, which is associated with bubble rupture, is termed induced acoustic emission. In vivo, delayed imaging demonstrated acoustic emission signals in normal parenchyma, whereas no mosaic color was seen in regions lacking reticuloendothelial cells (e.g., tumors). Four of 12 VX-2 tumors detected with pathologic analysis were detected with US alone; the remaining eight tumors were detected by using US with contrast agent (100%, P = .0078). Nine of 20 hepatomas were detected at baseline US, whereas 17 were detected after administration of SHU 563A (P = .0215). Acoustic emission enabled detection of hepatic tumors as small as 3 mm in diameter. CDI with SHU 563A demonstrates a random mosaic color pattern, even without flow. The characteristic appearance of acoustic emission signals provides a distinctive method of visualizing normal hepatic tissues and substantially improves the detectability of hepatic tumors.

Forsberg F., Liu J.B., Chiou H.J., Rawool N.M., Parker L. & Goldberg B.B. 2000. Comparison of fundamental and wideband harmonic contrast imaging of liver tumors. Ultrasonics, 38(1-8): 110-3.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, modèle biologique, biologic model.
Wideband harmonic imaging (with phase inversion for improved tissue suppression) was compared to fundamental imaging in vivo. Four woodchucks with naturally occurring liver tumors were injected with Imagent (Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp., San Diego, CA). Randomized combinations of dose (0.05, 0.2 and 0.4 ml/kg) and acoustic output power (AO; 5, 25 and 63% or MI < or = 0.9) were imaged in gray scale using a Sonoline Elegra scanner (Siemens Medical Systems, Issaquah, WA). Tumor vascularity, conspicuity and contrast enhancement were rated by three independent observers. Imagent produced marked tumor enhancement and improved depiction of neovascularity at all dosages and AO settings in both modes. Tumor vascularity and enhancement correlated with mode, dose and AO (P < 0.002). Fundamental imaging produced more enhancement (P < 0.05), but tumor vascularity and conspicuity were best appreciated in harmonic mode (P < 0.05). Under the conditions studied here, the best approach was wideband harmonic imaging with 0.2 ml/kg of Imagent at an AO of 25%.

Forsberg F., Liu J.B., Merton D.A., Rawool N.M. & Goldberg B.B. 1995. Parenchymal enhancement and tumor visualization using a new sonographic contrast agent. J. Ultrasound Med., 14(12): 949-57. (en anglais, in English)
(Marmota monax), Modèle biologique.
The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of a sonographic contrast agent to increase parenchymal echogenicity and improve tumor visibility. The agent is an emulsion that changes at body temperature from nonechogenic submicrometer liquid droplets to echogenic 1 to 5 microns microbubbles, capable of transversing the pulmonary and capillary circulations. Peripheral venous injections (dosages of 0.05 to 0.8 ml/kg) were administered to five woodchucks (three with multiple hepatomas), 12 rabbits (with renal VX-2 tumors), and four dogs. Ultrasonograms were acquired from kidney, liver, tumors (including tumor vessels) and normal vessels. Uptake and washout curves were generated via videodensitometry. Finally, Doppler shifts from a cuff transducer around the celiac trunk were analyzed to provide an in vivo dose-response curve. Vascular enhancement, including hepatoma and VX-2 tumor vessels, was seen for 2 to 3 min. Maximum enhancement was 18.7 dB for a 0.6 ml/kg dose. Enhancement of normal liver and kidney parenchyma was observed in all three species for up to 20 min. Small hepatomas became more echogenic centrally, but larger tumors showed no increase in central echogenicity. In conclusion, improved tumor visibility and parenchymal enhancement was demonstrated in animals.

Forsberg F., Roy R., Merton D.A., Rawool N.M., Liu J.B., Huang M., Kessler D., Goldberg B.B. 1998. Conventional and hypobaric activation of an ultrasound contrast agent.Ultrasound Med. Biol., 24(8): 1143-1150.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Ultrasound, Ultrason.

