Gabe M. 1967. Le tégument et ses annexes [The tegument and its annexes]. In Traité de Zoologie, Anatomie systématique, P.P. Grassé ed., Masson & Cie., Paris, 1-233.
En français, in French.
Peau, skin, glandes, glands.
Gabel J. Russel 1954. The morphology and taxonomy of the intestinal protozoa of the american woodchuck, Marmota monax Linnaeus [La morphologie et la taxonomie du protozoaire intestinal de la marmotte commune d’Amérique]. Journal of Morphology, 94(3): 473-549.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, morphologie, morphology, anatomie, anatomy, protozoaire, protozoa, parasitisme, parasitism.
Gadeau de Kerville H. 1882. Liste générale des mammifères sujets à l'albinisme, par Elvezio Cantoni, traduction de l'italien et additions [General list of mammals subject to albinism, by Elvezio Cantoni, Italien translation and additions]. Bull. Soc. des amis des Sc. natur. de Rouen.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, albinisme, albinism.
Gadeau de Kerville H. 1888. Faune de Normandie. Mammifères [Fauna of Normandy. Mammals]. Bull. Soc. Amis Sci. nat. Rouen, 1887, 1-117 ; Baillière et fils, Paris.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota marmota, fossile, fossil, France, Normandie.
Gadeau de Kerville H. 1897. Faune de Normandie. Reptiles, Batraciens et Poissons, Supplément aux Mammifères et aux oiseaux, et Liste méthodique des Vertébrés sauvages observés en Normandie [Fauna of Normandy. Reptiles, Batrachians, and fishes. Addition to Mammals and Birds, and methodical list of wild vertebrates noticed in Normandy]. Bull. Soc. Amis Sci. nat. Rouen, 1896 ; Baillière et fils, Paris.
Faunistique, fauna, France, Normandie.
Gadeau de Kerville H. 1922. Liste des mammifères observés en Normandie à l'état fossile, sauvage et domestique [List of noticed mammals in Normandy, fossilized, wilds and domestics]. Bull. Soc. Amis Sci. nat. Rouen, 1916-1921, 233-252 ; Lecerf fils, Rouen.
Marmota marmota.
Gaffrey G. 1953. Die Schädel der mitteleuropäischen Säugetiere [Les crânes des mammifères d'Europe centrale. Skulls of Central Europe mammals]. Abh. U Ber aus dem Staatl. Mus. F. Tierk., Forschinst. Dresden, 21: 123p., Leipzig.
Mammifères, mammals, crâne, skull, Europe.
Gafurov A.K., Davydov G.S. & Mukhamadiev S.A. 1971. [Sur l'étude des Helminthes des rongeurs et des lagomorphes au Tadjikistan. On study of helminths od a rodents and lagomorphs in Tajikistan]. ]. Izv. Acad. Nauk Tadzhik. SSR. Otd. biol., 4 (15): 59-66.
En russe, in Russian.
Helminthes, Rodentia, Lagomorphes, Tadjikistan, Tajikistan.
Gagina T.N. & Skalon N.V. 1996. Raprostranenie i tchislonnesti srogo sourka (Marmota baibacina Katstschenkoi Stroganov & Yudin, 1956) v kemeroskoï oblasti [Répartition et nombre de marmottes grises dans la région de Kemerosk. Distribution and number of grey marmots in the Kemerosk region]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 14-15.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, distribution, Russie, Russia.
Gagnière Sylvain 1929. Grottes sépulcrales, à Saze (Gard) [Sepulchral caves in Saze (Gard)]. Société Préhistorique Français, 284-294.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, grotte de Saze, Saze cave, grotte François, François cave, absence marmotte, no marmot.
Extrait pdf extract
Gaïskii N.A. 1944. Infektsiya i immountet ou jivotnykh zalegaioushikh v spyaukou [Infection et immunité chez les hibernants. Infection and immunity in hibernating animals]. Izv. Irkoutsk protivotchoumi in-ta Sibiri i Dalnego Vostoka, 5.
Epidémiologie, epidemiology, hibernation.
Gaïskii N.A. 1946. [Sur la question de la conservation du microbe de la peste dans le milieu entre les épizooties. On question of the plague microbe conservation in nature during of nonepizootic period]. Izv. Irkoutsk. protivochoum. in-ta Sib. i Dal. Vost. Irkoutsk, 6: 139-140.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, épizootie, epizooty.
Galanina T.M. & Mashkin V.I. 1977. Osnovnye formy i elementy povedeniya sourkov Menzbira [Fondements et éléments du comportement de la marmotte de Menzbier. Foundations and components of the behaviour of the Menzbier's Marmot]. Oupravlenie povedeniem jivotny, Dokl. outchast-kob p Bes. konf. po povedeniiu jivotnykh, M. : Nauka, 71-72.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbira, comportement, behaviour.
Galantsev V.P., Gulyaeva E.P., Kuz'min D.A. & Shereshkov V.I. 1995. [Description du rythme cardiaque et de l’ECG de quelques insectivores et rongeurs. The description of the cardiac rhythm and ECG of some insectivores and rodents]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterbourgskogo Universiteta Seriya 3 Biologiya, 0(4): 78-85, 123.
En russe, in Russian.
Neomys fodiens, Desmana moschata, Muscardinus anellanarius, Apodemus flavicollis, Arvicola terrestris, Rattus norvegicus, Citellus suslicus, Castor fiber, Hamster, Marmota, Coypu, electrocardiographie, electrocardiography, arythmie, arhythmy.
Galbadrakh D., Dovchin M. & Gongor N. 1977. [La chasse, un moyen pour réduire le nombre de marmottes dans un foyer de peste. Hunting as measure for reduce of marmots number in nature plague foci]. Epidem. i prophil. osobo opasn. infec. v Mongolii i USSR, Ulan-Bator.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, chasse, hunting.
Galbavy E.J., Panuska J.A., T.F. Albert, M.M. Orlando 1972. Blood gases of woodchucks at reduced temperatures [Gaz sanguins de la marmotte à températures réduites]. J. mammal., 53 (4) : 919-921.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, sang, blood.
Galdanova G.R. 1987. [Croyances pré-lamaistique chez les Bouriates. The before lamaistic beleifs in Buryats]. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 115 pp.
En russe, in russian.
Marmota sibirica, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology.
Galibert F., Chen T.N. & Mandart E. 1981. Localization and nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen: comparison with the gene coding for the human hepatitis B virus surface antigen [Localisation et séquence nucléotidique du gène codant pour l'antigène de surface du virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte commune d'Amérique : comparaison avec le codant l'antigène de surface du virus humain de l'hépatite B]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 78(9): 5315-5319.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
Galibert F., Chen T.N. & Mandart E. 1982. Nucleotide sequence of a cloned woodchuck hepatitis virus genome: comparison with the hepatitis B virus sequence [Séquence nucléotidique d'un génome cloné du virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte commune d'Amérique : comparaison avec la séquence du virus de l'hépatite B]. J. Virol., 41(1): 51-65.
Galletti G., Azzaroni A., Cavallari A. & Mavrulis A. 1966. [Thermogénese au cours d’hypothermie induite artificiellement chez les marmottes actives pendant les mois d’hiver. Thermogenesis during artificially induced hypothermia in the active marmot in the winter months]. Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper., 42(17): 1150-1153.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota, thermorégulation, thermoregulation.
Galkina L.I. 1962a. Vid i vioutrividovye kategorii ou sourkov [L'espèce et les catégories intraspécifiques chez les marmottes. Species and intraspecific categories in marmots]. V kn. Problemy vnoutrividovykh otnoshenii organizmov, Materialy k soveshaniiou 10-14 sentyabrya 1962 goda, Tomsk, Izd-vo Tomsk. oun-ta.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, taxonomie, taxonomy.
Galkina Liana Ivanovna 1962b. Nekotorye dannye po sistematike i biologii tomskogo ili lesostepnogo sourka [Quelques données sur la systématique et la biologie de la marmotte de Tomsk ou des forêts-steppes. Some data on systematic and biology of the Tomsk or forest-steppe marmot]. Problemy zool. issled. v Sibiri, Mat-ly P sosesh. zoologov Sibiri, Gorno-Altaïsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, taxonomie, taxonomy, Russie, Russia.
Galkina L.I. 1962c. K taksonomii sourkov (genus Marmota) v Iouzhnoï Sibiri. Vopr. ekol., zoogeogr. i sistematiki jivotnykh [Sur la taxonomie des marmottes de la Sibérie du sud. Upon taxonomy of the southern Siberian marmots]. Tr. Biol. in-ta SO AP SSSR, In-t geogr. AP SSSR, M. Nauka.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, taxonomie, taxonomy, Sibérie, Siberia.
Galkina L.I. 1967a. Razmechtchenie i tchislennost' gornoaziatskogo sourka [Distribution et nombre de la marmotte des montagnes asiatiques. Distribution and number of the marmots in Asian mountains]. V kn. Resoursy faouny sourkov v SSSR, Materialy sovechtchaniya 27-29 marta, M., Naouka.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, dénombrement, census, Asie, Asia.
Galkina L.I. 1967b. Rasprostranenie, zapasy i perspektivy promysla lesostepnogo sourka (Marmota baibacina Kastschenkoi Strog. et Judin) [Distribution, réserves et perspectives de chasse de la marmotte des forêts-steppes. Distribution, reserves and hunting prospects of the steppe-forest marmot]. Resoursy fauny sourkov v SSSR, In-t geogr. AP SSSR, M, Nauka.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, distribution, réserve, reserve.
Galkina L.I. 1968. Obzor sourkov Iouzhnoï Sibiri [Généralités sur la marmotte du sud de la Sibérie. Generalities on the marmot in southern Siberia]. Avtoref. kand. dis. Alma-Ata.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, Sibrie, Siberia.
Galkina L.I. 1969. Razmeshenie i tchislennosti gornoaziatskogo sourka. V kn. Biologitcheskoe rajonirovanie Novosibirskoï oblasti (v svyazi s problvmoï prirodno-otchagovykh infektsii), Novosibirsk, Nauka.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, dénombrement, census, distribution, Asie, Asia.
Galkina L.I. 1970. [Évaluation de quelques particularités systématiques des marmottes et variabilité géographique de la marmotte asiatique de montagne (Marmota baibacina Kastschenko, 1899). Evaluation of some systematic particularities of marmots and geographical variability of Montane-Asiatic marmot (Marmota baibacina Kastschenko, 1899). ] In Fauna of Siberia, Novosibirsk, Nauka, 267-279. (en russe, in Russian)
Galkina L.I. & Taranenko D.E. 2002. Morphological and range peculairities of forest-steppe marmot. Caractéristiques morphologiques et aire de distribution de la marmotte de la forêt-steppe. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 62-63.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota baibacina, mophology, morphologie, range, aire de distribution.
Galkina L.I. & Tyut'kova L.A. 1986. Pozdnepleystotsenovyy stepnoy sourok Marmota bobac Müller iz sostava "lemmingovoy fauny'' sredney Desny. [La marmotte des steppes du Pléistocène supérieur, Marmota bobac Müller, de la "faune de lemming" du cours médian de la rivière Desna. The Late Pleistocene steppe marmot, Marmota bobac Müller, from the "lemming fauna'' of the middle reaches of the Desna]. Tr. Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 156 : 143-156.
En russe avec résué anglais, in Russian with English summ.
Marmota bobac, paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Desna, Russie, Russia.
Galli-Valerio B. 1931. Notes de parasitologie [Parasitological notes]. Zbl. Backt. I. Orig., 129 : 98-106.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Protozoaires, Coocidés.
Galli-Valerio B. 1933. Notes parasitologiques et de technique parasitologique [Parasitological notes and parasitologic technic]. Zbl. Bakt., 129: 422-433.
Parasitologie, parasitology.
Gallison J.D. 1994. Slab Camp: An early to middle Holocene Olcott Complex in the Eastern Olympic mountains [Le camp slab : un complex Olcott du début au moyen holocène dans les monts Olympiques occidentaux]. Ph. D thesis, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 248 p.
En anglais, in English.
Archéologie, archeology, Holocène, Holocene, EUA, USA.
Gallo M.G., Bassano B. & Milan F. 1991. Dermatophytes fungi in alpine marmots' burrows soil from western alps [Dermatophytes du sol des terriers de marmotte (M. marmota) des Alpes occidentales]. Abst. 1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. marmota,
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, peau, skin, terrier, burrow, mycologie, mycology.
Gallo M.G., Bassano B. & Milan F. 1992. Funghi dermatofiti presenti in terreno di tane di marmotta (Marmota marmota) dell'Arco Alpino Occidentale. Dermatophytes in alpine marmots' (Marmota marmota) burrows soil from western Alps [Dermatophytes du sol des terriers de marmotte (M. marmota) des Alpes occidentales]. Proc.1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 199-202.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Marmota marmota, peau, skin, terrier, burrow, mycologie, mycology.
Gallo M.G., Lanfranchi P., Poglayen G., Calderola S., Menzano A., Ferroglio E. & Peano A. 2005. Seasonal 4-year investigation into the role of the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) as a carrier of zoophilic dermatophytes [Recherche saisonnière de quatre ans du rôle de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) comme transporteur des dermatophytes zoophilique]. Medical mycology (Med Mycol.), 43(4): 373-379.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, Vulpes vulpes, red fox, renard commun, champignon, fungi, Microsporum canis, Microsporum cookei, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum marmota, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton ajelloi, T. terrestre.
Two hundred and six samples of alpine marmot (Mamota marmota) hair (148 from adults and 58 from young subjects), 102 soil samples from the entrances to the burrows of the above individuals and 20 control specimens (obtained from adjoining areas away from the burrow systems where the rodents are not usually present) were examined from May 1994 to September 1997. Seventy-five isolates belonging to six species of dermatophytes were found in 69 of the 206 hair samples examined (33.5%). Two species were zoophilic, Microsporum canis (7.8%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (11.2.%), and four geophilic, Microsporum cookei (2%), M. gypseum (5.8%), Trichophyton ajelloi (3.9%) and T. terrestre (5.8%). The prevalence of each species in the hair samples did not change significantly according to year, season (chi-squared test [limit significance: P <0.05] gives no significant values [p>0.05] both in year and in season comparison) or age/sex (adult versus juvenile: P=0.1; male versus female: P=0.8) of the marmot. Twenty-three of the 102 soil samples (22.5%) were positive for dermatophytes found in the hair of marmots from the same burrow systems. Five of the 20 control soil samples (25%) were positive for dermatophytes. One isolate of M. gypseum, three of T. terrestre and one of T. mentagrophytes were obtained. Compared with other free-ranging rodent hosts studied in Europe, this mycoflora is characterized by the presence and relatively high prevalence of M. canis, frequently reported in symptomatic and asymptomatic cats, dogs and fur animals. M. canis has not been isolated in other rodents in the wild. However, it has recently been reported in asymptomatic foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from northern Italy. The close link between V vulpes and M. marmota, with the former representing the most important mammal predator of the latter in the Alps (only a fraction of the predator's attacks result in the death of the rodent) may have favoured the adaptation of M. canis to this rodent host. The stable character of the M. canis/M. marmota relationship (no seasonally or annually related difference in the prevalence of this dermatophyte has been found) suggests the inclusion of the alpine marmot in the reservoir of this zoophilic pathogenic agent. In this situation, hibernation in labyrinthine burrow systems, where temperature and moisture ranges are quite uniform the whole year round, may favour the viability of M. canis arthroconidia, whose survival in mountain habitat might otherwise be compromised. This seems to be confirmed by the fact that the fungus has never been found in the control samples collected at a distance of 300 m from the outer edge of the sampled burrow systems.
