Bibliographia Marmotarum. Ramousse R., International Marmot Network, Lyon, 1997.
ISBN : 2-9509900-2-9

Copyright 1997. Édition Réseau International sur les marmottes/ International Marmot Network Publisher
Traduction anglais - français / English - French translation: R. Ramousse
Traduction russe - français / Russian - French translation: Y. Semenov

LETTRE M LETTER

Mise à jour le é 06/05/2007 Updated

Si vous avez connaissance de références bibliographiques ou de résumés absents de cette liste,
ou si vous disposez de versions pdf, ayez l'amabilité de me les communiquer.
If you know bibliographic references and abstracts unlisted here,
or if pdf are available, please send them to me.

Ma L. M. 1982. A new species of the genus Euryparasitus from China (Rhodacaridae) [Nouvelle espèce du genre Euryparasitus de Chine (Rhodacaridae)]. Entomo Taxonomia, 4: 115-117.
Marmota, parasitologie, prasitology, Chine, China.

Ma Liming M. 1983. [Distribution des puces dans la fourrure de leur hôte. Distribution of fleas in the hair coat of the host]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 26 (4): 409-412.
Insectes, Insects, puces, fleas.

Ma Liming M. 1987. [Étude sur le comportement d'attaque de quelques espèces de puces et expérience de morsure de l'homme par Callopsylla dolaris. Studies on the attacking behaviors of some species of flea and experiment on Callopsylla dolabris biting man] Acta Ecologica Sinica, 7 (2): 154-160 .
En chinois, in Chinese.
Insectes, Insects, puces, fleas.

Ma Liming. M. 1988a. [Études écologiques d'Haemogamasus mandschuricus. Studies on ecology of Haemogamasus mandschuricus]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 8 (2): 164-169.
Marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Chine, China.

Ma L. M. 1988b. Abundance of fleas in relation to population fluctuation of their hosts [Abondance des puces en relation avec la fluctuation de population de ses hôtes]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 31(1): 50-54.
En chinois, in Chinese.
Marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Chine, China.

Ma L. & X. Piao 1981. [Deux nouvelles espèces de Gamasoidea du Qinghai et du Gansu.Two new species of Gamasoidea from Qinghai and Gansu]. Entomotaxonomia, 3(1,): 147-151.
Marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Chine, China.

Ma L.M. & X.G. Piao 1987. [Quatre nouvelles espèces du genre Hirstionyssusdes provinces du Qinghai et de Gansu, Chine. Four new species of the genus Hirstionyssus from Qinghai and Gansu Provinces, China]. Entomotaxonomia, 9(2): 145-152.
(Marmota) ; Parasitologie ; Chine.

Mac Clintock D. 1970. Squirrels of North America [Ecureuils de l'Amérique du Nord]. Van Nostrand Rezinhold, New York, 184p.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, Amérique du Nord.

McDermott J.F. ed. 1950. Journal of an expedition to the Mauvaises Terres and the upper Missouri in 1850 by Thaddeus Culbertson. Smithsonian Institution Bulletin on American Ethnology, 147:1-145.
En anglais, in English.
Précolonisation, presettlement, plantes, plants, mammifères, mammals, oiseaux, birds, Etats-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

MacDonald D. 1999. The Encyclopedia of Mammals [L'encyclopédie des mammifères]. Oxford, Andromeda Limited.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota broweri, espèce menacée, threatened species.

Macdonald C.R. & Laverock M.J. 1998. Radiation exposure and dose to small mammals in radon-rich soils. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 35(1): 109-20.
En anglais, in English.
Radio-activity, Burrow, cancer.
Protection of the environment from radionuclide releases requires knowledge of the normal background levels of radiation exposure in the exposed biotic community and an estimate of the detriment caused by additional exposure. This study modeled the background exposure and dose to the lungs of small burrowing mammals from 222Rn in artificial burrows in radon-rich soils at a site in southeastern Manitoba. E-PERM chambers used to measure 222Rn in soil showed good reproducibility of measurement, with an average coefficient of variance (CV) of about 10%. Geometric mean (GM) 222Rn concentrations at nine randomly selected sites ranged from 5,490 Bq/m3 (GSD = 1.57, n = 7) to 41,000 Bq/m3 (GSD = 1.02, n = 5). Long-term monitoring of 222Rn concentrations in artificial burrows showed large variation within and between burrows and did not show consistent variation with season, orientation of the burrow opening, or levels of 226Ra in the soil. Annual GM concentrations in individual burrows ranged from 7,480 Bq/m3 (GSD = 1.60) to 18,930 Bq/m3 (GSD = 1.81) in burrows several meters apart. A grand GM of 9,990 Bq/m3 (GSD = 1.81, n = 214) was measured over the site for the year. An exposure model was constructed for five small mammal species based on their respiration rates and the number of hours spent in the burrow, active or hibernating, exposed to soil gas 222Rn, and the time spent out of the burrow exposed to atmospheric 222Rn. A background dose of 0.9 mGy/a from atmospheric 222Rn (40 Bq/m3) was estimated for a large-bodied (80 kg), nonburrowing animal living on the soil surface. The highest exposures (mJ/a) in burrowing mammals occurred in those species with the highest respiration rates. Hibernation accounted for a small fraction of total annual exposure (<5%) because of very low respiration rates during this period. absorbed dose to lung (mgy/a) was highest in the pocket gopher and decreased in the larger animals because of larger lung mass. using mean 222rn concentrations from the field studies and an equilibrium factor (f) of 0.5, doses to lung ranged from 90 mgy/a in the badger to 700 mgy/a in the pocket gopher. these doses closely correspond to those estimated from published dose conversion factors (dcfs) of 1.4 mgy per mj . h/m3 for whole lung. for the ground squirrel, the dcf approach gives an estimated dose of 300 mgy/a versus 270 using the respiratory flow rate method. based on these results, doses exceeding 500 mgy/a may be common in mammals and birds (i.e. the burrowing owl) living in radon-rich soils. published risk coefficients for small mammals suggest that about 17 cancers would occur in 1,000 animals at these exposure rates. although the potential effects from these exposures were not examined in this study, the study raises questions about how the animals may respond physiologically to this largely natural stress.

McDonald J. & Larson M.L. 1997. Housepits and mobile hunter-gatherers: A consideration of the Wyoming evidence. Plains Anthropologist, 42 : 353-369.
En anglais, in English.
Chasseurs cueilleurs, hunter-gatherers, Wyoming, EUA, USA.

MacDonald S.O. & Cook J.A. 1996. The Land Mammal Fauna of Southeast Alaska [Les mammifères terrestres de l'Alaska du Sud-est. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 110:571-599.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, Amérique du Nord, North America, Alaska. .

MacDonald S.O. & Cook J.A. 2000. The mammal fauna of southeast Alaska [Les mammifères de l’Alaska du Sud-Ouest]. Unpublished Ms. University of Alaska Museum, second printing, 141 p.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Alalska, EUA, USA.

MacDonald S.O. & Cook J.A. 2002. Mammal inventory of Alaska's National Parks and Preserves northwest network: western Arctic parklands [Inventaire des mammifères du réseau des parcs nationaux et des réserves d’Alaska : parcs de l’arctique occidental]. Annual Report 2001, University of Alaska Museum. 34 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota broweri, Alalska, EUA, USA.

McGill Brian J., Hadly Elizabeth A. & Maurer Brian A. 2005. Community inertia of Quaternary small mammal assemblages in North America. PNAS, 102(46) : 16701-16706.
En anglais, in English.
Neutral theory, paléoécologie, paleoecology, Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota flaviventris, Lamar Cave, Marmota monax, Baker Bluff, Porcupine Cave.
One of the longest running debates in ecology is whether chance or determinism structures biotic communities, and this question is often studied by looking for the presence or absence of community inertia (lack of change) over time or space. Results have been equivocal. We adopted three tactics for a fresh approach: (i) allowing the answer to vary with the geographic, temporal, and taxonomic scale of study, (ii) using appropriate reference points for the amount of inertia in random biological systems, and (iii) using a robust approach for measurement of inertia. We examined fossil assemblages of mammalian communities across almost 1,000,000 years and at sites spanning 3,500 km. We showed that in general there is good evidence for inertia but that the results change in a quantifiable fashion with taxonomic, spatial, and temporal scales. By using neutral theory we place a reference point on the degree of inertia and demonstrate that empirical mammalian communities show greater inertia than neutral communities over time scales >3,000 year. Although our results do not specifically reveal mechanism, they emphasize that deterministic forces are at work in structuring communities over millennia.
pdf.

MacLean D.M., Best J.B. et al. 1964. Powassan virus: summer infection cycle [Virus de Powassa : cycle d'infection d'été]. Canad. Med. Assoc. J., 91:1360-1362.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, virus, Colorado, Dakota, EUA, USA, Ontario, Canada.

MacLean D.M., Smitl P.A. et al. 1966. Powassan virus: vernal spread during 1965 [Virus de Powassa : expansion printanière en 1965]. Canad. Med. Assoc. J., 94: 532-536.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, virus, Colorado, Dakota, EUA, USA, Ontario, Canada.

McLean John 1849. Notes of a twenty-five years' service in the Hudson's Bay Territory. London, R. Bentley.
En anglais, in English.
Fourrure, fur, Indiens, indians, Nord-ouest du Canada, Northwest Canadian, Quebec, McLean, John, 1799-1890.
Texte complet/Full text ICMH (Institut Canadien de Microreproductions historiques)/CIHM

Mac Quistion T.E., Wright J.W. 1984. The prevalence and seasonal distribution of coccidial parasites of woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Prévalence et répartition saisonnière des parasites coccidiens des marmottes communes d’Amérique]. J. Parasit., 70 (6) : 994-996. No abstract available.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, parasitologie, parasitology.

Mac Pherson A.H. 1965. The origin of diversity in mammals of the Canadian arctic tundra [L'origine de la diversité des mammifères dans la toundra arctique canadienne]. Syst. Zool., 14: 153-173.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Canada, Toundra, tundra.

Macchi E., Bassano B., Durio P., Tarantola M. and Vita A. 1992. Ecological characteristics affecting the settlement's choice in alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) [Caractéristiques écologiques affectant le choix d'installation de la marmotte alpine (M. marmota)]. Proc. 1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 123-127.
En italien et en anglais, in Italian and in English.
(Marmota marmota) ; Ecologie ; Italie ; Alpes ; Parc naturel d'Orsiera-Rocciavre.

The ecological characteristics of 22 colonies of Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota), in the Orsiera-Rocciavre Natural Park, has been analysed, during 1990 and 199l. The burrows' density (per 100 m2) has been calculated and correlated with the number of animals seen and other territorial variables (altitude and site conformation). In all burrow systems the dimension of each burrow (height, width and area) has been evaluated. The marmot density has been calculated in 3 sample areas.

Macchi E. & Mosca E. 1989. Eco-etologia della Marmotta (Marmota marmota) : aspetti fisologici e comunicazioni sonore [Eco-éthologie de la marmotte (Marmota marmota) : aspects physiologiques et communication sonore. Behavioural ecology of the marmota (Marmota marmota): Physiologic and sound communication aspects]. Testi Facolta di Medecina Veterinaria di Torino
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, physiologie, physiology, communication, son, sound.

Mace T.F. & C.D. Shepard 1981. Helminths of a Vancouver Island marmot, Marmota vancouverensis Swarth, 1911, with a description of Diandrya vancouverensis sp. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) [Les helminthes de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver, M. vancouverensis, avec une description de Diandrya vancouverensis sp. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae)]. Canad. J. Zool., 59(5); 790-792.
En anglais, in English.
(Marmota vancouverensis) ; Parasitologie.

A female Vancouver Island marmot, Marmota vancouverensis Swarth 1911, collected on Green Mountain, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, was infected with the nematode Baylisascaris laevis and anoplocephalid tapeworms of the genus Diandrya. These worms differed from D. composita, the only species of Diandrya previously recorded, and are described as Diandrya vancouverensis sp. nov. The dimensions of reproductive organs and the presence of a neck and unarmed cirrus are characters distinctive to D. vancouverensis..

Macé A. 1868. Rapport sur les découvertes faites par M. bourguignat, en 1866 et en 1868, dans les cavernes à ossements fossiles de Saint-Cézaire et de Vence. Mémoires de la Société des sciences naturelles, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Cannes et de l’arrondissement de Grasse, 30.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Alpes-Maritimes, France.

Maël P. 1957. La Marmotte. Hachette, Paris, 112 p.

Mackie Samuel Joseph 1861. The Geologist [Le géologiste]- A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Geology. Reynolds & co., London.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Arctomys alpinus, Arctomys arvernensis, Arctomys primigenia, Arctomys spelaeus, Arctomys bobac, Arcomys marmotta.
pdf.

Magar Ronald 1978. Étude éthologique du cycle d'activité et de comportements liés au métabolisme chez la marmotte commune, Marmota monax (Linnaeus, 1758) [Ethological study of the activity rhythm of metabolic linked behaviour in the common marmot, Marmota monax (Linneaus, 1758)]. Thèse M.Sc. Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal.
En français, in French.
Éthologie, ethology, activité, activity, métabolisme, metabolism, Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck.

Magnan A. 1912a. Le régime alimentaire et la longueur de l’intestin chez les mammifères [Diet and intestine length in mammals].. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 154 : 129-131.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Biométrie, biometry, mammifères, mammals, régime alimentaire, diet, intestin, intestine.

Magnan A. 1912b.La surface de l’intestin chez les mammifères [Intestine surface in the mammals]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 154 : 301-302.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Biométrie, biometry, mammifères, mammals, régime alimentaire, diet, intestin, intestine.

Magnan A. 1912c. Le coecum chez les mammifères. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 154 : 452-454.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Biométrie, biometry, mammifères, mammals, coecum.

Magnan A. 1912d. Le poids de l’estomac des mammifères. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 154 : 657-659.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Biométrie, biometry, mammifères, mammals, estomac, stomach.

Magnani Y. 1992. La marmottaz alpina nelle alpi francesi. Distribuzione geografica passata ed attuale. The marmot in the French Alps : current and past geographic distribution [La marmotte dans les Alpes françaises : répartition géographique actuelle et passée]. Proc. 1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 249-252.
Marmota marmota, biogéographie, biogeography, France, Alpes, Alps. .
The distribution of the marmot in the French Alps was determined in 1988-1989 by means of a questionnaire sent to hunters, foresters, and naturalists in 1,579 communes (small administrative units). The change in geographic distribution occuring over the past 25 years was evaluated by comparing the 1988-1989 results with those obtained from similar inquiries conducted by Couturier (1966) and the O.N.C. in 1978-1979 (unpublished. Today, the marmot is present in 493 communes (Tab. 1). Ecept for a few cases of disappearance, the geographic range has greatly increased since 1964 (fig. 1). Couturier only mentioned the marmot as being present in the interior Alps and in the northern Prealps. Today, owing to intrductions, the species is found throughout the Alps as well as in the southern prealps. The most southern colony was established on the Cheiron, in the prealps of Nice, fewer than 15 km from the Mediterranean Sea.

Magnani Y., Cruveille M.H., Chayron L. & Collard P. 1990. Entre Léman et méditerranée : Tétras, Bartavelle, Lièvre variable et marmotte. Statut territorial et évolution [Between Léman Lake and the Mediterranean: Grouse, rock Partridge, varying Hare, and marmot. Territorial status and evolution]. Bull. mens. O.N.C., 150 : 7-15.
Marmota marmota, biogéographie, biogeography, France, Alpes, Alps.

Magnarelli L.A., Andreadis T.G., Stafford K.C. 3d, Holland C.J. 1991. Rickettsiae and Borrelia burgdorferi in ixodid ticks. J. Clin. Microbiol., 29(12):2798-804.
En anglais, in English.
Parasitologie, parasitology.

Nymphs and adults of hard-bodied ticks were collected in Connecticut and tested by direct and indirect immunofluorescence staining methods for rickettsiae and Borrelia burgdorferi. Of the 609 Ixodes dammini ticks examined, 59 (9.7%) harbored rickettsialike microorganisms in hemocytes (blood cells). These bacteria reacted with fluorescein-conjugated antiserum to Ehrlichia canis, the etiologic agent of with fluorescein-conjugated antiserum to Ehrlichia canis, the etiologic agent of canine ehrlichiosis. Prevalence of infection ranged from 6.8 to 12.7% for males and females, respectively. Although the specific identities of the hemocytic rickettsialike organisms are unknown, they share antigens with ehrlichiae. Electron microscopy revealed rickettsiae in ovarian tissues of I. dammini that also had infected hemocytes. Rickettsialike organisms were also observed in the hemocytes of 5 (6.9%) of 73 Dermacentor variabilis ticks. In analyses for B. burgdorferi, 146 (23.7%) of 617 I. dammini ticks harbored these spirochetes in midguts. Hemocytic rickettsialike microorganisms coexisted with B. burgdorferi in 36 (6.7%) of the 537 nymphs and adults of I. dammini examined. I. dammini, with its broad host range, has the potential to acquire multiple microorganisms.

Magnarelli L.A. & R.K. Swihart 1991. Spotted fever group rickettsiae or Borrelia burdorferi in Ixodes cookei (Ixodidae) in Connecticut [Groupe des fièvres tachetée de Rickettsie ou Borrelia burdorferi chez Ixodes cookei (Ixodidae) au Connecticut]. J. Clin. Micobiol., 29(7): 1520-1522.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, parasitologie, parasitology, Connecticut, Etats-Unis d’Amérique, USA.

Immatures and females of Ixodes cookei, a hard-bodied tick, were collected from woodchucks and other mammals in the northeastern United States and examined for spotted fever group rickettsiae and Borrelia burgdorferi. Of the 93 nymphs analyzed by a hemolymph test, 4 (4.3%) harbored rickettsiae. Six (15%) of 40 females were also infected. AII infected ticks were collected from woodchucks in Connecticut. Indirect fluorescent antibody staining of midgut tissues from 128 nymphs revealed B. burgdorferi in two (l.6%) ticks, whereas larval and female ticks were negative. Further consideration should be given to I. cookei as a possible vector of spotted fever group rickettsiae or spirochetes that cause Lyme borreliosis.

Magnin Daniel 1999. Marmottes et marmottons cherchent photographes de talent [Marmots and young marmots search talented photographs]. Chasseurs d'images, 216 : 160-164.
En français, in French.
Photographie, photography.

Magnolon S. 1999. Dispersion natale chez la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota). Modalités et effets de quelques facteurs proximuaux [The natal dispersal of Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota): Temporal pattern and the influence of some proximal factors]. Thèse doctorale, Université Lyon1, 1-160.
En français, in French)
Marmotte alpine, Alpine marmot, Dispersion natale, Natal dispersal, Proximal factors, Facteurs proximaux, Relations socio-spatiales, Socio-spatial relations, Masse corporelle, Body mass, Testostéronémie, Testosteron.
La dispersion natale selon Greenwood (1982) désigne le départ définitif du site de naissance d'un individu avant qu'il ne se soit reproduit. Elle a une importance majeure dans le fonctionnement des populations, mais la compréhension de ses mécanismes est encore discutée. Chez la Marmotte Alpine, nous avons entrepris l'étude des modalités de la dispersion et du rôle de quelques facteurs proximaux pouvant intervenir dans la décision du départ. Conformément à la plupart des mammifères monogames, il n'y a pas de biais sexuel dans la dispersion, qui a lieu à 2 ou 3 ans, mais la probabilité de disperser à 2 ans est plus élevée chez les mâles. Les pics de dispersion sont en mai et juillet pour les 2 ans et en avril-mai pour les plus âgés, sans effet du sexe. Environ un tiers des dispersants s'installe sur ou à proximité du site de naissance. La présence de marmottons pendant l'hiver augmente les probabilités de disperser des mâles et des femelles de 2 ans, alors que la naissance d'une portée durant l'été n'a pas d'effet. Le changement de mâle dominant tend à faire partir les mâles et à faire rester les femelles, même si ces demiéres ont hibemé avec des juvéniles. Sur le plan comportemental, il semble que la dispersion des femelles soit précédée d'un déséquilibre relationnel avec la femelle dominante. Chez les deux sexes, la masse corporelle ne diffère pas entre dispersants et non dispersants. Une testostéronémie élevée semble caractériser les dispersants mâles de plus de 2 ans et certains dispersants de 2 ans.Bien que nos résultats demandent confirmation avec des effectifs plus grands, le déclenchement de la dispersion semble répondre à des causes multiples. Chez les mâles, les causes endogènes semblent prépondérantes. Les coûts métaboliques associés au réchauffement des marmottons pendant l'hiver et/ou la mise en place de la maturité sexuelle endocrine pourraient constituer un stimulus déclencheur du départ. Chez les femelles, un déséquilibre relationnel avec la dominante semble promouvoir leur départ. Contrairement aux mâles, leur patron de dispersion serait donc davantage fonction de paramètres exogènes.
According to Greenwood (1982) natal dispersal is the departure from the birth site of an individual before it had reproduced. Natal dispersal is of great importance for population biology but its causes are still discussed. In the Alpine marmot, we studied temporal patterning of the dispersal and tested the role of some proximal factors in the departure decision. As in most of the monogamous mammals, no sexual bias was observed in dispersal pattern. Dispersal occurred at 2 or 3 years of age, but the probability to disperse when 2 years old was higher for males. For all sexes, dispersion occurred mostly on May or July in 2-years- old marmots and on early spring in older ones. About one third of the studied marmots settled on or near of their birth sites. Probabilities to disperse when 2-years-old were higher when juveniles were present during winter, whereas the birth of a litter in summer had no effect. When dominant male was replaced, dispersal probability of subordinate males increased but decreased in females, even if they had hibernated with juveniles. Female dispersal seemed to occur when relationships with dominant female were unbalanced. We observed no body weight differences between dispersers and non dispersers. In males older than two years and some of 2-years-old males, blood amount of testosterone were higher in dispersers than in non dispersers.Our results must be validated on greater samples but in the alpine marmot dispersal seems depend on several factors. For males, endogenous factors, i.e. metabolic costs due to social thermoregulation when juveniles were present during hibernation and/or sexual endocrine maturation, may cause dispersal. For females, relationships with the dominant female may cause their departure.

Magnolon S., Allainé D. & Coulon J. (Магнолон С., Аллан Д., Кулон Ж.) 1997. Влияние ближайших факторов на натальное расселение у европейского сурка A study of the proximal factors affecting natal dispersal in the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) [Vliyanie blijaïshikh faktorov na natal'noe rasselenie ou evropeéskogo sourka (Marmota marmota). Étude des facteurs proximaux affectant la dispersion natale chez la marmotte alpine (M. marmota)]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 62 (Rousskie, Russian), 166 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota marmota, dispersion.