Forsten Ann & Sharapov Sharif 2000. Fossil equids (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Neogene and Pleistocene of Tadzhikistan [Equidés fossiles (Mammamia, Equidae) du Néogène et Pléistocène du Tadjikistan]. Geodiversitas, 22 (2) : 293-314.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota himalayana, Paléolithique, Paleolithic, Neogene, Néogène, Pléistocène, équidés, Pleistocene, equids,Tadjikistan, Tajikistan.
pdf
Fossil equids from Tadzhikistan are little known outside the former USSR. We here describe the equid samples from a number of fossil localities in this part of central Asia. Because the samples are small, the taxonomic status of the finds in most cases remains uncertain or preliminary.
Les équidés fossiles de la République du Tadzhikistan sont peu connus en dehors de l’ex-URSS. Nous décrivons des restes d’équidés de quelques localités fossilifères de cette région de l’Asie centrale. Dans la majorité des cas, ceux-ci sont peu nombreux et leur statut taxonomique est le plus souvent indéterminé.

Forster. Act. Angl., vol. LXII.
Marmota empetra p. 378, Mus Marmota, Marmota bobac p. 343.

Forter D. 1973. Die Murmeltiervorkommen im Berner Oberland 1971-72 [Sur l’habitat des marmottes du canton de Berne. Marmot habitat in Bern district]. Liz. Univ. Bern.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Suisse, Switzerland.

Forter D. 1974. Volkszählung der Murmeltiere im Berner Oberland [Recensement de la population des marmottes dans le canton de Berne. Marmot census in Bern district]. Schweizerjäger, 59(8) : 361-366.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Suisse, Switzerland.

Forter D. 1975. Zur Ökologie und Verbreitungsgeschichte des Alpenmurmeltieres im Berner Oberland [Sur l'écologie et la distribution altitidinale des marmottes du canton de berne. On ecology and altitudinal distribution of the marmots in the Bern canton]. Dissertation, Univ. Bern. Ecologie ; Suisse; Berne.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, Suisse, Switzerland, Berne.

Fotteler E.R. 1992. Krasnyï sourkov, Marmota caudata Geoff., Kizil sourgour [Marmotte à longue queue. Long-tailed marmot]. In Kadastroviï spravotchnik okhotnitch'e-promyslovykh jivotnykh ouzbekistana.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, marmotte à longue queue, long-tailed Marmot, krasnyi sourok, kizil sougour, Ouzbekistan, Uzbekistan.
extrait PDF

Fourcade P. 1994b. Aspects traditionnels et variations culturelles à propos des partiques actuelles concerant la marmotte alpine. Traditional aspects and cultural changes about current practices concerning Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) in France. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 72-73.
En fraçais et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota marmota, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, France.

Fourcade P. 1995. Figuration et statut de la marmotte dans les usages sociaux du milieu alpin [Marmot representation and status in loacl uses in alpine environment]. J. d'Agric. Trad. et de Bota. Appl., nouvelle série, 37: 75-88.
Anthropologie sociale, social anthropoloy, ethnozzoology, ethnozoologie, Alpes françaises, French Alps, marmotte, marmot, représentation figurative, figuration, anthropomorphisme, anthropomorphism, changement culturel, cultural change, tourisme, tourism, protection de l'environnement, conservation of environment, publicité, advertising, habitudes alimentaires, food habits.
Actuellement très exploitée dans les Alpes françaises, la figuration de la marmotte est un révélateur des usages sociaux du milieu alpin. les tendances à la représentation naturaliste et à l'anthropomorphisme coexistent. Cette dernière forme se développe de plus en plus, non seulement dans le domaine commercial et touristique, mais aussi dans celui de la protection de la nature, manifestant la valoristation du repprochement de l'Homme et de l'environnement.
The image of the marmot, which is currently very popular in the French Alps, reveals many of the social uses of the alpine environment. Both naturalistic and anthropomorphic reprensentations co-exist. This second form is becoming increaslingly common, not only in commerce and the tourist industry, but also in environmental conservation, which helps bring together Man and Nature.