Galy Osmin 1882. Exploration d’un abri sous roche dit Grazo dé l’Aspiou (Vallée d’Ustou) (Objets préhistoriques) [Exploration of rock-shelter so-called Grazo dé l’Aspiou (Ustou Valley, prehistoric objects). Bulletin de la Société ariègoise des sciences, lettres et arts, 90.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Ariège, France.
Ganbold S., Batmunkh O., Batsukh D., Dolgor T., Dorjpalam D. & Gan-Erdene P. 1990. [The result of study on preparation basic-petpton for bacterium nutrient medium from marmot meat.] In Questions on management and conservation marmots in Mongolia, Dulamtseren S., Zhanchiv Ts., Batsukh D., Tsendjav D., Batbold J. & Budsuren C. Eds., 105-109, Ulaanbaatar.
En Mongol, In Mongolian.
Ganem D. 1982. Persistent infection of humans with hepatitis B virus: mechanisms and consequences [Infection persistence des hommes par le virus de l'hépatite B : mécanismes et conséquences]. Rev. Infect. Dis., 4(5): 1026-1047. Review.
Hépatite, hepatitis.
Ganzenmüller Konrad 1877. Tibet nach den resultaten geographischer forschungen früherer und neuester zeit. Levy & Lüller, Stuttgart.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota bobac, marmotte du tibet.
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Garambois (Commandant Ernest) 1954. Les braconniers de la haute-montagne [Poachers in the upper-mountain]. Ophrys, Gap, pp. 133.
En français, in French.
Chasse, hunting.
García-González (Garcia-Gonzalez) R. 1982. Epidermis foliares de algunas especies de Festuca, Poa y Beilardiochloa en sel Pireneo Occidental [Epidermes foliaires de quelques espèces de Festuca, Poa et Beilardiochloa dans les Pyrénées occidentales. Foliar epiderms of some species of Festuca, Poa and Beilardiochloa in the western Pyrenees]. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid, 39 : 389-404.
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Alimentation, foraging, Pyrénées, Pyrenees, Espagne, Spain.
García-González (Garcia-Gonzalez) R. 1984. L'emploi des épidermes végétaux dans la détermination du régime alimentaire de l'Isard dans les Pyrénées occidentales [Use of vegetal epidermis to determine the Izard in the western Pyrenees]. In Ecologie des milieux montagnards et de Haute Altitude, Documents d'Ecologie Pyrénéenne, 3-4 : 307-313.
En français, in French.
Rupricapra, alimentation, foraging, Pyrénées Occidentales, Western Pyrenees.
García-González (Garcia-Gonzalez) R. 1992. On the micrographic technique to study herbivorous diets [La technique micrographique pour étudier le régime alimentaire des herbivores]. Workshop "Plant-animal interactions", Jaca.
En anglais, in English.
Herbivores, alimentation, foraging, fèces.
García-González R., Aihartza J.A., Garin I., Goiti U., Trujillo D., Zabala J., Gosalbez J., Luque J.J., Monreal E., Aymerich P., Götzens G., Couto S., Herrero J., Hernández Y. & Prada C. 2003. Inventario y criterios de gestión de los mamíferos del Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido [Inventaire et critères de gestion des mammifères du Parc National d’Ordesa et du Monte Perdido. Inventory and management criteriumof mammals of the National Parkof Ordesa and Monte Perdido]. Informe Final, 4 vol. Convenio OAPN - CSIC. Huesca-Jaca.
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Marmota marmota, gestion, management, Parc national, National Park.
García-González (Garcia-Gonzalez) R., Herrero J. & Hidalgo R. 1985. Las Marmotas, procedentes de Francia, colonizan cada vez mayores areas del Pirineo espanol. Quercus, 21: 11-14.
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Marmota marmota, Espagne, Spain.
García-González (Garcia-Gonzalez) R., Herrero J. & Hidalgo R. 1985. La marmota, nueva especie para la fauna ibérica [La marmotte, espèce nouvelle pour la faune ibérique. The marmot, new species for the Iberian fauna]. Quercus, 21: 11-14.
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Marmota marmota, Espagne, Spain.
Garrigou F. 1865. Étude comparative des alluvions quaternaires anciennes et des cavernes à ossements des Pyrénées et de l'ouest de l'Europe au point de vue géologique, paléontologique et anthropologique [Comparative study of the quaternary alluvial deposits and bone caves in the Pyrenees and in western Europe, from a geologic, paleontologic and anthropogenic point of view]. Bull. Soc. géologique de France, 22 : 396-402.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, Quaternary, Pyrénées, Pyrenees, Europe, Europa.
Garrigou F. 1867. &Acitc;ge du Renne dans la grotte de la Vache, vallée de Niaux près de Tarascon (Ariège) [Age of the European reindeer in the La Vache Cave, Niaux Valley near Tarascon (Ariège)]. Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire naturelle Toulouse, 1 : 58-67.
En français, in French.
Rangifer, paléontologie, paleontology, absence marmotte, no marmot, silex, flint, rivière Vic-de-Sos, Vic-de-Sos River, Ariège, France.
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Garrigou F. & Chasteigner de 1870. Comtemporanéité de l’homme avec le grand ours des cavernes et le renne dans la caverne de Gargas (Hautes-Pyrénées) [Contemporaneity of Man with the big cave bear and the reindeer in the Gargas cave]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 71 : 288-289.
En français, in French.
pdf
Paléontologie, paleontology, silex, flints, cerf, renne, reindeer, cheval, horse, bœuf, ox, Urus speloeus, Ursus arctos, Ursus priscus, Felis speloea, Hyena speloea, Bos urus, Hautes-Pyrénées, Haute-Garonne, France.
Garrigou F. & Filhol H. 1864a. Contemporanéité de l'homme et de l'Ursus spelaeus établie par l'étude des os cassés des cavernes [Contemporaneity of Man and Ursus spelaeus from the study of broken bones of caves]. C.R. hebdomadaires des séances de l'Acad. Sci. (Paris), 58(20) : 895-899.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, renne, reindeer, Homme, Man, ours des cavernes, cave bear, outils, tools.
pdf
Garrigou F. & Filhol H. 1864b. Sur le cavernes de l'âge de la pierre suisse dans la vallée de Tarascon (Ariège) [On the Swiss stone age in the Tarascon Valley (Ariège)]. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 59 : 593-595.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Ariège, France.
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Garrigou F. & Martin L. 1864a. L'âge du Renne dans les Basses-Pyrénées" (caverne d'Espalungue) [Reindeer age in the Basses-Pyrénées (Espalungue cave)]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences, 58 : 757-761.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, silex, flint, outil, tools.
pdf.
Gasienica-Byrcyn W. 1975. Lis w Tatrach [Le renard dans les Tatra. Fox in the Tatra Mountains]. Lowiec pol., 10: 22-24.
En Polonais, in Polish.
Marmota marmota, Vulpes vulpes, prédation, predation, nécrophage, necrophagous, avalanche, Tatra.
Gasienica-Byrcyn W. 1980. O potrzebie ochrony swistaka [Sur la protection des marmottes. On preservation of marmots]. Las Polski, 1: 14-15.
En Polonais, in Polish.
Marmota, conservation.
Gasienica-Byrcyn W. 1986. Niszezenieswistaka tatrzanskiego Marmota marmota latirostris a jego ochrona [Protection et destruction illégale de la population de marmottes des Tatras. Preservation and illegal destruction of the marmot population inhabiting the Tatra Mountains]. Chronmy Przyr., 42(3): 17-26.
En Polonais, in Polish.
Marmota, conservation, Tatras.
Gasienica-Byrcyn W. 1987. Kozica zywy Tatr. Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza.
En Polonais, in Polish.
Marmota marmota, Pologne, Tatras.
Gasienica-Byrcyn W. 1994. [Écologie de la marmotte (Marmota marmota Kratochvil 1961) de la partie polonaise des Monts tatra. On the ecology of the marmot (Marmota marmota Kratochvil 1961) in the polish part of the Tatra mts]. Rocznik Podhalanski, Wydawnictwa Muzeum Tatranskiego, Zakopane: 19(4): 99-122.
En polonais avec résumé en anglais, in Polish with English summary.
Marmota marmota latirostris, Tatra, Pologne, Poland.
Gasienica-Byrcyn W. 1997. The marmot (Marmota marmota latirostris Kratochvil, 1961) population in the Polish Tatra Mountains [La populationde marmottes (M. marmota latirostris K.) dans les montanges des Tatras. The Journal of Wildlife Research, 2(1): 69-81.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, Tatra, Pologne, Poland.
Gastaldi Bartolomeo 1871. Intorno ad alcuni resti fossili di Arctomys e di Ursus spelaeus [Sur quelques restes fossiles d'Arctomys et d'Ursus spelaeus. About some fossil remains of Arctomys and of Ursus spelaeus]. Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, 7: 249-253.
En italien, in Italian.
Arctomys, paléontologie, paleontology.
Gaudry Albert 1872. Animaux fossiles du Léberon (Vaucluse) [Fossil animals of Léberon (Vaucluse)]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 74 : 1034-1037.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Hyoena eximia, Iclitherium, hipparionum, Iclitherium orbignyi, Machoerodus cultridens, Dinotherium giganteum, Rhinoceros Schleiermacheri, Acerotherium, sus major, Helladotherium duvernoyi, Cervus matheronis, Vaucluse, France, Pikermi, Grèce.
pdf
Gaudry A. 1876. Sur les gisements de fossiles quaternaires dans la Mayenne [About Quaternary fossil deposits in the Mayenne]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 82 : 1211-1212.
En français, in French.
pdf
Paléontologie, paleontology, Rhinoceros Merckii, Felis leo, Hyoena crocata speloea, Canis vulpes, Equus caballus, sus scropha, Bos, Bos primigenius, Cervus elaphus, Arctomys marmotta primigenia, Sainte-Suzanne, Mayenne, couloir de Louverné (quaternaire moyen, diluvium), Ursus ferox, Meles taxus, Mustela foina, Canis vulpes, Canis lupus, Hyoena crocuta speloea, Felis leo et Felis leo speloea, Felis pardus, Arctomys marmotta, lepus timidus, Elephas primigenius, Rhinoceros tichorhinus, Sus scrofa, Equus caballus, Cervus elaphus, Cervus elaphus canadensis, Cervus taraudus. France.
Gauthier 1955. Compte rendu des recherches dans la VII Circonscription des Antiquités préhistoriques [Research report of the VII prehistoric antiquities district]. Gallia, 13 : 109-116.p. 109.
Marmota marmota, Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology.
Gauthier E.A. 2002. Évolution des activités agropastorales du Haut Jura (France) au cours des trois derniers millénaires [Late Holocene human impact on the vegetation of Haut Jura (France)]. Quaternaire, 13(2) : 137-147.
En français, in French.
Agriculture, farming, Holocène, Holocene, anthropisation, anthropization, Jura, France.
Le peuplement du deuxième plateau du massif jurassien (au-dessus de 700 mètres d’altitude) reste incertain jusqu’au XIe siècle, faute de données archéologiques ou de sources textuelles suffisantes. Afin de répondre aux incertitudes, tant géographiques que chronologiques, deux analyses palynologiques, s’attachant plus particulièrement à l’étude des indices polliniques d’anthropisation, ont permis de reconstituer les fluctuations des développements agropastoraux depuis l’Age du Fer, dans la partie centrale du massif. Contrairement à ce que semblent indiquer les cartes archéologiques et les textes anciens, cette zone fût irrégulièrement - mais indubitablement - peuplée au cours de la Protohistoire. L’impact anthropique augmente légèrement durant la période gallo-romaine. Après une déprise à la transition entre le Bas-Empire et le Haut Moyen Age, les activités agropastorales réapparaissent de manière stable et les défrichements s’amplifient nettement à partir du XIe siècle. Une dernière déprise agricole est visible au XIVe siècle, conséquence de la conjugaison des troubles divers qui frappent la région à cette époque. La reprise amorcée au XVe siècle entraîne une surexploitation du milieu.
The settlement of the second plateau, in the Jura range (above 700 meters altitude), remains dubious until XIe century, for lack of archaeological or textual data sufficient. In order to answer uncertainties, as well geographical as chronological, palynological analysis, performed in two peat bogs, allowed to reconstitute the fluctuations of human influence on vegetation since the Iron Age. Anthropogenic indicators show that this zone was populated during Protohistory. Human impact increases slightly during Gallo-Roman period. Regression of human influence is recorded at the transition between the Lower Empire and the Early Middle Age. Human activities reappear in a stable way and forest clearings emphasize from XIe century. A last agricultural crisis is perceived in XIVe century, consequence of the various disorders, which strike the area at this time. The recovery started in XVe century involves an overexploitation of environment.
Gavarret Jules 1855. Physique médicale. De la chaleur produite par les êtres vivants [Medical physics. About the heat produced by living beings]. Paris, Masson.
En français, in French.
Physique, physics, physiologie, physiology, calorimétrie, calorimetry, marmotte, p. 483-496.
pdf
Gayot E. 1871. Les petits quadrupèdes de la maison et des champs. Les rongeurs [Small quadrupeds of house and fields. Rodents]. Firmin Didot Frères, Fils et Cie, Paris, 444p.
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Marmota marmota.
Gayot E. 1889. La Marmotte [The marmot]. Firmin-Didot, Paris, 64 p.
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Marmota marmota.
Gazin Charles Lewis 1942. The late Cenozoic vertebrate faunas from the San Pedro Valley, Ariz. [Faunes du Cénozoïque supérieur de la vallée de San Paedro, Ariz.] Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 92 : 475-518, 47 figs., 2 pls.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota arizonae, paléontologie, paleontology, Cénozoïque.
Gazizov V.Z. & Khalpaev I.I. 1996b. Tekhnologiya kletotchnogo soderjaniya sourkov menzbira [Technologie de l'élevage en captivité des marmottes de Menzbier. Breeding technology of Menzbier's marmots]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 17-18.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbier, élevage, breeding.
Geay J.M., Lambrech M. & Jamin J. 1996. Contribution à une charte pour la réintroduction de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) en France. Contribution to a charter to Alpine marmot reintroduction in France. In 3ème Journée d'Etude sur la marmotte alpine, Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre eds., Réseau International sur la Marmotte, Lyon, 37-40.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Réintroduction, re-introduction, chasse, hunting, Charte.
Gedalge André 1891. Le petit savoyard [The small Savoyard]. Pantomine, 4 actes, Paris.
En français, in French.
Musicologie, savoyard.
Geiser F. & Ruf T. 1995. Hibernation versus daily torpor in mammals and birds: Physiological variables and classification of torpor [Hibernation et torpeur journalière chez les mammifères et les oiseaux : variables physiologiques et classification de la torpeur]. Physiol. Zool., 68(6): 935-966.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, physiologie, physiology, hibernation.
Gemechu-Hatewu M., Platt K.L., Oesch F., Hacker H.J., Bannasch P. & Steinberg P. 1997. Metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide in woodchucks undergoing chronic active hepatitis. Int. J. Cancer., 73(4): 587-91.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
Chronic hepatitis B virus infection as well as consumption of food contaminated with the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 are considered to be 2 major risk factors for the development of primary liver cancer in humans. Furthermore, epidemiological surveys indicate that hepatitis B virus and aflatoxin B1 might act synergistically to induce primary liver cancer. In the present study, we have tested the hypothesis that the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide, the ultimate mutagenic and carcinogenic mycotoxin metabolite, is enhanced in an experimental model of chronic hepatitis using woodchucks, chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus. Woodchuck liver microsomes were incubated with radiolabeled aflatoxin B1, the resulting aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide was trapped as a glutathione conjugate and its formation rate was determined by a reversed-phase HPLC analysis. In woodchuck hepatitis virus-positive woodchucks, activation of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide was reduced when compared to woodchuck hepatitis virus-free animals, and the extent of the reduction was dependent on the severity of the hepatitis. Hence, at least in woodchucks, a chronic hepadnaviral infection does not lead to an enhanced activation of aflatoxin B1.