Magnolon S., Coulon J. & Allainé D. (å‡Î ë., äÎ Ü., Äη Ñ.) 2002. Social interactions as a proximal factor in the natal dispersal of the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota). Sotsial'nye vzaimodeïstviya kak nemosredstvennyï faktor natal'nogo rasseleniya u alpiïskogo surka (Marmota marmota). Etude des facteurs proximaux responsables de la dispersion natale chez la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota). In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF and International, Marmot Network, Moscow,263-268. (En anglais et en russe, résumé en français ; in English and Russian, French abstract).
Marmota marmota, dispersion, dispersal.
La marmotte alpine vit en groupe familial, formé d’un couple d’animaux dominants et reproducteurs et de subordonnés. Pour atteindre un statut de dominant et se reproduire, un subordonné doit, soit évincer le dominant de son groupe, soit se disperser. Plusieurs hypothèses ont été émises pour expliquer la dispersion natale. Parmi elles, le comportement social a été étudié comme facteur de causalité, et Anderson 1989 a proposé deux hypothèses : les dominants contrôlent la dispersion de leurs subordonnés, de façon à maximiser leur propre valeur sélective (hypothèse de la valeur sélective du résident, Resident finess hypothesis) ; les subordonnés agissent dans leur propre intérêt (hypothèse de la valeur sélective de l’émigrant, Emigrant fitness hypothesis). Dans les Alpes françaises, plus de 13000 interactions sociales ont été enregistrées entre marmottes appartenant au même groupe, dans plusieurs groupes au cours d’observation ad libitum. Les interactions entre dominants et subordonnés ont été retenues pour les analyses. Il ressort que les canevas de dispersion trouvés semblent dépendre non seulement du comportement des dominants mais aussi de celui des subordonnés. Dans ce cas, il semblerait que les deux hypothèses soient applicables chez la marmotte alpine.
Extrait pdf extract.

Mahan B.R. 1975. Description of the white-spotting occurrence in a woodchuck Marmota monax [Description de l'occurrence des marques blanches chez la marmotte des bois M. monax]. Trans. Ill. State Acad. Sci., 68 (4): 435-437.
En anglais, in English.
(Marmota monax) : Coloration

Maher C. 2000. Spatial organization of woodchucks (Marmota monax) in Maine. .American Society of Mammalogy.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Organisation spatiale, Spatial organization, Maine, Etats-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Maher Christine R. 2001. Intrasexual territoriality in woodchucks (Marmota monax). Animal Behavior Society ABS 2001 Meeting, p. 64.
En anglais, in English.

Spatial organization in woodchucks (Marmota monax) reportedly ranges from nonterritorial to territorial, and researchers often invoke population density to explain population differences. I observed a population of individually marked woodchucks in southern Maine to document their spacing system. I measured home range size, % overlap, and response to intruders; however, I infrequently observed encounters between individuals. Males had larger core home ranges than females, but males and females did not differ from each other in amount of intrasexual overlap. Females tended to overlap males' ranges more than males overlapped females' ranges. Within each sex, intersexual overlap in home ranges exceeded intrasexual overlap. Analysis of data from other populations revealed that home range sizes decreased with increasing population density and that intersexual overlap always surpassed intrasexual overlap. As density increased, woodchucks increased the amount of intrasexual overlap, but intersexual overlap did not change. Thus, woodchucks appear to display intrasexual territoriality. As density increases, however, they share more of their home ranges with members of the same sex, perhaps developing more tolerance.

Maher Christine R. 2004. Natal philopatry and kin groups in woddchucks (Marmota monax) [Philopatrie natale et apparentement des groupes de marmottes commune d'Amérique (Marmota monax)]. 84th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mammalogists, June 12-16, 2004, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, woodchuck, socialité, sociality, philopatrie natale, natal philopatry, parenté, kinship.
In mammals, particularly ground dwelling sciurids, kin selection is the most commonly proposed route to sociality. Ecological constraints (e.g., limited habitat) may favor delayed dispersal and natal philopatry, creating a population of related individuals. One approach to understanding evolution of sociality is to study facultatively social species, in which differences in current ecological conditions lead to differences in social organization. Marmots (Marmota spp.) display a continuum of sociality, and woodchucks (M. monax) lie near the asocial end of the continuum. Yet, they also display behavioral flexibility across populations. I have studied a relatively high density population of woodchucks in southern Maine since 1998. This population occupies a wildlife sanctuary surrounded by an estuary, a 3-lane highway and housing developments; thus, animals may face limited dispersal opportunities favoring natal philopatry and delayed dispersal. I used behavioral observations and radiotelemetry to document dispersal and kinship patterns and to relate such patterns to ecological conditions. Nearly 50% of juveniles disappeared from the study site in their first summer. However, 53% and 39% of males and females, respectively, remained in their natal range through the first summer. Data also suggested that 2-4 siblings hibernated jointly, perhaps with their mothers. In their second summer, 35% and 47% of philopatric males and females, respectively, were recruited into the population, often settling within 1 home range of their natal range. Such settlement patterns produced clusters of kin from more than 1 generation. Thus, contrary to many published accounts, some juvenile woodchucks in this population remained philopatric, either postponing dispersal for a year or being recruited into the population, and equal numbers of males and females were philopatric. Dispersal may be constrained by limited amounts of suitable habitat in this suburban environment.

Maher Christine R. 2004. Intrasexual territoriality in woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Territorialité intrasexuelle chez la marmotte commune d’Amérique (Marmota monax)]. Journal of Mammalogy, 85(6): 1087-1094.
En anglais, in English.
Variation intraspécifique, intraspecific variation, Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, densité, population density, territoire, territoriality.
Species demonstrating intraspecific variation in social systems can be powerful models for understanding evolution of those systems. As a group, marmots exhibit several types of spacing systems, usually involving some degree of territoriality. Researchers have described populations of 1 species, the woodchuck, Marmota monax, as territorial and as nonterritorial, and such variation has been linked to ecological conditions. I used direct observations of individually recognized animals to describe the spacing system of a high-density population of Marmota monax in southern Maine. This population exhibited intrasexual territoriality. Home range overlap generally was higher between males and females than between same-sex individuals, and woodchucks tended to approach more members of the same sex more quickly compared with members of the opposite sex. Time spent scent marking varied across the active season but did not vary by sex. Males had larger home ranges than females, and home range sizes varied over time, perhaps in response to resources. Amount of overlap also was greater in some years than others, and such changes may be related to kinship. Philopatry and timing of dispersal also vary in this species and have implications for the evolution of sociality.

Extrait pdf extract.

Maher Christine R. 2006. Social organization in woodchucks (Marmota monax) and its relationship to growing season [Organisation sociale chez les marmottes communes d’Amérique (Marmota monax) et ses liens avec la saison de croissance]. Ethology. (Ethology.), 112(4) : 313 - 324.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, éthologie, ethology, dispersion, dispersal, Maine, EUA, USA.
Among sciurids, delayed dispersal may result from slow rates of maturation associated with short growing seasons and large body mass. However, woodchucks (Marmota monax) experience a range of ecological conditions and display behavioral flexibility, often ignored in models of sociality. To investigate relationships between social organization and growing season, I collected data on interaction rates, timing of dispersal, and body mass of woodchucks in southern Maine, and I gathered comparative data from the literature. Interaction rates peaked in spring then declined, with agonistic interactions exceeding amicable interactions in adults and in yearling males. Adult males and females weighed comparable amounts early and late in the season, but female weights lagged behind those of males in early summer. Woodchucks did not attain adult mass until after their second hibernation period. Nearly 50% of juveniles postponed dispersal beyond their first summer, and nearly half of those individuals remained philopatric in the following year. Populations faced with longer growing seasons matured more slowly, but timing of dispersal did not correspond to growing season or maturation rate. Other ecological factors, including burrow density, or benefits associated with joint hibernation, may influence timing of dispersal and degree of sodality and deserve further study.
Extrait pdf extract.

Malher C.R. & Lott Dale F. 2000. Review of ecological determinants of territoriality within Vertebrate species. The American Midland Naturalist (Am. Midl. Nat.), 143(1): 1-29.
Eco-ethologie, eco-ethology, territoire, territory.
Extrait pdf extract.

Main J., McCarron B. & Thomas H.C. 1998. Treatment of chronic viral hepatitis [Traitement de l’hépatite virale chronique]. Antivir. Chem. Chemother., 9(6): 449-60.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis.
Interferon-alpha therapy has proved effective for up to 40% of patients with adult-acquired chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and for 20-25% of those with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Nucleoside analogues, such as lamivudine and famciclovir, are showing promise as antiviral agents for chronic HBV and the combination of interferon-alpha and ribavirin is proving to be successful therapy for 40-50% of patients with chronic HCV. In this article we review current therapy and discuss future strategies of the therapy of chronic viral hepatitis.

Mainini B., Neuhaus P. & Ingold P. 1991. Zum Einfluss des Wanderbetriebes auf das Verhalten von Murmeltieren (Marmota m. mamrota) [L'influence de l'activité migratoire sur le comportement des marmottes (M. m. marmota]. Seevoegel 12(Sonderh. 1): 67-69.
Éthologie, ethology , activité, activity.

Mainini B., Neuhaus P. & P. Ingold 1993. Behaviour of marmots (Marmota marmota) under the influence of different hiking activities [Comportement des marmottes (M. marmota) sous l'influence de différentes activités de randonnées]. Biol. Conservation, 64: 161-164.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, anthropisation, Suisse, Switzerland.

Major P. 1893. On some Miocene squirrels, with remarks on the dentition and classification of the Sciuridae [A propos de quelques écureiuls du Miocène, avec des remarques sur la dentition et la classifcation des Sciuridae]. Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 179-214.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie : Sciuridae : Miocène.

Makarieva A.M., Gorshkov V.G., Li B.-L. & Chown S.L. 2006. Size- and temperature-independence of minimum life-supporting metabolic rates [Indépendance de la température et de la taille des taux métaboliques supportant le minimum de vie]. Functional Ecology, 20: 83-96. En ligne/On lin http://www.biotic-regulation.pl.ru/abstract/ab-min.htm
En anglais, in English.
Physiologie, physiology, estivation, hibernation, Marmota flaviventris, Marmota marmota, Marmota monax, Masse corporelle, body mass, température corporelle de torpeur, torpid body temperature; taux métabolique de masse-spécifique de torpeur, torpid mass-specific metabolic rate.
1. Mass-specific metabolic rates of 173 animal species under various conditions of pro-longed food deprivation (aestivation, hibernation, sit-and-wait existence) and/or living at temperatures near the freezing point of water were analysed. 2. These minimum life-supporting metabolic rates are independent of body mass over a nearly 80-million-fold body mass range and independent of temperature over a range of 1.7 to 30 oC, with a mean value of 0.1 W kg-1 and 95% CI from 0.02 to 0.67 W kg-1. 3. Additionally, 66 measurements of anoxic metabolic rates in 32 species capable of surviving at least 1 h of anoxia were analysed. While similarly mass-independent, anoxic metabolic rates are significantly more widely scattered (1200-fold 95% CI); they are on average one order of magnitude lower than during normoxia and depend on temperature with Q10 =2.8. 4. Energy losses at the time of 50% mortality during anoxia are 30-300 times smaller than the energy losses tolerated by normoxic organisms in the various energy-saving regimes studied. 5. These principal differences form the basis for proposing two alternative strategies by which organisms survive environmental stress: the regime of abandoned metabolic control ("slow death"), when, as in anoxic obligate aerobes, measured rates of energy dis-sipation can predominantly reflect chaotic processes of tissue degradation rather than meaningful biochemical reactions; and the regime of minimum metabolic control, when biochemical order is sustained at the expense of ordered metabolic reactions. Death or survival in the regime of abandoned metabolic control is dictated by the amount of accumulated biochemical damage and not by the available energy resources, as it is in the regime of minimum metabolic control.
Extrait pdf extract.

Makarov N.I. & Makarova E.P. 1957. [Sur le rôle de la marmotte dans la conservation de l'infection à la peste dans la saison inter-épizootique. On the role of marmot in preserving plague infection in the interepizootic season]. Coll. Irkoutsk plague control inst. of Siberia and Far East, Irkoustsk, 15: 83-87.
Marmota, épizootie, epizooty, peste, plague.

Makarov N.I., Suvarts E.A. & Makarova E.R. 1957. Ektoparazity sourka (M. baibacina) i ikh znatchenie kak perenostchikov tchoumy [Les ectoparasites de la marmotte baibacina et leur rôle de porteur de la peste]. Izv. Irkoutsk, PThI Sibiri i Dalinego Vostoka, 15.
(Marmota baibacina) ; Parasitologie.

Maksimov E.D. 1963. O vliyanii istrebleniya sourkov na tchislennosti ikh ektoparazitov [À propos de l'influence de l'extermination des marmottes sur le nombre de leurs ectoparasites]. Dokl. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 6, Tchita.
Marmota, parasitologie, extermination.

Malan A. 1973. Ventilation measured by body plethysmography in hibernating mammals and in poikilotherms [La ventilation mesurée par la plethysmographie corporelle chez les mammifères hibernants et chez les poïkilothermes]. Respiration Physiology, 17: 32-44.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, physiologie, physiology, méthodologie, methodology, respiration.

Malan A. 1977. Blood acid-base state at a variable temperature. A graphical representation. Respir. Physiol., 31(2): 259-275. Review.
En anglais, in English.

When blood temperature is changed in closed system ('anaerobic') conditions, plasma pH and PCO2 vary but no titration by external CO2, acid or alkaline equivalents takes place. It is therefore assumed that the overall acid-base state undergoes no fundamental change. This is further justified by the constancy of osmotic relationships between plasma and red cells, and to a lesser extent of relative alkalinity and protein alpha imidazole (Reeves, 1972, 1976a, b). These considerations serve as a basis for a correction procedure of pH and PCO2 of blood in open systems in vivo to a standard temperature T* (25 degrees C, eventually 37 degrees C). The temperature-corrected values pH* and P*CO2, and the derived [HCO3]* can be represented on a temperature-independent bicarbonate-pH diagram. This permits an easier interpretation of blood acid-base changes occurring together with body temperature variations, such as in ectotherms, hibernators or in artificial hypothermia. Extension to intracellular pH is considered.

Malan A. 1982. Respiration and acid-base state in hibernation [Respiration et état acide-base dans l'hibernation]. In Hibernation and torpor in Mammals and Birds, Lyman C.P., J.S. Willis, A. Malan & L.C.H. Wang eds, Acadelic Press, New York, 237-282.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, physiologie, physiology, hibernation, respiration.

Malan A. 1989. pH as a control factor of cell function in hibernation: the case of the brownadipose tissue thermogeneisis [Le pH en tant que facteur de contrôle de la fonction cellulaire dans l'hibernation : le cas de la thermogénèse du tissu adipeux brun]. Living in the cold II, 333-341.
En anglais, in English.
Physiologie : Hibernation : Lipides.

Malan André 1990. Défense ou flexibilité : l’organisme face au froid ou au chaud [Protection or flexibility : the organism faing cold or heat]. In Adaptation l’environnement [Adaptation to environment], Vincent J.-D. ed., collection scientifique Stablon.
En français, in French.
Froid, cold, chaleur, heat, adaptation.

Malan André 2004. Pourquoi la marmotte hiberne-t-elle ? [Why marmot hibernates ?]. Le pommier, Paris.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, hibernation.

Malan A., Arens H. & Waechter A. 1973. Pulmonary respiration and acid-base state in hibernating marmots and hamster [Respiration pulmonaire et état acide-base chez les marmottes et les hamsters hibernants]. Resp. Physiol., 17, 45-61.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, physiologie, hibernation, respiration.

Malaury R. 1998. La marmotte des Alpes : Marmota marmota (Linné, 1758). Thèse vétérinaire, Aix-Marseille 2.
Marmota marmota. Pharmacie, vétérinaire.

Malez Mirko 1972. Rasprostranjenost hladnodobnih zivotinja u gornjem pleistocenu jugoistocne Evrope. [Répartition des animaux de la période froide du Pléistocène supérieur de l'Europe du sud. The distribution of cold-time animals during the Upper Pleistocene of southeastern Europe.]. Rad Jugosl. Akad. Znan. Umjet. Prirod. Znan., 364 p. 133-180. [in Croatian with German summ.].
Marmota marmota, Arctomys, paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Europe.

Malez V. 1995a. Fosilni nalazi alpskog svizca (Marmota marmota L.) u hrvatskim {piljama. Knjiga sa`etaka, I Hrv. geol. kongres, 58, Zagreb.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, paléontologie, paleontology, Slovènie, Slovenia.

Malez V. 1995b. Fosilni nalazi alpskog svizca (Marmota marmota) u hrvatskim {piljama. Zbornik radova 2, I Hrv. geol. kongres, 351-353, Zagreb.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, paléontologie, paleontology, Slovènie, Slovenia.<

Malez Mirko & Rabeder Gernot 1984. Neues Fundmaterial von Kleinsäugern aus der Altpleistozänen Spaltenfüllung Podumci 1 in Norddalmatien (Kroatien, Jugoslavien). [Nouvelles découvertes de micromammifères de remplissages du début du pléistocène à Podumci en Dalmatie du nord (Croatie, Yougoslavie). New finds of micromammals from the Early Pleistocene fissure filling of Podumci 1 in northern Dalmatia (Croatia, Yugoslavia).] Beitr. Paläontol. Österr., 11 p. 439-510. [in German with English summ.].
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Croatie, Europe.

Malte-Brun & Huot Jean-Jacques-Nicolas 1847. Précis de la géographie universelle ou Description de toutes les parties du monde sur un plan nouveau d'après les grandes divisions naturelles du globe. Paris, Au bureau des publications illustrées, 611 p. Num. BNF de l'éd. de Paris : au bureau des publications illustrées, 1847.
En français, in French.
Extrait pdf extract.Géographie, geography, marmottes, marmots, distribution, répartition.

Mamatkanov O.M., Peisakhis L.A., Tynalieva T.A. & Tulembaev M.A. 1977. [Use of blood from dead marmots for serological studies of plague in an epizootiological examination of the Tien Shan and Alai]. Zdravookhr Kirg., (2): 16-19.
Marmota, peste, plague, sang, blood.

Mammal list 2004. Mammals of Alaska [Mammifères d'Alaska]. Alaska Natural Heritage Program, En ligne/on line, aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu/pdfs/zoology /mammals/Mammal_list_2004.pdf.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota broweri, marmotte de l’Alaska, Alaska marmot, Marmota caligata, marmotte givrée, Hoary marmot, Marmota monax, marmotte commune du Canada, Woodchuck, statut global, global status, statut en Alaska, subnational status in Alaska.
Extrait pdf extract.

Mamytov A.M., Makarenko V.A. & Sukharchev A.G. et al. 1962. Opyt statsionarnogo izoutcheniya vysokogornykh potchv [Expérience d'étude de stations sur les sols de haute-montagne]. Izd-vo AN KirgSSR, Frounze.
Sols.

Mancini C. 1992. Etude descriptive d'une famille de la marmotte des Alpes. Ethologie [Descriptive study of an alpine marmot family. Ethology]. In Actes Journée d'étude de la marmotte Alpine, Ramousse R. et M. Le Berre eds., 59-62.
En français, in French.
(Marmota marmota) ; Ethologie ; Pyrénées.

Mancini C. 1993. Etude descriptive d'une famille de marmottes (Marmota marmota) dans la réserve du Mont Vallier (Pyrénées Ariégeoises. Eco-ethologie, Ethologie [Descriptive study of an alpine marmot family (M. marmota) in the Mont Vallier Reserve (Pyrénées Ariégeoises). Behavioural ecology,. Ethology]. Thèse vétérinaire, Toulouse.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

En matière d'éco-éthologie, l'auteur réalise l'étude du biotope des marmottes, décrit les terriers ainsi que leur utilisation par les animaux, et étudie la stratégie d'occupation de l'espace par les marmottes. En matière d'éthologie, l'auteur observe un grand nombre de comportements, les décrit et tente de les analyser. L'auteur expose ses expériences de capture et de marquage des marmottes.

Mandart E., Kay A. & Galibert F. 1984. Nucleotide sequence of a cloned duck hepatitis B virus genome: comparison with woodchuck and human hepatitis B virus sequences. J. Virol., 49(3): 782-792.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, homme, hépatite, hepatitis.

The nucleotide sequence of an EcoRI duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) clone was elucidated by using the Maxam and Gilbert method. This sequence, which is 3,021 nucleotides long, was compared with the two previously analyzed hepatitis B-like viruses (human and woodchuck). From this comparison, it was shown that DHBV is derived from an ancestor common to the two others but has a slightly different genomic organization. There was no intergenic region between genes 5 and 8, which were fused into a single open reading frame in DHBV. Genes for the surface and core proteins were assigned to open reading frames 7 and 5/8. Amino acid comparisons showed some structural relationship between gene 6 product and avian reverse transcriptase, suggesting either evolution from a common ancestor or convergence to some particular structure to fulfill a specific function. This should be correlated with the synthesis of an RNA intermediate during DNA replication. This is also taken as an argument in favor of the hypothesis that gene 6 codes for the DNA polymerase that is found within the virion. DNA sequence comparison also showed that the two mammalian hepatitis B viruses are more homologous to each other than they are to DHBV, indicating that DHBV starts to evolve on its own earlier than the two other viruses, as do birds compared with mammals. From this it is proposed that the viruses evolved in a fashion parallel to the species they infect.

Mandier Pierre 2003. Reconstitution de l'expansion glaciaire de piedmont des stades A et D des glaciers wurmiens du Rhône et de l'Isère : implication et origine de leur disparité [Reconstitutionof spatial extension of the Rhône Isère wurmian piedmont glaciers (Stages A and D): implication and cause of their disparity]. Quaternaire, 14(2) : 129-133.
En français, in French.
Glacier, Würm, Wurm, Alpes, Alps.

Une reconstitution de l'extension du glacier de piedmont du Rhône (lobe lyonnais) permet de proposer que les glaces iséroises transfluentes ont encore alimenté notablement le glacier du stade D à travers les cluses d'Annecy et de Chambéry.
A tentative reconstitution of space extension of the piedmont glacier of the Rhône ice sheet (Lyon's lobe) is proposed. It shows that transfluing ice-sheet ot the Upper Isere glacier was still contributing stade D ice-sheet through Annecy and Chambéry "cluses" (U shaped valleys cutting through the Northern Prealps).

Manfredi M.T., Zanin E. and Rizzoli A.P. 1992. Comunità elmintica nella Marmotta alpina. Helminth community on alpine marmots [Communauté des helminthes des marmottes alpines]. Proc. 1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 203-207.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology.
En italien et en anglais, in italian and in English.
The helminth infacommunity of marmots from Eastern Alps was studied. All the animal were infected. Ctenotaenia marmotae (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) and Citellina alpina (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) were regarded as core species and had the highest values for prevalence (P=75% and P=65%) and abundance (A=20 and A=211). We also discuss the effects of C. marmotae on infracommunity structure.

Mangeot A. (dir.), Chazel L., Pompidor J.P. 1995. Inventaire des Mammifères des Réserves Naturelles de Conat, Jujols et Nohèdes [Mammals inventory of the natural reserves of Conat, Jujols and Nohèdes]. Association Gestionnaire de la réserve naturelle de Nohèdes, Nohèdes. 106 p.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, mammifères, mammals, réserve naturelle, natural reserve, Pyrénées-Orientales, France.

Mangili M. 1806. Mémoire sur la léthargie périodique de quelques mammifères [Report on the periodic lethargy of some mammals]. Ann. Mus., 9 : 434-465.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota marmota, hibernation, Italie, Italy.