Fourcade P. 1994. La marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) dans les repères spatio-temporels des Alpes françaises: temps cyclique, mythologie et paradoxes temporels, des savoirs naturalistes aux conceptions surnaturelles. Journée Ethologie-Sciences sociales, Université Paris V-René Descartes.
En français, in French.
L'examen de données relatives à la marmotte dans les Alpes françaises montre que cet hibernant emblématique de la montagne est principalement lié dans les représentations sociales, anthropomorphiques et anthropocentriques, à un temps cyclique en rapport avec les saisons et l'organisation temporelle des activités des marmottes et des populations humaines dans le milieu. Cependant, de par sa faculté à hiberner, la marmotte est parfois aussi associée à un temps dont le cours s'éloigne du temps humain, continu et régulier, pour devenir untemps suspendu, figé, en relation avec l'imaginaire du monde minéral de l'espace montagnard, ou, au contraire, un tempzs qui s'accélère dans des situations particulières.

Fourel I., Hantz O., Cova L., Allaudeen H.S. & Trepo C. 1987. Main properties of duck hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase: comparison with the human and woodchuck hepatitis B virus DNA polymerases. Antiviral Res., 8(4): 189-199. (en anglais, in English)
Unité de recherche sur les Hépatites et le role des virus hépatotropes dans l'oncogenèse INSERM U 271, Lyon, France.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Fournel Victor 1887. Les cris de Paris, Paris. Firmin-Didot.
Marmota marmota, ethnozoologie, ethnozoology, musicologie, musicology, savoyard, vielle, hurdy-gurdy, Fournel Victor (1829-1894).

Fournier & Dechelette J. 1911. Compte-rendu des nouvelles fouilles de la grotte abri de la Bonne Femme à Brégnier-Cordon [Report on the new excavations in the cave-shelter of La Bonne Femme in Brégnier-Cordon]. Bull. Soc. le Bugey, 2 : 280-286. p. 280.
En français, in French)
Arctomys marmota, Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology, France.

Fox J.G., Cohen B.J. & Lowe F.M. 1984. Laboratory animal medecine [Médecine des animaux de laboratoire]. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
En anglais, in English.
Médecine.

Fox J.G., Shen Z., Xu S., Feng Y., Dangler C.A., Dewhirst F.E., Paster B.J. & Cullen J.M. 2002. Helicobacter marmotae sp. nov. isolated from livers of woodchucks and intestines of cats. J. Clin. Microbiol., 40(7):2513-9.
En anglais, in English.
; Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, woodchuck, virus, bactérie, bacterium, hépatite, hepatitis.
pdf
Woodchucks (Marmota monax) have a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with chronic infection with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and serve as a model of hepatitis B virus-associated HCC in humans. Helicobacter hepaticus, an enterohepatic helicobacter in mice, is known to cause hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in susceptible mouse strains. In long-term chemical bioassays conducted with B6C3F(1) mice, H. hepaticus has been regarded as a confounding factor because of its tumor-promoting activity. In order to determine if woodchucks harbor a Helicobacter sp. that might play a role in potentiating hepatic inflammation or neoplasia, a study was undertaken to determine whether woodchucks' livers were infected with a Helicobacter sp. Frozen liver samples from 20 (17 WHV-infected and 3 noninfected) woodchucks, 10 with WHV-associated hepatic tumors and 10 without tumors, were cultured by microaerobic techniques and analyzed by using genus- and species-specific helicobacter PCR primers. A 1,200-bp Helicobacter sp.-specific sequence was amplified from 14 liver samples. Southern hybridization confirmed the specific identity of the PCR products. Nine of the 10 livers with tumors had positive Helicobacter sp. identified by PCR, whereas 5 of the 10 livers without tumors were positive. By use of 16S rRNA species-specific primers for H. marmotae, two additional liver samples from the nontumor group had positive PCR amplicons confirmed by Southern hybridization. A urease-, catalase-, and oxidase-positive bacterium was isolated from one liver sample from a liver tumor-positive woodchuck. By 16S rRNA analysis and biochemical and phenotypic characteristics, the organism was classified as a novel Helicobacter sp. Subsequently, four additional bacterial strains isolated from feces of cats and characterized by biochemical, phenotypic, and 16S rRNA analysis were determined to be identical to the woodchuck isolate. We propose the name Helicobacter marmotae sp. nov. for these organisms. Further studies are required to ascertain if this novel Helicobacter sp. plays a tumor promotion role in hepadnavirus-associated tumors in woodchucks or causes enterohepatic disease in cats.