Gemelli A. 1906. Sul'ipofisi della marmotta durante il letargo e nella stagione estiva [Sur l'hypophyse de la marmotte durant la léthargie et la saison estivale. About the marmot hypophysis during lethargy and summer season]. Arch. Sci. Med., 30 : 341-349.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, physiologie, physiology, cerveau, brain.
Generozov V.YA. 1926. Pouchnoï promysel [Chasse professionnelle pour la fourrure. Professional hunting for fur]. M. L., Gosizdat.
En russe, in Russian.
Chasse, hunting, fourrure, fur.
Genevoix M. 1984. Bestiaire. Tendre, enchanté et sans oubli [Bestiary. Loving, delightful and without forgetfulness]. Plon, Paris, pp. 417 p.
En français, in French.
Marmota, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology.
Genlis Caroline-Stéphanie-Félicité Du Crest. Mémoires inédits de madame la comtesse de Genlis sur le dix-huitième siècle et la révolution [Original memoirs of Madam the countess of genlis about the eighteenth century and the revolution]. Ladvocat.
En français, in French.
Marmotte, vêtement, clothing, Genlis Caroline-Stéphanie-Félicité Du Crest (1746-1830 ; comtesse de).
Extrait pdf extract
Genov A.P. 1975. Morfologitcheskaya i fiziko-khimitcheskaya kharakteristika potchv sourtchin Khomoutovskoï stepi [Caractères morphologiques et physico-chimiques des sols des remblais de terriers des steppes de Khomoutovski. Morphological and physico-chemical characters of the soil of burrow banks in the Khomutovski steppes].
Potchvenno-biogeotsenologitcheskie isledovaniya v Priazovy, 1, M. : Nauka.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, terrier, burrow, sol, soil.
Genov A.P. & Sirenko V.A. 1997. Resoultaty reakklimatizatsii stepnogo sourka v otdelenii oukrainskogo stepnogo prirodnogo zapovednika "Khomoutovskaya step'" [Résultats de la réaclimatation de la marmotte des steppes dans la section de la réserve ukraineinne de steppe naturelle "Khomoutovskaya step"]. In Vozrojdenie stepnogo sourka, Tokarsky V.A. & Roumiantsev V.Iu., Izdatel'stvo ABF, Moskva, 12-13.
En russe, in Russian.
Genovesi E.V., Lamb L., Medina I., Taylor D., Seifer M., Innaimo S., Colonno R.J. & Clark J.M. 2000. Antiviral efficacy of lobucavir (BMS-180194), a cyclobutyl-guanosine nucleoside analogue, in the woodchuck (Marmota monax) model of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Antiviral Res., 48(3): 197-203.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, woodchuck, virus, hépatite, hepatitis.
Lobucavir (BMS-180194), a cyclobutyl-guanosine nucleoside analogue, effectively reduced WHV-viremia in chronically infected carrier woodchucks (Marmota monax) by daily per os treatment. WHV-viremia in the animals was measured by the serum content of hybridizable WHV-genomic DNA. Lobucavir, given at daily doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight, reduced WHV-viremia by a 10- to 200-fold range during therapy. Lobucavir, given at 5 mg/kg, suppressed WHV-viremia by a 10- to 30-fold range, whereas a 0.5 mg/kg dose had no significant effect. WHV-viremia was also measured by hepadnaviral endogenous polymerase activity (EPA) in sera of animals treated for 6 weeks at 5 and 0.5 mg/kg. Changes in EPA in sera of lobucavir treated animals were comparable to changes in WHV DNA levels. Viremia in treated carriers recrudesced to pretreatment levels by 2 weeks of therapy cessation. These results indicated that the minimally effective antiviral daily per os dose of lobucavir in WHV-carrier woodchucks was approximately 5 mg/kg.
Gensac P. & B. Rothe 1974. Carte de la végétation de la réserve de la Grande Sassière [Vegetation map of the Grande Sassière Reserve]. Trav. sci. Parc nation. Vanoise, V : 77-104.
En français, in French.
Végétation, vegetation, botanique, botany, réserve, reserve, France, Savoie.
Geodakian V.A. & Geodakian S.V. 1985. [Existe-t-il une rétroaction négative dans la détemination du sexe. Does negative feedback exist in the determination of sex]? Zh. Obshch. Biol., 46(2): 201-216.
En russe, in Russian.
Review. No abstract available.
Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire Isodore & Cuvier Frédéric 1819. Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales enluminées, dessinées d’après des animaux vivants [Natural history of mammals, with original drawings, coloured, drawn from living animals]. À Paris, C. de Lasteyrie, tome 2, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Marmotte, pl. [48], Werner dessinateur, drawer, Lasteyrie C. de lithographe, lithograph.
Pdf
Gérard Charles 1871. Essai d'une faune historique des mammifères sauvages de l'Alsace [Essay about of an historical fauna of wild mammals of Alsace]. Eugène Barth, 422p.
En français, in French.
Marmotta.
Gerasimov I.P. & Markov K.K. 1938. Paleogeografiya lednikovogo perioda na territorii SSSR [Paléogéographie de la période glaciaire en URSS. Paleogeography of the Ice period in USSR]. Izv. AN SSSR. Ser. geogr. i geofiz., 2/3.
En russe, in Russian.
Paléontologie, paleontology, URSS.
Gerasimov I.P. & K.K. Markov 1939. Lednokovyi period ne territorii SSSR. [Périodes de glaciation sur le territoire de l'URSS. Paleogeography of the glacial period on the territory of the USSR]. Tr. Inst. geograpfii AN SSR, 33.
En russe, in Russian.
Biogéographie, biogeography, géologie, geology, glaciation, Ice Age, Russie, Russia.
Gerasimov I.P. & R.P. Zimina 1967. Recent natural landscapes and ancient glaciation of the Pami r[Paysages naturels actuels et glaciations anciennes au Pamir]. In Arctic and alpine environments, H.E. Wright Jr. & W.H. Osburn eds., Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomongton and London, 267-269, pp. 308.
En anglais, in English.
Biogéographie, biogeography, Russie, Russia, Pamir.
Gerber E. 1933. Uberdiluviale Murmeltiere aus dem Gebiet des eiszeitlichen Aare und Rhonegletschers [Sur la marmotte diluviale des régions de l'ère glaciaire des glaciers de l'Aare et du Rhône]. Eclogae. geol. Helv., 26, 221pp.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Suisse, Switzerland.
Gerber J.D. & E.C. Birney 1968. Immunological comparisons of four subgenera of ground squirrels [Comparaison immunologique de quatre sous-genres d'écureuils terrestres]. Syst. Zool., 17:413-416.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotinae, immunologie, immunology, taxonomie, taxonomy.
Gerchkovich N.L. 1959. [Matériaux sur les puces d'un rongeur du Kamtchatka. Materials on fleas fauna of a rodents from Kamchatka]. Izv. Irkoutsk. protivochoum. in-ta Sib. i Dal. Vost. Chita, 21: 327-330.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, Insectes, insects, puces, fleas, Kamtchatka.
Gerer J. 1885. Das Murmeltier des Karpatengebirges. Jarb. Ung. Karpatengebirges, 12 pp.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Carpathes.
Gerhard Frederick 1857. Illinois as it is- Its History, Geography, Statistics, Constitution, Laws, Government, Finances [L’illinois tel qu’il est. Son histoire, sa géographie, ses statistiques, sa constitution, ses lois, son gouvernement, ses finances]. Keen and Lee, Chicago, Charles Desilver, Philadelphia.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys monax Gm., marmotte commune d’Amérique, American marmot, Illinois, EUA, USA.
pdf
Gerhart W.A. & R.A. Olson. 1982. Handbook for evaluating the importance of Wyoming's riparian habitat to terrestrial wildlife [Guide d\'évaluation de l\'importance des habitats humides du Wyoming pour la faune sauvage terrestre]. Wyoming Game and Fish Dept.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, yellow-bellied marmot, marmotte à ventre jaune, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Wyoming.
Gerin J.L. 2001. Animal models of hepatitis delta virus infection and disease [Modèles animaux d'infection et de maladie du virus de l'hépatite]. ILAR J., 42(2):103-106.
En anglais, in English.
Virus, hépatite, hepatitis, modèle, model.
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus with similarities to unusual subviral pathogens of higher plants. It requires hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its replication/transmission, and HBV-infected humans are the only established host. HDV causes both severe acute hepatitis and rapidly progressive chronic disease in some individuals. The HDV life cycle involves remarkable features, such as ribozyme- mediated autocatalytic processes, Pol II-directed RNA synthesis from a single-stranded circular RNA template, and RNA editing. Much of our understanding of the nature of this pathogen derives from experimental studies in the chimpanzee model of HBV infection. The hepadnavirus-infected eastern woodchuck also is capable of supporting HDV replication and offers opportunities for the development of control strategies that might be applicable to human type D hepatitis.
Gerin J.L., Korba B.E., Cote P.J. & Tennant B.C. 1992. A preliminary report of a controlled study of thymosin alpha-1 in the woodchuck model of hepadnavirus infection [Rapport préliminaire d'une étud contrôllée de la thymosine alpha-1 chez le modèle d'infection par hepadnovirus de la marmotte commune d'Amérique]. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 312: 121-123.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
Gerin J.L., Tennant B.C., Ponzetto A., Purcell R.H. & Tyeryar F.J. 1983. The woodchuck animal model of hepatitis B-like virus infection and disease. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 143: 23-28.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, modèle, model.
Gerlich W.H., Heermann K.H., Ponzetto A., Crivelli O. & Bonino F. 1987. Proteins of hepatitis delta virus [Protéines du virus delta de l'hépatite]. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 234: 97-103.
En anglais, in English.
Protéines, proteins, hépatite, hepatitis.
Gern V. 1891. Zoogeografitcheskie zametki: Semipalatinskie oblastnye vedomosti [Notes géographiques : nouvelles de la région de Semipalatinski. Geographic notes : news of the Semipalatinski].
En russe, in Russian.
Géographie, geography, Russie, Russia.
Gerstell R. 1939. The value of groundhog holes as winter retreats for rabbits [Valeur des trous de marmotte comme retraite d'hiver pour les lapins]. Pennsylvania Game News, 10(6): 6-9.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, conservation, chasse, hunting.
Gervais Paul 1852. Zoologie et paléontologie française [French zoology and paleontology].
En français, in French.
Arctomys marmota, Marmota arvernensis, Marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology, France, Auvergne.
Deux sèvres ; Puy de dôme ; p. 20, pl. 26 et pl. 46 fig. 11 et 12, pl. 48, fig. 8.
Gervais P. 1854. Histoire naturelle des mammifères [Natural history of mammals].
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, Arctomys Marmotta, marmotte des Alpes, Arctomys arvenrensis.
pdf
Gervais P. 1859. Zoologie et paléontologie française : recherches sur les animaux vertébrés [French zoology and paleontology: research on vertebrate animals]. Paris p. 23, pl. 25, fig. 1-2.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.
Gervais P. 1860. Présence du grand daim et du renne parmi les fossiles du midi de la France [Deer and reindeer among the fossils from southern France]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 51 : 634-635.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, pléistocène, Pleistocene.
pdf
Gervais P. 1873. Sur les résultats des fouilles exécutées par M. ed. Piette dans la grotte de Gourdan près de Montréjeau (Haute-Garonne) [Results of the digging realised by Mr. Ed. Piette in the Gourdan Cave near Montréjeau (Haute-Garonne)]. Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, 1 : 334-335.
En français, in French
Paléontologie, paleontology, Haute-Garonne, France.
Gervais P. 1873. Marmotte (Arctomys).
In Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales. Deuxième série. Tome cinquième, Mar-Méd, Dechambre A., Directeur de publication 1874, Paris, G. Masson & P. Asselin, 732 p. Publication Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Dictionnaire, dictionary, marmotte, marmot. Arctomys marmotta, Arctomys bobac, Gervais P.
Extrait/extract pdf
Gessner C. 1560. Icones animalium quadrupedum viviparorum et oviparorum... Paris.
En latin, in Latin.
Mus Alpinus, Marmote, p. 108, Gesner Conrad (1516-1565). Extrait pdf extract
Gesner Conrad 1606. Thierbuch. Das ist, aukfuhriche Beschreibung und lebendige ja auch eigentliche Contrafactur und Abmahlung aller Vierfüffigen Thieren,
so aus der Erden und in Wassern wohnen. Heidelberg, Joan Lancellor.
En allemand, in German.
Mus alpinus, murmelthiere, murmentle, mistbellerle, Marmota marmota.
Extrait pdf extract from
http://www.humi.keio.ac.jp/treasures/
Geyer J. 1885a. Das Murmeltier des Karpatengebirges [La marmotte de la chaîne des Carpates. The marmot of the Carpathian Mountains]. Jarb. Ung. Karpatengebirges, 12 pp.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota mamota, Carpathes.
Geyer J.G. 1885b. Beiträge zur Physiologie des Alpen-Murmeltieres (Arctomys marmota L.) [Contribution à la physiologie des marmottes alpines (A. marmota L.). Contribution to the physiology of alpine marmots (A. marmota L.)]. Jb. ungarn. Karpathenver, 12 : 100-126.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.
Ghigi A. 1911.Ricerche faunistiche e sistematiche sui Mammiferi d’Italia che formano oggetto di caccia [Recherches faunistique et systématique sur les mammifères d’Italie qui constituent le gibier. Fauna and systematical researches on the Italian Mammalia, game objects], Natura, 2: 289-337.
En italien, in Italian.
Chasse, hunting, Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, Italie, Italy.
Gianini C.A. 1911. Forest and Stream, June 10: 899.
En anglais, in English.
Gianini C.A. 1925. Tree climbing and insect eating woodchucks [Marmottes américaines grimpeuses d'arbres et mangeuses d'insectes]. J. Mammal., 6 : 281-282.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, forêt, forest, entomologie, entomology, prédation, predation, alimentation, foraging, June bug.
Gibault C. 1994. Plasticité du comportement et régime alimentaire de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) sous différentes pressions anthropiques [Behavioural plasticity and diet of the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) under various anthropic pressures]. DEA Sciences du comportement et neurosciences cognitives, UPS-Toulouse III, 1-43.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, alimentation, foraging, anthropisation, anthropization, éthologie, ethology.
Gibault C., Ramousse R. & Le berre M. 1994. Effets de la pression anthropique sur le comportement alimentaire de la marmotte alpine. Hiking impact on feeding behavior in Alpine marmot. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 76-77.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, alimentation, foragig, pression anthropique, anthropic pressure.
Gibault C., R. Ramousse & M. Le Berre 1996. Effets de la pression anthropique sur le comportement alimentaire de la marmotte alpine. Hiking impact on feeding behavior in Alpine Marmot. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes/Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 233-234.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, alimentation, foraging, fuite, fligth, anthropisation, anthropization.
Gibbons Diane K. 2003. Mammals tracks and sign of the Northeast. A field guide [Empreintes et traces des mammifères du Nord-est. Guide de terrain]. UPNE, 137 pages.
En anglais, in English.
Woodchuck, p.28, marmotte commune d'Amérique, empreintes, tracks, Amérique du Nord-Est, North East America.