Mangili G. 1807a. Saggio d'osserrazioni per servire alla storia dei mammiferi soggeti a periodico lethargo [Aperçu d'observations pour servir à l'histoire des mammifères sujets à la léthargie périodique. Outline of observations to serve the history of mammals subject to periodic lethargy]. Milano.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, hibernation, Italie, Italy.

Sur trois Marmottes des Alpes, Mangili professeur d'histoire naturelle à Pavie, a fait de curieuses observations. Il a constaté la persistance de l'irritabilité des Marmottes que l'on pince dans l'état de torpeur ; il note la lenteur et le peu d'amplitude des mouvements respiratoires. L'exposition à un froid un peu vif les ranime, les excite et le réveil se produit, mâme si l'on remet l'animal dans son nid aussitôt après cette excitation. Ayant mis une Marmotte dans un récipient entouré d'un mélange réfrigérant à -7 degrés, il vit , au bout d'une demi-heure, paraître de grands mouvements respiratoires, l'animal se réchauffa lentement et resta éveillé jusqu'au lendemain matin, luttant contre ce froid très vif. Si l'on eût persisté, dit Mangili, elle serait tombée dans une léthargie d'une autre nature, mais mortelle, cette fois. Il a constaté que le cœur d'une Marmotte décapitée pendant la torpeur continuait à battre trois heures. Les pulsations, d'abord vives et fréquentes, s'affaiblissaient et se ralentissaient peu à peu ; il y en avait 16 à 18 par minute au commencement de la première heure et 3 seulement à la fin de la troisième. Sur une Marmotte sacrifiée pendant la veille, le nombre des pulsations n'était plus que de douze au bout d'un quart d'heure et de 8 après une demi-heure. Dans les minutes suivantes, il n'y eut que quatre pulsations très faibles et elles cessèrent complètement cinquante minutes après la mort. L'irritabilité des muscles de la Marmotte en torpeur est analogue a celle des animaux à sang froid. Mangili a fait également quelques essais des gaz de la respiration, mais ils sont imparfaits. Chez les chauves-souris, il a vu nettement que la circulation était ralentie seulement et non arrâtée comme la respiration. La température de la grotte où habitaient ces animaux s'élevait à +9 degrés. Appendice, Dubois, 1896.

Mangili M. 1807b. Mémoire sur la léthargie des marmottes [Report on marmot lethargy]. Ann. Mus., 9 : 106-130.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, hibernation.

Mangili M. 1809. Versuch. uber den Winterschlaf der Thiere : Ueberstzt und mit Anmerkungen begleitet von O.U. von Salis [Expérience sur l'hibernation des animaux. Experiment on hibernation in animals]. In Dessen u. d. b. Heimuller's Alpina, 4 : 36-51.
En allemand, in German.
Hibernation.

Mankovska B. & Chudik I. 1987. The Mercury Content in the Tissue of Game from the High Tatras (Czechoslovakia) [Le contenu en merrcure des tissus du gibier dans les ahuts Tatras (Tchéquoslovaquie)]. Biologia (Bratislava), 42(2): 191-195.
En anglais, in Englih, with Engl., Slovak and Russ. summ.
Physiologie, physiology, pollution, environnement, chaîne alimentaire, food chain, poil, hair, reins, kidney, foie, liver, poumon, lung, Marmota marmota, cerf, red deer, chevreuil, roe deer, chamois, sanglier, boar, blaireau, badger, ours brun, brown bear.
Free ranging game animals are important indicators for the pollution of environment. Tissues of 7 game species from High Tatras were analyzed for mercury. We have ascertained the total mercury in the hair (in mu-g cntdot kg-1): 468 red deers, 377.7 roe deers, 312.4 chamoisis, 17.5 marmots, 489.2 boars, 583.3 badgers, and 733.3 brown bear. The tissues of red deers contained (in mu-g cntdot kg-1): 618.7 kidneys, 443.7 liver, 166.6 lungs, and 87.5 hearts. The hairs of all omnivorous and predacious animals (boars, brown bear, badgers) contained more total mercury than the hairs of herbivorous (red deers, roe deers, and chamoisis).

Mann C.S. 1993a. Origine de Marmota marmota [M. marmota origin]. Bull. mens. O.N.C., 179 : 20-21.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, phylogenèse, phylogenesis.

Mann C.S. 1993b. Naissance des rongeurs...[Rodents birth...]. Office National de la Chasse, 179 : 20-21.
En français, in French.
Rodentia, Marmota marmota, Phylogenèse, phylogenesis.

Mann C.S. & Janeau G. 1988. Occupation de l'espace, structure sociale et dynamique d'une population de marmottes des Alpes (Marmota marmota L.) [Space occupation, social structure and dynamics of an alpine marmot population (M. marmota)]. Gibier Faune Sauvage, 5 : 427-445.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, écologie, ecology, social.

Dans une étude menée dans les Hautes-Alpes, nous avons observé deux grands modes d'occupation de l'espacepar Marmota marmota L : l'un réalisé par des groupes familiaux vivant isolés : étendue des domaines vitaux (DV) variant de 2 ha à 5.75 ha), l'autre realisé par des groupes familiaux vivant en colonie. En ce qui concerne les colonies, il en existe deux types : dans le type "concentré", le plus classiquement décrit dans la littérature, l'étendue du DV varie de 0,9 ha à 1.5 ha ; le type "étalé", correspondant à une colonie vivant sur la pelouse alpine pratiquement dépourvue d'éléments rocheux, a également été observé ; cette colonie comportait deux groupes familiaux vivant sur une surface très étendue (15.5 ha à 18 ha selon année). La difference essentielle de structure sociale constatée entre les groupes familiaux isolés et ceux vivant en colonie concentrée réside dans la proportion de sub-adultes. Les relations possibles entre le mode d'occupation de l'espace et le milieu, d'une part, le mode d'occupation de l'espace et la dynamique de population (via la survie des jeunes), d'autre part, sont discutées. L'effet défavorable d'une abondance exceptionnelle de neige au printemps sur la survie des individus est également évoquée.

Mann C.S. & Janeau G. 1990. Organisation sociale et occupation de l'espace, chez la marmotte des Alpes [Social organisation and space occupation, in the alpine marmots]. In Incontro studio su La Marmotta Alpina, Collana Scientifica Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso, 177: 25-34.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, écologie, ecology, social.

Mann C.S., Macchi E. & Janeau G. 1993. Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota, L.) [La marmotte alpine]. Ibex, J.M.E., 1:17-30.
En anglais, in English.
Available PDF disponible Marmota marmota, monographie, monography.

Mann C.S., Macchi E. & Janeau G. 1993b. La marmotte [The marmot]. Bull. Mens. O.N.C., 179 : 1-6.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot.

Mann F.C. 1916. The ductless Glands and hibernation [Les glandes endocrines et l'hibernation]. American Journal of Physiology, 41: 173-188.
En anglais, in English.
Physiologie, physiology, endocrinologie, endocrinology, hibernation.

Manteïfel' P.A. 1938. Akklimatizatsiya jivotnykh na Kraïnem Severe [Acclimatation des animaux dans l'extrême nord. Acclimatization of animals in the far North]. Sov. Arktika, 7.
En russe, in Russian.
Réintroduction, re-introduction.

Manville 1942.
Marmota monax, Etats-Unis d’Amérique, USA ; Maine.

Manville R. H. 1950. The wolverine in Michigan [Le glouton au Michigan]. The Jack Pine Warbler, 28(4):127-129.
En anglais, in English.
Gulo gulo, prédation, predation, Michigan, EUA, USA.

Manville R.H. 1966. Roadside abundance of woodchucks [Abondance des marmottes des bois en bordure de routes]. Amer. Midl. Naturalist, 75 : 537-538.
(Marmota monax) ; Ecologie.

Manville R.H. & Young S.P. 1965. Distribution of Alaskan mammals. Bird and Mammal Laboratories, Division of Wildlife Research. Circular 211. Published by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Washington , 70p.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna, Alaska, EUA, USA.

Marceau Suzanne 1977. Cycle d'activité, comportement de confort et entretien du gîte chez la marmotte commune (Marmota monax canadiensis)) [Activity rhythm, confort behaviour and lodging maintenance in the commun marmot (M. monax canadiensis)]. Unpubl. M. Sc. thesis, Univ. de Montréal.
En français, in French.
Marmota monax, marmottes du Canada, éthologie, ethology, terrier, burrow.

Marchand Félix Gabriel 1886. L'aigle et la marmotte : fable [The eagle and the marmot: fable]. In Royal society of Canada, Ottawa. Proceedings and transactions, p. 135-136.
En français, in French.
Poésie, poetry, fable, Marchand Félix Gabriel 1832-1900.

Marchandeau F. 1991. Relation entre activités pastorales, faune-gibier et milieux [Relationship between pastoral activity, game-fauna and environments]. Rapport ONC/Cerpam.
En français, in French)
Agriculture, gibier, game.
A l'issue de cette étude bibliographique, pastoralisme et chasse (en terme de disponibilité en gibier) n'apparaissent pas comme incompatible. Chaque situation constitue cependant un cas particulier difficilement généraliable. Selon les espèces sauvages et les milieux considérés, la "cohabitation" avec des troupeaux domestiques pourra avoir des conséquences variables, allant de néfastes à bénéfiques. On retiendra que pour les ongulés sauvages très rares sont les cas où l'on a pu déceler les preuves d'une compétition interspécifique. L'association pouvant mâme dans certaines conditions tourner au bénéfice de l'espèce sauvage. Pour les autres espèces, les résultats sont plus diffus, sauf pour les tétraonidés, qui de par leur dépendance vis-à-vis du couvert végétal apparaissent comme sensibles à certains modes de conduite pastorale. On regrettera l'absence de références bibliographiques concernant les conséquences pratiques des débroussaillements et de manière plus générale de l'ouverture des milieux sur les populations-gibiers. Une étude est en cours dans les Pyrénées Orientales pour évaluler l'impact des feux condrôlés d'hiver, destinés à limiter l'embroussaillement de l'espace pastoral subalpin, sur les populations de perdrix grise de montagne. Alors que la perdrix rouge, le lapin ou le lièvre, sont de moins en moins fréquents, dans les massifs forestiers méditerranéens, il pourrait étre également intéressant d'évaluer l'impact des coupures pastorales sur les populations de ces espèces. Plusieurs types de questions se posent : les coupures pastorales, telles qu'elles sont pratiquées actuellement, sont-elles de nature à pouvoir favoriser la recolonisation de ces milieux par le petit gibier, quel type d'ouverture (en terme de structure de végétation) est le plus favorable, etc... De mâme, les chasseurs se posent de nombreuses questions sur l'impact des clôtures sur le comportement et les déplacements des sangliers, les pastoralistes souhaiteraient avoir des informations complémentaires leur permettant de décider de la taille, de l'emplacement ou de la forme des parcs à installer.
Autant de thèmes d'étude qui pourraient apporter des réponses aux uns et aux autres et faciliter la gestion d'un espace de multi-usage. L'activité pastorale pourrait alors se concevoir comme un moyen de gestion à plus ou moins long terme du milieu et, dans la mesure où l'on dispose des éléments de décision, il serait possible d'intervenir sur la conduite du pâturage dans le respect des milieux ou des espèces.

Marco Polo 1955. Kniga Marko Polo [Le livre de Marco Polo. The Marco Polo book]. M. Geografgiz.

Marco Polo 1984. Le Devisement du Monde. Le livre des merveilles. La Découverte, Paris, 165.
En français, in French.
(Marmota sibirica).

Maret M.A. de 1878. Fouilles dans la grotte du Placard, Charente [Excavations in the Placard Cave Charente]. Bulletin monumental ou recueil de documents et de mémoires relatif aux différentes branches de l’archéologie, 5, 6(44) : 42 - 47.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Magdalénien, renne, Strix nivea, Solutréen, Charente, France.
pdf

Marey 1896. Rapport de M. Marey, attribuant le prix Lallemand à M.R. Dubois, pour son Ouvrage sur la Physiologie de la Marmotte. Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Sciences, tome 123 : 1161-1162.
En français, in French.
available pdf disponible.

Marfin V. & Volkov A. 1999. Marmota bobak na iute caratovkoï oblasti. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 58-59.
Marmota bobac.

Margaroli D. 1987. La marmotta : aspetti sanitari [La marmotte: aspects sanitaires]. Inc. di Sudio sulla Marlmotta alpina, Collana Scient. P.N. Gran Pardiso : 39.
(Marmota marmota) ; Parasitologie.

Marié M.P. 1926. Recherche des insectes commensaux des marmottes [Research on commensal insects]. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, séance du 13 janvier, 13-16.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, terrier, burrow, Aiguille verte, 2500 m., entomologie, entomology.
pdf

Marié M.P. 1927. Recherche des insectes microcavernicoles propres aux terriers de marmottes [Research of microcavernicolous insects specific of marmot burrows]. Bulletin Société Entomologique de France, séance du 23 février, 64-73.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, terrier, burrow, entomologie, entomology, Coléoptères, Coleoptera, Atheta marei n.sp., Aleochora marmotae n.sp., Cryptophagus arctomyos n.sp., Catops joffrei n.sp..
pdf

Marié P. 1927. Nouvelles captures d’insectes biologiquement adaptés aux terriers de Marmottes [New captures of insects biologically adapted to marmot burrow]. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, Séance du 9 novembre 1927, 256-260.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, entomologie, entomology, Hautes-Alpes, Basses-Alpes, France.
pdf

Marié M.P. 1929. Recherche des insectes commensaux des marmottes (4è note) [Research on commensal insects in marmots (4th note)]. Bulletin Société Entomologique de France, séance du 22 mai.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, entomologie, entomology.

Marié M.P. 1930. Contribution à l'étude et à la recherche des Arthropodes commensaux de la marmotte des Alpes [Contribution to the study and research on commensal arthropods of alpine marmots]. Ann. Sci. Nat., Zoologie - 10ème série, T. XIII : 185-233.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, parasitisme, parasitism, entomologie, entomology.

Marié M.P. 1936. Actes de la réserve du Lauzanier [Proceedings of the Lauzanier Reserve]. Bull. Soc. nat. d'acllimation, 2 : 40-49.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, conservation.

Marié M.P. 1937. La marmotte et ses commensaux [Marmots and their commensals]. Bull. Soc. Accl. Fr., 50-63.; En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, parasitisme, parasitism, entomologie, entomology, terrier, burrow.

Les marmottes absorbent une nourriture composée principalement de feuilles et de racines d'Auricule, d'Aster, de Plantin, de Trèfle et plus rarement de graminées.

Marié M.P. 1951. Piégeage des insectes commensaux de la marmotte des Alpes [Trapping of commensal insects of alpine marmots]. L'Entomologiste, 7 (2-3).
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, entomologie, entomology.

Marin-Padilla Miguel 1964. The mesonephric-testicular connection in man and some mammals [Connection mésonéphrique-testicule chez l’homme et quelques mammifères]. The Anatomical Record, 148(1): 1-14.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, anatomie, anatomy, testicules, testes.
In the testes of man and some other mammals a structure is formed during reproductive age, designated a receptacle. This structure which is not present during infancy represents the first communication of the seminiferous tubules to an extragonadal organ the rete organ, the receptacles received the mature spermatozoa which later are transported to the mesonephric excretory duct through the rete tubules. The receptacles are the distal end of the rete tubules and are considered as coelomic funnels. The epithelium of the receptacles, the tubuli recti and rete tubules is identical in infantile and mature testes and of a different type than the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules. The receptacle consists of a distal dilatation of the tubuli recti in which the seminiferous tubule invaginates following the ruptures of their walls. Identical receptacles are present in man, horse (Equus caballus), armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), dog (Canis familiaris), cat (Felix domesticus), hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and woodhuck (Marmota monax). In the mule (sterile offspring of a mare and a jackass) the receptacles lack communications. The presence of mature spermatozoa is believed to be the proper stimulus for the formation of the receptacles which established the communications between the seminiferous tubules and the rete tubules. The receptacles, tubuli recti and rete testis are part of an organ which accomplished the connection of the gonad to its mesonephric excretory system.

Marion P.L. & W.S. Robinson 1983. HepaDNA viruses: hepatitis B and related viruses (woodchuck, ground squirre and duck hepatitis viruses) [Virus hépaADN : hépatite B and virus apparentés (virus des marmottes, écureuils terrestres et canards)]. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 105: 99-102.
En anglais, in English.
(Marmota monax) ; Virus ; Parasitologie ; Hépatite.

Marivaux Pierre de 1989a. Théâtre complet. Tome premier. Texte établi par Frédéric Deloffre. Num. BNF de l'éd. de Paris : Bibliopolis, 1998-1999. Reprod. de l'éd. de Paris : Bordas, 1989.
En français, in French.
Littérature françaises, Fench literature, sommeil, sleep.
pdf

Marivaux Pierre de 1989b. Théâtre complet. Tome second. Num. BNF de l'éd. de Paris : Bibliopolis, 1998-1999. Reprod. de l'éd. de Paris : Bordas, 1989.
En français, in French.
Littérature françaises, Fench literature, marmotte, young female child, sommeil, sleep.
pdf

Markov K.K. & Velitchko A.A. 1967. Tchetvertitchnykh period, lednikovyï period-antropogenovykh period [La période de glaciation quaternaire- période antropogène]. Vol. 3, Materiki i okeany, M. : Nera, pp. 198.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.

Markova Anastasiya Konstanti 1972. Iskopayemyye gryzuny iz pochvy bryanskogo mezhstadiala. [Rongeurs fossiles du sol de l'interstade de Bryansk. Fossil rodents from the soil of the Bryansk Interstadial.]. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geogr., 1972, 109-116.
En russe, in Russian.
Arctomys, paléontologie, paleontology.

Markova A.K. 1975. The fossil rodents from the Mezin pedocomplex [Les rongeurs fossiles du pédocomplex de Mezin]. Izvestia Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seria Geograficheskaya, 5: 82-88.
En russe, in Russian.
Paléontologie, paleontology, rongeurs, rodents.

Markova A. 1982. [Les rongeurs du Pléistocène de la plaine de Russie. Pleistocene rodents of the Russian Plain]. Naouka, Moscow, 185 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodents, Pléistocène, paléontologie, paleontology, Russie, Russia.

Markova A.K. 1992. The Pleistocene small mammals of Eastern Europe [Les petits mammifères du Pléistocène de l’Europe orientale]. In, Velichko, A. & Shik, S. (eds.), Stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Quaternary of Eastern Europe, Institute of Geography RAS (Moscow): 50 -94.
En russe, in Russian.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, mammifères, mammals.

Markova A.K. 2000. The Mikulino (=Eemian) mammal faunas of the Russian Plain and Crimea [Les faunes de mammifères de Mikulino (=Eemian) de la plaine russe et de Crimée]. Geologie en Mijnbouw / Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 79(2/3) : 239-301.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota bobac, steppe-forêt, forest-steppe, Crimée, Crimea, Russe, Russia.
During the last decades a considerable amount of data on mammals from Mikulino (=Eemian) deposits of the central and southern parts of the Russian Plain has been produced. Mammuthus primigenius (the early type), Palaeoloxodon antiquus (the advanced form), Arvicola ex gr. terrestris, Eolagurus cf. luteus and Lagurus cf. lagurus characterize this period. The so-called Shkurlatian mammal assemblage was distinguished on the basis of a number of Eemian faunas. The age of the mammal localities was established by using various geological and palaeontological evidence, together with the results of palaeomagnetic studies and absolute dating. The evolutionary level of the diagnostic species allows correlations between localities from different parts of the Russian Plain that have varying taphonomical conditions. The mammal- and malacofauna of the Mikulino Interglacial can also be used as a basis for correlations between the Karangat marine strata of the Black Sea and the continental deposits (alluvial sediments of the second terrace of the Sudost\’ River and the Salyn phase of the Mezin fossil pedocomplex (see Dodonov et al., this volume). Forest, forest-steppe and steppe zone landscapes have been reconstructed for the central and southern parts of the Russian Plain on the basis of the Eemian faunas.
Available pdf disponible

Markova A.K. & Mikhailesku C.D. 1990. The new locality of mammal and mollusc fauna in Mikulino deposits of Lower Danube basin [Les nouvelles localités de mammifères et de mollusques dans les dépôts de Mikulino du bassin inférieur du Danube]. Bulleten\’ Komissii po izucheniu Chetvertichnogo perioda 59: 94-101.
En russe, in Russian.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Mikulino, Danube.

Markova A.K., Simakova A.N., Puzachenko A.Yu. & Kitaev L.M. 2001. Eastern European mammoth distribution and environments during the Middle Valdai Briansk Interstade (33,000-24,000 BP). The World of Elephants, International Congress, Rome 2001.
Available pdf disponible
One of the most remarkable intervals within the Valdai Glaciation was a time of significant warming - the Briansk Interstade (33,000-24,000 yr. BP); there are abundant palaeotheriologic and palaeobotanic data, including mammoth finds, available for this interval. The principal goal of this study was an integrated analysis of the extensive database with respect to main features of mammoth environments during this Interstade. For this purpose we used mathematical as well as traditional research methods. Information on mammal and plant species composition, geology and geographical position of the sections as well as absolute and relative ages of localities has been included into databases. All data were organized in PARADOX software and then moved to ARC/VIEW GIS; the latter formed the basis for construction of electronic maps of indicator mammal and plant ranges and recognition of the principal biomes.

Markova A.K. & Rumiantsev V. Iu. 1999. K voprosou o doistoritcheskom rasprostranenii sourkov (Marmota) na Rousskoï ravnine. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 55-57.

Marks S.A. & Erickson 1966. Age determinationin the black bear [Détermination de l'âge chez l'ours noir]. J. Wildl. Manage., 30: 389-410.
En anglais, in English.
Ursus americanus, âge, age.

Marmora Alberto Ferrero della 1857. Voyage en Sardaigne, ou, Description statistique, physique et politique de cette île [Travel in Sardinia. Statistical, physical and political description of this island]. Bocca, Turin, Arthus Bertrand, Paris, 781 p., num. Google.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Arctomys primigenia, Sardaigne, Sardinia.

Marmots 1978. [Guidelines to the Count of Numbers of Rodents for Anti-Plague Institutions in the Soviet Union. Guides pour le dénombrement des rongeurs des Institutions de lutte contre la peste en Union Soviétique]. Saratov, 14-15
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, dénombrement, census, URSS, USSR.

Marquet J.C. 1989. Paléoenvironnement et chronologie des sites du domaine atlantique français d'âge Pléistocène moyen et supérieur d'après l'étude des rongeurs. Thèse de Doctorat d'Etat, Université de Bourgogne. 535 p.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene.

Présence d'éléments anatomiques de Marmotte dans les remplissages du Pléistocène de l'Abri Vaufrey et de l'Abri Suard.

Marr N.V. & R.L. Knight 1983. Food habits of golden eagles in eastern Washington [Habitudes alimentaires des aigles royaux dans l'est de Washington]. Murrelet, 64: 73-77.
En anglais, in English.
Aquila chrysaetos, Marmota, alimentation, foraging, EUA, USA, Washington.

Marsh O.C. 1871. Notice of some new fossil mammals and birds from the Tertiary formations of the West. [Note sur quelques nouveaux de fossiles de mammifères et d'oiseaux des formations tertiaires de l'Ouest]. Amer. Jour. Sci., 3 : 120-127.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys, paléontologie, paleontology, tertiaire.