Fraipont J. 1887. Nouvelle exploration des cavernes d’Engis [New research in the ENgis Caves]. Bull. scient. du nord de la France et de la Belgique, 2e série, 10e année, 3 et 4 : 153. In Revue des travaux scientifiques, 1888, 8(11) : 717.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, silex, flints, moustérien, mousterian, rhinocéros, rhinoceros, cheval, horse, cochon, pig, cerf ordinaire, red dear, cerf d’Irlande, renne, reindeer, chevreuil, mouton, sheep, boeuf, ox, mammouth, mammuth, lièvre, hare, lapin, rabbit, blaireau, fouine, stone marten, putois, polecat, chien, dog, renard, fox, hyène, hyena, chat, cat, hérisson, hedgehog, taupe, grand et petit coq de bruyère, capercaillie, gélinotte, paon, peacock. .

Francesson & Savvinov 1928. Steppe reservation Ascania Nova.
Terrier, burrow, sol, soil, sodium.

Frankhäuser R. 1965. Toxoplasmose bei Murmeltieren (Marmota marmota)) [Toxoplasmose chez la marmotte (M. marmota). Toxoplasmosis in marmot (M. marmota)]. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk., 107 : 607-611.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Suisse, Switzerland.

Frank-Kamenetsky A.G. 1936. Jir sibirskogo sourka-tarbagana [La graisse de Marmota sibirica en Sibérie; . Fat in the tarabagan marmot in Siberia]. Izv. Biologo-geograf. in-ta pri Vostotchnosibirskom un-te, 7 (1-2).
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, lipides, lipids.

Franklin John Sir & Richardson John Sir 1828. Narrative of a second expedition to the shores of the Polar Sea, in the years 1825, 1826, and 1827 [Récit de la second expédition sur les rives de la mer polaire, au cours des années 1825, 1826 et 1827]. London , J. Murray.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys Parryi, Expédition scientifique, Scientific expedition, Territoires du Nord-Est, Northwest Territories, Régions arctiques, Arctic regions, Sir John Franklin 1786-1847, Sir John Richardson 1787-1865.
Texte complet/Full text ICMH (Institut Canadien de Microreproductions historiques)/CIHM

Frase B.A., Armitage K.B. 1984. Foraging patterns of yellow-bellied marmots : role of kinship and individual variability [Canevas alimentaires des marmottes à ventre jaune : rôle de la parenté et de la variabilité individuelle]. Behav. ecol., Sociobiol., 16 (1) : 1-10.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, éthologie, ethology, alimentation, foraging, parenté, kinship, EUA, USA, Colorado.

Frase B.A., Armitage K.B. 1989. Yellow-bellied marmots are generalist herbivores [Les marmottes à ventre jaune sont des herbivores généralistes]. Ethology, Ecology & Evolution, 1 : 353-366.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris,alimentation, foraging, herbivore, régime alimentaire, diet, énergie, energy, eau, water.

Frase B.A., Hoffman R.S. 1980. Marmota flaviventris. Mammalian Species, 135 : 1-8.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris.

Frase B.A. & Van Vuren D. 1989. Techniques for Immobilizing and Bleeding Marmots and Woodrats [Techniques d'immobilisation et de prise de sang des marmottes et des woodrats]. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 25 (3), 444-445.
En anglais, in English.
Bushy-tailed woodrat, Neotoma cinerea, yellow-bellied marmot, Marmota flaviventris, ketamine hydrochloride, chemical restraint, blood sampling, field study.

Fraser D. 1979. Aquatic feeding by a woodchuck [Alimentaion aquatique d'une marmotte améicaine]. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 93: 309-310.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, alimentation, foraging.
Feeding on sodium-rich aquatic plants, an atypical food.