Mammal Tracks and Sign of the Northeast is a field guide for identifying the tracks of mammal species native to the region which extends from New England, New York, and Pennsylvania to eastern Canada. Simple to use and light and easy to carry in the field, the book contains the most important information that a tracker will need--including life-size illustrations of tracks and scat, gait patterns, trail width, species habitat, food sources, scat and urine information, breeding seasons, range maps, and special tracking tips for all thirty-seven species. A unique dichotomous key devised by the author allows trackers to identify even the most confusing track through a process of elimination. The charming, highly detailed, and to-scale pencil illustrations are indispensable aids to accurate identification. Mammal Tracks and Sign of the Northeast is an artistic and accurately rendered guide suitable for professional trackers, naturalists and wildlife professionals, outdoor educators, hunters, and amateurs alike.
Giboulet O. 1996. Réintroductions de l'espèce Marmota marmota dans le département de la Drôme : Bilan de l'occupation spatiale en 1996 [Marmota marmota re-introduction in the Drôme department: results of the spatial range in 1996]. Rapport Fédération Départementale des Chasseurs de la Drôme, 22 p.
Marmota marmota, Réintroduction, Drôme, France.
Giboulet O. 1997. Colonisation de l'espace par la marmotte alpine : premières observations sur le site d'Aussois. In 4ème Journée dÉtude sur la Marmotte alpine, Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. eds., 63-66.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Marmotte alpine, colonisation spatiale, spatial colonization, Aussois, Savoie, France.
Une approche individuelle du phénomène de colonisation chez la marmotte alpine, a été lancé depuis 1996, sur le nouveau site d'étude d'Aussois, en Maurienne. Les premières captures et observations sur ce site, ont déjà révélé quelques points intéressants : le secteur étudié se divise en trois zones altitudinales (pelouses alpines, cembraie, anciennes prairies de fauches). Sur la première zone se rencontrent des colonies de marmottes classiques, alors que dans d'autres zones se rencontrent des groupes isolées non coloniaux et des individus satellites. L'étude du fonctionnement intra et inter zones devrait permettre de mieux comprendre la dynamique du processus de colonisation.
An individual approach of the colonization process in alpine marmot, started in 1996 on the new study site of Aussois (Savoie, France). The first observations and captures had already shown some interest. The study site can be divided in three altitudianl areas (alpine meadows, cembra pine area, hay meadow). Classical marmots' colonies are encountered through the first area, whereas through the other areas are located non colonial groups and satellites. Studying the intra and inter area functionning would allow to better understand colnization dynamic process.
Giboulet O. 1998. Dynamique de la colonisation spatiale dans une population non protégée de marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) [Spatial colonization dynamics in a protected population of alpine marmot (Marmota marmota)]. In 5ème Journée d'Étude sur la Marmotte Alpine, Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. eds. : 35-42.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, colonisation, colonization.
Pdf
Giboulet O., Chevret P., Catzeflis F. & Ramousse R. 1995. Évolution de la socialité chez les Marmotini [Sociality evolution of the Marmotini]. Colloque CNRS Contraintes et Instabilité de l'Environnement : stratégies adaptatives des organismes récents et fossiles, Lyon I, Soc. Géol. France Edit., p.30.
En français, in French.
Marmotini, socialité, sociality, phylogénie, phylogeny.
Giboulet O., Chevret P., Ramousse R. & Catzeflis F. 1997. DNA-DNA hybridization evidence of the recent origin of marmots and ground squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae) [Hybridation ADN-ADN, preuve de l'origine récente des marmottes et des écureuils terrestres]. J. of Mamml. Evol., 4(4) : 271-284.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, Marmotini, phylogénie, phylogeny, évolution, evolution, social.
A molecular analysis, based on DNA/DNA hybridization experiments, examined seven species of the sciurid tribe Marmotini, in order to evaluate their evolutionary relationships. The branching pattern obtained from a neighbor-joining analysis and least-squares methods indicates that spermophiles and marmots are closely related. This result is in agreement with previous studies based on biochemical data which have suggested a Miospermophilus origin of Marmota (like Spermophilus), instead of the Ptrotospermophila origin usually proposed by paleontology. Using a molecular time scale calibrated by the fossil record of Sciurus (used here as an outgroup), we estimate the marmot/ground squirrel divergence at 6 My, at the same time as the major lineages of ground squirrels diverged from each other. Consequently, the species of Marmota appear as one of the numerous specialized forms derived from the explosive radiation of the Spermophila lineage in the late Miocene.
Giboulet O. & Louis S. 1999. Gestion et conservation de la marmotte des steppes en République Tchouvache (Russie). Management and conservation of the steppe marmot in Chuvash Republic. In 5ème Journée d'Étude sur la Marmotte Alpine, Ramousse & Le Berre eds., 1999 : 69-74.
En français, in French.
Marmota bobac, marmotte des steppes, steppe marmot, gestion, management, Tchouvachie, Chuvashia, Russie, Russia.
Pdf
Giboulet O., Louis S., Semenov Yu. & Ramousse R. 2002. Colonization process after (re)introduction in alpine marmot (Marmota marmota). Protsess colonizatsii posle (re)introdoucktsii ou alpiiskogo sourka (Marmota marmota) [Le processus de colonisation après (ré)introduction chez la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota)]. In Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF, Moscow, 161-170.
En anglais et en russe, résumé français ; in English and Russian, abstract in French.
Marmota marmota, colonisation, colonization, réintroduction, re-introduction, Mont Vallier, Ariège, Vallier Mount, massif du Vercors, Vercors Massif, Valdrôme, Drôme.
Surveys of 3 (re)introduction sites had been done in order to study the spatial colonization processes in the alpine marmot. To detect factors involved in the choice of settlement sites, marmot presence in squares of 100 m2 was recorded regularly on grid maps of each site. Furthermore, a survey of several family groups spatial installation was done, and allowed to appreciate speed and steps of the colonization process. Results obtained suggest that rocky elements were the main factor involved in marmots settlement choice. They were used as starting point by the family group, who only spread later a network of burrows in the surrounding meadows. The prominent part of rocky elements in the colonization process might be due to the fact that they represent natural shelters for marmots.
Key-words: colonization, re-introduction, Marmota marmota.
Des suivis de trois sites de re-introduction ont été réalisés afin d’étudier les processus de colonisation spatiale chez la marmotte alpine. Pour déceler les facteurs conduisant les marmottes à choisir les sites d’installation, nous avons reporté régulièrement la présence des marmottes dans des carrés de 100 m2 sur des cartes de chaque site. Par ailleurs, nous avons suivi l’installation spatiale de plusieurs groupes familiaux, afin d’apprécier la vitesse et les étapes du processus de colonisation. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent le rôle prépondérant des éléments rocheux pour la fixation des marmottes sur un site. Ils servent souvent de point de départ pour le groupe familial, qui n’établit qu’ensuite un réseau de terriers dans les pelouses adjacentes. Le rôle clef des éléments rocheux dans le processus de colonisation pourrait être dû au fait qu’ils représentent des abris naturels pour les marmottes.
Mots clés : colonisation, re-introduction, Marmota marmota.
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Giboulet O., Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. (Жибуле О.,Рамюсс Р. & Лебер М.) 1997 Еволюция особенностей жизненного цикла и молекулярная филогения: на примере социальности наземгых беличьих. Evolution of the life history traits and molecular phylogeny: sociality in ground dwelling squirrels as an example [Evolyïoutsiya osobennosteï jizznennogo tsikla i molekoulyarnaya filogeniya: na primere sotsial'nosti nazemnykh belitch'ikh. Évolution des traits d'histoire de vie et phylogénie moléculaire : exemple de la socialité des chez les écureuils terrestres]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 44 (Rousskie, Russian), 146 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmotini, phylogénie, phylogeny, méthodologie, methodology, socialité, évolution, evolution.
Giboulet O., Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. (Жибуле О.,Рамюсс Р. & Лебер М.) 2002.Evolution of the life history traits and molecular phylogeny: sociality in ground dwelling squirrels as an example Эволюция образа жизни и молекулярная филогенетика: на примере ыоциальности неземных беличьих. [Évolution des traits d’histoire de vie et phylogénie moléculaire : exemple de la socialité des écureuils terrestres]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF, Marmot Network, Moscow, 171-177.
En anglais et en russe, résumé français ; in English and Russian, French abstract.
Marmotini, phylogénie, phylogeny, méthodologie, methodology, socialité, social, evolution, &éacute;volution.
The influence of history on life history traits of species is known and long accepted, but it really became an important and growing matter of concern in comparative biology during the last two decades, especially with the recent advances in molecular phylogenetic methods. We undertook to re-example the evolution of ground-dewelling squirrels using this phylogenetic approach. In the resulting phylogeny obtained by DNA/DNA hybridization, GDS socially appeared as a monophyletic factor, which seems to have taken place while the group was evolving. Taking into account this new consideration, we propose a new synthetic evoluitionary scenario, establishing that the evolution of sociality of GDS was principally the result of their long adaptation to open grassland environments.
Key-words: evolution, molecular phylogeny, sociality, ground-dwelling squirrels.
L’influence de l’histoire évolutive des espèces sur leurs traits d’histoire de vie est reconnue depuis longtemps, mais elle n’a vraiment été prise en compte de façon importante en biologie comparative que depuis les deux dernières décennies, en relation notamment avec les progrès effectués en phylogénie moléculaire. C’est dans cet esprit que nous avons entrepris de re-examiner l’évolution de la socialité chez les GDS, en utilisant une approche phylogénétique.L’analyse de la phylogénie obtenue par hybridation ADN/ADN, a révélé que la socialité des GDS apparaissait comme un caractère monophylétique, qui se serait mis en place au fur et à mesure que le groupe évoluait. En prenant compte de cette considération, nous avons pu proposer un nouveau scénario évolutif synthétique, stipulant que l’évolution de la socialité chez les GDS est essentiellement le résultat de leur longue adaptation aux milieux ouverts.
Mots clés : évolution, phylogénie moléculaire, socialité, marmotini.
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Giboulet O., Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre 1996. Évolution de la socialité chez les Marmotini : apport de la phylogénie moléculaire [Evolution of ground-dwelling squirrels sociality: contribution of molecular phylogeny]. In 3ème Journée d'Étude sur la marmotte alpine, Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre eds., Réseau International sur la Marmotte, Lyon, 41-44.
En français, in French.
Sciuridae, phylogénie, phylogeny, évolution, evolution, social.
Giboulet O., Ramousse R., Louis S., Semenov Y. & Humblot L. 1998. Des marmottes et des hommes à Aussois. [Marmot and Man in Aussois (France).] In 5ème Journée d'Étude sur la Marmotte Alpine, Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. eds.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, développement durable, sustainable development, Aussois, France.
Gilard Madeleine & Thiollier Anne illustrateur 1976. La maison des marmottes [Marmot house]. Paris, La Farandole, 79 p.
En français, in French.
Les marmottes, parties en excursion, doivent s'abriter à cause de la mauvaise température. Dans la cabane du berger, chaque enfant y va de son histoire. Le départ prometteur est vite freiné par la présentation, dans une version médiocre, de contes connus, qui occupent plus de la moitié du volume.
Littérature enfantine, juvenile literature.
Gilbert J.M. 1983. Contribution à l'étude des hépatites animales : l'hépa-DNA-virose de la marmotte américaine, modèle d'étude des hépatites B et NonB humaines [Contribution to the study of animal hepatitis: hepa-DNA virosis of woodchuck, study model of B and non-B human hepatitis]. Thèse Doct. Vét., Lyon.
En français, in French.
Marmota monax, épidémiologie, epidemiology, virus, médecine, medecine.
Gilbert Perry Webster 1940. Studies on the morphology of burrowing scuirids with special reference to the forelimb of Marmota and Cynomys [Etudes de la morphologie des scuiridés fouisseurs avec une référence spéciale du membre antérieur de Marmota et Cynomys]. Thesis.
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Marmota caligata caligata.
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Gommery Dominique 2005. Le Nord-Est Bourguignon, une région de préhistoire [The Burgundian North-East, a region of prehistory]. In Préhistoire du Nord-Est Bourguignon [Prehistory of burgundian North-East], Djindjian François, Genreau François, Gommery Dominique & Pautrat YvesBiopréhistoire, 2 : 1-9.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax rufescens, morphologie, morphology, membre antérieur, forelimb.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, chasse, hunting.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, écologie, ecology.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota latirostris.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, génétique, genetic.
En anglais, in English.
Génétique, genetic.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, abri-sous-roche, rock shelter, 620 m., Marmota marmota, pré-Azilien, before Azilian, Haute-Savoie, France.
Les découvertes effectuées depuis 12 années dans l’abri-sous-roche de la Vieille Eglise à la Balme de Thuy (Haute-Savoie) nous ont permis de localiser une occupation humaine quasi-continue de l’épipaléolithique à l’actuel. Cette première publication va permettre d’effectuer des comparaisons avec d’autres stations du même type situées dans les Alpes du Nord, le Jura et le Valais Suisse et ainsi de mieux comprendre le processus de peuplement de nos vallées alpines, souvent peu accessibles, telles celles du Pays de Thônes.
What we have been discovering for twelve years in the rock shelter of the old church at La Balme de Thuy has enabled us to localize a human occupation that hardly stopped from the epipaleolithic age up to now. This first publication will help to make comparison with other stations of same type located in the north of the Alps, in the Jura area and in Swiss Valais and therefore to understand the process of settlement of our alpine valleys, which, like the Thônes valley, are difficult of access.
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En russe, in Russian.
Fourrure, fur, économie, economy.
En anglais, in English.
Prédation, Canidae, Canis latrans, éthologie, ethology, alimentation, foraging, États-Unis, Arkansas.
En français, in French.
Coiffure, headdress, marmotte.
Extrait Pdf extract
En français, in French.
pdf
Paléontologie, paleontology, Homme, Man, volcanisme, volcanism.
Girones R., Cote P.J., Hornbuckle W.E., Tennant B.C., Gerin J.L., Purcell R.H. & Miller R.H. 1989. Complete nucleotide sequence of a molecular clone of woodchuck hepatitis virus that is infectious in the natural host. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 86(6): 1846-1849.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
En français, in French.
Girtanner Christoph 1789. Naturgeschichte des Murmelthiers [Histoire naturelle des marmottes. Natural history of marmots]. Höpfner's Magaz. fed. naturk. Helvet., IV : 374-381.
En hollandais, in Dutch.
Marmota marmota.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota.
En russe, in Russian.
Oiseaux, faunistique, fauna, paysage, lanscape.
En anglais, in English.
Anatomie, anatomy, crâne, skull, Amérique du Nord, North America.
En russe, in Russian.
Géologie, geology.
En russe, in Russian.
Histoire, history, paysages, landscapes, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, terrier, burrow, sol, soil.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, épidémiologie, epidemiology.
En polonais avec résumé anglais, in polish, with English summary.
Mammifères, conservation, Pologne, Poland.
En allemand, in German.
Aquila chrysaetos, Marmota marmota, prédation, predation, Europe, Europa, Suisse, Switzerland.
En allemand, in German.
Aquila chrysaetos, Marmota marmota, prédation, predation, Europe, Europa, Suisse, Switzerland.
En allemand, in German.
Expédition, travel, Sibérie, Siberia, Gmelin Johann Georg 1727-1748.
En russe, in Russian.
Expédition, travel, Russie, Russia, Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin 1743 - 1774.
En allemand, in German.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, abri sous roche, rock shelter, renne, reindeer, rongeur indéterminée, indetermined rodent, Vienne, France.
pdf.
En anglais, in English.
Apodemus flavicollis, Clethrionomys glareolus, microsatellite.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Dictionnaire, dictionary, Français, French, absence marmotte, marmot absent.
En anglais, in English.
Parasitsime, parasitism, puces, fleas, acariens, mites, tiques, ticks, marmotte, marmot.