Marsh R.E. 1984. Ground squirrels, prairie dogs and marmots as pests on rangeland [Ecureuils terrestres, chiens de prairies et marmottes comme nuisibles du pays]. In Proc. Conf. for organization and pratice of vertebrate pest control, Hampshire, England, 195-208.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, épizootie, epizooty.

Marsh R.E. & Howard W.E. 1977. Vertebrate pest control manual [Manuel de contrôle des vertébrés nuisibles]. Part. 2, Pest control, 45(9): 22-31.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota.

Marsh R.E. & Howard W.E. 1990. Vertebrate pests [Vertébrés nuisibles]. In Handbook of pest controlA. Mallis, ed. l, 7th ed., Franzak & Foster Co., Cleveland, Ohio,791-861 .
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte commune, pest.

Marshall L.G., Webb S.D., Sepkovski J.J. & RAUP D.M. 1982. Mammalian evolution and the great American interchange [Evolution des mammifères et la grand échange américain]. Science, 215: 1351-1357.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, évolution, evolution, Amérique.

Marsil L. 1989. La téléanesthésie des mammifères non domestiques. Revue bibliographique et expérimentation d'un nouvel anesthésique : le ZOLETIL ND. [Teleanesthesia of wild mammals. bibliographic review and experiment of a new anesthetik : ZOLETIL ND. Thèse vétérinaire, Université claude-bernard Lyon1.
Mammifères sauvages, wild mammals, anesthésie, anesthetic.

Marsollier des Viveti`res Benoît-Joseph 1825. Œuvres choisies de Marsollier. Les deux petits savoyards [Selected works of Marsollier. The two small savoyards]. Paris, A . Andrée.
En français, in French.
Opéra comique, light opera, marmotte, marmot, savoyard.
Extrait Pdf extract

Martel E.-A. 1903. Sur la grotte de Font-de-Gaume (Dordogne) et l'âge du creusement des cavernes [On the Font-de-Gaume cave (Dordogne) and the age of the cave digging]. Comptes rendus hebdomadairse des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 136 : 1491-1493.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Géologie, geology, Dordogne, Rivière fossile, fossil river, France.

Martel E.-A. 1904. Sur le gouffre-tunnel d'Oupliz-Tsiké (Transcaucasie) [On the swallow hole-tunnel of Oupliz-Tsiké (Transcaucasia)]. Comptes rendus hebdomadairse des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 138 : 518-519.
En français, in French.
Pdf.
Géologie, geology, creusement des cavernes, cave digging.

Martell A.M., Dickinson D.M. & Casselman L.M. 1984. Wildlife of the Mackenzie delta region [Vie sauvage dans la région du delta du Mackenzie]. Alberta University, Boreal Institute for Northern studies, Edmonton, Occasional publications n° 15, 214 p.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna, flore, flora, Marmota caligata, Mackenzie, Territoires du Nord, North Territories, Canada.
p.101-102,112-118: Gavia immer, Gavia adamsii, Gavia arctica, Gavia stellata, Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps auritus, Grus americana, Grus canadensis, Charadrius semipalmatus, Charadrius vociferus, Pluvialis dominica, Pluvialis squatarola, Arenaria interpres, Arenaria melanocephala, Capella gallinago, Numenius phaeopus, Numenius borealis, Bartramia longicauda, Actitis macularia, Tringa solitaria, Tringa melanoleuca, Tringa flavipes, Calidris canutus, Calidris acuminata, Erolia melanotos, Calidris melanotos, Erolia fuscicollis, Calidris fusciocollis, Erolia bairdii, Calidris bairdii, Erolia minutilla, Calidris minutilla, Erolia alpina, Calidris alpina, Ereunetes pusilla, Calidris pusilla, Ereunetes mauri, Calidris mauri, Crocethia alba, Calidris alba, Limnodroma scolopaceus, Limosa lapponica, Tryngites subruficollis, Limosa haemastica, Micropalma himantopus, Phalaropus fulicarius, Lobipes lobatus, fauna list, northwest territories, canada p.95-100: Lagopus lagopus, Lagopus mutus, Lagopus leucurus, behavior, population dynamics, breeding behavior, food habits, p.111-112: Canachites canadensis; Bonasa umbellus; Pedioecetes phasianellus, p.108-111,122-123: Buteo lagopus, Buteo swainsoni, Buteo platypterus, Buteo jamaicensis, Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter striatus, Aquila chrysaetos, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Circus cyaneus, Pandion haliaetus, Falco rusticolus, Falco peregrinus, Falco columbarius, Falco sparverius, Bubo virginianus, Nyctea scandiaca, Surnia ulula, Strix nebulosa, Asio flammeus, Aegolius funereus, p.38-44,60-63: Rangifer tarandus subspp. breeding behavior, movements, distribution, population status: Alces alces, Oreamnos americana, Ovis dalli, Ovibos moschatus, p.79-95,102-108: Olor buccinator, Olor buccinator, Branta canadensis, Branta bernicla, Anser albifrons, Chen rossii, Chen hyperborea, Chen caerulescens, Anas platyrhynchos, Anas rubripes, Anas acuta, Mareca americana, Anas americana, Anas strepera, Anas discors, Anas carolinensis, Anas crecca, Spatula clypeata, Anas clypeata, Aythya valisineria; Aythya marila, Aythya affinis, Bucephala clangula, Bucephala clangula, Bucephala albeola, Clangula hyemalis, Histrionicus histrionicus, Polysticta stelleri, Somateria mollissima, Somateria spectabilis, Melanitta deglandi, Melanitta perspicillata, Oidemia nigra, Melanitta nigra, Mergus merganser, Mergus serrator, breeding populations, habitat, p.44-48,49-53: Castor canadensis, Ondatra zibethicus, dens, Ochotona princeps, Lepus americanus, Lepus arcticus, Marmota caligata, Spermophilus parryii, Glaucomys sabrinus, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, Erethizon dorsatum, Northwest territories, Canada, p.32-37,54-58: Ursus maritimus, Alopex lagopus, Canis latrans, Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes, Euarctos americanus, Ursus americanus, Ursus arctos, Martes americanus, Mustela vison, Mustela erminea.

Martell A.M. & R.J. Milko 1986. Seasonal diets of Vancouver Island (Canada) marmots, Marmota vancouverensis [Régimes alimentaires des marmottes de l'île de Vancouver (Canada), M. vancouverensis]. Can. Field-Nat., 100: 241-245.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, Alimentation, feeding, Canada.
The diet of Vancouver Island Marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) was examined by fecal analysis at three subalpine colonies on four occasions between late May and mid-September. Two additional, high-elevation colonies were examined in late May only. Diets were similar among colonies but showed seasonal shifts. Diets were more variable among sites in late May than later in the summer, possibly reflecting site-specific availability at a time when food supply is limited. In late May Phlox diffusa and Carex sp. were important at all colonies but Danthonia intermedia, Lupinus latifolius, and sedge glumes were dominant at specific colonies. Later in the summer Lupinus and Eriophyllum lanatum were the major foods at all colonies. As summer progressed the proportion of graminoids in the diet declined and the proportion of forbs increased. Vancouver Island Marmots in the subalpine appear to specialize on relatively few food species.

Martin Alexandre 1835. La Suisse pittoresque et ses environs. Tableau général, descriptif, historique et statistique des 22 cantons, de la Savoie, d'une partie du Piémont et du pays de Bade [Picturesque Switzerland and its surroundings. Statistical, historical, descriptive and general table of the 22 cantons, of the Savoy, of a part of the Piedmont and of the Baden country]. Paris, H. Souverain, VIII-374 p., Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Voyage, travel, Grisons, Vaud, Valais, Oberland, Savoie, Savoy : marmotte, marmot, Appenzell, Uri, Zug : absence marmotte, marmot absent, Suisse, Switzerland, Piémont (Italie), Piedmont (Italy).
Extrait Pdf extract.

Martin Henri 1911. Sur un squelette humain de l’époque moustérienne trouvé en Charente [About a human skeleton of the Mousterian epoch]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 153 :728-730.
En français, in French.
Pdf.
Moustérien inférieur, lower Mousterian, quaternaire moyen, middle quaternary, squelette d’homme, man skeleton, la Quina, Charente, France.

Martin James E. 1983. Bizarre incisor malocclusion and morphological adjustment in Marmota (Mammalia, Rodentia). Tebiwa Miscellanous Papers, 20.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, dent, teeth.

Martin K. 2001. Wildlife in Alpine and Sub-alpine Habitats [Faune dans les habitats alpins et sub-alpins]. In Wildlife-Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington, D.H. Johnson and T. A. O’Neil (Eds), University Press, Oregon State, 285-310.
En anglais, in English.

Martin P.S. 1989. Prehistoric overkill: The global model. In Quaternary extinctions. A prehistoric revolution, P.S. Martin & R.G. Klein eds., 345-403, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 892 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Préhistoire.

Martin Sandra L., Srere Hilary K., Belke Darrell, Wang Lawrence C.H. & Carey Hannah. Differential gene expression in the liver during hibernation in ground squirrels. In Life in the cold, Ecological, physiological and molecular mechanisms, Carey C., Florant G.L. Wunder B.A. & Horwitz B., 443-453.
En anglais, in English.
Hibernation, génétique, genetic.

Martin W.H., S.G. Boyce & A.C. Echernact eds. 1991. Biodiversity of the Southeastern United States: Upland Terrestrial Communities. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY.
En anglais, in English.

Martin & Rollinat 1914. Description et moeurs des Mammifères, Oiseaux, Reptiles, Batraciens et Poissons de la France centrale. Lechevalier, Paris. (Mammifères) ; Oiseaux ; Reptiles ; Batraciens ; Poissons ; France.

Martin Victor 1897. Aux Pyrénées et aux Alpes : voyages de vacances [In the Pyrenees and the Alps: holiday travels]. Tours, A. Mame et fils, 238 p.
En français, in French.
Extrait pdf extract.
Descriptions et voyages, descriptions and travels, Pyrénées, Marmotte, marmot: p.150, cabinet d'histoire naturelle, natural history collection p.180, Sixt, Chamonix, Savoie, France, Martin Victor (1833-1909).

Martinevskiï I.L. 1969. Biologiya i genetitcheskie osobennosti tchoumnogo i blizkorodstvennykh emou mikrobov [Biologie et particularités génétiques des microbes de la peste et de ses proches]. M., Mediysina.
En russe, in Russian.
Génétique, genetics, Bactéries, bacterium, peste, plague.

Martinevskiï I.L. 1979. [Proline-dependent wild strains and proline-dependent mutants of the plague microbe]. Genetika, 15(12): 2134-2139.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague.

It is found that the growth of Yersinia pestis wild strains, isolated from Citellus musicus Menetrie in the Central Caucasus, depends on the presence of proline in the medium. Proline can not be substituted by glutamic acid, other amino acids or vitamins. 28 proline-requiring mutants were selected from Y. pestis marmot strain 20b. Three groups of proline-requiring Y. pestis mutants are established, similar to those of Escherichia coli. The requirement of proline does not affect the virulency, pigment formation and calcium dependence.

Martinevskii I.L. & Mollaret G.G. 1971. [L'épidémie de peste de Mandchourie de 1910-1911. Epidemic of plague in Manchuria of 1910-1911.] M. Medicina, 214 pp..
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Mandchourie, Manchuria.

Martinez-Rica J.P. & Pardo-Ara P., 1990. Pervii dannie ov erozii, vizivaemoi melkimi mlekopitayuschimi v Tsentraninikh Pireneyakh (Ispaniya). General data on erosion caused by small mammals in the central Pyrenees (Spain) [Données générales sur l'érosion causée par les petits mammifères dans les Pyrénées centrales (Espagne)]. The Soviet J. Ecol., 1 : 27 - 36.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, gestion, management, Pyrénées.

The effect of the common vole on erosion processes on the southern macroslope in the Central Pyrenees is described. The indirect effect of rodent digging activity had a greater significance than the direct separation of a portion of the soil cover. The role of the vole in erosion processes is more pronounced on the southern slope of the Pyrenees than on the northern slope.

Martinez-Rica J., Borghi C.E. & Giannoni S.M. 1991. Research on bioturbation in the spanish mountains. In Soil Erosions Studies in Spain, Sala M., Rubio J.L & Garcia-Ruiz J.M., eds, Geoforma Ediciones, Logrono.
En anglais, in English.
Sol, soil, terrier, burrow, Espagne, Spain.

The role played by small fossorial mammals, mainly rodents in soil movement and erosion of mountain soils is discussed. Research done in Spain is briefly described and compared to that done elsewhere. The resu1ts show that in some places the burrowing mammals are even the first geomorphologic factor, controlling soil losses. Bioturbation by Pyrenean voles is of the same order of magnitude as that of other larger and more specialized fossorial animals, such as gophers, which are recognized as a major geomorphic factor in mountains of North America.

Martinot J.-P. 1986. Vers la vie sauvage : des castors du rhône aux bouquetins de la Vanoise [Towards wildlife : from beavers in the Rhône to Ibex in Vanoise]. Glénat, Grenoble, 180p.
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Marmota marmota.

Martins Charles 1857a. Nouvelle comparaison des membres pelviens et thoraciques chez l'homme et chez les mammifères déduite de la torsion de l'humerus [New comparison of the pelvic and thoracic members of man and in mammals infered from the humerus torsion]. Ann. Sci. nat., 4 : 45-110, pls. ii, iii.
En français, in French.
Marmota, anatomie, anatomy.

Martins C. 1857b. Nouvelle comparaison des membres pelviens et thoraciques chez l’homme et chez les mammifères, déduite de la torsion de l’humérus [New comparison of the pelvic and thoracic members of man and in mammals infered from the humerus torsion]. Académie des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier, II(IV) : 471-543.
En rançais, in French.
Anatomie, anatomy, membres, limbs, marmotte, marmot.
Extrait pdf extract

Martins C. 1861. Articulations du coude et du genou chez les mammifères, les oiseaux et les Reptiles [The articulations of elbow and knee in mammals, Birds, and reptiles]. Académie des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier, III (IV) : 335-361.
En français, in French.
Anatomie, anatomy, coude, elbow, genou, knee, marmotte, marmot.
Extrait pdf extract

Martins C. 1872. De la position normale et originèlle de la main chez l'homme et dans la série des vertébrés [Of the normal and original position of the hand in Man and in the vertebrate serie].C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 74 : 307-309.
En français, in French.
Marmota, anatomie, anatomy.

Martynov N.M. 1957. K voprosy ob obitanii sourka (M. bobac Müll.) v Nizhnem Povolzhie [Installations de M. bobac à l'aval de la Volga. Settlements of marmot bobac on the downstream sid of the Volga River]. B kn. Gryzouny i boriba s nimi, 5, Saratov.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, territoire, territory, Ukraine.

Maruyama T., Schodel F., Iino S., Koike K., Yasuda K., Peterson D. & Milich D.R. 1994. Distinguishing between acute and symptomatic chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology, 106(4): 1006-15.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Differentiating between an acute hepatitis B (AH-B) infection and an acute exacerbation of a chronic hepatitis B (CH-B) infection can present a problem for the clinician. The only current serological method of distinguishing between acute and symptomatic chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the immunoglobulin M antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) assay, which can be problematic. Therefore, in an attempt to better distinguish between acute and chronic HBV infection, sera from 26 patients with AH-B and 53 patients with CH-B were compared in a variety of experimental immunoassays. Experimental assays have been designed to detect free antibody to hepatitis B e antigen (anti-HBe), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)/anti-HBe immune complexes (ICs), and hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg)/antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) in the presence of excess antigen. An additional assay was developed to detect a novel anti-HBc specificity, designated antibody to woodchuck hepatitis virus (anti-HBcW), which cross-reacts with the core antigen of the woodchuck hepatitis virus. Sera from patients with CH-B showed significantly higher levels of free anti-HBe, HBeAg/anti-HBe ICs, and HBsAg/anti-HBs ICs compared with AH-B patient sera. Furthermore, patients with CH-B consistently produced high titer anti-HBcW, whereas patients with AH-B produced little or no anti-HBcW antibody. The serology of AH-B infection and symptomatic CH-B infection can be distinguished using a variety of experimental immunoassays in addition to the immunoglobulin M anti-HBc assay.

Mary-Lafon Jean Bernard 1878. Dans les Pyrénées : Le coureur des montagnes [In the Pyrenees : the mountain runner]. Paris, Calmann Lévy : 322 p., Num. BNF [Document électronique].
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

Masalskii V.M. ? [Flore et faune de la province du Turkestan, Russie. Turkestan Province Flora and Fauna, Russia]. A full Geograrhical Discription of our Fatherland, St.Petersburg, 19 : 207-273.
En russe, in Russian.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

Masán Peter 1999. New mite species of the cohort Uropodina (Acarina, Mesostigmata) from Slovakia [Nouvelle espèce de la cohorte Uropodina (Acarina, Mesostigmata) de Slovaquie]. Biologia, Bratislava, 54 (2): 121-133.
En anglais, in English.
Acariens, Acarida, Marmota marmota, terrier, burrow, Slovaquie, Slovakia.

Eight new mite species of the cohort Uropodina have been described from Slovakia. The deutonymphs of Uroseius trogicolis sp. n., Trichouropoda polysetosa sp. n. and Discourella (?) pulcherrima sp. n. were found to be phoretic on beetles of the genera Trox (Scarabaeidae), Cerambyx (Cerambycidae) and Tenebrio (Tenebrionidae), respectively. The male of U. trogicolis sp. n. was also caught in the nest of Sturnus vulgaris. The adults and deutonymphs of Uroobovella mrciaki sp. n. and Uropoda mihali sp. n. were found in the nests of Sciurus vulgaris and Marmota marmota, respectively. The adults and deutonymphs of Dinychus kaluzi sp. n., Uroobovella slovaca sp. n. and Uropoda orszaghi sp. n. were extracted from litter samples.

Maschke J., Menne S., Jacob J.R., Kreuzfelder E., Tennant B.C., Roggendorf M. & Grosse-Wilde H. 2001. Thymidine utilization abnormality in proliferating lymphocytes and hepatocytes of the woodchuck. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 78(3-4): 279-296.
En anglais, in English.
Available pdf disponible
Marmota monax, lymphocyte, hépatocyte, hépatite, hepatitis.

Effective incorporation of tritiated thymidine ([(3)H]TdR) into proliferating lymphocytes is important because [(3)H]TdR is a standard label to study proliferate T-cell responses. We analyzed the thymidine utilization of woodchuck peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) since the [(3)H]TdR incorporation assay was not applicable to measure proliferative immune responses in the woodchuck, a current major virus/host model for human hepatitis B virus infection. Incorporation of [(3)H]TdR into DNA as well as the activity of the salvage pathway enzyme thymidine kinase (TK) of proliferating woodchuck PBL was low compared to human lymphocytes. Furthermore, [(3)H]TdR incorporation of proliferating woodchuck PBL remained residual regardless of the use of methotrexate, an inhibitor of the competitive deoxythymidine monophosphate de novo synthesis pathway. Using a human probe, specific for the proliferation-associated TK1, we proved the genomic presence and transcription of TK1 sequences in various species. TK1 sequences were detected in the genome of human, mouse, woodchuck, and chicken specimens. In contrast to proliferating human PBL and 3T3 mouse fibroblasts, no TK1 transcript was found in proliferating woodchuck PBL and hepatic cells. Transfection experiments with vectors containing the murine or human TK1 and selection assays demonstrated the ability of woodchuck cells to transcribe TK1 and to express functional TK1 proteins. Our study characterizes the unique failure of sufficient [(3)H]TdR incorporation into proliferating woodchuck cells and demonstrates tritiated adenine and serine as alternative labels to monitor PBL proliferation in the woodchuck.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1976a. [Répartition et dénombrement des marmottes de Menzbier de la réserve naturelle de Chatkal. Distribution and Numbers of Menzbier's Marmot in Chatkal Nature Reserve]. Problems of the Biology of Commercial Animals and the Organisation of a Hunting Farm, Proceeding of Kirov Agricultural Institute. Perm, 42-50.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, répartition, distribution, dénombrement, census, réserve, reserve.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1976. K metodike outcheta tchislennosti sourka Menzbira [Sur la méthode de dénombrement de la marmotte de Menzbier. The counting method of the Menzbier's marmot]. V Kn. Tr. Kirovsk. c.-Kh. in-ta, Voprosy biologii promyslovykh jibotnykh i organizatsiya okhotnitchego promysla, Kirov, 162-163.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, dénombrement, census.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1977a. Sostoyanie okhrany sourka Menzbira v Ouzbekistane [Etat de la protection de la marmotte de Menzbier en Ouzbekistan. Conservation status of the Menzbier' marmot in Uzbekistan]. Redkie bidy mlekopitayuchtchikh i ikh okhrana, Tez. Dokl. Vsesoyuzn. sovechtchaniya, M., 82-83.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, conservation, Ouzbekistan, Uzbekistan.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1977b. Outchet tchislennosti sourka Menzbira [Dénombrement de la marmotte de Menzbier. Census of the Menzbier' marmot]. Okhota i okhot. khoz-vo, 6: 18-19.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, dénombrement, census.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1978a. Opyt otlova i reakklimatizatsii sourka Menzbira [Expérience d'acclimatation de Marmota menzbieri. Experimental acclimatization of the Menzbier' marmot]. Akklimatizatsiya okhot. Jivotnykh v SSSR, Tez. Dokl. Vsesoyuzn. sovechtchaniya, M., 154-156.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, réintroduction, re-introduction.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1978b. [Domaine vital d'un groupe familial de marmotte de Menzbier et son utilisation. Menzbier's marmot family-occupied area and its use]. Protection of the Wild Life and Flora in Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 25- 26.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, domaine vital, home range.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1979a. Metodika opredeleniya vozrasta sourka Menzbira [Une méthode pour la détermination de l'âge de la marmotte de Menzbier Marmota menzbieri (Rodentia, Sciuridae). Determination method of the age of the Menzbier' marmot]. Zool. J., 58 (4) : 585-591.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, méthodologie, methodology, âge, age, dent, tooth..

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1979b. Markirovotchnaya deyatelnost' sourka Menzbira [Interactions de marquage chez la marmote de Menzbier. Marking interactions in the Menzbier marmot]. Kh naoutch. konferntsiya protibotchoumnykh outchrejdeniï Sredneï Azii i Kazakhstan, Tez. dokl. regional'noï konferntsii, Alma-Ata, 49-51.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, méthodologie, methodology, âge, age, dent, tooth.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1979c. [Identification in-vivo de l'âge de la marmotte de Menzbier. Intra-vital identification of the age of Menzbier's marmot]. Proceedings of Kirov Agricultural Institute, Kirov, 14- 19.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, méthodologie, methodology, âge, age.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1980. [Anthropisation et son impact sur la marmotte de Menzbier. Human Activity and its effect on Menzbier's marmot]. Rodents: Materials of V All-Union Conf. Moscow, 429.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, anthropisation.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1981. Biologiya sourka menzbira Tchatkaliskogo khrebta [Biologie de la marmotte de Menzbier de la chaîne de Tchatkal. Biology of the Menzbier marmot of the Tchatkal range]. Avtoref. kand. diss., M., pp. 19.
En russe, in Russian.
(Marmota menzbieri).