Frazer J.F.D. & Hugget A. 1974. Species variations in the foetal growth rates of Eutherian mammals [Variations spécifiques des taux de croissance foetale chez les mammifères euthériens]. Journal of Zoology, 174(3): 481-509.
En anglais, in English.
Lutra canadensis, Sylvilagus aquaticus, Fetus Procyon lotor, Embryos: Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Balaenoptera borealis, Balaenoptera physalus, Balaenoptera musculus, Megaptera novaeangliae, Eschrichtius robustus, Physeter catodon, Kogia breviceps, Delphinapterus leucas, Globicephala melaena, Tursiops truncatus, Phocoena phocoena, Mesoplodon sp., Platanista ganetica, Lepus americanus, Lepus californicus, Lepus timidus, Ochotona princeps, Apolodontia rufa, Sciurus aberti, Sciurus carolinensis, Glaucomys volans, Tamaisciurus hudsonicus, Eutamias quadrivittatus, Marmota monax, Castor canadensis, Myocastor copyu, Ondatra zibethicus, Odocoileus hemionus, Odocoileus virginianus, Cervus canadensis, Alces alces, Rangifer tarandus, Antilocapra americana, Canis lupus, Alopex lagopus, Nasua nasua, Ursus arctos, Euarctos americanus, Ursus arctos horribilis, Ursus maritimus, Vulpes vulpes, Felis concolor, Lynx rufus, Mustela erminea, Mustela rixosa, Mustela nivalis, Enhydra lutris, Martes americana, Mephitis mephitis, Spilogale sp., Miniopterus schreibersi, Miniopterus australis, Eidolon helvum, Rousettus leschenaulti, Megaderma lyra, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Hipposideros fulvus, Desmodus rotundus, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis nigricans, Myotis myotis, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Nyctalus noctula, Tylonycteris robustus, Tylonycteris pachypus, Plecotus rafinesque, Cynopterus sphinx, Tadarida brasiliensis, Antrozous pallidus, Enhydra lutris, Otaria bryoni, Zalophus californianus, Eumetopias jubatus, Callorhinus ursinus, Arctocephalus pusillus, Arctocephalus tropicalis gazella, Odobenus rosmarus, Phoca vitulina, Pusa hispida, Pagophilus groenlandicua, Histriophoca fasciata, Halichoerus grypus, Erignathus barbatus, Leptonychotes weddelli, Hydrurga leptonyx, Ommatophoca rossi, Monachus schauinslandi, Monachus monachus, Cystophora cristata, Mirounga leonina.

Freeman R.S. 1956. Life history studies on Taenia mustelae, Gmelin 1790, and the taxonomy of certain taenioid cestodes from mustelidae [Etudes de l'histoire de vie sur Taenia mustelae, Gmelin 1790, et la taxonomie de certains cestodes taenoides des mustelidae]. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 34(4): 219-242.
En anglais, in English.
Parasitisme, parasitism, Marmota monax, Ontario, Minnesota.
Spermophilus franklinii, Citellus franklinii, Tamias striatus, Eutamias minimus, Marmota monax, Ontario, Minnesota, Martes americana, Martes foina, Mustela nivalis, Mustela erminea, Ontario.

French A.R. 1988. The patterns of mammalian hibernation [Les canevas de l'hibernation des mammifères]. Am. Scientist, 76: 569-575.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, hibernation

French A.R. 1990. Age-class differences in the pattern of hibernation in yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris [Différences de classe d'âge du canevas d'hibernation chez les marmottes à ventre jaune, M. flaviventris]. Oecologia 82 : 93-96.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, hibernation, âge, age, Énergétique, energetics.

Fretwell S.D. 1972. Populations in a seasonal environment [Les populations dans un milieu saisonnier]. Princeton university press, Princeton: 1-220.
En anglais, in English.
Théorie de la distribution libre idéale, Ideal free distribution theory, colonisation, colonization, habitat.

Fretwell S.D. & Lucas H.L. 1970. On territorial behavior aénd other fators influencing habitat distribution in birds [Sur le comportement territorial et autres facteurs influençant la répartition des oiseaux. Développment théorique]. Theoretical development. Acta Biotheoretica, 19: 16-36.
En anglais, in English.
Théorie de la distribution libre idéale, Ideal free distribution theory, colonisation, colonization, habitat.