Fleas, mites, ticks, and nematodes parasitize marmots. The average lifespan is 3 to 6 years in woodchucks.
Godman John Davidson 1836. American Natural History [Histoire naturelle américaine]. Hogan & Thompson, 3e ed., Philadelphia,Vol. 1: 328-329, num. Google.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotte, marmot, murmelthier, marmotto, mormoldjuret, Arctomys Monax, Maryland marmot, Bahama coney, Marmota Americana, Marmotte of America, Glis fuscus, Marmota Bahamensis, Marmota Americana, Monax, Marmotte du Canada, Arctomys empetre, Quebec marmot, Marmotte du Canada, Siffleur.
pdf.
Goethe Johann Wolfgang 1773. Marmotte. In Jahrmarktsfest auf Plundersweilern.
En allemand, in German.
pdf.
Marmotte, marmot, Goethe 1749-1832.
Goldberg B.B., Merton D.A., Forsberg F., Liu J.B. & Rawool N. 1996. Color amplitude imaging: preliminary results using vascular sonographic contrast agents. J. Ultrasound Med., 15(2): 127-34.
En anglais, in English.
Conventional (mean Doppler frequency shift) color Doppler imaging and a new method of displaying blood flow in color that uses the amplitude of the Doppler signal were utilized to evaluate three vascular sonographic contrast agents. To compare the two color flow detection modalities, a total of 20 pairs of contrast agent injections were performed while imaging a variety of abdominal organs and tumors in experimental animal models. The 20 paired injections were scored independently to indicate whether color amplitude imaging better demonstrated the effects of contrast enhancement (n = 14), both techniques were equivalent in demonstrating the effects of contrast enhancement (n = 4), or color Doppler imaging better demonstrated the effects of contrast enhancement (n = 2). These results indicate that compared to color Doppler imaging, color amplitude imaging improved visualization of both normal and abnormal blood flow in 70% of these cases (P < 0.0001). Specifically, with contrast enhancement of the Doppler signals, organ vascularity and regional differences in parenchymal blood flow were better demonstrated with color amplitude imaging than with color Doppler imaging. In addition, since color amplitude imaging is nondirectional and less angle dependent than color Doppler imaging, it was possible to visualize vessel continuity more completely and to demonstrate vessel branching more clearly with this modality. However, owing to the lack of directivity and poor temporal resolution, information obtained with color amplitude imaging appears to be complementary to that of color Doppler imaging. In conclusion, color amplitude imaging is a reliable method of determining the effectiveness of vascular sonographic contrast agents and should be considered one of the primary flow imaging modalities used for the assessment of these agents.
En anglais, in English.
Neige, snow, Alberta, Canada.
Snow accumulation patterns were determined for clearings and adjacent forest at Marmot Creek experimental watershed and James River, Alberta. The differences increased with clearing size and time since the beginning of the accumulation period and are caused by snow ablation (melt and evaporation), a function of direct solar radiation reaching the snowpack. In such situations the snow that has accumulated on the ground cannot be considered a measure of the snow that has actually fallen there. For water balances and hydrologic modeling, snow measurements in partially cleared watersheds must be adjusted for temporal and spatial factors specific to the watershed.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotta monax, physiologie, physiology, thermorégulation, thermoregulation, hibernation, lipides, lipids.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmotta, théatre, theater, sournois, sly.Extrait pdf extract
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Insectes, insects, puces, fleas, URSS, USSR.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, puces, fleas, épidémiologie, epidemiology.
En russe, in Russian.
Bactéries, bacteria, Insectes, Insects, puces, fleas.
En russe, in Russian.
Bactéries, bacteria, épidémiologie, épidémiology, parasitologie, parasitology.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, bactérie, bacteria, parasitologie, parasitology, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste; plague, Russie, Russia.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, Marmota, peste, plague, Gissar, Tadjikistan, Tajikistan.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Gissar, Tadjikistan, Tajikistan.
En russe, in Russian. Peste, plague, Gissar, Tadjikistan, Tajikistan.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, peste, plague, serum.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Sibérie, Siberia.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Bourgogne, Burgundy.
Le Nord-Est Bourguignon (Côte d’Or et Yonne) est une zone géographique où il existe des paysages variés et dont l’Armançon constitue l’axe vital. Il n’existe pas réellement une synthèse du patrimoine préhistorique de cette zone mais nous vous en exposons une partie. Il existe un grand nombre de découvertes, souvent isolées, datant du quaternaire (la dernière ère géologique datée entre 1.8 millions d’années et aujourd’hui) qui ont été répertoriées depuis le début du XIXème siècle. Les plus anciens restes d’homme appartiennent à l’Homme de Néandertal (entre 75 000 et 35 000 ans). Ce dernier a fabriqué les outils moustériens. C’est le cas des restes de néandertalien découvert à Genay ou à Créancey en Côte d’Or.
pdf
Gonzalez J., Gil-Santano J. & Puig-Maideu D. 1989. Notes sobre la preséncia de la marmota al Ripollés [Notes sur la présence de la marmotte à Ripollès. Notes on the marmot presence in Ripollès]. Taleia, 2: 15-17.
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Marmota marmota, Pyrénées, Pyrenees, Espagne, Spain.
Goncharova A.A. & Buyakova T.G. 1960. [Biologie de la tique Haemogamasus mandschuricus Vitzth. du Transbaïkal. Biology of tick Haemogamasus mandschuricus Vitzth. in Transbaikalian region]. Parazitol. sborn. Zool. in-ta Acad. Nauk USSR, M.-L., 19: 155-163.
En russe, in Russian.
Acariens, Acarida, tique, tick, Transbaïkal.
Goncharova A.A. & Buyakova T.G. 1962. [Écologie des tiques Haemogamasidae de la région du Transbaïkal. Ecology ticks Haemogamasidae in Transbaikalian region]. Mater. 4 ecologich. konf., Kiev, 8: 27-29 (In Russian).
En russe, in Russian.
Acariens, Acarida, écologie, écology, Transbaïkal.
Goodrich C.A. 1973. Acid-base balance in euthermic and hibernating marmots [Equilibre acide-base chez les marmottes euthermiques et hibernantes]. Am. J. Physiol., 224 : 1185-1189.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, physiologie, physiology, hibernation.
Goodrich C.A. & Lyman C.P. 1971. Blood acid-base balance in hibernating marmots [Equilibre sanguin acide-base chez les marmottes hibernantes]. Federation Proc., 30 : 483.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, physiologie, physiology, hibernation.
Goodrich Samuel G 1840. Peter Parley's Illustrations of the Animal Kingdom- beasts, birds, fishes, reptiles and insects [Illustrations de Peter Parley du monde animal. Bêtes, oiseaux, poissons, reptiles et insectes]. B.B. Mussey, Boston.
En anglais, in English.
Bobac, marmotte commune, common marmot, Maryland marmot, woodchuck, marmotte des prairies, prairie marmot, wish-ton-wish, marmotte givrée, hoary marmot, siffleur, whistler, marmotte de Franklin, Franklin’s marmot, marmotte de Richardson, Richardson’s marmot, marmotte de Hood, Hood’s marmot, marmotte de Beechey, Beechey’s marmot, marmotte de Say, Say’s marmot, marmotte de Parry, Parry’s marmot, marmotte de Douglas, Douglas’s marmot.
Extrait pdf extract
Goodwin G.G. 1924.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax canadensis, Canada, Québec.
Goodwin G.G. 1935a. The mammals of Connecticut [Les mammifères du Connecticut]. State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., 53: 97-100.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax preblorum, États-Unis, Connecticut.
Goodwin G.G. 1935b. Snyder expedition-Tuchodi Lake. Correspondence, copy of an article in Natural History magazine with photographs. Reference to a map (map file 1312 but map not found) [Expédition Snyder - Tuchodi Lake. Correspondance, copie d’un article du Natural Hitory magazine avec photographies]. Mammalogy Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia, Canada.
Goodwin H.T. 1999. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(3): 47A.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota flaviventris.
Goossens B., Coulon J., Allainé D., Graziani L., Bel M-C. & Taberlet P. 1996. Immigration d'une femelle gravide dans un groupe familial de marmottes alpines : données comportementales et génétiques [Immigration of a pregnant female in an alpine marmot family group: behavioural and genetic data]. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 319 : 241-246.
(Marmota marmota) : Social : Paternité : Poil : Génétique
Goossens B., Chikhi L., Taberlet P., Waits L.P. & Allainé D. 2001. Microsatellite analysis of genetic variation among and within Alpine marmot populations in the French Alps [Analyse microsatellitaire des variations gén;étique inter et intra-populations de marmottes alpines]. Molecular Ecology, 10(1): 41-52.
Available pdf disponible
(Marmota marmota); F-statistics; évitement de la consanguinité, Inbreeding avoidance; Isolement gégraphique, Isolation by distance; Microsatellites; Structure génétique des populations, Population genetic structure.
The genetic structure of the Alpine marmot, Marmota marmota, was studied by an analysis of five polymorphic microsatellite loci. Eight locations were sampled in the French Alps, one from Les Ecrins valley (n = 160), another from La Sassière valley (n = 289) and the six others from the Maurienne valley (n = 139). Information on social group structure was available for both Les Ecrins and La Sassière but not for the other samples. The high levels of genetic diversity observed are at odds with the results obtained using microsatellites, minisatellites and allozymes on Alpine marmots from Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Strong deficits in heterozygotes were found in Les Ecrins and La Sassière. They are caused by a Wahlund effect due to the family structure (i.e. differentiation between the family groups). The family groups exhibit excess of heterozygotes rather than deficits. This may be caused by outbreeding and this is compatible with recent results from the genetics of related social species when information on the social structure is taken into account. The observed outbreeding could be the result of females mating with transient males or males coming from neighbouring colonies. Both indicate that the species may not be as monogamous as is usually believed. The results are also compatible with a male-biased dispersal but do not allow us to exclude some female migration. We also found a significant correlation between geographical and genetic distance indicating that isolation by distance could be an issue in marmots. This study is the first that analysed populations of marmots taking into account the social structure within populations and assessing inbreeding at different levels (region, valley population, and family groups). Our study clearly demonstrated that the sampling strategy and behavioural information can have dramatic effects on both the results and interpretation of the genetic data.
Goossens B., Graziani L., Allainé D., Waits LP., Coulon J., Taberlet P. & Bouvet J. (Госсен Б., Грациаги Л., Аллан Д., Вайтс Л., Кцлон Ж., Таберле П., Бобе Ж.) 1997. Отцовское исключение и брачная система у альптйского сурка: микросателлитный (докус) и поледенческий анализ. Paternity exclusion and mating system in alpine marmot: microsatellite and behavioural analysis [Ottsovskoe isklyutchenie i bratchnaya sistema ou al'piïskogo sourka: microsatellitnyï (lokus) i Povedentcheskiï analiz. Exclusion paternelle et système d'appariement chez la marmotte alpine : analyse par microsatellite et comportementale]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 28 (Rousskie, Russian), 146 (Angliïskie, English).
En anglais et en russe, in Russian and in English.
Marmota marmota, appariement, matching, éthologie, ethology, biologie moléculaire, molecular biology.
Goossens B., Graziani L., Waits L.P., Farand E., Magnolon S., Coulon J., Bel M-C., Taberlet P. & Allainé D. 1998. Extra-pair paternity in the monogamous Alpine marmot revealed by nuclear DNA microsatellite analysis. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 43: 281-288.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, paternité, paternity, monogamie, monogamy, ADN, DNA.
Goossens B., Waits L.P. & Taberlet P. 1998. Plucked hair samples as a source of DNA: Reliability of dinucleotide microsatellite genotyping. Molecular Ecology, 7 (9): 1237-1241.
Available pdf disponible
En anglais, in English.
Englais, Biologie moléculaire, (Marmota marmota), poil, microsatellites.
Gorbienko P.S. & Gorbienko O.YA. 1962. Epizootiya tchoumy na mongol'skikh pichtchoukhakh [Epidémie de peste chez les Ochotona de Mongolie. Plague infestation of Ochotona in Mongolia]. Izv. Irkout. protivoychoumn. in-ta Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka, 24.
Epidémiologie : Peste : Mongolie
Горбунов А.П.Gorbunov A.P. 1967. Vetchnaya merzlota Tyan'Chanya [Eternel permagel du Tien Shan. Endless permafrost in Tien Shan]. Frounze: Ilim.
Sol, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.
Gorchakova T.F., Gan N.V., et al. 1974. [Résultats d'une étude épidémiologique de la zone frontière de la Reacute;publique Populaire de Mongolie avec la Transbaïkalie. Results of an epizootological study of the strip of the Mongolian people's republic along the border with Transbaikalia]. In Safonova (Ed.), Proc. Scient. Conf. Anti-plague Instit., 10: 76-78.
(Marmota sibirica) ; Peste ; Parasitologie ; Mongolie.
Горшков Р.К. (Gorchkov, Gorshkov P.K.) 1999. Mnogoletnie izmeneniya tchislennosti stepnogo sourka v reliktovoï kolonii respoubliki Tatarstan. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 19-21.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Tatarstan.
Горшков Р.К. (Gorchkov, Gorshkov P.K.) & Lavlov E.A. 1999. Tchislennost' stepnogo sourka v respoublike Tatarstan. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 21-22.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Tatarstan.
Gordon C.L. & Czaplewski N.J. 2000. A fossil marmot from the Late Miocene of western Oklahoma [Une marmotte fossile du Pliocène tardif de l'Oklahoma occidental]. Oklahoma Geology Notes, 60(2):28-32.
En anglais, in English.
Miocène, Miocene, Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Oklahoma, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.
Gordon K. 1936. Territorial behavior and social dominance among Sciuridae [Comportement territorial et dominance sociale parmi les Sciuridae]. J. Mammal., 17(2): 171-172.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, éthologie, ethology, territoire, teritory, social.
Gorjanovic-Kramberger Dragutin 1911. Arctomys marmotta, Schreib. aus Krapina. Vijesti geol. Povjer. Croatia-Slavonia, 1:52-54.
Marmota marmota.
Горшков Р.К. (Gorchkov, Gorshkov P.K.) 2002. [L'habitat des marmottes dans les paysages de steppes est une source de la biodiversité des steppes. A habitation of marmots in steppe landscapes is a source of steppe biodiversity]. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 16.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, paysage, landscape.
Горшков Р.К. (Gorchkov, Gorshkov P.K.), Кадаш А.Ф. (Kadash, Kadach A.F.) & Бирюков В.А. (Biryukov, Birïoukov V.A.) 1997. Перспектиыф изучения и использования сурка-байбака в респуьлике татарстан.The outlock for research and usage of Marmota bobac Mull. in the Republic of Tatarstan [Perspektivy izoutchz-eniya i ispol'zovaniya sourka-baïbaka v respoublike Tatarstan. Perspectives de recherche et d'usage de Marmota bobac]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity] , III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, , III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 27 (Rousskie, Russian), 147 (Angliïskie, English).
En anglais et en russe, in English and Russian.
Marmota bobac, conservation, République du Tatarstan, Russie, Russia.
Горшков Р.К. (Gorchkov, Gorshkov P.K.), Khasanova G.F. & Kurikova O.M. 2002. Enlargement of space of bobac habitat in the right river-bank's regions of the Republic of Tatarstan [Accroissement de l'habitat du bobac dans les régions de berge droite de la république du Tatarstan]. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 17.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, répartition, distribution, Tatarstan.
Gortani M. 1909. Avanzi di mammiferi rinvenuti in alcune grotte friulane [Restes de mammifères découverts dans une grotte frioulane]. Mondo sotteraneo, 5 : 1-19.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, mandibule, mandible, paléontologie, paleontology, Frioul, Friul, Italie, Italy.