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1982a. [Données nouvelles sur l'écologie de Marmota menzbieri (Rodentia, Sciuridae). New data on the ecology of the M. menbieri]. Zool. Zh., 61 (2) : 278-289.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, écologie, ecology.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1982b. [Dénombrement des Marmota menzbieri au Kazakhstan. Numbers of Marmota Menzbieri in Kazakhstan]. Jivotny mir Kazakhstana i problemy jego okhrany, Alma-Ata, 130-131 (In Russian).
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, dénombrements, census.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1982c. [Structure populationnelle et répartition de la marmotte de Menzbier sur la chaîne de Chatkal. Populational Composition and Distribution of Menzbier's Marmot over the Chatkal Ridge]. The Ecology of Mountain Mammals, Sverdlovsk, 77-79.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, population, répartition, distribution.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1983a. Opredelenie absoliutnogo vozrasta zhivykh surkov Menzbira [Détermination de l'âge chez une femelle de M. menzbieri (espèce en danger) Age determination of a Menzbier' marmot female (endangered species)]. Redkie vidy mlekopitaiushikh [Actes de la Conférence de l'union], Mat. 3 Vsesoiuzh. Sovesh., M., 4-6 fevr. 1982, 65-70.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, méthodologie, methodology, âge, age.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1983b. Plodovitosti sourka Menzbira [Fécondité de la marmotte de Menzbier. The Fecundity of Menzbier's Marmot]. Redkne vidy mlekopitayuikh SSSR i ikh okhrana [Rare Mammal Species in the USSR and their Protection], Mater. 3 Vesoiuzn. sovesh.; M., 4-6 fevr. 1982, 67-68.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, reproduction.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1983c. Plodovitosti sourka Menzbira [Fécondité de la marmotte de Menzbier. The Fecundity of Menzbier's Marmot]. Redkne vidy mlekopitayuikh SSSR i ikh okhrana [Rare Mammal Species in the USSR and their Protection], Mater. 3 Vesoiuzn. sovesh.; M., 4-6 fevr. 1982, 67-68.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1983d. Menzbier's Marmot [Marmota menzbieri Kaschkarov, 1925]. Red Data Book of Uzbek SSR, Tashkent: Fan Publishers, 15-17.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, conservation, Ouzbekistan, Uzbekistan.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1983e. Promysel surkov v SSSR [La chasse professionnelle en URSS. Professional hunting in USSR]. Okhota i okhot. Khoz-vo, 5 : 10-11.
En russe, in Russian.
Chasse, hunting, URSS, USSR.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1983f. [Dénombrement des marmottes de Menzbier au Tien Shan occidental. The Numbers of Menzbier's Marmot in W Tian Shan]. Rare Mammal Species in the USSR and their Protection, Moscow, 1983. P. 70- 71.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, dénombrement, census, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1983g. Vnutrividovye ptnosheniya ou sourkov Menzbira [Relations intraspécifiques chez la marmotte de Menzbier. Intraspecific relationships among Menzbier's marmots]. Fauna i eklogiya gryzoumov, M., 15 : 204-224.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1984. Sovremennykh areal i tchislennosti surka Menzbira v zapovednom Tyan-Shane [Répartition actuelle et nombre de M. menbieri dans la r&ecute;serve du Tien-Shan. Current distribution and number of Menzbier' marmots in the Tien Shan reserve]. Byull. MOIP, 89 (1) : 33-34.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, réserve, reserve, répartition, distribution.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1985a. Kapkannyi promysel sourkov [Piègeage des marmottes. Trapping of marmots]. Posobie dlya okhotnikov i okhotovedov, Kirov, pp. 19.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, méthodologie, methodology, capture.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1985b. Baïbak v izmenivshikhsya usloviyakh obitaniya [M. bobac dans différents milieux. Different environments of the bobac marmot]. Ush Vsesoiuzn. zoogegr. konf., Leningrad 6-8 fevr. 1985.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, écologie, ecology.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1985c. Metodkriometcheniya mlekopitaiushikh [Méthodes de marquages par le froid chez les mammifères. Marking method by cold in mammals]. Zool. zh. (Zoological Journal), 64 (5) : 466-768.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, éthodologie, ethology, marquage, marking.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1986. [L'élevage des marmottes. The Breeding of Marmots]. Abstracts to 4th Congress of All- Union Theriological Society, Moscow, 3 : 203- 204.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, élevage, breeding.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1987a. Stremitelinoe istcheznovenie sourka Menzbira [Disparition rapide de la marmotte de Menzbier. Rapid disapearance of the Menzbier marmot]. Vliyanie antrpogennoï transformatsii landshafta na naselenie nazemnykh pozvonotchnykh jivotnykh, Tez.Vses. Sovesh. u.I. M., 226-267.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1987b. [Relations intraspécifiques chez la marmotte de Menzbier. Intraspecific relationships among Menzbier's marmot]. Mammals and Birds in Uzbekistan, Tashkent: Fan Publishers, 17- 20.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, socialité.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1988a. Vozrastnaya strouktoura popoulyatsii baïbakov Tselinograskoï oblasti. [Structure des âges d'une population de M. bobac dans la région de Tselinograd. Age structure of a bobac marmot population in the Tselinograd region]. Ekologiya populyatsii, Tez. dokl. Vses. Sovesh., Novosibirsk, 4-6 okt. 1988 U; 2. M., 95-98
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, écologie, ecology, population, âge, age.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1988b. Problemy promysla sourkov [Problèmes de la chasse professionnelle. Professional hunting problems]. Nautchno-tekhnitcheskii progress - y praktilu perestroiki okhotnitchiego khozyaïsta Nautchn. konf., Noyari, 1988, 144-147.
En russe, in Russian.
Chasse, hunting.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1989a. [Enregistrement et ressources en marmottes de l'URSS. Register survey and resourses of marmots in USSR]. Byull. Moskovskogo Obschestva Ispytatelei Prirody, otdel biologii, 94(6): 99-106.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, dénombrement, census, Russie, Russia.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1989b. Sostoyanie Tsatkal'skoï popoulyatsii sourka Menzbira [Etat de la population de marmotte de Menzbier du Chatkal. The state of the Chatkal population of Menzbier's marmot]. Vsesoyuzn. sovechtchanie po probleme kadastra i outceta jivotnogo mira, Tez. dokl. oufa, bachkirkoe izd-vo [The All-Union Conf. on the Problems of Cadastre Inventory of the Fauna: Abstracts of the Reports. Ufa: Bashkirian Publishers], 2: 247-248.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1990. K voprosou strategii promysla sourkov [À propos de la stratégie de la chasse professionnelle des marmottes. About the strategy of the professional hunting of marmots]. 5 siezd. Vses. teriol. ob-va AN SSSR (29 Yanv.- 2 fevr. 1990), 107-108.
Marmota, chasse, hunting.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1991. [Pression de chasse et structures des populations de marmotte bobac. Hunting press and bobac population structures]. Proc. USSR Theriol. Soc., Population structure of the marmot, Bibikov D.I., A.A. Nikolski, V.Yu. Rumiantsev & T.A. Seredneva eds., 119-147.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, population, chasse, hunting.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1993. Potchemou vozrodilsya evropaiski baïbak. [Pourquoi la marmotte bobak s'est-elle régénérée. Why bobac marmot regenerate?]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 19-20.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1995. Menzbier's marmot: the rarest marmot of Eurasia [La marmotte de Menzbier : la marmotte la plus rare d'Eurasie]. Russian Conservation News, 16-17.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbier, conservation.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1996a. Vosproizvodstvennyï protsess i regoulyatsiya tchislennosti sourkov. Reproductive process and number regulation of the marmots [Processus reproducteur et régulation d'effectif des marmottes]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 56-57; English, 101-102.
En russe et en anlaos, in Russia ans in English.
Marmota, reproduction.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1996b. Prodouktivnost' raznykh vidiv sourkov. Productivity of various marmot species [Productivité de diverses espèces de marmottes]. In Sourki severnoïïevrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 57-58; English, 100-101.
(Marmota) :

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1996c. [Territorial distribution of resources of marmots in CIS]. The State of Theriofauna in Russia and States of the Former USSR, Proceedings of International Workshop on Marmots in CIS, Moscow, 211-219.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, répartition, distribution.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1997a. Baïbak na pakhotnykh zemlyakh [Les bobac sur les terres labourées]. In Vozrojdenie stepnogo sourka, Tokarsky V.A. & Roumiantsev V.Iu., Izdatel'stvo ABF, Moskva, 24-25.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, labours, ploughing.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1997b. Приспособительные реакции, направленные на гомеостатирование организма животного во время зимней спячки Reactions of adaptation to homeostasis of animals during winter hibernation [Prisposobitelnye reaktsii, naprablennye na gomeostatirovanie organizma jivotnogo vo vremya zimneï spyatchki. Réactions d'adaptation à l'homéostasie des animaux pendant l'hibernation]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 62-63 (Rousskie, Russian), 167 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Homéostasie, Hibernation.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1997c. Структурные элементы популяции сурков. Structural elements of marmot population [Strouktournye elementy popoulyatsii sourkov. Eléments structuraux de population de marmottes]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 63-64 (Rousskie, Russian), 167-68 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota, Population.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1997d. Evropeioskiï baïbak : ekologiya, sokhranenie i istpol’zovanie [La marmotte des steppes européenne : écologie, conservation et utilisation. European steppe marmot: ecology, conservation and use]. Kirov Region Press, Kirov, 154 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, écologie, ecolgy, conservation, utilisation.

This monography deals with European subspecies of steppe marmot. You find here original results of many years studying of bobac ecology, dispersion and social organization in agricultural landscapes of Russia and Ukraine. The present book gives many methodological approaches to the decision of the problem of babac conservation, its rational use and prevention of the damage from its vital activity. This monography is abundant in illustrations and it will be interesting for a wide circle of specialists on nature conservation, agriculture and hunting, for ecologists and game biologists.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1999a. Na kakoï stadii introdouktsii nakhoditsya baïbak? In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 59-60.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 1999b. "Okolovodnye" sourki. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 61-62.
En russe, in Russian.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 2002. Structural elements of marmot population. урные элементы поруляций сурков. [Strouktournye elementy popoulyatsii sourkov. Eléments structuraux des populations de marmottes]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF and International, Marmot Network, Moscow,269-279. (En anglais et en russe, résumé en français ; in English and Russian, French abstract).
Marmota marmota, dispersion, dispersal.
La structure spatiale des populations de marmottes est un système hiérarchisé : familles, colonies et peuplements. La famille est l’élément de base de tout groupe de marmottes. La famille (groupe de 2 à 18 individus) est un élément, structurellement et fonctionnellement, indépendant d’une population, caractérisée par un territoire, des ressources et des terriers. Plusieurs familles forment des structures territoriales plus importantes, les colonies. Celles-ci présentent des territoires distincts, mais sont en relation visuelle et sonore. Le nombre de familles dans une colonie varie de 3-5 à 100 et plus. Un peuplement est un ensemble de colonies ayant des relations fonctionnelles occupant un certain type de paysage ou un complexe naturel et territorial particulier. La répartition naturelle des groupes familiaux, entre eux et suivant les paysages, caractérise le type de peuplement : de steppe, de ravin, en mosaïque ou en réseau. La constitution de familles, colonies et peuplements est le résultat des déplacements intrapopulationnels et des regroupements lorsque des changements numériques et produisent sous l’influence des activités humaines, comme le prélèvement des individus pubères.
Russian pdf russe

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 2003. Interfamily regrouping of Eurasian marmots. Regroupement interfamilial de marmottes eurasiennes. Межсемейное группирование евразийских сурков. In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 183-188.
Anglais, français et résumé russe; English, French and Russian abstract
PDF disponible/available
Marmota, marmots, marmottes, observatory, observatoire, conservation.
Deux-cent-seize individus de Marmota menzbieri, 34 de M. caudata, 56 de M. baibacina, 108 de M. bobac schaganensis et 68 individus de M. b. bobac ont été marqués de façon permanente. Les déplacements dans des familles étrangères se produisent dans un rayon de 410 m pour les marmottons, de 950 m pour les antenais, de 8300 m pour les mâles de 2-3 ans, de 3100 m pour les femelles de 2-3 ans, de 1100 m pour les mâles adultes, de 2100 m pour les femelles adultes. Chez toutes ces espèces, les mâles adultes sont les éléments les plus stables de la famille.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 2005. Census in marmot families. Outchet v sem’yakh sourkov. [Dénombrement des familles de marmottes]. Abstracts of fifth International Conference on genus Marmota, 74-75.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota, dénombrement, census, méthodologie, methodology.
All Eurasian species of marmots live in families and have a resident way of life. The most reliable index for carrying out marmot number census is " the number of families'; and not "the number of individuals" or "the number of burrows" (Mashkin, 1977). Numbers of individuals in a family changes due to the indices of birth rate, death rate, dispersion of mature animals from families and translocation of marmots between families. When calculating numbers in vast territories average indices of the number of individuals in a family should be taken into account on the basis of a great number of observations. ln what number of families should be the census carried out to obtain maximum information and to exert minimum efforts? Using tables of random numbers on the basis of the annual number census for 1982-1986 in 103 mapped bobac families the value of 30-40 families may be taken as optimum volumes for obtaining maximum information with minimum efforts.

Russian pdf russe

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) 2006. [Comment sauver les récoltes et préserver les marmottes. How to save crops and to conserve marmots]. In Marmots in anthropogenic landscapes of Eurasia, 9th International Meeting on Marmots.
En russe, in Russian.
Conservation, marmotte, marmot, Russie, Russia.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) & Baturin A.L. 1993. Sourok menzbira. [Marmota menzbieri). NIIOZ im. prof. B.M. Jitkova, Kirov, 141 p.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, distribution, répartition, écologie, ecology, taxonomie, taxonomy.
The present book describes systematics, morphology, ecology and distribution of Menzbier's Marmot and shows prospects of that species existence under present-day conditions. Particular attention is given to marmot hair cover morphology, feeding and fatness, reproduction and intraspecific relations, spatial structure and numbers. Originality of materials is that they have been obtained in hte main at field stations during long-term observations on individuallly marked animals of certain sex and age.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) & Galanina T.M. 1981. [Activité territoriale de la marmotte de Menzbier. A Territorial activity of Menzbier's marmot]. The Behaviour of Hunting Animals, Kirov, 126- 135.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbier.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) & Kolesnikov V.V. 1990. [Détermination de l'âge des marmottes (Marmota, Sciuridae) à partir du canevas de la surface d'usure des dents. Age-determination in marmots (Marmota, Sciuridae) by the pattern of wearing of chewing surface of teeth]. Zool. J., 69: 124-131.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, âge, age, dent, teeth.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) & Kolesnikov V.V. 2005. Marmot resources of Russia. Resoursy sourkov Rossii. [Ressources en marmottes en Russie]. Abstracts of fifth International Conference on genus Marmota, 76-77.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota, ressource, resource, Russie, Russia.

From 2000 till 2004 marmot resources of Russia have not undergone great changes (table). Changes resulted from improvement of data on the distribution and numbers of marmots in Volgograd, Voronezh, Ulianovsk, Samara, Kamchatka, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Tula, Chelyabinsk regions, in the republics of Bashkortostan, Buryatia, Kalmykia, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Chuvashia. In spite of high anthropogenic pressure (licensed hunting) in Central, Privolzhski and Southern Federal Districts bobak marmot numbers continue to increase. Due to natural dispersion of marmots many isolated sites have merged into colonies with a mosaic distribution through the territory.
Species and subspecies of marmots Year
2000 2004
Bobak: European 207,4 209,7
Kazakh 112,8 112,8
Forest-steppe marmot 7,5 7,9
Grey marmot 216,5 219,0
Tarbagan 92,0 92,0
Black-capped: Barguzin 22,0 22,0
Yakut 33,0 33,0
Kamchatka 234,0 105,0
Total 925,2 801,4

Numbers (ths. of individuals) of different species of marmots in Russia In the European territory of Russia in Ural, Kamchatka and Altai in the habitats typical of marmots the population density of the species is medium. In other regions it is below medium and low.

Russian pdf russe

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) , Kolesnikov V.V. & Zarubin B.E. 1994a. [Les ressources en marmottes des steppes de la région de Tselinograd et leur utilisation. Resources of marmots of the Tselinograd Region and their use]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 62-67.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, gestion, Tselinograd.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.), Kolesnikov V. V. Zarubin B. E. 1994b. Resources of a steppe marmot in the Ukraine [Les ressources en marmottes de steppes d'Ukraine]. In Actual problems of marmots investigation, Rumiantsev ed., Moscow, ABF, 86-97.
En russe, in Russian.
(Marmota) ; Gestion ; Ukraine.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) & Korotkov A.A. 1987. Formirovanie populyatsii baïbakov na iuge Bashkirii [D&eaute;veloppement des populations de bobac dans le sud de la Bashkirie. Increase of bobac populations in the south of Bashkiria]. Vliyanie antropogennooï transformatsii landshafta na naselenie nazemnykh pozvonotchnykh zhivotnykh, Tez. Vses. Sovesh., u. I., M., 260-262.
En russe, in Russian.
(Marmota bobac) ; Bashkiri.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) & Krivoshein O.S. 1984. Registriruiushie strouktoury skeleta baïbka. Registrir. strouktoury i opredelenie vozrasta mlekopitaiushikh : ounifikatsiya metodov opredeleniya vozrasta, otsenka dinamiki tchislennosti mlek-kh [Enregistrement des structures du squelette de la marmotte bobac. Enregistrement des structures et détermination de l'âge des mammifères : unification des méthodes de détermination de l'âge, de la dynamique des effectifs de mammifères. Record of skeletic structures of the bobac marmot. Record of skeletic structures and age determination in mammals: unification ofthe methods of age detrmination and population dynamics in mammals]. Vses.konf., 22-25 maya 1984, M., 16-17.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, âge, age, méthode, method.

Машкин В.И. (Mashkin, Machkin V.I.) & Zarubin B. 1989. Problemy sourtchinogo promysla [Problèmes de la chasse professionnelle des marmottes. Professional hunting problems in marmots]. Okhota i okhotnitchie khoz-va, 8.
En russe, in Russian.
Chasse, hunting.

Mashkov B.K. 1975. [La réserve naturelle de Chatkal (Album phtographique). The Chatkal Nature Reserve (Photographic Album)]. Moscow: Planeta Publishers, 1975.
En russe, in Russian.
Réserve, reserve.

Mashkov B.K. 1976. [La réserve naturelle de Chatkal (Ensemble de cartes postales). The Chatkal Nature Reserve (Set of Postcards)]. Moscow: Planeta Publishers.
En russe, in Russian.
Réserve, reserve.

Mason W.S., Cullen J., Moraleda G., Saputelli J., Aldrich C.E., Miller D.S., Tennant B., Frick L., Averett D., Condreay L.D. & Jilbert A.R. 1998. Lamivudine therapy of WHV-infected woodchucks. Virology, 245(1): 18-32.
En anglais, in English.

Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
Hepatitis B viruses establish a chronic, productive, and noncytopathic infection of hepatocytes. Viral products are produced by transcription from multiple copies (5-50) of covalently closed circular (ccc) viral DNA. This cccDNA does not replicate, but can be replaced by DNA precursors that are synthesized in the cytoplasm. The present study was carried out to determine if long-term treatment with an inhibitor of viral DNA synthesis would lead to loss of virus products, including cccDNA, from the liver of woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus. Viral DNA synthesis was inhibited with the nucleoside analog, lamivudine (2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine). Lamivudine treatment produced a slow but progressive decline in viral titers in serum, to about 0.3% or less of the initial level. However, even after maintenance of drug therapy for 3-12 months, > 95% of the hepatocytes in most animals were still infected. Significant declines in the percentage of infected hepatocytes and of intrahepatic cccDNA levels were observed in only three woodchucks, two in the group receiving lamivudine and one in the placebo control group. Moreover, virus titers eventually rose in woodchucks receiving lamivudine, suggesting that drug-resistant viruses began to spread through the liver starting at least as early as 9-12 months of treatment. Three types of mutation that may be associated with drug resistance were found at this time, in a region upstream of the YMDD motif in the active site of the viral reverse transcriptase. The YMDD motif itself remained unchanged. Not unexpectedly, the lamivudine therapy did not have a impact on development of liver cancer.

Massemin S. 1992. L'alimentation de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) : échantillonnage botanique, étude coprologique et approche du comportement de vigilance [Feeding in the alpine marmot (M. marmota): botanic sampling, coprology study and approach of the surveillance behaviour]. Rapport DEA, Adaptation et survie en environnements extrâmes, Lyon.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, alimentation, foraging.

L'étude coprologique a permis de réaliser une approche du régime alimentaire d'un groupe familial chez la marmotte alpine en Savoie. Ce rongeur est essentiellement phytophage : le groupe étudié se nourrit principalement des parties florales des Dicotylédones. Les Poacées sont peu consommées et leur présence dans le régime tend à diminuer au cours de la période estivale pour âtre remplacées par les Dicotylédones en septembre. Les graines se retrouvent surtout en août dans le régime mais leur abondance relative est toutefois peu élevée. Occasionnellement, la marmotte peut âtre insectivore. La qualité des apports nutritionnels semble diminuer de juillet à septembre d'après les indices fècaux : les besoins seraient plus forts en sortie d'hibernation ou la qualité nutritive des végétaux diminuerait dès le mois d'août. L'importance probable du léchage de schistes pour les apports minéraux est à souligner. Le régime, basé seulement sur 9 types de plantes, est peu diversifié pour un animal occupant un milieu végétal riche. Le taux de recouvrement des espèces végétales les plus consommées par la marmotte alpine est faible ou très faible et la position des espèces sur le terrain est éloignée du terrier principal. II y a donc sélection des espèces végétales broutées. Divers facteurs peuvent jouer un rôle dans cette sélection de la nourriture, en particulier la phénologie des espèces végétales. Les résultats sur le comportement de vigilance ne permettant pas d'affirmer que la prédation a une influence sur la sélection alimentaire, on notera cependant que les marmottes passent le l/3 du temps d'affourragement à brouter et que les adultes observent plus que les jeunes de l'année.

Massemin S., Gibault C., Ramousse R. & Butet A. 1996. Premières données sur le régime alimentaire de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) en France [First data on the alpine marmot (M. marmota) diet]. Mammalia, 60(3): 351-361.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, alimentation, foraging.