Freudlsperger H. 1938. Vom Murmeltier in Salzburg [A la marmotte de Salzburg. To the Salzburg marmot]. Der Deutsche Jäger, 60 : 158-161.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Autriche, Austria, Salzburg.

Frey Jennifer 1996. Mammalian Type Localities in New Mexico [Localités types des mammifères au Nouveau Mexique]. Occasional Papers: The Museum of Southwestern Biology, 7:1-21.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, répartition, distribution, Nouveau Mexique, New Mexico, EUA, USA.
Twining is a mining area on the north slope of Wheeler Peak on the southeast side of Taos Ski Valley, 15 km NE Valdez, Taos County.
Marmota flaviventris, mammifères, mammals, Nouveau Mexique, New Mexico, EUA, USA.

Frey-Roos F. 1998. Geschlechtsspezifisches Abwanderungsmuster beim Alpenmulrmeltier (Marmota marmota). Thesis, Philipps-University Marburg.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, dispersion.

Frey-Roos F. 2002. Long- and short distance dispersal in subordinate alpine marmots (Marmota marmota). Dispersion à courte et longue distance chez les marmottes alpines subordonnées (Marmota marmota). In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 60-61.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota marmota, dispersal, dispersion, subordinate, subordonné.

Frey-Roos F. & Arnold W. Sex-biased dispersal in alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) [Biais sexuel de la dispersion chez les marmottes alpines]. Ylönen, H., Henttonen, H., Laajalahti, P., and Niemimaa, J. Abstract volume, 109-109. Cambridge, UK, St. Catherine's College.
En anglais, in English.
Sexe, dispersion, dispersal.

Freye H-A. 1971. Autres Marmottes, autres Ecureuils terrestres et arboricoles [Other marmots, other ground-dwelling and tree-dwelling squirrels]. In Le monde animal en 13 volumes, Encyclopédie de la vie des bâtes, Grzimek B. & M. Fontaine eds., Stauffacher, Zurich : 241-276.
En français, in French.
Marmota bobac, Marmota monax.

Freye H-A. & Grzimek B. 1971. La Marmotte des Alpes [The marmot of the Alps]. In Le monde animal en 13 volumes, Encyclopédie de la vie des bâtes, Grzimek B. & M. Fontaine eds., Stauffacher, Zurich : 230-240.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, réintroductions, re-introduction.

Freye H-A. & Thenius E. 1971. Les Rongeurs. Introduction et phylogéni e [Rodents. Introduction and phylogeny]. In Le monde animal en 13 volumes, Encyclopédie de la vie des bâtes, Grzimek B. & M. Fontaine eds., Stauffacher, Zurich : 221-220.
En français, in English.
Rodentia.

Friant Madeleine 1948. p. 37. La marmotte pléistocène du Poitou (Saint Hubert, Deux Sèvres, France) [The Pleistocene marmot in Poitou]. Ann. Soc. Roy. Zool. Belg., 79: 87-102, 2 pls.
En français, in French.
Arctomys primigenia, Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology.

. Friant M. 1966. La faune du Würmien supérieur d'OEtrange (Grand-Duché de Luxembourg). [The upper Würmian fauna from OEtrange (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg).] Anthropologie (Brno), 9-20.
Marmota marmota, Luxembourg.

Friedman M.H.F. & Armour J.C. 1936. Gastric secretion in the ground hog (Marmota monax) during hibernation [Sécrétion gastrique chez le groundhog (M. monax) au cours de l'hibernation]. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 8 : 201-211.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, hibernation.

Frigerio D. 1993. Analisi dei parametri ecologici della popolazione di marmotta (Marmota marmota) in alta Valle Brembana (Alpi Orobie) [Analyse des paramètres écologiques de la population de marmottes (Marmota marmota) de la haute vallée de Brembana (Alpes Orobiennes). Analysis of ecological parameters of the marmot population (Marmota marmota) of the upper Brembana Valley (Orobic Alps)]. Tesi di laurea in Scienze Biologiche, Università Statale di Milano, 1992-93.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, écologie, ecology,Italie, Italy.