Gortazar C., Castillo J.A., Lucientes J., Blanco J.C., Arriolabengoa A & Calvete C. 1994. Factors affecting Dirofilaria immitis prevalence in red foxes in NE Spain [Facteurs affectant la prévalence de Dirofilaria immitis chez le renard commun au NE de l'Espagne]. J. Wildl. Diseases, 30(4): 545-547.
En anglais, in English.
Vulpes, parasitologie, parasitology, Espagne, Spain.
Gortazar C., Herrero J., Garcia-Serrano A. & Lucientes J. 1994. Données préliminaires sur les parasites de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) dans les Pyrénées du sud-ouest. Preliminary data on Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) parasites in South-Western Pyrenees. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 78-79.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Espagne, Spain.
Gortazar C., Herrero J., Garcia-Serrano A., Lucientes J. & Luco D.F. 1996. Données préliminaires sur les parasites digestifs de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) dans les Pyrénées du Sud-ouest. Preliminary data on the parasitic fauna of the digestive system of Marmota marmota in the Western Pyrenees. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes/Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 105-108.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Espagne, Spain, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.
Gosling L.M. 1982. A reassessment of the function of scent-marking in territories [Réévaluation de la fonction du marquage odorant des territoires]. Z. Tierpsychol., 60: 89-118.
En anglais, in English.
Territoire, territory, marquage, marking.
Gotlib Marcel 1972. Rubrique-à-brac. Tome 3, Paris.
Bande dessinée, cartoon, marmot, marmotte.
En français, in French.
Voir, look at
Gotthardt T.A. & Jansen A. 2006. Alaska marmot [Marmotte de l’Alaska]. State Conservation Status, Element Ecology & Life .
En anglais, in English.
Marmota broweri, Alaska, EUA, USA.
pdf
Goulin Jean 1777. Abrégé de l'histoire naturelle : à l'usage des élèves de l'Ecole royale militaire. Paris, Nyon. Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Histoire naturelle, natural history, marmotte alpine, Alpine marmot, p 223.
Extrait/extract pdf
Gourreau J.-M. 1992a. Éco-ethologie des marmottes. Chaleur à la carte [Marmot behavioural ecology. A la carte heat]. La semaine vétérinaire, 640 : 34.
En français, in French.
(Marmota marmota).
Gourreau J.M. 1992b. Les marmottes font du baby-sitting [Marmots baby-sit]. Alpes Magasine, 12.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, hibernation, pédagogie.
Gourreau J.-M. 1994. Bien au chaud sous la neige [Nice and warm under the snow]. Alpes Magazine, 57-61.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Alpes, Alps.
Gourreau J.-M. 2000. Mutation chez les marmottes [Mutation in mùarmots]. Alpes Magazine, 62: 48-51.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, génétique, genetic, poil, hair.
Gourreau J.-M. & Moutou F. La marmotte des Alpes. Association pour les publications et les études des réserves naturelles de Haute-Savoie.
En français, inFrench.
Marmota marmota.
Government of Yukon 2001. Hoary marmot [Marmotte givrée]. Fish & Wildlife Information.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotte givrée, hoary marmot, Marmota caligata, Yukon, Canada.
Graziani L. 1994a. Analyse des tactiques comportementales durant la première année chez la marmotte alpine : Cas du budget temps et de l'occupation de l'espace. [Analysis of the behavourial tactics of Alpine marmot during the first year: time budget and space occupation]. Diplôme d'Etude Approfondie "Analyse et Modélisation des Systèmes Biologiques", Rapport bibliographique, UCB lyon1, 37p.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Mammals, Behaviour, Comportement, Time budget, Budget temps, Space occupation, Occupation spatiale, Marmottons, Young of the year.
Graziani L. & Allainé D. 1994. Analyse des tactiques comportementales chez les jeunes marmottes alpines. Behavioural tactics analysis in young Alpine marmots. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 80-81.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, jeunes, young, France..
Graziani L. 1996. Croissance pondérale après le sevrage chez la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota). Mass growth after weaning in Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota). In 3ème Journée d'Etude sur la marmotte alpine, Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre eds., Réseau International sur la Marmotte, Lyon, 51-56.
(Marmota marmota) : Croissance : Jeunes.
Graziani L. 1994b. Déterminisme des sex-ratio primaire et secondaire chez les vertébrés supérieurs : Rôle du milieu physique et social des individus [Primary and secondary sex-ratio in upper vertebrates: function of physical and social environment of individuals]. Diplôme d'Etude Approfondie "Analyse et Modélisation des Systèmes Biologiques", Rapport bibliographique, UCB lyon1, 38 p.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Mammals, Sex-ratio.
Graziani L. 1999. Lallocation aux sexes chez la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota, Linné 1758) [Sex allocation in alpine marmot (Marmota marmota, Linné 1758)]. Thèse doctorale, Université Lyon1, 1-217.
[pdf disponible/available]
En français, in French.
Marmotte alpine, Alpine marmot, Marmota marmota, Allocation aux sexes, Sex allocation, Allocation des ressources, Resource allocations, Sex-ratio, Coût de production, Cost of offspring, Investissement parental, Parental investment.
Graziani L. 2000. L'allocation aux sexes chez la Marmotte Alpine (Marmota marmota, Linné 1758) [Sex allocation in alpine marmot (Marmota marmota, Linné 1758)]. 5ème Journée d'Étude sur la Marmotte Alpine, Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. eds. : .
En français, in French.
Marmotte alpine, Marmota marmota, Allocation aux sexes, Allocation des ressources, Sex-ratio, Coût de production, Investissement parental, Sciuridés, Alpine marmot, Sex allocation, Resource allocations, Sex ratio, Cost of offspring, Parental investment, Sciurids.
Graziani L. & Allainé D. 1994. Analyse des tactiques comportementales chez les jeunes marmottes alpines. Behavioural tactics analysis in young Alpine marmots. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 80-81.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, jeunes, young, France.
Behavioural ontogenesis is one of the determining factors of individual feature. So, it represents an essential source of phenotypic variability in natural populations. Therefore, it is an important part of the individual fitness. Since Bateman (1948) and Trivers (1972) it is largely accepted that males and females differ in their reproductive strategies. We investigated for early differences in behavioural tactics of young marmots, during the first year of life, which could affect the both sex reproductive strategies. Our study mainly dealt with time-budget and space occupation. Five litters were observed in the valley of la Grande Sassière (French Alps), during four periods: I - from 0-15 days, II - from 15-30 d, III - from 30-60 d after emergence (young) and IV - the next spring after the first hibernation (yearling). Fifteen minuts of focal animal sampling and scan animal sampling (Altman-1974) were used to collect data, respectively on time-budget and space occupation. More than 250 h of observation allowed us to get 297 focals and 1769 scans. We performed on the first data set (time-budget) a correspondance analysis under period and sex constraints, whereas two-way ANOVA and c2 tests were performed on the second (space occupation). Time-budget analysis revealed the same pattern of seasonal modifications for both sexs. Moreover, the great importance of interactions (allo-grooming and allo-sniffing) characterized females as early as the first period whereas males were characterized by play only the spring after the first hibernation. Space occupation analysis supports such a great period effect and gives us some indications for an inter-sex rapprochement. Finally we examined play functions and their social implications for Alpine Marmots.
Graziani L. & Allainé D. 1996. La marmotte de la naissance au sevrage : Première approche de l'ontogenèse physique et comportementale [Alpine marmot from birth to weaning: first approach of physical and behavioural ontogenesis]. 4ème Journée d'Étude sur la Marmotte Alpine, Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. eds. : 67-72.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, ontogenèse comportementale, maturation physique, socialisation, marmotton, behavioural ontogenesis, body maturation, social behaviour, new-born marmots.
Graziani L. & D. Allainé 1996. Analyse des tactiques comportementales chez la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) au cours de leur première année. Behavioural tactics analysis in young Alpine Marmots (Marmota marmota) during their first year of life. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes /Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 235-236.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, jeunes, young, jeu, play.
Le suivi durant un an de marmottons marqués dans la réserve naturelle de La Grande Sassière, nous a permis de caractériser le budget temps et l'occupation de l'espace par les marmottons des deux sexes. Les femelles sont caractérisées dès l'émergence par les interactions (allotoilettage et flairage du partenaire) tandis que les mâles sont caractérisés par le jeu à partir du printemps suivant la première hibernation.
Monitoring of marked young marmots in La Grande Sassière Natural Reserve during a year, allowed us to characterize the time budget and space occupation of both sexes of young marmots. Females are characterized by interaction (allo-grooming, allo-sniffing) as early as emergence. Males are characterized only on the spring after the first hibernation by many play activities.
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Graziani L., Allainé D. & Coulon J. (Грачтани Л., Аллан Д. & Кулон Ж. ) 2002. Early development of the alpine marmot. Ранне развитие европейского сурка. [Ranne razvitie evropeïskogo sourka. Développement post-natal de la marmotte alpine]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.YU. eds., Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on marmots, Moscow, ABF P.H., 178-189.
En anglais et russe avec résumé en français ; In English and Russian with a French abstract.
Marmota marmota, ontogenèse, ontogenesis.
Physical and behavioral ontogeny was investigated using Ferron’s standardized method (1981) on thirteen young alpine marmots born in captivity. Mass was recorded daily and the age of appearance of 30 distinct behaviors and four skeletal measurements were also recorded. Body condition of juveniles was estimated using the residuals of a multiple regression of the logarithm of the mass on four skeletal measurements. We also investigated sexual dimorphism at birth. There were three stages in the development of young alpine marmots organized around the first emergence above ground. Before emergence they grew regularly at a slow rate, around weaning young stopped growing during a short period. This plateau was a transition phase from milk to solid food. Then, when juveniles no longer nursed, their growth rate became much higher than before emergence. There is a small but significant sexual dimorphism in body mass at birth. Young males were heavier than young females and males tended a higher head breadth than females. Moreover, growth patterns differed significantly; logistic growth pattern for males and Gompertz pattern for females. The co-analysis of the condition of juvenile alpine marmots between birth and emergence and their development showed that condition strongly modulates the behavioral and physical ontogeny of alpine marmots. More investigations are needed to confirm these differences between males and females and to understand their implications.
Key-words: Alpine marmot, postnatal growth, behavioural ontogeny, body condition.
Le développement physique et comportemental de 13 jeunes marmottes nées en captivité a été étudié selon le protocole standard proposé par Ferron (1981). Les animaux sont pesés quotidiennement. Le jour de première apparition de 30 comportements différents et quatre mesures du squelette ont été enregistrés. La condition corporelle des nouveaux-nés est estimée à partir des résidus d’une régression multiple du logarithme de la masse sur les quatre mesures du squelette. L’existence d’un dimorphisme sexuel néonatal a été recherché. Le développement des jeunes marmottes comprend trois stades organisés autour de la première émergence à l’extérieur. Avant l’émergence, la croissance est régulière et lente, elle stoppe brièvement aux environs du sevrage. Ce plateau correspond à la transition alimentation lactée/solide. Après le sevrage, la croissance est beaucoup plus forte. Un dimorphisme sexuel de masse corporelle, faible mais significatif, existe à la naissance : les mâles nouveau-nés sont plus lourds que les femelles et leur tête est plus large. De plus, les courbes de croissance sont significativement différentes, de type logistique pour les mâles, Gompertz pour les femelles. L’analyse conjointe de la condition corporelle entre naissance et émergence et du développement montre que la condition influence fortement l’ontogenèse physique et comportementale de la marmotte alpine. Des recherches complémentaires sont nécessaires afin de confirmer ces differences entre mâles et femelles et de comprendre leurs implications.
Mots clés : Marmotte alpine, croissance physique post-natale, ontogenèse comportementale, condition corporelle.
pdf disponible/available
Grebenchtchikov O.S. 1973. Sovremennaya dinamika rastitel'nosti v ovrajno-balotchn'ikh sistemakh yugo-vostoka Rousskoï ravniny [Dynamique actuelle de la végétation dans les ravins du sud-est des plaines de Russie. Present plant dynamics in ravines of the south-western plains in Russia]. V kn. Voprosy preobrazovaniya prirody Rousskoï ravniny, M.
En russe, in Russian.
Végétation, vegetation, Russie, Russia.
Grebenyuk R.V. 1955. [Matériaux sur la biologie de Dermacentor pavlovskyi Olen. 1927, en Kirghizie. Materials on biology of Dermacentor pavlovskyi Olen. 1927, in Kirgizia]. Tr. In-ta zool. i parasitol. AN Kirg. SSR., Frunze, 4: 95-105.
En russe, in Russian.
Kirghizie, Kirghizia.
Grebenyuk R.V. 1966. [Les tiques Ixodes. The Ixodes ticks]. Izd. AN Kirg. SSR., Frunze: 1-328.
En russe, in Russian.
Acariens, Acarida.
Grebenyuk R.V. & Berendyaeva E.L. 1955. [Sur la répartition et le nombre des Ixodes, tiques des marmottes, en Kirghizie. On question about distribution and numbers of Ixodes ticks of marmots in Kirgizia]. Tr. In-ta zool. i parasitol. AN Kirg. SSR, Frunze, 4: 107-115.
En russe, in Russian.
Acariens, répartition, distribution, Kirghizie.
Green C.J., Brosnan J.T., Fuller B.J., Lowry M., Stubbs M. & Ross B.D. 1984. Effect of hibernation on liver and kidney metabolism in 13-lined ground squirrels. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B., 79(2):167-71.
En anglais, in English.
Hibernation, écureuils terrestres, ground squirrels, foie, liver, rein, kidney.
Grégoire Jules 1882. Fouilles opérées pour le compte du musée de l’Ariège. Grotte de Campagnolle-du-Cair de Lirbat, près de Massat (objets préhistoriques) [Excavations made for the museum of Ariège. Campagnolle-du-Cair of Lirbat, near Massat (prehistoric objects)]. Bulletin de la Société ariègoise des sciences, lettres et arts, 20.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Ariège, France.
Griffin S. Cox, Taper M.L., Griffin P.C., Witczuk J. & Mills L.S. 2005. Olympic marmot (Marmota olympus) populations are declining. Sokrachtchenie popoulyatsii olympiïskogo sourka (Marmota olympus). [Les populations de marmottes olympiques (Marmota olympus) sont en déclin].
Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 34-35.
Marmota olympus, Canis latrans, population, prédation, predation, Washington, EUA, USA.
Olympic marmots (Marmota olympus) live only on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, USA. Most live inside Olympic National Park. Olympic marmots have disappearedfrom regions where they were formerly present, and have declined in abundance at many remaining sites. From 2002 to 2004, we systematically surveyed 15% of all subalpine meadows where marmots might occur. We also conducted targeted surveys of areas where other researchers, hikers, and park rangers had previously reported marmots. During both systematic and targeted surveys, we found extensive areas of previously occupied and apparently suitable habitat, unoccupied or supporting extremely low densities of marmots. Additionally, we conducted intensive studies of 30 marmot colonies that were previously studied by Barash and others. Beginning in the 1950's, presence / absence, and in some cases abundance, had been recorded periodically at these colonies. Of these, 19 have no marmots today -several went extinct since 2002. Abundance is lower at most of the remaining than Barash reported. Preliminary data from 175 marked and 60 radio-tagged marmots suggest coyotes (Canis latrans) may be responsible for the declines. Annual survival of non-juveniles radio-tagged marmots was only 0.78 (95% CI's = 0.67, 0.90), with adult female survival even lower at 0.69 (0.52, 0.89). All deaths occurred during the active season, suggesting that they were due to predation. Of eight marmots for which cause of death was established, six were due to coyote predation. We directly observed four cases of predation, three unsuccessful attempts of coyotes stalking marmots, and numerous occasions when a coyote was seen "traplining" burrows. Declines and extinctions are clustered and often near roads, which might provide access to coyotes. Although coyotes were not historically present, they now occur throughout the Olympic Peninsula. We are also considering several other hypotheses that might explain the declines.