A preliminary study of the diet of 3 groups of alpine marmots has been carried out in the Savoie region (France). Food composition was studied by the identification of plant epidermis remnants in faeces. Dicots were prevalent over grasses in the diet. The general composition of the diet was similar in the three groups but peculiar feeding behaviours can be associated with specifical environment features of each group. During the whole period of activity, flowers were predominant over vegetative parts and seeds. The ingestion of animal preys has not been confirmed by the analysis of droppings. The diet showed low diversity for a rodent living in an environment rich in plants. Only 1 or 2 plant species provided a large part of the nutritional needs. The marmot exerts an active selection on vegetation since plants organs eaten belong mostly to plants with a poor ground cover, irregularly distributed over its own territory and often distant from the main burrow. The three groups of marmots exhibited an active behaviour in searching supplemental mineral supplies.
Cette première étude du régime alimentaire a été réalisée en Savoie (France) sur tois groupes de marmottes alpines à partir d'une analyse coprologique. Les dicotylédones sont mieux représentées dasns le régime que les graminées. Il apparaît une similitude dans la structure générale du régime des trois groupes, mais des comportements propres à chacun des groupes sont à mettre en relation avec l'environnement végétal dans lequel ils évoluent. Sur l'ensemble de la période d'activité, ce sont généralement les fleurs qui prédominent sur les parties végétatives et les graines. L'ingestion de proies animales n'a pu être confirmée au travers des analyses coprologiques. Le régime apparaît peu diversifié pour un rongeur vivant dans un evironnement floristique riche. En effet, une à deux espèces végétales couvrent une grande partie des besoins nutritionnels. La marmotte opère par ailleurs une sélection sur la végétation puisque les organes consommés appartiennent le plus souvent à des plantes à faible taux de recouvrement, distribuées irrégulièrement sur le domaine vital et souvent éloignées du terrier principal. Pour chacun des groupes étudiés, on observe une recherche active d'éléments minéraux en complément de la nourriture ingérée.

Massemin S. & Ramousse R. 1992. Comportement et régime alimentaires chez la marmotte alpine [Behaviour and diet in the alpine marmot]. Actes Journée d'étude de la marmotte Alpine, 75-80.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, alimentation, foraging.

Massemin S., R. Ramousse & Le Berre M. 1993. Comportement de vigilance chez la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) [Vigilance behaviour in Alpine marmot (M. marmota)]. Bull Soc. zool. Fr., 118(2) : 195-201.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, surveillance.

Une étude préliminaire sur la vigilance de la marmotte alpine, effectuée dans le Parc National de la Vanoise (juillet et août 1991) concerne trois individus (un mâle adulte, une femelle adulte et un jeune de l'année). La durée de broutage, supérieure à la durée d'observation, représente 30% du temps d'affouragement pour les trois individus. La vigilance (durée d'observation et nombre de relevés de tête) est équivalente entre les deux sexes. Par contre, les adultes observent plus que les jeunes de l'année. Aucune variation mensuelle du broutage et de la vigilance n'apparaît. La présence d'un "surveillant" n'entraîne pas de modifications temporelles de ces deux activités. La fréquence des épisodes de vigilance est en corrélation positive aec celle des épisodes de broutage, alors que la durée du comportement de vigilance dépend de la présence de prédateur ou de compétiteur.
Vigilance of the alpine marmot was studied in the Parc National of Vanoise during July and August l99l. Three marmots, an adult male, an adult female and a new born, were observed. For these three individuals, duration of feeding was 30 % on the browsing time ; it was greater than the looking-up time. Vigilance (looking-up time and number of look-ups) was the same for both sexes. Adults observed more than infants. No significant monthly variation of feeding and vigilance was observed. The presence of "supervisor" did not involve any temporal variation for these two activities. Number of look-ups correlated with number of foraging bouts, but look-up durations varied with the approach of a predator or of a food competitor.

Matschie P. 1901. Zoogeographische Betrachtungen über die Säugethiere der nördlichen [Zoogéographie des mammifères septentrionaux]. Alten Welt. Arch. Naturges., 67: 307-328, pl. x.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, géographie, geography.

Matarazzo V., Tirard A. Renucci-M., Botto J.M., Bel M.C., Claverie J.M., Belaich A. & Clement J.L. 2000. Identification of odorant receptors from the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) [Identification des recepteurs olfactifs de la marmotte alpine]. Cellular and molecular Biology, 46(7) : 1249-1258.
En anglais, in English.
Alpine Marmots (Marmota marmota) are a good model to study intraspecific chemical communication among mammals. This species has been subjected to several behavioural and biochemical studies regarding both their scent-marking behaviour by cheek-rubbing, and the chemical composition of their glandular secretions. However, no molecular study has been undertaken until today on proteins from the olfactory epithelium possibly implicated in chemical perception. In this study, we identified, to our knowledge for the first time, some olfatory receptors from this wild rodent. Starting with olfactory epithelium of an Alpine Marmot, and by mean of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction technique (RT-PCR), we isolated fourteen partial sequences that exhibited a high degree of homology (45-92%) with olfactory receptors from other vertebrates. Conserved identities and structural features clearly defined these Alpine Marmot sequences as members of the seven transmembrane domain olfactory receptors. All sequences were observed as belonging to known olfactory receptor families and were classified into ten subfamilies of the tetrapods OR class. Finally, Northern blot analysis revealed specific expression of these sequences in the Alpine Marmot olfactory epithelium tissue.

Mathaik H.A. 1938. A key to the hairs of mammals of southern Michigan [Clé de détermination des poils des mammifères du Michigan méridional]. J. Wildl. Manage., 2: 251-268.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, poils, hairs, clef de détermination, determination key, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Michigan.

Mathieu-d'Auriac E. 1887. Les Marmottes parisiennes [The Parisian marmots]. L. Bonhoure, Paris.

Matsumura T., Moriyasu F., Kono Y. & Chiba T. 1998. [Contrast-enhanced power Doppler imaging of the liver--preliminary animal study]. Nippon Rinsho., 56(4): 985-9.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, foie, liver, imagerie, imaging.

To evaluate efficacy of contrast-enhanced power Doppler imaging of the liver. We administered two kinds of contrast agents, SHU-508 (Schering AG, Germany) and FS069 (MBI, USA), intravenously to woodchucks with hepatocellular carcinomas. Power Doppler imaging of the liver was performed. To obtain minute hemodynamic information of the liver, we tried continuous infusion of contrast agents and flash echo mode (intermittent scanning) on power Doppler imaging. When we administered continuously contrast agents, the enhancement increased gradually and lasted until the end of the infusion. To compare with bolus injection, we were able to detect blood flow of the liver more clearly and easily without saturation artifacts. On power Doppler flash echo imaging of three or five seconds suspension, signals from only arterial flow were obtained. In comparison on seven seconds suspension imaging, signals from both arterial and portal flow were obtained. With flash echo mode, we could acquire the information of blood perfusion to depict the signals from eliminated microbubbles. With continuous infusion and flash echo mode on contrast-enhanced power Doppler imaging, we could get more detailed information of blood flow and perfusion of the liver. This method is expected to be useful for the diagnosis of liver tumor in clinical settings.

Matthew W.D. 1899. A provisional classification of the fresh-water Tertiary of the West [Classification provisoire des poissons d’eau douce du tertiaire de l’Ouest]. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12: 19-75.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys, vetus, paléontologie, paleontology, tertiaire.

Matthew W. D. 1910. On the osteology and relationships of Paramys, and the affinities of the Ischyromyidae. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 28: 43-72, pls. i-v, 19 text-figs.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.

Matthew W.D. 1915. The Tertiary sedimentary record and its problems [Les enregistrements sédimentaires du tertiaire et ses problèmes].
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, tertiaire

Matthey R. 1945. L'évolution de la formule chromosomiale chez les Vertébrés [Chromosomal evolution in the Vertebrates]. Experientia, 1 : 50-56, 78-86.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, génétique, genetics.

Matthiole Pierre André 1572. Commentaires de M. Pierre André Matthiole, médecin Senois, sur les six livres de Ped. Dioscoride anazarbeen de la matière médicinale. Guillaume Rouillé, Lyon, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Botanique, botany, plantes médicinales, medicinal plants, sciences de la nature, wildlife sciences, marmotaine, mures montani, souris des montagnes, p. 242.
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Matthiole Pierre André 1579. Commentaires de M. Pierre André Matthiole, médecin Senois, sur les six livres de Ped. Dioscoride anazarbeen de la matière médicinale. Guillaume Rouillé, Lyon, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Botanique, botany, plantes médicinales, medicinal plants, sciences de la nature, wildlife sciences, marmotaine p. 252.
pdf

Mattina M.J.I., Pignatello J.J. & Swihart R.K. 1991. Identification of volatile components of bobcat (Lynx rufus) urine [Identification des composants volatils de l’urine du lynx roux (Lynx rufus)]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 17(2) : .
En anglais, in English.
Lynx rufus, Lynx roux, bobcat, Marmota monax, Lepus americanus, Odocoileus virginianus, Odocoileus hemionus, répulsif, repellent, odeurs de prédateur, predator odors.
Bobcat (Lynx rufus) urine reduces scent-marking activity of woodchucks (Marmota monax) and feeding activity of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and deer (Odocoileus virginianus, O. hemionus). In order to identify the semiochemicals responsible for these behavior modifications, a dichloromethane extract of the bobcat urine was analyzed by GC-MS. Among the known compounds identified in the extract are phenol, indole, dimethyl sulfone, and 3-mercapto-3-methylbutanol. Compounds for which spectroscopic data are presented for the first time include one sulfide, two disulfides, and two trisulfides. The sulfur compounds are derived from an amino acid,S-(l,1-dimethyl-3-hydroxypropyl)cysteine (felinine), which was identified several years ago in the urine of the domestic cat (Felis domesticus).

Mattuschka G. 1785. Zur Naturgeschichte der Marmotta Bamboc Schreb. Schrift. D. Berlin Ges. Naturf. Fr., Bd., 6 : 400-403.
En allemand, in German.

Mattuschka G. 1788. Schrift. D. Berlin Ges. Naturf. Fr., Bd., 9 : 88-91.
En allemand, in German.

Matsushita F., Ohno S., Unoura M., Kobayashi K., Tanaka N., Fukuoka K., Morioka T., Kaneko S., Aoyama S., Migita S., et al. 1987. Analysis of the chromosomal abnormalities of a woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cell line (WH257GE10). Int. J. Cancer, 40(5): 711-714.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, chromosome, chromosom.
The normal woodchuck karyotype was determined by the G-banding technique, and the chromosomal abnormalities of a woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cell line (WH257GE10) were analyzed and compared with it. The normal woodchuck karyotype was 38,XY in a male, and 38,XX in a female. Autosomes were classified into 2 groups (A and B). Group A consisted of 13 pairs (1-13) of metacentric or sub-metacentric chromosomes, and group B consisted of 5 pairs (14-18) of telocentric or sub-telocentric ones. The X chromosome was sub-metacentric, and the Y chromosome was telocentric. In WH257GE10, the modal number was 36. Deletion of one of the chromosome 5 pair, of the chromosome 13 pair, and of the Y chromosome was observed. Two marker chromosomes (M1 and M2) were found. These markers showed the same G-banded patterns except for a small chromosome fragment at the distal part of the long arm of M1. The chromosome aberrations were very stable through successive passages in vitro. These findings suggest that the chromosomal abnormalities found in WH257GE10 might be associated with the pathogenesis of woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma.

Matveichuk S.P. 2002. Organizational-law aspects of territorial tactics of management of bobac populations [Aspects des lois organisationnelles des tactiques de gestion territoriales des populations de bobac]. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 39.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, territoire, territory.

Maufras Émile 1880. Sur les dépôts quaternaires dans la vallée de la Seugne. [About the the Quaternary deposits in the Seugne Valley]. Bulletins de la société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 3 : 536-544.
En français, in French.
Préhistoire, prehistory, acheuléen, Acheulean, moustérien, Mousterian, pas de faune, non fauna.
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Maupassant Guy de 1984. La parure et autres contes parisiens. Paris, Garnier. Num. BNF de l'éd. de Paris : Bibliopolis, 1998-1999. Reprod. de l'éd. de Paris : Garnier, 1984.
En français, in French.
Littérature françaises, Fench literature, marmotter, to mumble, prière, prayer.
pdf

Maul L. 1990. Üeberblick über die unterpleistozänen Kleinsäugerfaunen Europas. Vue d’ensemble de la petite faune de mammifères d’Europe au début du Pléistocène]. Quartärpaläontologie, 8, 153-191.
En allemand, in German
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, pleistocene, Marmota, Deutsch Altenburg, Autriche, Austria.

Mauvezin & Topinard 1880. Découverte de grottes sépulcrales de l’époque néolithique à Avrigny [Discovery of sepulchral caves of the neolithic period]. Bulletins de la société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 3 : 700-705.
En français, in French.
Squelette, crâne, adultes, enfants, os travaillés : cheval, veau, bœuf. Pas de faune.pdf

Mauz Isabelle 2002. Gens, cornes et crocs. Relations hommes-animaux et conceptions du monde, en Vanoise, au moment de l’arrivée des loupsloups [Folks, horns and teeth. Relationships Man-animals and world conceptions, in Vanoise at the arrival time of wolfs]. Thèse ENGREF, Paris.
En français, in French
En ligne, on line, Pdf Ethnobiologie, Savoie, France.

Maximov A.I. 1993. Reproduction of marmots . Crolikovodsvoi i zverrovdstvo, 2, Koloss, Moscow: 6-7.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, reproduction.

Maximova M.P. & Kudrov V.F. 2002. Geological-geomorphological characteristics of habitats of marmots on Chuvash Republic territory [Caractéristiques géologique et géomorphologique des habitats de marmottes dans la république Tchouvache].
In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 37-38.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, habitat, République Tchouvache, Chuvsh Republic.

Maxson L.R., Ellis L.S. & Song A.R. 1981. Quantitative immunological studies of the albumins of North American squirrels, family Sciuridae [Etudes immunologiques quantitatives des albumines des écureuils d'Amérique du Nord]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 68: 397-400.
En anglais, in English.
(Sciuridae) ; Immunologie ; Amérique.

Mayer W.V.C. 1952. The hair of Californian mammals with keys to the dorsal guard hairs of Californian mammals [Le poil des mammifères californiens avec des clés de détermination jusqu’aux poils de guardes dorsaux] . Am. Midl. Nat., 48: 480-512.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, poils, hairs, clef de détermination, determination key, Etats-Unis d'Amérique, Californie, California.

Mayet L. & Pissot J. 1915. Abri sous-roche préhistorique de La Colombière près Poncin (Ain) [Prehistoric rock shelter of La Colombière near Poncin (Ain)].
En français, in French?
Annales de l'Universitééde Lyon, 1(39) : 206.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Ain, France.

Maynard Smith J. 1965. The evolution of alarm calls [Évolution des cris d'alarme]. American Naturalist, 99: 59-63.
En anglais, in English.
Communication sonore, accoustical communication, évolution, evolution.

Mayhoff Karl Friedrich Theodor ed. 1906. Naturalis Historia. Pliny the Elder [Histoire naturelle. Pline l’Ancien]. Lipsiae. Teubner.
En latin, in Latin.
Pontici mures, alpini mures, Marmota marmota. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0138:book=8:chapter=57
Extrait pdf extract

Mazoyer S. 1984. Estimation des potentialités nutritives du département de la Haute-Savoie en vue de la réintroduction du Gypaète barbu[Valuing of nutritive potentialities of the Haute-Savoie department in the view of the bearded vulture re-introduction]. DDAF, Haute-Savoie, pp. 51.
En français, in French.

McAdie Malcom 2004. History and current status of the Vancouver Island Marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) captive breeding program [Histoire et statut actuel du programme d'élevage de la marmotte de l’île de Vancouver]. Species At Risk 2004 Pathways to Recovery Conference.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, British Columbia, élevage, captive breeding, gestion d'élevage, captive management, conservation, ré-introduction, rétablissement, reintroduction, recovery, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia.
During the mid-1980s, the Vancouver Island marmot’s (Marmota vancouverensis) population was estimated at 300-350 individuals and was considered to be stable or increasing; however, beginning in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, Vancouver Island marmot numbers demonstrated significant declines, and it became apparent that recovery efforts involving only field manipulation of the wild population would likely not prevent the extinction of this species. The National Recovery Plan for the Vancouver Island Marmot 2000 update (Janz et al. 2000) stated that “few animals exist for reintroductions or other management activities” and that “It is unlikely that wild populations will suddenly rebound of their own accord. Captive breeding and reintroduction present the only chance of increasing populations within a reasonable period of time and minimizing the risk of extinction.” In response to these concerns, the Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team initiated a rigorous program of captive breeding to (1) serve as a genetic lifeboat to safeguard Vancouver Island marmots against catastrophic events in the wild, (2) determine appropriate management and husbandry guidelines for the successful captive maintenance and propagation of Vancouver Island marmots, (3) conduct directed research, and (4) provide sufficient numbers of individuals for release and eventual restoration of the wild population. Since its inception in 1997, this program has come to include the participation of three Canadian zoological institutions, the Toronto Zoo, the Calgary Zoo, and the Mountain View Conservation and Breeding Society, and a dedicated marmot facility on Vancouver Island. To date, there has been a total of 95 marmots in captivity, including 54 marmots captured from the wild and 41 born in captivity. There have been 18 mortalities in captivity. As of December 2003, the captive population consisted of 77 surviving marmots and 14 potential breeding pairs. This paper provides a summary of the first seven years of the Vancouver Island captive-breeding program and includes a history of the project, an overview of the marmots’ captive management, and a description of the initial reintroduction of captive Vancouver Island marmots, which occurred in the summer of 2003.Extrait pdf extract

McAdie M., Howell C., Rempell D. & Wenman R. 2002. Captive management of the endangered Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis). Gestion de la marmotte menacée de l'île de Vancouver (Marmota vancouvernsis) en captivité. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 88-89.
Anglais et français ; English and French.
Marmota vancouverensis, Vancouver island marmot, marmottes de l'île de Vancouver, captive breeding, elevage en captivité, zoo.

McAdie M., Howell C., Rempell D. & Wenman R. 2003. Captive management of the endangered Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis). Gestion de la marmotte menacée de l'île de Vancouver (Marmota vancouvernsis) en captivité. Управление программы по исчезающему сурку острова вкнкувер (Marmota vancouvernsis). In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 245-252.
Anglais, français et résumé russe; English, French and Russian abstract.
PDF disponible/available
Marmota vancouverensis, Vancouver island marmot, marmottes de l'île de Vancouver, captive breeding, elevage en captivité, conservation, reintroduction, réintroduction, zoo.
Au cours de la dernière décade, la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver a montré un déclin significatif de ses populations qui menace la survie de l'espèce. En 1997, le Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team a entrepris un programme à long terme et coordonné de reproduction en captivité et de réintroduction pour sauver cette espèce extrêmement menacée. Actuellement, ce programme implique trois zoos canadiens et une installation dédiée à la marmotte sur l'île de Vancouver. En octobre 2002, la population de marmottes captives a atteint 64 individus. L'histoire du projet de captivité, ses principes de gestion, ses causes de morbidité et de mortalité sont discutés.

McBirnie J.E., F.G. Pearson, G.A. Trusler, H.H. Karachi & W.G. Bigelow 1953. Physiological studies of the groundhog (Marmota monax) [Etudes physiologiques de la marmotte (M. monax)]. Canad. J. Med. Sci., 31 : 421-430.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, sang, blood, médecine, medecine.
Un large spectre de tests, incluant les gaz sanguins et les les ions, a été appliqué chaque saisons de l'année. Il y a quelques modifications mineures du contenu en gaz carbonique, du pH, des niveaux de magnésium et potassium, mais aucune n'est significative.

McChesney C.E. 1878. Notes on the mammals of Fort Sisseton, Dakota [Notes sur les mammifÀres de Fort Sisseton, Dakota]. Bul. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey Ter., 4 : 201-218.
En anglais, in English.
Exploration, Dakota, États-Unis, USA.

McChesney C.E. 1879. Report on the mammals and birds of the general region of the Bighorn River and Mountains of the Montana Territory. Report of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army. Appendix SS3.; En anglais, in English. Précolonisation, presettlement, Montana, Etats-Unis d'amérique, USA.

McCrory W.P. & Fish R.E. 2002. Otitis interna as a result of Pasteurella multocida infection in a laboratory woodchuck [Otite interne, résultat d’une infection de Pasteurella multocida chez une marmotte commune de laboraoire]. Contemp. Top Lab. Anim. Sci., 41(1):43-45.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, Pasteurella multocida, bactérie, oreille.
Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
A laboratory woodchuck presented clinically with left-sided torticollis and a purulent exudate within the external auditory meatus of the left ear. Bacterial culture of the exudate resulted in a heavy growth of Pasteurella multocida. Treatment was initiated with topical and systemic antimicrobial compounds. There was no clinical improvement after 72 h of treatment, and euthanasia was elected. Radiographs correlated well with necropsy findings, confirming a diagnosis of otitis media; otitis interna was not confirmed but was suggested by the clinical presentation. To the authors knowledge, this is the first description of otitis media/interna as a result of P. multocida infection in a laboratory woodchuck.

McDonald Greg 1998. Hagerman Fossil Beds' Critter. The Fossil Record, Summer 1998.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, rockchuck or yellow bellied marmot, marmotte à ventre jaune, Paenemarmota, giant marmot, marmotte géante, Idaho.
http://www.nps.gov/hafo/paenemar.htm

McEvedy C. 1988. La peste bubonique [Bubonic plague]. Pour la Science, 126 : 72-77.

McGahan J. 1966. Ecology of the golden eagle [Écologie de l’aigle royal]. M.S. thesis. University of Montana, Missoula. 78 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Aquila chrysaetos, Golden eagle, aigle royal, prédation, predation, Marmota flaviventris.

McGee Harold F. Jr. 1987. The use of furbearers by native North Americans after 1500 [Utilisation des animaux à fourrures par les indigènes nord américains après 1500]. In Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America, Milan Novak, James A. Baker, Martyn E. Obbard and Bruce Malloch, editors, p. 13-20.
En anglais, in English.
Histoire, history, chasse de subsistance, subsistence hunting, usage, utilization, valeur économique, economic value, amérindien, amerinds, animaux à fourrure, fur animals, méthodes de chasse, hunting methods, Amérique du Nord, North America.
Sciurus spp., Sylvilagus spp., Cynomys spp., Spermophilus spp., Marmota spp., Erethizon dorsatum, Lynx spp., Felis spp., Canis lupus, Canis latrans, Procyon lotor, Ursus arctos, Euarctos americanus, Ursus americanus, Alopex lagopus, Mustela vison, Gulo gulo, Vulpes spp., Mephitis mephitis, Spilogale spp., Mustela spp., Enhydra lutris, Lutra canadensis, Taxidea taxus, Martes americana, Bison bison, Odocoileus spp., Rangifer tarandus.

McGuire K.R. 1980. Cave Sites, Faunal Analysis, and Big Game Hunters of the Great Basin: A Caution [Les sites de caverne, analyse faunique, et les chasseurs de gros gibiers du Great Basin : un avis]. Quaternary Research, 14:263-268.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, paléontologie, paleontology.