Frigerio D., Panseri M. & Ferrario E. 1996 La marmotte alpine dans les Alpes orobiennes : analyse des paramètres écologiques. Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) in the orobic Alps: analysis of ecological parameters. In Biodiversité / Biodiversity, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 169-174.
En français et anglais, in French and English.
Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, Italie, Italy, Bergamo.

Frink R., Krupp P.P. &Young; R.A. 1977. Seasonal variation in the morphology of thyroid parafollicular (C) cells in the woodchuck, Marmota monax: a light and electron microscopic study [Variation saisonnières de la morphologie des cellules parafollicuaires de la thyroïde chez la marmotte commune d'Amérique, Marmota monax : etude en microscopie photonique et électronique]. Anat. Rec., 189(3): 397-411.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, morphologie, morphology, thyroïde, thyroid, microscopie, microscopy.

Frink R., Krupp P.P. &Young; R.A. 1978a. The parathyroid gland of the woodchuck (Marmota monax): a study of seasonal variations in the chief cells [La glande parathyroïde de la marmotte commune d'Amérique : étude des variations saisonnières dans les cellules principales]. Tissue Cell, 10(2): 259-267.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, parathyroïde, parathyroid.

Frink R., Krupp P.P., Young R.A. 1978b. Seasonal ultrastructural variations in pinealocytes of the woodchuck Marmota monax [Variations saisonnières de l'ultrastructure des pinéalocytes de la marmotte M. monax]. J. Morphology, 158 (1) : 91-108.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, histologie, histology, rythme, rhythm.

Frink R., Young R.A. & Krupp P.P. 1980. Seasonal changes in the ultrastructure of the thyrotroph in the wookchuck (Marmota monax) adenohypophysis [Variations saisonnières de l'ultrastructure de l'adénohypophyse tyrotrophe chez la marmotte commune d'Amérique]. J. Anat., 130(3): 499-505.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, adénohypohyse, adenohypophysis, saison, season.

Frisch K. von 1975. Architecture animale [Animal architecture]. Albin Michel, Paris.
En français, in French.
Construction, building.

Frison G.C., Schwab D., Hannus L.A., Winham P., Walter D. & Mainfort R. 1996. Archaeology of the northwestern Plains [Archéologie des plaines du nord-ouest]. In Archaeological and Bioarchaeological Resources of the Northern Plains, G. Frison & R. Mainfort, Eds., pp. 8-40. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series No. 47.
En anglais, in English.
Achéologie, archeology, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Fritsch R. 1977. Sauvegarde du Rhône. Un paysage à sauvegarder : la vallée du Rhône jurassien de Bellegarde à Lagnier [Protection of the Rhône River. To protect a landscape: the Jura Rhône valley from Bellegarde to Lagnier]. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. de Savoie-Chambéry, 85 : 8-23.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, grottes, caves.

Fritts S.H. & Mech L.D. 1981. Dynamics, movements, and feeding ecology of a newly protected wolf population in northwestern Minnesota [Dynamique, déplacements et écologie alimentaire d'une population de loups nouvellement protégée dans le nord-ouest du Minnesota]. Wildlife Monograph N°8, Washington DC, The widlife Society.
En anglais, in English.
Lupus, écologie, ecology, éthologie, ethology, conservation, alimentation, foraging, Minnesota, EUA, USA.

Frölicher T. 1975. Die Gebietsnutzung einer Murmeltiergruppe unter dem Aspekt der Feindvermeidung [Utilisation territoriale d'un groupe de marmotte, l'évitement des adversaires]. Dissertation,Univ. Bern.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, territoire, territory, social.