Russian pdf russe
Grigorkina E.B. 1994. Variabilité des réactions aux radiations ionisantes dans le genre Marmota. Variability of reactions to ionizing radiation in Marmota genus. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 82-83.
En français et en anglais.
Marmota, Marmota monax, indicateur biologique, radiorésistance, radioresistance.
Grigorkina E.B. & YU.L. Vigorov 1996. Radio-résistance des rongeurs de la sous-famille des Marmotinae. Radioresistance among rodents of the subfamily Marmotinae. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes /Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 237-238.
En français et en anglais.
(Sciuridae) : (Marmota monax) : Radiorésistance.
Grimm Jacob & Grimm Wilhelm 1854. Deutsches Worterbuch [Dictionnaire des allemands. Dictionary of German languages]. A-Biermolke. S. Hirzel, Leipzig, 1820p.
En anglais, in English.
Bergmaus, bergratze, bergachs, arctomys marmota, souris de montagne, murmelthier.
Extrait Pdf extract
Grinnel 1921.
Univ. California Publ. Zool., 21 (6)
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris fortirostris, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Californie.
Marmota flaviventris fortirostris, p. 242, McAfee Meade, White Mountain, Mono Co., California.
Grinnel J. 1923. The burrowing rodents of California as agents in soil formation [Les rongeurs fouisseurs de Californie, agent de la formation du sol]. Journal of Mammalogy, 4:137.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, sol, soil, Californie.
The results of the activity of burrowing rodents, belonging to a small group of the mammalian fauna, are considerable, and deserve serious attention. He concludes: "On wild land the burrowing rodent is one of the necesseary factors in the system of natural wellbeing".
Grinnel J. 1925. The burrowing rodents of California as agents in soil formation [Les rongeurs fouisseurs de Californie, agent de la formation du sol. Smithsonian Report for 1923, publication 2771.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, sol, soil, Californie.
Grinnel 1931.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris fortirostris, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Californie.
Grinshtejn R. & Pashenko Iu. 1959. Novye kolonii baïbaka v kharvkovejoï oblasti [Nouvelles colonies de marmotte bobac dans la région de Kharkov. New colonies of bobac marmot in kharkov region]. V pomoshi skhotnikam i rybolovam. kharikov : khark. kh. izd-vo, 82.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, colonisation, colonization, Russie, Russia, Kharkov.
Gritchuk V.P. 1969. Rastitel'nyï pokrov periglyatsial'noï oblasti [Couverture végétale de la zone périglaciale. Vegetal cover in periglacial area]. V kn. Lioss-periglyatsial- paleolit na terriorii Sredneï Vostotchboï Evropy, M.
En russe, in Russian.
Végétation, vegetation.
Grivet F. 1999. Étude de la participation potentielle de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota, Linné 1758) au cycle de l'échinococcose alvéolaire dans le département de la Savoie (73). Thèse Vétérinaire, Lyon.
En français, in French.
Echinococcus multilocularis, renard, fox, Marmotte alpine, Marmota marmota, Alpine marmot, zoonose, &éacute;pidémiologie, epidemiology, parasitisme, parasitism, Savoie, France.
Cette étude a été entreprise suite a la découverte en 1996 d'une marmotte atteinte d'echinococcose alvéolaire à Notre-Dame du Pré (Savoie). Une premiere partie, bibliographique, propose un aperçu des connaissances actuelles sur la maladie (notamment des différentes méthodes
de dépistage chez les carnivores et de la répartition du parasite dans le département), ainsi que des rappels sur le rongeur. Nous détaillons ensuite deux enquêtes épidémiologiques menées sur cette même commune : l'examen de 25 intestins de renards avec mise en évidence de 5
individus porteurs de stades adultes, puis la recherche de métacestodes par l'autopsie de 12 marmottes, sans resultat positif. La persistance du parasite en moyenne tarentaise et la place de la marmotte alpine dans le cycle de l'echinococcose sont enfin discutés.
Grivet F. 1999. Étude de la participation potentielle de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota, Linné 1758) au cycle de l'échinococcose alvéolaire dans le département de la Savoie. Potential participation of the Alpine marmot (M. marmota) to the echinococcosis cycle in Savoy. In 5ème Journée d'Étude sur la Marmotte Alpine, Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. eds. : 21-26.
En français, in French.
Echinococcus multilocularis, renard, fox, Marmotte alpine, Marmota marmota, parasitisme, parasitism, Savoie, France.
Grizzel Roy A.Jr. 1951. Life history, ecology and management of the southern woodchuck [Histoire de vie, écologie et gestion de la marmotte des bois du sud]. Unpubl. Ph. D dissert., Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, p242.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, écologie, ecology, économie, gestion, management, EUA, USA, Michigan.
Grizzel Roy A.Jr. 1955. A study of the southern woodchucks Marmota monax [Une étude des marmottes des bois (M. monax) du Sud]. American Midland Naturalist (Am. Midl. Nat.), 53 (2) : 257-293.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, EUA, USA, Michigan.
Intensive studies of the woodchuck were carried out on the two farm areas of the Patuxent Research Refuge, Laurel, Maryland, from 1947 to 1949. Extensive studies were made in several localities throughout Maryland. A technique found highly successful in obtaining live animals involved the use of dug-in traps, placed so that woodchucks in the burrow system had no choice but to enter the trap. In handling animals secured in live-traps, a cotton mesh fish bag was found to be more practical than wire cones or burlap sacks. The species Marmota monax is presently divided into nine subspecies, distributed over most of the United States and southern Canada. The southern woodchuck is distributed through the middle eastern United States, with the largest populations occurring in the Middle Atlantic States. An extension of the range into the eastern shore section of Maryland has occurred within the past 40 years. The greatest longevity record was ten years. Animals four years of age have been handled at the Rose Lake Wildlife Experiment Station in Michigan and at the Refuge. The natural life span is from five to six years. Hibernation is progressive, the older and fatter animals going in first, followed by the yearlings and juveniles. The same order of precedence holds true as the animals emerge, the larger ones appearing first. A hibernating captive animal was studied under simulated outdoor natural conditions in 1948-49. Weight loss of a number of animals during hibernation was 30.45 percent and continued for several weeks after emergence. Length of gestation periods were obtained. Two captive females were mated with a single male, resulting in gestation periods of 32 days (plus or minus one day) and 33 days (plus or minus one day). An artificially inseminated female produced a litter in 31 or 32 days. An average litter of 4.6 young were recorded from 29 females examined. Weights proved to be an accurate and practical field method of aging woodchucks. Over 500 weights were obtained during the investigation.The sex ratio among 215 animals was 1.03 males to 1 female. The average fall population on the Check Farm was 12 animals per 100 acres, that of the Conservation Farm about 18 per 100 acres. Indications are that the southern woodchuck is increasing throughout most of its range. Food habits studies in the spring and summer showed that red clover, white clover, grass, chickweed, and alfalfa were the foods eaten most often and in the largest amounts. Activities of man and predators were the most important mortality factors. Flooding, disease, and parasites were found to be of negligible importance. Den construction varied according to land use and site. The winter dens located in wooded areas usually had only one entrance, rarely more than two. Summer field dens were characterized by a main entrance, with a mound of fresh soil and a smaller plunge hole, sometimes well concealed in the surrounding vegetation. Excavations conducted during the investigation further substantiated the theory that woodchucks hibernate in plugged off chambers. A total of 22 dens were excavated and only one animal recovered. Woodchucks were widely selective in the choice of soil types but showed a preference for the sandy loams. Well drained and protected situations were the primary factors in selection of winter den sites. In the winter, the use of woodchuck burrows by rabbits was light wheal winds were moderate and temperatures above 30$^\circ$ F. Moderate use of holes was noted when the temperature varied between 20 and 30$^\circ$ F. Heavy use was observed when strong winds were blowing and temperatures were below 20$^\circ$ F. Other animals known to frequent dens, were skunks, opossums, foxes, raccoons, weasels, wood mice, gray squirrels, jumping mice, chipmunks, meadow voles, shrews, house mice, pine voles, and several species of snakes. Home ranges were directly dependent upon the location of dens in relation to the habitat. Animals inhabiting dens in ravines, woodlots, and odd areas were often known to travel several hundred yards to feeding areas. Woodchucks in clover and alfalfa fields sometimes restricted their home ranges to an area within 20 yams of the den. Seasonal movements were noted in the spring shortly after emergence from hibernation, in the summer as the young dispersed from the home den, and again in the fall when the animals moved from the summer dens to hibernating areas. Woodchucks exhibited territoriality within the home den.
Extrait/Extract pdf
Gromov I.M. 1952. Belitchi [Ecureuils. Squirrels]. B kh., Gryzouny faouny SSSR, M.-L., Izd-vo AN SSSR.
En russe, in Russian.
Sciuridae, Russie, Russia.
Gromov I.M. 1957. Nekotorye itogi i perspektivy izoutcheniya iskopaemykh tchetertitchnykh gryzounov SSSR [Quelques résultats et perspectives des recherches sur les rongeurs fossiles du quaternaire de l'URSS. Some results and prospects of the research on the quaternary rodents in USSR]. Tr. Zool. in-ta AN SSSR, 22.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, pal´ontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, quaternary, URSS, USSR.
Gromov I.M. 1961. Fundstätten altquartär Nagetiere auf der Krim [Découvertes de rongeurs du quaternaire en Crimée. Discovery of Quaternary rodents in Crimea]. Tr. Komm. quart. Ud. SSS Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 17 : 1-188, Moscou.
En allemand, in German.
Rodentia, paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, Quaternary, Crimée, Crimea.
Gromov I.M. 1963. Gryzouny [Rongeurs. Rodents]. In Mlekapitaioushchiya faouny SSSR, AN SSSR, Moscow.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, Russie, Russia.
Gromov I.M. 1963. Mlekopitayouchtchie Faouny SSR [Faune des mammifères de l'URSS. Fauna of the mammals of USSR]. Izd. Akad. Naouk. SSSR, 1 : 1-638.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, URSS, USSR.
Gromov I.M. 1966. Gryzuny antropegena Evropeyskoi chasti SSSR vitogi iznecheniya iskopayemykh ostakov [Rongeurs antropégéniques de la partie européenne de l'URSS. Résultats des recherches sur les restes fossiles. Anthropic rodents of the European part of USSR. Results of the research on fossils]. Doklad na soiskaniye uch. stepni Doktora biol. nauk. Leningrad.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, Russie, Russia.
Gromov I.M. 1967. Antropogenovaya istoriya sovremennoï faouny gryzounov SSSR [Histoire anthropique de la faune actuelle des rongeurs dURSS. Anthropic history of the present fauna of rodents in USSR]. Zool. jour., 46(10).
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, histoire, history, URSS, USSR.
Gromov I.M. 1981. [Le genre Marmota Blumenbach, 1779 - Marmottes. The Genus Marmota Blumenbach, 1779 -Marmots]. In A catalogue of mammals in the USSR, Pliocene-Present, Leningrad, Nauka Publishers, 91-95.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota.
Gromov I.M. & Baranova G.I. ed. 1981. Katalog mlekopitayuchtchikh SSSR (pliocen - sovremennost) [Catalogue des mammifères d'URSS. Catalogue of the mammals of the USSR]. Leningrad, Naouka, 1-456.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, URSS, USSR.
Gromov I.M., Bibikov D.I., Kalabukhov N.I. & Meïer M.N. 1965. Nazemnye belitchi (Marmotinae). [Les écureuils terrestres (Marmotinés). Ground squirrels (Marmotinae)]. In Faouna SSSR, Mlekopitayuchtchie, T.Sh, 2, M.-L. : Naouka, 466pp. [In Faune d'URSS, Mammifères, vol.III, n°2, Faune de l'U.R.S.S.- Nouvelle série, n°92].
En russe, in Russian.
Sciuridae, paléontologie, paleontology, URSS, USSR.
Gromov I.M. & Erbaeva M.A. 1995. [Les mammifères de Russie et des territores adjacents. The mammals of Russia and adjacent territories]. In Lagomorps and Rodents, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, St.Petersburg. 520 p.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, p.133-152.
Gromov I.M., Gureev A.A. & Nocikov G.A. , Sokolov I.I., Strelkov P.P., Chapskii K.K. 1963. Mlekopitayuchtchie faouny SSSR [Faune des mammifères d'URSS. Mammal fauna in USSR]. M. L, Izd-vo AN SSSR, Part 1 : 299-302.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, URSS, USSR.
Gromov I.M. & Gromova N.M. et al. 1963. Mlekopitayouchtchie faouny SSSR [Mammifères d’URSS. Mammals of the USSR].. M., AN SSSR, 639pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, URSS, USSR.
Gromov I.M., Kuzyakin A.P., Panteleev P.A. 1980. O rousskikh nazvaniyakh gryzounov faouni SSSR. Gryzouni. Mat-li ou vsesoyuv. sovetchtch., M., Naouka, 10-13.
En russe, in Russian.
Scuiridae, URSS, USSR.
Gromov I.M. & Polyakov I.Ya. 1977. Faouna SSSR, Mlekopitayuschie. tome 3(8). Polevki. Naouka, Moscow-Leningrad, 467 .
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, Russie, Russia.
Gromov V.I. 1948a [Contribution à l'histoire de la faune des Mammifères du Caucase Contribution to the fauna history of mammals in the Caucasus]. Moscou- Leningrad, 517-537.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, Caucase, Caucasus.
Gromov V.I. 1948b. Paleontologicheskoye : arkheologicheskoye obosnovaniye stratigrafii kontinetal'nykh otlozheniy chetvertichnogo perioda na territorii SSSR mlekopitaiuschiye. paleolit [Justifications paléontologiques et stratigreaphiques des dépôts quaternaires sur le territoire de l'URSS. Mammifères, palolithes. Paleontological and stratigraphic proofs of the Quaternary deposits in USSR. Mammals, paleolithic]. Tr. Inst. geolg. nauk. n° 64, geolog. ser. n° 17.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, paléontologie, paleontology, Russie, Russia.
Gromov V.I. 1970. The Tiraspol faunal complex [Le complexe faunal de Tiraspol]. Paleogeography, paleoclimatology, paleoecology, 8 (2-3) : 187-196.
En russe, in Russian.
Biogéographie, biogeography, paléontologie, paleontology.
Gromov I.M., Erbajeva M.A. 1995. The Mammals of the Russia and adjacent territories. Lagomorphs and Rodents [Mammifères de Russie et des territoires adjacents]. St. Peterburg, 521 p.
Mammifères, mammals, Russie, Russia.
Groombridge B. (ed.) 1994. 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota menzbieri, Marmota vancouverensis.
Grosval'd M.G. & Kotkyakov V.M. 1989. Great near-glacial system of outlet in North Eurasia and its significance for interregional correlations. In Quaternary period. Palaeogeography and lithology. Kishineu, Shtiintsa, 5-13.
En russe, in Russian.
Grove J.M. 1988. The little Ice Age [La petite période glaciaire]. Methuen & Company Limited, London, UK, 498 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Climat, climate.
Грубник В.В. (Grubnik V.V.) & Avdeev A.S. 1997. Reakklimatizatsiya stepnogo sourka v Khar'kovskoï oblasti [Réacclimatation de la marmotte des steppes dans la région de Kharkov]. In Vozrojdenie stepnogo sourka, Tokarsky V.A. & Roumiantsev V.Iu., Izdatel'stvo ABF, Moskva, 9-10.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmotta bobac, réintroduction re-introduction, Kharkov, Russie, Russia.