McKean T. & Mendenhall W. 1996. Comparison of the responses to hypoxia, ischaemia and ischaemic preconditioning in wild marmot and laboratory rabbit hearts [Comparaison des réponses à l'hypoxie, l'ischémie et lischémie préconditionnée du coeur de la marmotte sauvage et du lapin de laboratoire]. Journal of Experimental Biology, 199(3): 693-697.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, Oryctolagus cuniculus, physiologie, physiology, coeur, hypoxie, hypoxia, ischémie, ischemia.
Marmots (Marmota flaviventris) are burrowing mammals that may be subjected to low levels of oxygen and high levels of carbon dioxide in their underground environment. Since marmots successfully deal with this physiological challenge, we hypothesized that the isolated perfused marmot heart would be damaged less and recover better from a bout of induced hypoxia or ischaemia than would the heart of a comparison animal, the New Zealand laboratory rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Isolated marmot and rabbit hearts were made hypoxic by a 30 min perfusion with an oxygen-deficient buffer. The hearts were then perfused with an oxygen-replete buffer and measurements of heart rate, left ventricular pressure and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release (an indicator of cell damage) were made over 5 or 10 min intervals for 30 min of hypoxia and 30 min of recovery. There were no species differences in the responses, except that the heart rate in marmots was about 50% of the rate in rabbits during the hypoxia part of the experiment. There was no evidence that the marmot hearts were damaged less or recovered better from hypoxia and reoxygenation than the rabbit hearts. Marmot and rabbit hearts were also subjected to 30 min of total ischaemia; measurements of heart rate, left ventricular pressure and LDH release were obtained during 30 min of reperfusion and compared with the pre-ischaemia values for these variables. There were no significant species differences. When the 30 min ischaemic period was preceded by a 5 min period of ischaemia and a 10 min reperfusion period (preconditioning), the rabbit hearts were protected by this brief ischaemic insult and recovered better than the hearts that had not been subjected to the preconditioning ischaemia. This was not true in the marmot hearts, however, as the preconditioning ischaemia did not promote a greater recovery over that in its absence. When preconditioned marmots hearts were compared with preconditioned rabbit hearts, there were no statistical differences in the responses. The hypothesis that marmot hearts would be damaged less and recover better from hypoxia and ischaemia was not supported by the experimental data.

McKenzie E.J., Jackson M., Turner A., Gregorash L. & Harapiak L. 2005. Chronic care and monitoring of woodchucks (Marmota monax) during repeated magnetic resonance imaging of the liver [Soin chronique et surveillance des marmottes communes d'Amérique (Marmota monax) au cours d'imagerie de résonance magnétique répétée du foie]. Journal of the American Association for laboratory Animal Science (J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci.), 45(2): 26-30.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, cancer, tumor, imagerie en résonance magnétique, magnetic resonance imaging.

We monitored the development of hepatocellular carcinoma due to chronic infection with woodchuck hepatitis virus by using monthly serum samples, physical examination, and magnetic resonance imaging. The same woodchucks can be imaged repeatedly over a 1-y period by allowing the animals to recover after each experiment, thus reducing the number of animals required without compromising the quality of the data obtained. Age- and sex-matched uninfected control (n = 5) and chronically infected (n = 5) woodchucks were group-housed according to sex and infection status. Woodchucks were anaesthetized using an inhalation anesthetic (isoflurane) without premedication. During imaging, we regularly monitored heart rate, body temperature, and respiration. Tumor growth was observed using MRI, whereas the extent of hepatocyte injury was followed using serum liver enzymes. Elevated serum gamma glutamyltransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels indicated hepatocyte injury due to tumor growth. On magnetic resonance images, the liver should appear as a well-defined, homogenous organ with defined regions of hyperintensities from larger blood vessels. Within tumor nodules, the liver appeared irregularly shaped, having heterogeneous intensity from unregulated cellular proliferation. Changes in tumor size can be monitored by imaging infected woodchucks on a regular basis. Using the imaging techniques we describe, the development of hepatocellular carcinoma can be visualized using magnetic resonance imaging, correlated to serum tests, and compared with the results from uninfected control woodchucks, thereby improving the understanding of the disease progress.

McKenzie E.J., Jackson M., Sun J., Volotovskyy V., Gruwel M.L. 2005. Monitoring the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks using 31P-MRS. Magma (New York, N.Y.) (MAGMA), 18(4): 201-205.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, hépatite, hepatitis, imagerie, imaging, résonance magnétique, magnetic resonance.
The woodchuck is one of the only lab animal models of chronic viral hepatitis infection and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Using this model, changes in tissue energetics in the liver due to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma can be monitored by repeated magnetic resonance imaging and localized phosphorus spectroscopy. Age- and sex-matched control (n=5) and chronically infected (n=5) adult woodchucks were imaged four times in a six-month period in a 7-T horizontal-bore magnet. Using a custom-built doubly tunable quadrature volume coil, sagittal and axial FLASH images (128 x 128, slice thickness = 5 mm, TR/TE=1000/4.1, 8 averages) were acquired to locate the largest portion of the liver with the least amount of signal contamination from surrounding abdominal muscle. Two-dimensional 31P chemical-shift imaging (2D-CSI) was acquired (16 x 16 data matrix, 24 x 24 x 2 cm3, 1024 data points, 16 averages) for all animals. The extent of liver injury was determined using serum gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT). The livers of infected woodchucks showed a significant increase (p=0.01) in phosphomonoesters (PME):beta-adenosine triphosphate (NTP). Chronically infected woodchucks had higher levels of serum GGT compared to uninfected woodchucks (p=0.002). An increase in the PME:beta-NTP ratio indicates cellular proliferation within the malignant tumor.

McKinnon B. 1977. The Vancouver Island Marmot [La marmotte de l’île de Vancouver]. The Victoria Naturalist, 33:98-101.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis.

McLean D.M., Best J.B. et al. 1964. Powassan virus : summer infection cycle [Le virus de Powassan : cycle d'infection d'été]. Canad. Med. Assoc. J., 91 (26) : 1360-1362.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, médecine, medecine, épidémiologie, epidemiology, virus, Colorado, South Dakota, EUA, USA, Ontario, Canada.

McLean D.M., Smitl P.A. et al. 1966. Powassan virus : vernal spread during 1965 [Le virus de Powassan : propagation printanière de 1965]. Canad. Med. Assoc. J., 94 (11) : 532-536.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, médecine, medeine, épidémiologie, virus, Colorado, South Dakota, EUA, USA, Ontario, Canada.

McLean I.G. 1982. The association of female kin in the arctic ground squirrel [L'association de la parenté de la femelle chez l'écureuil arctique terrestre]. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 10:91-99.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, parenté.

McLean I.G. 1983. Parental behavior and killing of young in arctic ground squirrels [Comportement parental et tuerie des jeunes chez les écureuils arctiques terestres]. Anim. Behav., 31: 32-44.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, parenté.

McLean I.G. 1984. Spacing behavior and agression in female ground squirrels [Comportement spatial et agression chez les écureuils terrestres femelles]. In The biology of ground-dwelling squirrels, Univ. Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, habitat.

McMichael J.C., Greisiger L.M. & Millman I. 1981.The use of nitrocellulose blotting for the study of hepatitis B surface antigen electrophoresed in agarose gels. J. Immunol. Methods, 45(1): 79-94.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Nitrocellulose-protein blotting of serum electrophoresed in agarose gels has been adapted for the study of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). 125I-labeled anti-HBs was used as the antigen probe, and the electrophoretic migration was monitored by autoradiography. The method required 3 microliter or less of serum and could detect as little as 1 pg of purified HBsAg. Typically, we observed two bands of HbsAg; a moving band which migrated about one-third the distance moved by human serum albumin and a non-migratory band which remained at the loading site. Some examples of the use of the method include: (1) empirical methods for correlating HBsAg concentration in serum to film darkness; (2) observations of mobility changes in serial sera from dialysis patients with chronic HBsAg antigenemia; and (3) detection of related antigens such as antigen from the PLC/PRF/5 hepatoma tissue culture line and the cross-reacting woodchuck patients hepatitis virus surface antigen (WHsAg).

McNeil W.H. 1976. Plagues and people. New York, Anchor Press.
En anglais, in English.
Peste, plague.

McQuistion, T.E & Wright, J.M. 1984. The prevalence and seasonal distribution of coccidial parasites of woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Prévalence et répartition saisonnière des parasites des marmottes communes d'Amérique (Marmota monax)]. Journal of Parasitology, 70: 994-996.
En anglais, in English.
Parasitisme, parasitism, Marmota marmota, marmotte commune d'Amérique, coccidie.

Mead Jim I. & Phillips Arthur M., III 1982. The Late Pleistocene and Holocene fauna and flora of Vulture Cave, Grand Canyon, Arizona [Faunes et flores de la fin du pléistocène de la grotte Vulture Cave, Grand Canyon, Arizona]. Southwest. Nat., 26 : 257-288.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, Paléontologie, paleontology, pléistocène, holocène, Amérique du Nord, Arizona.

Mead J.L., Thompson Robert S. & Devender Thomas R. Van 1982. Late Wisconsinan and Holocene fauna from Smith Creek Canyon, Snake Range, Nevada [Faunes de la fin du Wisconsinein et de l'holocène de Smith Creek Canyon, Snake Range, Nevada]. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 20 : 1-26.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventrisPaléontologie, paleontology, pléistocène, holocène, Amérique du Nord, Nevada.

Meares J. 1790. Examination of John Meares at the council Chamber Whitehall on the 27th of May, 1790 by the Lords of the Committee of Council [Examen de John Meares à la Chambre du Conseil de Whitehall du 27 mai, 1790 par les Lords du Comité du Conseil]. Archives of BC Government Record #335.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caligata, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, fourrures, furs.
He observed that the skins of marmots (presumably hoary marmot) occured in "great quantities" on the Northwes Coast of Americ between 1786-1788.

Measures L.N. & R.C. Anderson 1983. Characteristics of natural infections of the stomach worm, Obeliscoides cuniculi (Graybill), in lagomorphs, woodchucks and small rodents [Caractéristiques des infections naturelles du ver intestinal, Obeliscoides cuniculi (Graybill), chez les Lagomorphes, les marmottes des bois et les petits rongeurs]. J. Wildlife Diseases, 19(3): 219-224.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, endoparasites, parasitologie, parasitology, Plathelminthes, Canada.

Wild lagomorphs and woodchucks collected predominantly in southern Ontario, Canada were examined for subspecies of Obeliscoides cuniculi (Graybill). Obeliscoides cuniculi multistriatus was found in snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). Obeliscoides cuniculi cuniculi was found in cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus), European hares (Lepus capensis) and woodchucks (Marmota monax). Prevalence of Obeliscoides cuniculi multistriatus in snowshoe hares was 100% and mean intensity (and range of intensity) was 760 (9-4, 198) in Lindsay, Ontario in 1980. Mean intensity in hares varied trimonthly. The highest mean intensity of worms occurred in spring when most worms were adult. Transmission occurred mainly in spring. Most worms present in fall (70%) and winter (54%) were fourth stage. Immature fifth-stage and gravid females were present in hares during fall and winter. Prevalence and mean intensity of O. c. cuniculi in cottontails was 15% and 29 (1-118). Prevalence and mean intensity of O. c. cuniculi in woodchucks was 6% and 56 (16-118). European hares were infected with O. c. cuniculi, prevalence was 10% and mean intensity was 60 (36-83). In Ontario woodchucks and European hares were common in areas frequented by cottontail rabbits and probably acquired sporadic infections of O. c. cuniculi from infected cottontails.

Measures L.N. & R.C. Anderson 1983. Characteristics of natural infections of the stomach worm, Obeliscoides cuniculi (Graybill), in lagomorphs and woodchucks in Canada [Caractéristiques des infections naturelles du ver intestinal, Obeliscoides cuniculi (Graybill), chez les Lagomorphes, les marmottes des bois et les petits rongeurs du Canada]. J. Wildlife Diseases, 19(3): 225-233.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, endoparasites, parasitologie, parasitology, Plathelminthes, Canada.

The parasitic development of Obeliscoides cuniculi multistriatus, Measures and Anderson, 1983 was studied in New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Third-stage larvae exsheathed within 24 hr. The third molt occurred 3 days and the fourth 8-11 days post-infection. All worms were fifth stage 14 days post-infection. Males were mature at 16 days and copulation occurred in 15-16 days. Females were gravid at 18 days. The prepatent period was 16-22 days. The patent period was 61-118 days and males lived longer than females. All stages were found in the mucosa except the fifth which was found lying on the mucosal surface within a layer of mucus. Petechiae were the only lesions seen in experimentally infected rabbits. Patent infections of O. c. multistriatus were established experimentally in infected woodchucks (Marmota monax), snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus). Patent infections of O. c. cuniculi were established experimentally in snowshoe hares. Patent infections of O. c. multistriatus did not appear in experimentally infected HPB white (Swiss Webster) mice (Mus musculus). Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), H.O.R.F1 Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), H.O.R.F1 smooth-haired guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) and H.O.R.F1 gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).

Meckel A. 1828. Carotis interna u. Steigbügel des Murmelthieres u. Igels. Meckel's Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys., 174-177.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Meckel Johann Friedrich 1825. System des vergleichenden Anatomie. Zweiter Th., erste Abth., 1824, 9:1-542; zweite Abth., 1825, i-x; 1-638.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, anatomie.

Meckel Johann Friedrich M. 1833. System der vergleichenden Anatomie. Halle, 552p.
En allemand, in German.
Arctomys, murmelthiere.
Medsger O.P. 1922. The tree-climbing habits of woodchucks [Les moeurs grimpeuses des marmottes des bois]. J. Mammal., 3(4): 262-262.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology.

Medvedev S.G. 1996. Fleas of the family Ischnopsyllidae (Siphonaptera) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent countries [Puces de la famille des Ischnopsyllidae (Siphonaptera) de la faune de Russie et des pays voisins]. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 75(2): 438-454.
En russe, in Russian.
Parasitisme, parasitism, puces, fleas, Ischnopsyllidae, Russie, Russia.

Meier P.T. 1982. Social organization and movement behavior of woodchucks (Marmota monax) in woodland and field habitats in southeast Ohio [Organisation sociale et comportement de déplacement des marmottes des bois (M. monax) dans les habitats forestiers et les champs du sud-est de l'Ohio]. M. Sc. thesis, Ohio Univ., Athens, 37pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, social, Ohio, EUA, USA.

Meier P.T. 1983. Relative brain size among the North American Sciuridae [Taille relative du cerveau parmi chez les Sciuridae Nord américain]. J. Mammalogy, 64:641-647.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, cerveau, brain.

Meier P.T. 1985. Behavioral ecology, social organization and mating system of woodchucks (Marmota monax) in southeast Ohio [Eco-éthologie, organisation sociale et systèmes d'appariement chez les marmottes des bois (M. monax) du sud-est de l'Ohio]. Ph. D., Athens : Ohio University.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, social, appariement, mating, Ohio.

Meier Paul T. 1991. Response of adult woodchucks (Marmota monax) to oral-gland scents [Réponse des marmottes communes d’Amérique adultes (Marmota monax) aux odeurs des glandes orales]. Journal of mammalogy, 72(3) : 622-624.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, olfaction.
Extrait pdf extract

Meier P.T. 1992. Social organization of woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Organisation sociale des marmottes des bois (M. monax)]. Behav. Ecol, Sociobiol., 31: 393-400.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, social. .
The social organization of woodchucks (Marmota monax) in southeast Ohio was studied at two sites, at one for two 2 years (1979-1980) and the other for 3 years (1981-1983). Spatial organization was determined by trapping and radio tracking. The home ranges of adult females did not overlap in the early spring but during late spring and summer there was some overlap (<10%) as females expanded their home ranges. adult females tended to occupy the same home range in consecutive years. some adult males occupied well-defined home ranges that did not overlap the home ranges of other males but did overlap extensively the home range of one to three adult females. these males tended to occupy the same home range in consecutive years. infants used the same home range of their dam until about 2-3 months of age when most males and females apparently dispersed. about 35% of the juvenile females did not disperse until their second spring, just before their mother's new litter first emerged from their burrow. the average social group consisted of an adult male with two female kin groups comprising an adult female, an offspring (usually female) of the previous year, and the young of the year. interactions within the kin group and with the adult male were relatively frequent and generally amicable. interactions between kin groups both within and between different social groups were relatively rare and agonistic. the social organization of woodchucks in ohio differs from that described in previous studies of woodchucks elsewhere and from that predicted by current models proposed by others on the evolution of social organization of marmots.

Meier P.T. & Svendsen G. 1983. Alternative mating strategies of male woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Stratégies d'appariement alternatives ches les mâles de la marmotte des bois (M. monax]. Amer. zool., 23 : 932.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, social, appariement, mating, Ohio.

Movements of radio-tagged, adult male woodchucks in a SE Ohio population were recorded 1979-1983. Adult male woodchuck can be separated in two groups based upon differences in movement behavior. The first is characterized by males (n = 6) whose home ranges remain the same through out the year and between years. Their home ranges do overlap the home ranges of 1-3 females. The second is characterized by male (n = 5) who have no definite home ranges but move from one area to another. Differences in movement behavior between the two groups can be interpreted as reflecting two alternatives mating tactics. In the first group, males defend resource critical to female reproductive success and thereby limit access of other males to females. In the second group, males expend energy not in resources defense but in locating females during the breeding season. We conclude that the evolution of the two strategies is the result of the potential for a male to defend a resource (hibernacula) important to female fitness but where these resources are sufficiently spaced apart that defense of several is difficult by a single male.

Meier P.T., Walro J.M. & Svendsen G. 1982. The oral scent gland of woodchucks (Marmota monax) : histology and associated behaviors [La glande orale olfactive des marmottes des bois (M. monax) : histologie et comportements associés]. Symposium on Sociality in Ground Squirrels, 30 sept.- 2 oct. 1982, banff, Alberta (Abstr.).
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, glandes, glands, Olfaction.

Oral glands are largest in adult males during spring.

Mein P. 1970. Les Sciuroptères (Mammalia, Rodentia) néogènes d'Europe occidentale [Neogenic Sciuropteridae (Mammalia, Rodentia) in western Europe]. Géobios, 3: 7-77.
En français, in French.
Sciuridae, paléontologie, paleontology, Tertiaire, Tertiary, Europe.

Mein P. 1992. Tassonomia. Taxonomy. [Taxonomie]. Proc. 1st Int. Symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. Marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi, Macchi, eds., Torino, 6-12.
En italien et en anglais, in Italian and in English.
Marmota, Sciuridae.

Mekhanizmy zimneï spyatchki mlekopitaiushikh 1977 [Mécanismes d'hibernation chez les mammifères]. Vladivostock, pp. 152, 1977.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, hibernation

Mekhanizmy zimneï spyatchki 1987 [Mécanismes d'hibernation chez les mammifères]. Pushino, 1987. Sb. nautchn. trudov In-ta biol. fiz. AN SSSR, pp. 206.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, hibernation

Meklenburtsev R.N. 1934. [Mammifères de la réserve d'Axujabagly. Mammals of the Axujabagly reserve]. Bull. Kaz. FAN SSSR, 1: (In Russian).
(Mammifères) ; Réserve.

Meklenburtsev R.N. 1958. [Données sur les vertébrés terrestres du bassin de la rivière Kashkadarya. Data on terrestrial vertebrates in the basin of the River Kashkadarya]. Proceeding of Samarkand State University, New Series, 130, Tashkent, 107-121.

Melcher J.C. 1987. The influence of thermal energy exchange on the activity and energetics of yellow-bellied marmots [L'influence de l'échange thermique d'énergie et énergétique des marmottes à ventre jaune]. PhD thesis. Univ. Kans., Lawrence.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, thermorégulation, thermoregulation.

Melcher J.C. Armitage K.B. & Porter W.P. 1989. Energy allocation by yellow-bellied marmots [Affectation de l'énergie par les marmottes à ventre jaune]. Physiol. Zool., 62: 429-448.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, énergétique, Colorado..

Energy intake, daily energy expenditure (DEE), and energy availbale for production were determined for yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) at three study sites in the Elk Mountains of southwestern Colorado. Energy intake, estimated from tritiated-water turnover rates and the water and energy contents of food plants, ranged from 3,283 Kjd-1 for two lactatin females in July to 666 Kj d-1 for a yearling female in September. Maintenance, activity, and thermoregulatory components of DDE were estimated from time-budget data, estimated or measured activity costs, and beat-transfer theory. Not including energy allocated to productionn, DDE ranged from 1,017 kj d-1 for a lactating female in July to 539 Kj d-1 for a female yearling in June. Time spent in the burrow accounted for 41%-60% of DDE, foraging, for 11%-51%, s!itting on rocks by the burrow, for 1%-28%, and thermoregualting, for 1%-6%. Assimilated energy exceeded DDE for all but one animal studied, mass gains calculated assuming that assimlilated energy in excess of DEE was available for production closely matched average measured mass gains of field animals.

Melcher J.C., Armitage K.B. & Porter W.P. 1990. Thermal influences on the activity and energetics of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) [Influences thermiques de l'activité et de l'énergétique des marmottes à ventre jaune (M. flaviventris)]. Physiological Zoology, 63: 803-820.
En anglais, in English.
(Marmota flaviventris) : Thermorégulation.

The thermal environment of microhabitats used by yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) at three study sites in the Elk Mountains of southwestern Colorado was characterized using the standard operative temperature (Tes) method. marmots typically used only two abovegraoud microhabitats - meadows, where they foraged, and rocks near the burrow, where they often sat. The Tes's calculatedfor foraging areas were often below 0° before 0800 hours and often exceeded the upper limit of marmots' thermoneutral zone from late morning to midafternoon on clear days. Higher wind speeds over rocks produced Tes's up to 10° C less than in foraging areas. Marmots responded to stressfully high Tes's by reducing above-ground activity, reducing the length of foraging bouts, and tolerating transient increases in body temperature. Foraging activity during midday hours was greater on cloudy days and at a high elevation site with lower average Tes's. Young responded to stressfully low Tes's by timing daily activity to avoid the lowest Tes's. Altough mmarmots generally avoided foraging at the most stressfull Tes's, they sometimes foragedat stressful Tes's, presumably when that option was necessary to meet daily energy demands and preferable to the lternative of forgoing foraging. Under most conditions, stressful Tes's did not appear to limit time needed for foraging, but thermal constraints may have been important for young that also faced declining food quality at the end of the growing season.

Meltzer David J. 1999. Human Responses to Middle Holocene (Altithermal) Climates on the North American Great Plains [Réponses humaines aux climats de l'Holocène moyen sur les grandes plaines d'Amérique du Nord]. Quaternary Research, 52, 404-416.
En anglais, in English.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, adaptation à la sécheresse, drought adaptations, Holocène moyen, middle Holocene, plaines, plains, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Ménégeaux A. 1889. Le chien des prairies ou marmotte d’Amérique [The prairie dog or American marmot]. Le Naturaliste, 47 : 1. In Revue des Travaux scientifiques, 76.
En français, in French.
Chien de prairie, prairie dog, marmotte d'Amérique, American marmot.

Menatory G. 1972. A l'affût des marmottes [Marmot stalking]. Saint-Hubert, août, 350-354.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, chasse.

Menne S. & Cote P.J. 2004. Measurement of cell-mediated immune response in woodchucks. Methods Mol. Med., 96: 27-36.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, immunologie, immunology.