Frommel D., Crevat D., Vitvitsky L., Pichoud C., Hantz O., Chevalier M., Grimaud J.A., Lindberg J. & Trepo C.G. 1984. Immunopathologic aspects of woodchuck hepatitis. [Aspects immunologiques de l'hépatite de la marmotte américaine]. Am. J. Pathol., 115(1): 125-134.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Frost John 1851. History of the State of California : from the Period of the Conquest by Spain, to Her Occupation. [Histoire de l’état de Californie : de la période de la conquête. Par l’Espagne jusqu’à son occupation]. Frost's pictorial history of California. Derby and Miller, Auburn, 1016 pages.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys monax, woodchuck, Arctomys beecheyi, small marmot, Arctomys ludovicianus, Prairie marmot.
Extrait/Extract pdf

Fry K.S., Morgan J.A. & Smith G.W. 1986. Vancouver Island marmot inventory, 1986 [Inventaire de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver, 1986]. Unpubl. rep. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Fish and Wildlife Branch, Nanaimo, 68 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, conservation.

Frywell F.M. 1928. Melanism among the marmots of Teton Range, Wyoming [Mélanisme parmi les marmottes de la chaîne de Teton, Wyoming]. J. Mammal., 94(4): 336-337.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, mélanisme, melanism, Wyoming, EUA, USA.

Fu X.X., Su C.Y., Lee Y., Hintz R., Biempica L., Snyder R. & Rogler C.E.1988. Insulinlike growth factor II expression and oval cell proliferation associated with hepatocarcinogenesis in woodchuck hepatitis virus carriers. J. Virol., 62(9): 3422-3430.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, insuline, insulin.

Fuchs Klaus, Heberger Claudia, Weimer Thomas & Roggendorf Michael 1989. Characterization of woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA and RNA in the hepatocellular carcinomas of woodchucks [Caractérisation de l’ARN et ADN du virus de l’hépatite de la marmotte commune d’Amérique dans les cancers hépatocellulaires de ces marmottes]. Hepatology, 10(2): 215-220.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, hépatite, hepatitis, virus, cancer.
Integration and transcription of woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA were studied by Southern and Northern blot analysis in 26 hepatocellular carcinomas and in adjacent nontumor tissue of woodchucks (Marmota monax). All liver tissue chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus contained various amounts of episomal and replicative forms of woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA: episomal and replicative forms of woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA without integration were found in six tumors, episomal and integrated woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA was observed in 18 tumors and exclusively integrated woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA was found in two tumors. In most tumors and in all of the liver tissues chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus, two major woodchuck hepatitis virus RNA species (3.7 and 2.1 kilobases) were detected. In tumors of two other animals (HW76 and HW89) with integrated wood-chuck hepatitis virus DNA, only single major transcripts of 3.5 and 2.5 kilobases, respectively, were detected. Hybridization with subcloned woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA probes showed that both aberrant transcripts lacked the C gene and a part of the pre-S1 gene; characterization of corresponding integrated woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA sequences revealed that the C gene was deleted in one tumor, although not in the other. In agreement with the nucleic acid data, we found expression of core protein by Western blotting only in chronically infected liver tissue of these animals, but not in the corresponding tumors. Deletion of the C gene in mRNA may be due to deletion of this gene in the integrated sequences or due to transcriptional regulation.

Funk D. 1980. The groundhog. Susquehanna Magazine, 3 : 26-31.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Amérique du Nord.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax.

Furlong Eustace Leopold 1904. An account of the preliminary excavations in a recently explored Quaternary cave in Shasta County, California [Rapport sur les fouilles préliminaires des grottes du quaternaire récemment explorées dans le comté de Shasta, Californie. Science (n.s.), 20 : 53-55.
Marmota, minor, paléontologie, paleontology, Amérique du Nord, Californie. Furetière Antoine 1690. Dictionnaire universel : contenant généralement tous les mots françois, tant vieux que modernes, & les termes de toutes les sciences et des arts, recueilli & compilé par feu Messire Antoine Furetière. [Universal dictionary: containing generally all the French words, as well old as moderns, and words of all sciences and arts]. La Haye, Rotterdam, Arnout et Reinier Leers, Num. BNF, 2600 p.
En français, in French.
Langue française, French language, dictionnaire, dictionary, marmote, marmot, marmotta, mus montanus.
Extrait/Extract pdf