Грубник В.В. (Grubnik, Groubnik V.V.), Tokarsky V.A. & Горбунов В.Ю. (Gorbunov, Gorbounov V.Yu.) 1997. Rezoultaty reakklimatizatsii stepnogo sourka v Poltavskoï oblasti [Résultats de la réaclimatation de la marmotte des steppes dans la région de Poltava]. In Vozrojdenie stepnogo sourka, Tokarsky V.A. & Roumiantsev V.Iu., Izdatel'stvo ABF, Moskva, 10-11.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, réintroduction, re-introduction, Russie, Russia.
Grunin K.Ya. 1957. [Biologie, Biology]. In Fauna in the USSR. Dipterans, Moscow-Leningrad, Published by the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1957, 19(4) : 31-32; 126 -133.
En russe, in Russian.
Grunin K.Ya. 1958. [Biologie dOestramyia Marmotae Ged. (Diptera, Hypodermatidae), un taon subcutané de la marmotte à longue queue. On the Biology of Oestramyia Marmotae Ged. (Diptera, Hypodermatidae) - a subcutaneous gadfly of long-tailed marmot]. Entomological Review, Moscow, 37(4) : 883-888.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, Diptera.
Grzimek Bernhard 1988. Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. London, Edinburgh University Press.
En anglais, in English.
Mammiføres, Mammalia, Mammals, Marmota olympus.
Grzimek B. & M. Fontaine 1971. Le monde animal en 13 volumes. Encyclopédie de la vie des bêtes. [Animal kingdom in 13 tomes. Encyclopedia of the animal life]. Stauffacher, Zurich.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Marmotamarmota..
Gu Y.M. & X.Z. Yang 1984. A new genus and species of Laelaptidae from Qinghai province (Acarina: Gamasina) [Un nouveau genre et espèce de Laelaptidae de la province de Qinghai (Acarina: Gamasina)]. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 9(4): 371-374.
En chinois, in Chinese.
Marmota, Acariens, Acarida, parasitologie, parasitology, Chine, China.
Gubareva N.P., Akiev A.K., Zemel'man B.M. & Abdurakhamanov G.A. 1976. [Effect of certain factors on block formation in Ceratophillus tesquorum and Neopsylla setosa setosa]. Parazitologiia, 10(4): 315-319. Russian.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, puces, fleas.
Gubari V.V. & Dukeliskaya N.M. 1935. Ekologiya sourka kak osnova organizatsii intensivnogo sourotchiego khozyajstva [Ecologie de la marmotte : base d'organisation de l'élevage intensif de marmotte. Ecology of the marmot: organisation basis of intensive marmot rearing]. B Kn Ekologiya sourka i sourotchii promysel, M.L., Vneshtorgizdat.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, élevage, breeding.
Gudima S., Chang J., Moraleda G., Azvolinsky A. & Taylor J. 2002. Parameters of human hepatitis delta virus genome replication: the quantity, quality, and intracellular distribution of viral proteins and RNA. J. Virol., 76(8):3709-19.
En anglais, in English.
Virus, hépatite, hepatitis.
Gudima S., Wu S.Y., Chiang C.M., Moraleda G. & Taylor J. 2000. Origin of hepatitis delta virus mRNA. J. Virol., 74(16): 7204-10.
En anglais, in English.
Virus delta de l'hépatite, hepatitis delta virus.
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is unique relative to all known animal viruses, especially in terms of its ability to redirect host RNA polymerase(s) to transcribe its 1,679-nucleotide (nt) circular RNA genome. During replication there accumulates not only more molecules of the genome but also its exact complement, the antigenome. In addition, there are relatively smaller amounts of an 800-nt RNA of antigenomic polarity that is polyadenylated and considered to act as mRNA for translation of the single and essential HDV protein, the delta antigen. Characterization of this mRNA could provide insights into the in vivo mechanism of HDV RNA-directed RNA transcription and processing. Previously, we showed that the 5' end of this RNA was located in the majority of species, at nt 1630. The present studies show that (i) at least some of this RNA, as extracted from the liver of an HDV-infected woodchuck, behaved as if it contained a 5'-cap structure; (ii) in the infected liver there were additional polyadenylated antigenomic HDV RNA species with 5' ends located at least 202 nt and even 335 nt beyond the nt 1630 site, (iii) the 5' end at nt 1630 was not detected in transfected cells, following DNA-directed HDV RNA transcription, in the absence of genome replication, and (iv) nevertheless, using in vitro transcription with purified human RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and genomic RNA template, we did not detect initiation of template-dependent RNA synthesis; we observed only low levels of 3'-end addition to the template. These new findings support the interpretation that the 5' end detected at nt 1630 during HDV replication represents a specific site for the initiation of an RNA-directed RNA synthesis, which is then modified by capping.
Guégan P. 1882. A l’époque moustérienne dans le Drouais (Eure-et-Loire). Correspondance, séance du 2 février 1882, 80-83 [Mousterian epoch in the Drouais (Eure-et-Loire). Correspondence, 1882 February 2 meeting].
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, moustérien, Mousterian, marmotte, marmot, Eure-et-Loir, France.
Extrait/Extract pdf
Guérin C. & Patou-Matis M. 1996. Les grands mammifères plio-pléistocènes d'Europe [The large mammals of Plio-Pleistocene of Europe]. Masson, Paris, 291p.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, Pliocène, Pliocene, Europe, Europa.
Guérin M. 1987. La revalorisation des alpages savoyards, une nouvelle approche de l'agriculture dans l'environnement ? [Revaluation of the Savoye mountain pastures, a new farming way in environment?]. Séminaire Aménagement Rural, 10 p.
En français, in French.
Agriculture.
Guérin Paul directeur 18??. Dictionnaire des dictionnaires. Lettres, sciences, arts, encyclopédie universelle. Tome I, A-BISOT. Paris : Impr. réunies, XXXV-1200 p., Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf
Dictionnaire, dictionary, Arctomys, Arctomyde, marmotte, marmot, Guérin Paul (1830-1908).
Guichonnet P. ed. 1980. Histoire et civilisation des Alpes [History and civilisation in the Alps]. Toulouse, Lausanne, Privat, Payot, 413p.
En français, in French.
Ethnologie, ethnology, Alpes, Alps.
Guilday J.E. & Hamilton H.W. 1978. Ecological significance of displaced boreal mammals in West Virginia caves [Signification écologique des mammifères boréaux déplacés dans les grottes la Virginie occidentale]. Journal of Mammalogy, 59(1): 176-181.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, fossiles, fossil forms, Marmota monax.
Cervus canadensis, Cervus elaphus, Odocoileus virginianus, Procyon lotor, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Mustela vison, Mustela sp., Martes americana, Mephitis mephitis, Sylvilagus, lpues, Marmota monax, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, Eutamias minimus, Tamias striatus, Sciurus carolinensis, Glaucomys volans, Glaucomys sabrinus, Ondatra zibethicus, Erethizon dorsatum, Castor canadensis.
Guiraud A. 1847. Le ramoneur, la marmotte et le marronnier (contes et légendes de Savoie) [The chimney sweep, the marmot, and the chesnut tree (Savoy tales and legends)]. La Savoie : la renaissance. Lécho des vallées : 11.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, littérature, literature, XIX e siècle.
Archives départementales Savoie
Gumilev L.N. 1966. Istoki ritma kotchekoï koultoury [Origines des ryhtmes de la culture nomade. Source of rhythm of the nomad culture]. Narody Azii i Afriki, 4 : 85-94.
En russe, in Russian.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, rythme, rhythm.
Gund N., Maamuu D. & Zh. Gongor 1975. An epizootological survey of natural foci of plague in the Mongolian and Gobi Altai [Enquête épidémiologique des foyers naturels de peste en Mongolie et dans le Gobi Alataï. An epizootological survey of natural foci of plague in the Mongolian and Gobi Altai]. In Safonova (Ed.), Int. and national aspects of the epidemiological surveillance of plague, II: 23-24.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, peste, plague, épidémiologie, epidemiology, parasitologie, parasitology, Mongolie, Mongolia.
Guo J.T., Zhou H., Liu C., Aldrich C., Saputelli J., Whitaker T., Barrasa M.I., Mason W.S. & Seeger C. 2000. Apoptosis and regeneration of hepatocytes during recovery from transient hepadnavirus infections. J. Virol., 74(3): 1495-1505.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis, régénaration, regeneration.
It is well known that hepatitis B virus infections can be transient or chronic, but the basis for this dichotomy is not known. To gain insight into the mechanism responsible for the clearance of hepadnavirus infections, we have performed a molecular and histologic analysis of liver tissues obtained from transiently infected woodchucks during the critical phase of the recovery period. We found as expected that clearance from transient infections occurred subsequent to the appearance of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and the production of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the infected liver. These events were accompanied by a significant increase in apoptosis and regeneration of hepatocytes. Surprisingly, however, accumulation of virus-free hepatocytes was delayed for several weeks following this initial influx of lymphocytes. In addition, we observed that chronically infected animals can exhibit levels of T-cell accumulation, cytokine expression, and apoptosis that are comparable with those observed during the initial phase of transient infections. Our results are most consistent with a model for recovery predicting replacement of infected hepatocytes with regenerated cells, which by unknown mechanisms remain protected from reinfection in animals that can be cured.
Guricheva I.L. 1961. Rastitelinosti poroev stepnoï pestroushki i sourka na territrii soukhostepnogo statsiinara. Materialy Kazakhstanskoï konferentsii po probleme Biologitcheskie kompleksy rajonov novgo osvoeniya, ikh ratsionalinogo ispolizovaniya i obogasheniya, M. - L. : Izd-vo AN SSSR.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, territoire, territory.
Гуричева Н.П. (Guricheva, Gouritcheva N.P.) & Дмитриев П.П. (Dmitriev P.P.) 1997. Растительность бутанов тарбаган (Marmota sibirica Pall.) в восточном хангае (Монголия). Plant cover of marmots (Marmota sibirica Pall.) burrows on eastern Khangai (Mongolia) [Rastitel'nosty boutanov tarbagana (Marmota sibirica Pall.) v vostotchnom Khangae (Mongoliya). Couverture végétale des terriers des marmottes (Marmota sibirica Pall.) au Khangaï orientale (Mongolie). In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 30-31 (Rousskie, Russian), 149 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota sibirica, terrier, burrow, végétation, vegetation, Mongolie, Mongolia.
Гуричева Н.П. (Guricheva, Gouritcheva N.P.) & Дмитриев П.П. (Dmitriev P.P.) 1997. Флора бутанов тарбаган (Marmota sibirica Pall.) burrows on eastern Khangai (Mongolia) [Flora boutanov tarbagana (Marmota sibirica Pall.) в восточгом хагпае (Монголия). The flora of marmots (Marmota sibirica Pall.) burrows on eastern Khangai (Mongolia) [Flora boutanov tarbagana (Marmota sibirica Pall.) v vostotchnom Khangae (Mongoliya). La flore des terriers de marmottes (Marmota sibirica Pall.) au Khangai orientale (Mongolie). In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 31 (Rousskie, Russian), 150 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota sibirica, terrier, burrow, végétation, vegetation, Mongolie, Mongolia.
Gustafson E.P. 1978. The vertebrate faunas of the Pliocene Ringold Formation, South-central Washington[Les faunes de vertébrés de la formation Ringold du Pliocène, Washington sud-centre]. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Oregon, Eugene, 23: 1-62.
En anglais, in English.
Faunistique, fauna, paléontologie, paleontology, Pliocène, Pliocene, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Washington.
Guthrie Paula M. Burrow-site Selection By Yellow-bellied Marmots (Marmota flaviventris) at Lassen Volcanic National Park [Sélection des sites de terriers par les marmottes à vntre jaune (Marmota flaviventris) au Parc national de Lassen Volcanic]. Thesis.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, terrier, burrow.
Guthrie R.D. 1968. Paleoecology of the large-mammal community in interior Alaska during the Late Pleistocene [Paléo-écologie de la grande communauté des mammifères de l'intérieur de l'Alaska au cours du Pléistocène inférieur]. Amer. Midl. Nat., 79: 346-363.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Alaska, paléontologie, paleontology, Pleistocène, Pleistocene.
Guthrie R.D. & Mattews J.V. Jr. 1972. The Cape Deceit fauna - early Pleistocene mammalian assemblage from the Alaskan arctic [La faune du cap Deceit - collection de mammifères du début du Pléistocène fde l'Alaska arctique]. Quat. Res., 1 (for 1971): 474-510.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Alaska.
Guy C.S., Wang J. & Michalak T.I. 2006. Hepatocytes as cytotoxic effector cells can induce cell death by CD95 ligand-mediated pathway. Hepatology, 43(6): 1231-1240.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, foie, liver.
The liver plays an increasingly recognized role in the host's immune responses. The direct contribution of hepatocytes as effector cells to local immunity, pathogen containment, and liver disease is not determined. This in vitro study examined whether hepatocytes can eliminate other cells via a CD95 ligand (CD95L or FasL)/CD95 (Fas)-mediated mechanism and whether this cytotoxic activity can be modulated by cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). We have found that normal woodchuck and human hepatocytes, both cultured and primary freshly isolated, as well as human HepG2 cells, intrinsically transcribe not only CD95 but also CD95L when examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. The functional competence of CD95L, which was detectable in hepatocytes and HepG2 cells by Western blotting, was confirmed in bioassays by induction of apoptosis of CD95-bearing P815 and LS102.9 cell targets and validated by inhibition of the cell killing with CD95 antagonistic antibody or with a general caspase inhibitor. Furthermore, exposure of cultured hepatocytes to IFN-gamma or their stable transfection with IFN-gamma cDNA or TNF-alpha cDNA increased hepatocyte CD95L/CD95-mediated cell killing. In conclusion, hepatocytes express both CD95L and CD95 and they can induce death of other cells by a CD95L-dependent mechanism. IFN-gamma and, to a lesser extent, TNF-alpha can enhance hepatocyte CD95L-mediated cytotoxicity. This suggests that the local cytokine environment may modulate the hepatocyte contribution to liver immunity.
Gvozdev E.V. & Kapitonov V.I. 1966. Geliminty sourkov (Marmota sp. sp.) v Kazakhstane [Les helminthes des marmottes du Kazakhstan. Marmot helminths from Kazakhstan]. Materialy k naoutchnoï konferentsii Vsesoiouzh. ob-va gelimintologov, dekabri 1966 g. u. 3, M.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, parasitologie, prasitology, Kazakstan.
Gvozdev E.V. & L.D. Sharpilo 1978. Citellina kapitonovi n.sp. (Nematoda: Syphaciidae): a new nematode of marmots [Citellina kapitonovi n.sp. (Nematoda: Syphaciidae) : un nouveau nématode des marmottes]. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, Seriya Biologicheskaya, 6: 6-10.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, Nématodes, Nematoda, parasitologie, parasitoloy, Russie, Russia.
Gyula G. 1875. A fogsában tartott mormoták megfigyelésérOEl, [Beiträge zur Physiologie des Alpen-Murmelthieres (Arctomys Marmota L.)]. MKE Évkönyve.
Marmota marmota, physiologie, physiology.
Gzalbadrakh D., Dovtchin M. & Gondov N. 1977. okhotpromysel kak merotsriyatie, obespetchi-vayuchtchee snijenie tchislennosti sourka v prirodnykh otchagakh tchoumy [Chasse industrielle comme plan d'action pour diminuer le nombre de marmottes dans les foyers naturels de la peste. Professional hunting as a managing plan to decrease the marmot number in natural plague foci]. V kn. Epidemiologiya i profilaktika osobo opasnykh infektsiï v MNR i SSSR. Oulan-Bator.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.