Menne S., Cote P.J., Korba B.E., Butler S.D., George A.L., Tochkov I.A., Delaney W.E. 4th, Xiong S., Gerin J.L. & Tennant BC. 2005. Antiviral effect of oral administration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in woodchucks with chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.), 49(7): 2720-2728.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, virus.
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is a nucleotide analogue approved for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. TDF also has been shown in vitro to inhibit replication of wild-type hepatitis B virus (HBV) and lamivudine-resistant HBV mutants and to inhibit lamivudine-resistant HBV in patients and HBV in patients coinfected with the HIV. Data on the in vivo efficacy of TDF against wild-type virus in non-HIV-coinfected or lamivudine-naive chronic HBV-infected patients are lacking in the published literature. The antiviral effect of oral administration of TDF against chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection, an established and predictive animal model for antiviral therapy, was evaluated in a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study (doses, 0.5 to 15.0 mg/kg of body weight/day). Four weeks of once-daily treatment with TDF doses of 0.5, 1.5, or 5.0 mg/kg/day reduced serum WHV viremia significantly (0.2 to 1.5 log reduction from pretreatment level). No effects on the levels of anti-WHV core and anti-WHV surface antibodies in serum or on the concentrations of WHV RNA or WHV antigens in the liver of treated woodchucks were observed. Individual TDF-treated woodchucks demonstrated transient declines in WHV surface antigen serum antigenemia and, characteristically, these woodchucks also had transient declines in serum WHV viremia, intrahepatic WHV replication, and hepatic expression of WHV antigens. No evidence of toxicity was observed in any of the TDF-treated woodchucks. Following drug withdrawal there was prompt recrudescence of WHV viremia to pretreatment levels. It was concluded that oral administration of TDF for 4 weeks was safe and effective in the woodchuck model of chronic HBV infection.

Menne S., Maschke J., Tolle T.K., Lu M., Roggendorf M. 1997. Characterization of T-cell response to woodchuck hepatitis virus core protein and protection woodchucks from infection by immunization with peptides containing a T-cell epitope. J. Virol., 71(1):65-74.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, virus.
Specific activation of T cells appears to be a prerequisite for viral clearance during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The T-cell response to HBV core protein is essential in determining an acute or chronic outcome of HBV infection, but how this immune response contributes to the course of infection remains unclear. This is due to results obtained from humans, which are restricted to phenomenological observations occurring during the clinical onset after HBV infection. Thus, a useful animal model is needed. Characterization of the T-cell response to the core protein (WHcAg) of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) in woodchucks contributes to the understanding of these mechanisms. Therefore, we investigated the response of woodchuck peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to WHcAg and WHcAg-derived peptides, using our 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine assay. We demonstrated WHcAg-specific proliferation of PBMCs and nylon wool-nonadherent cells from acutely WHV-infected woodchucks. Using a cross-reacting anti-human T-cell (CD3) antiserum, we identified nonadherent cells as woodchuck T cells. T-cell epitope mapping with overlapping peptides, covering the entire WHcAg, revealed T-cell responses of acutely WHV-infected woodchucks to peptide1-20, peptide100-119, and peptide112-131. Detailed epitope analysis in the WHcAg region from amino acids 97 to 140 showed that T cells especially recognized peptide97-110. Establishment of polyclonal T-cell lines with WHcAg or peptide97-110 revealed reciprocal stimulation by peptide97-110 or WHcAg, respectively. We vaccinated woodchucks with peptide97-110 or WHcAg to prove the importance of this immunodominant T-cell epitope. All woodchucks immunized with peptide97-110 or WHcAg were protected. Our results show that the cellular immune response to WHcAg or to one T-cell epitope protects woodchucks from WHV infection.

Menne S., Maschke J., Tolle T., Kreuzfelder E., Grosse-Wilde H. & Roggendorf M. 1997. Determination of peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to mitogens and woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen in woodchucks by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine or 2[3H]adenine incorporation. Arch. Virol., 142(3): 511-21.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, virus.

Characterization of cellular immune response to antigens of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) can contribute to the understanding of acute resolving and chronic outcome of hepadnavirus infection. Studies were limited because peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of woodchucks failed to incorporate [3H]thymidine sufficiently. Therefore, we established a non-radioactive proliferation assay for woodchuck PBMCs using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) as thymidine analogue. Mitogen- and WHV core protein-(WHcAg) induced PBMC proliferation was detected by BrdU incorporation and compared to an assay using 2[3H]adenine. After stimulation with concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) we observed significant PBMC proliferation with both assays. Mitogen-induced nucleoside uptake of PBMCs into cellular DNA was confirmed by detection of 1',2'[3H]BrdU and 2[3H]adenine in extracted DNA. PBMCs obtained during the acute phase of WHV infection could be stimulated by WHcAg, whereas no WHcAg-induced proliferation of PBMCs was found in WHV-negative animals. PBMCs of chronic WHV carriers showed only a weak response to WHcAg. The established assays will be useful in determining the kinetics of cellular immune responses to different WHV antigens in the course of WHV infection and may provide an insight into mechanisms responsible for chronic outcome of hepadnavirus infection.

Menne S., Maschke J., Lu M., Grosse-Wilde H. & Roggendorf M. 1998. T-Cell response to woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) antigens during acute self-limited WHV infection and convalescence and after viral challenge. J. Virol., 72(7): 6083-91
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, virus.

The infection of woodchucks with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) provides an experimental model to study early immune responses during hepadnavirus infection that cannot be tested in patients. The T-cell response of experimentally WHV-infected woodchucks to WHsAg, rWHcAg, and WHcAg peptides was monitored by observing 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and [2-3H]adenine incorporation. The first T-cell responses were directed against WHsAg 3 weeks after infection; these were followed by responses to rWHcAg including the immunodominant T-cell epitope of WHcAg (amino acids 97 to 110). Maximal proliferative responses were detected when the animals seroconvered to anti-WHs and anti-WHc (week 6). A decrease in the T-cell response to viral antigens coincided with clearance of viral DNA. Polyclonal rWHcAg-specific T-cell lines were established 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks postinfection, and their responses to WHcAg peptides were assessed. Five to seven peptides including the immunodominant epitope were recognized throughout the observation period (6 months). At 12 months after infection, T-cell responses to antigens and peptides were not detected. Reactivation of T-cell responses to viral antigens and peptides occurred within 7 days after challenge of animals with WHV. These results demonstrate that a fast and vigorous T-cell response to WHsAg, rWHcAg, and amino acids 97 to 110 of the WHcAg occurs within 3 weeks after WHV infection. The peak of this response was associated with viral clearance and may be crucial for recovery from infection. One year after infection, no proliferation of T cells in response to antigens was observed; however, the WHV-specific T-cell response was reactivated after challenge of woodchucks with WHV and may be responsible for protection against WHV reinfection.

Menne S., Roneker C.A., Korba B.E., Gerin J.L., Tennant B.C. & Cote P.J. 2002. Immunization with surface antigen vaccine alone and after treatment with 1-(2-fluoro-5-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranosyl)-uracil (L-FMAU) breaks humoral and cell-mediated immune tolerance in chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. J. Virol., 76(11): 5305-14.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite.

Woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) were treated with the antiviral drug 1-(2-fluoro-5-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranosyl)-uracil (L-FMAU) or placebo for 32 weeks. Half the woodchucks in each group then received four injections of surface antigen vaccine during the next 16 weeks. Vaccination alone elicited a low-level antibody response to surface antigen in most carriers but did not affect serum WHV DNA and surface antigen. Carriers treated first with L-FMAU to reduce serum WHV DNA and surface antigen and then vaccinated had a similar low-level antibody response to surface antigen. Following vaccinations, cell-mediated immunity to surface antigen was demonstrated in both groups, independent of serum viral and antigen load, but was significantly enhanced in woodchucks treated with L-FMAU and was broadened to include other viral antigens (core, e, and x antigens and selected core peptides). Cell-mediated immunity and antibody responses to surface antigen were observed after drug discontinuation in half of the carriers that received L-FMAU alone. Surface antigen vaccine alone or in combination with drug broke humoral and cell-mediated immune tolerance in chronic WHV infection, but the combination with drug was more effective. This suggested that a high viral and antigen load in carriers is important in maintaining immunologic tolerance during chronicity. The humoral and cellular immunity associated with the combination of L-FMAU and vaccine resembled that observed in self-limited WHV infection. Such combination therapy represents a potentially useful approach to the control of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in humans.

Menne S., Roneker C.A., Tennant B.C., Korba B.E., Gerin J.L. & Cote PJ. 2002. Immunogenic effects of woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen vaccine in combination with antiviral therapy: breaking of humoral and cellular immune tolerance in chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. Intervirology, 45(4-6): 237-50.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite.
A rational treatment strategy for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection might involve the modulation of immunity after the reduction of viremia and antigenemia. This strategy was tested in woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) by combining antiviral treatment with 1-(2-fluoro-5-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranosyl)-uracil (L-FMAU) and therapeutic vaccination with WHV surface antigen (WHsAg). Chronic WHV carriers were treated with L-FMAU or placebo for 32 weeks. Half the woodchucks in each group then received four injections of a conventional WHsAg vaccine during the next 16 weeks. Vaccination alone elicited low-level antibody to WHsAg (anti-WHs) in most carriers but did not affect serum WHV DNA, WHsAg or liver enzyme responses. Carriers treated first with L-FMAU to reduce WHV DNA and WHsAg and then vaccinated developed similar low-level anti-WHs and normalized liver enzymes. Following vaccinations, WHsAg-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was demonstrated in both groups, but was significantly enhanced in carriers treated with L-FMAU, and was broadened to include WHV core antigen (WHcAg) and selected peptide epitopes of WHcAg and WHsAg. Anti-WHs and associated CMI to WHcAg and WHsAg were observed after drug discontinuation in half of the carriers that received L-FMAU alone. Vaccination with WHsAg following treatment with L-FMAU disrupted virus-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune tolerance in chronic WHV infection and enhanced the immune response profiles beyond those seen with monotherapies alone. The combination therapy resulted in immune response profiles that resembled those observed during resolution of WHV infection. The results in woodchucks demonstrate the feasibility of using such a combination therapy for the control of chronic HBV infection in humans.

Menne S., Roneker C.A., Roggendorf M., Gerin J.L., Cote P.J. & Tennant B.C. 2002. Deficiencies in the acute-phase cell-mediated immune response to viral antigens are associated with development of chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection following neonatal inoculation. J. Virol., 76(4):1769-80.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite.
En anglais, in English.
In vitro proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was used to measure virus-specific cell-mediated immunity (vCMI) following neonatal woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection. Fifteen neonates were inoculated with the W8 strain of WHV. In 11, infection was resolved, and 4 became chronic carriers. Nineteen neonates were inoculated with the W7 strain and all became chronic carriers. Seven age-matched uninfected woodchucks served as controls. Virologic and vCMI profiles among the W8 and W7 infections were compared and related to the outcome of infection. Resolving woodchucks had robust, acute-phase vCMI to WHV antigens (core, surface, and x) and to several nonoverlapping core peptides. The acute-phase vCMI was associated temporally with the clearance of viral DNA and of surface antigen from serum at 14 to 22 weeks postinfection. In contrast, in approximately half of the W8 and W7 infections that progressed to chronicity, no significant acute-phase vCMI was detected. In the remaining carriers, acute-phase vCMI was observed, but it was less frequent and incomplete compared to that of resolved woodchucks. Serum viral load developed less rapidly in those carriers that had evidence of acute-phase vCMI, but it was still increased compared to that of resolving woodchucks. Thus, vigorous and multispecific acute-phase vCMI was associated with resolution of neonatal WHV infection. Absent or incomplete acute-phase vCMI was associated with the progression to chronic infection. By analogy, these results suggest that the onset of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in humans may be associated with deficiencies in the primary T-cell response to acute HBV infection.

Menne S. & Tennant B.C. 1999. Unraveling hepatitis B virus infection of mice and men. Nat Med., 5(10): 1125-1126.
Hépatite, hepatitis.
pdf

Menne S., Wang Y., Butler S.D., Gerin J.L., Cote P.J. & Tennant B.C. 2002. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for leukocyte CD and cytokine mRNAs of the Eastern woodchuck (Marmota monax). Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 87(1-2):97-105.
En anglais, in English.
Available pdf disponible
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite.

Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed for woodchuck leukocyte cluster of differentiation (CD) and cytokine mRNA expression. Plasmid DNA standards of each marker (CD3, CD4, CD8, IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-10), and RNA standards from mitogen-stimulated woodchuck peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used to validate and optimize the assays for TaqMan 7700 and iCycler PCR instruments. The complementary DNAs (cDNAs) produced by reverse transcription (RT) of RNA were quantified by real-time PCR against the plasmid DNA standards (6-8 log range) with detection of as few as 10-50 copies of amplicon cDNA per reaction. Analysis of unstimulated and concanavalin A-stimulated woodchuck PBMC demonstrated increased CD and cytokine mRNA expression following mitogenic activation. A liver sample from a woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infected woodchuck with histologically confirmed acute hepatitis had increased intrahepatic CD and cytokine mRNAs compared to liver from an uninfected control woodchuck. The real-time PCR assays were highly specific for the woodchuck markers in PBMC and liver samples and were equally applicable for use in alternate real-time PCR instrumentation. These assays will enable the high-throughput analyses of mRNA markers during WHV infection, and thereby facilitate continued modelling of the immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.

Menoni Emmanuel, Catusse Michel, Brenot Jean-François & Collard Pascale 1995. Pyrénées. Enquête petit gibier de montagne. Statut communal du Grand Tétras, du Lagopède, de la Perdrix grise et de la Marmotte dans l'Ariège [Pyrenees. Investigation about the small mountain game. Communal status of capercaillie, lagopus, grey partridge and of the marmot in Ariège]. Office national de la Chasse.
En français, in French.
Chasse, hunting, gibier, game.

Mercalli G. 1878. Sulle marmotte fossili trovate nei dintorni di Como. [Sur les marmottes fossiles trouvées aux alentours de Côme. Upon marmot remains found in the neighbouring of Como]. Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali, 21(2) :103.
En italien in Italian.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, Italie.

Mercer H.C. 1894. Reexploration of Hartman's Cave, near Stroudsburg, Pa., in 1892 [Réexamen de la grotte d'Hartman, près de Stroudsburg, Pennsylvanie, en 1892]. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, 96-104.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, vetus, paléontoplogie, paleontology.

Mercier Sébastien 1782a. Tableau de Paris [Picture of Paris]. Amsterdam, [s.n.], I-IV. Num. BNF de l'éd. de Paris : INALF, 1961-. Reprod. de l'éd. de Amsterdam : [s.n.], 1782.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, savoyard, colporteur, hawker, migrant.
Extrait/Extract pdf

Mercier S. 1782b. Tableau de Paris [Picture of Paris]. I-IV. Amsterdam, [s.n.], 1-313 (t. 1), 1-348 (t. 2), 1-347 (t. 3), 1-327 (t. 4). Publication Num. BNF de l'éd. de Paris : INALF, 1961-. Reprod. de l'éd. de Amsterdam : [s.n.], 1782.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literrature, boîte à marmotte, marmot box, savoyard.
Extrait/Extract pdf

Merilees W. 1980. Vancouver Island fauna best left alone [Il est préférable de laisser seule la faune de l'île de Vancouver]. B.C. Nat., 18(2, 3): 19-20.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, conservation, Canada

Mergoil J. et al 1979. Le maar, site paléontologique privilégié en contexte volcanique [The maar, paleontologic site characteristic of the volcanic context]. 7 è Réunion annuelle des Sciences de la terre, Lyon, Société Géologique de France éd., Paris, p. 325.
En français, in French.
Volcanisme, volcanism, paléontologie, paleontology.

Merk-Buchberg M. 1925. Murmeliere als Fleischfresser. Wild und Hund, 313: 18.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, cannibalisme, cannibalism, albinisme, albinism.

Merker Martin 1987. Wo Pfeifen noch zum guten Ton gehört : (Murmeltier). Bündner Jäger, 7 : 343-353.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot.

Merle P., Levy R., Vitvitski L., Chevallier M., Buendia M.A. & Trepo C. 1997. Efficacy of interferon alpha for the primary prophylaxis of preneoplastic lesions in a transgenic mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma caused by the interaction between woodchuck hepatitis virus and c-myc oncogene [Efficacité de l'interféron alpha en prophylaxie pimaire des lésions prénéoplastiques dans un modèle murin transgénique de carcinome hépatocellulaire lié à l'interaction entre le virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte et l'oncogène C-MYC. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol., 21/6-7 : 459-465.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
C-myc oncogene overexpression by near insertion of hepatitis B virus is important in woodchuck hepatocarcinogenesis. This DNA fragment was transfered in mice who developed hepatocellular carcinoma via preneoplasic lesions. In the present study, we tested the preventive effect of alpha interferon on the incidence of hepatocyte dysplasia. Human recombinant alpha interferon hybrid B/D was continuously administered at increasing doses (0 to 10,000 IU/g) in a transgenic mouse model. One cohort was treated from day 0 and sacrified at day 15, and another was treated from day 21 to day 80. A histological liver examination was performed and the transgene expression was assessed by hybridization with or without previous genie amplification, and by indirect immunofluorescence. At day 15, histological liver examination was normal. Interferon treatment decreased the expression of viral sequences, but not of c-myc. At day 80, interferon treatment resulted in a reduction of the incidence and severity of dysplasic lesions, and a marked decrease in c-myc overexpression. In this transgenic mouse model, alpha interferon treatment decreased the incidence and severity of precancerous lesions, due to a reduction in c-myc overexpression. This prophylaxis could be of interest in human hepatocarcinogenesis where c-myc overexpression is frequent.

Mermier 1890. Aperçus géologiques sur les environs de la Beaume d'Hostun [Geologic outlines in the Beaume d'Hostun neighbour]. Ann. Soc. Lin. Lyon, N.S., 38 : 1-16. p. 1.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, géologie, geology.

Merriam Clinton Hart 1882. The mammals of the Adirondack region, northeastern New York [Les mammifÀres de la r»gion de l'Adirondack, nord-est de New York]. Trans. Linn. Soc. New York, 1: 9-106.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, EUA, USA, New York.

Merriam Clinton Hart 1884. The vertebrates of the Adirondack region, northeastern New York [Les vertébrés de région de l'Adirondack, nord-est de New York]. Trans. Linnaean Soc. New York, 2 : 9-214.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, EUA, USA, New York.

Merriam C.H. 1886. The mammals of the Adirondack Region [Les mammifères de la région de l'Adirondack]. Henry Holt & Co, New York, 316 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammalia, Mammals, Marmota, États-Unis d'Am»rique, New York.

Merriam C.H. 1888. Report of the ornithologist and mammalogist [Rapport des ornithologistes et des mammalogistes]. Rpt. Commr. Agr. [U. S.] 1887, pp. 399-401.
En anglais, in English.

Merriam C.H. 1889. N. Amer. Fauna, 2.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris dacota, États-Unis, South Dakota.
Arctomys dacota Merriam, p. 8, Custer, Custer Co., Black Hills, S.Dakota.

Merriam C. Hart. 1892. The geographic distribution of life in North America, with special reference to the Mammalia [Répartition géographique de la vie en Amérique du Nord, avec référence aux mammifères]. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., VII 1-64.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, Géographie, Amérique du Nord.

Merriam 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 50: 352.
En anglais, in English.
(Marmota olympus); Arctomys olympus Merriam, 1898; Etats-Unis; Washington, Timberline at head of Soleduc River, Olympic Mountains, Callam Co.

Merriam C.H. & Bailey V. 1891. Biological reconnaissance of south-central Idaho [Reconnaissance biologique de l'Idaho central et méridional]. U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
En anglais, in English.

Merriam, G. 1958. Telemetering as an aid to population study [La télémétrie, aide à l’étude ds populations]. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer., 39: 104.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, méthodologie, methodology, population.
La radio-télémetrie fut inventée et utilisée pour la première fois chez les marmottes.
Radio telemetry was invented for and first used on marmots.

Merriam H.G. 1960. Problems in woodchuck population and a plan for telemetric study [Problèmes des populations de marmottes des bois et un plan d'étude télémétrique]. Ph. D. thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, 161p.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, EUA, USA, New York.

Merriam H.G. 1963. Low frequency telemetric monitoring of woodchuck movements [Enregistrement des basses fréquences télémétriques des mouvements des marmottes des bois]. In Biotelemetry, L.E. Slater ed., Pergamon, London, 155-171.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, écologie, ecology, méthodologie, methodology, EUA, USA, New York.

Merriam H.G. 1966. Temporal distribution of woodchuck interburrow movements [Répartition temporelle des déplacements inter-terriers de la marmotte des bois]. J. Mammal., 47 : 103-110.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax rufescens, marmotte commune d'Amérique, terrier, burrow, New York, EUA, USA.

L'enregistrement télémétrique des déplacements temporels entre terriers (223) est décrit et comparé à l'enregistrement de l'activité générale de deux autres colonies. Les mouvements entre terriers était faible à la suite de la sortie matinale des terriers, déclinait moins que l'activité totale à midi, et continuait plus tardivement que toute activité dans les deux autres populations. Des variations comportementales de l'observation et de leur efficacité peuvent expliquer certaines de ces différences. Une relation entre le comportement agonistique et les mouvements inter-terrriers est suggérée.
A telemetrically recorded temporal distribution of 223 interburrow movements by woodchucks, Marmota monax rufescens, is described and compared with general activity records for two other marmot populations. Frequency of interburrow movements was low following morning emegencec, declined less than total activity at midday, and continued later in the evening than all activity in the other two populations. Behavioral variation of observation efficiency could cause somme of these differences but this is not demonstrated. A relationship between agonistic behavior and interburrow movement is suggested.

Merriam H.G. 1971. Woodchuck burrow distribution and related movement patterns [Répartition temporelle des déplacements inter-terriers de la marmotte des bois]. J. Mammal., 52 : 732-746.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax rufescens, écologie, ecology, terrier, burrow, EUA,
USA , New York.

Les résultats observés sur la distribution spatiale et les patrons de déplacements indiquent l'existence d'un équilibre entre forces négatives et positives d'attraction chez M. monax. Cent douze terriers ont été défini en terme d'utilisation par la marmotte plustôt qu'en terme de structure. La distribution de ces terriers s'ajuste à une distribution binomial négative. Une partie du groupement de cette distribution résulte de préférences pour les pentes fortes et les sols bien drainées. L'hypothèse selon laquelle aucun besoin biologique autre que l'existence d'un site favorabe existait et expliquait le groupement, les mouvements inter-terriers seraient moins fréquents entre groupements qu'au sein d'un groupement. Plus de 600 mouvements inter-terriers ont été enregistrés par les traces dans la neige, le piégeage, observations visuelles et télémétrie. Les mouvements entre terriers au sein d'un groupe sont plus fréquents que ceux entre groupes, bien qu'aucune barrière soit apparente entre les groupes à l'exception de l'absence de terriers. Le groupement des terriers et social coïncide.
One hundred and 12 burrow systems were defined in terms of woodchuck ( Marmota monax rufescens) use rather than burrow structure. The spatial distribution of these burrows was fitted by a negative binomial. Part of the clustering in this distribution resulted from preferences for steep slopes and well-drained soils. It was hypothesized that if any biological need, other than a suitable burrow site, was satisfied by the clustering, then interburrow movements wouId be less frequent between clusters than within clusters. Over 600 interburrow movements were recorded by tracking in snow, trapping, visual observation, and telemetry. Movements between burrows within a cluster were more frequent than movements between clusters, although no barriers were apparent between clusters except lack of burrows. Burrow clusters and social groups may coincide.

Merriam H.G. & A. Merriam 1965. Vegetation zones around woodchuck burrows [Zones de végétation autour des terriers de marmottes des bois]. Canadian Field-Nat., 79 : 177-180.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, écologie, ecology, végétation, terrier, burrow, EUA, USA, New York.

They noted that higher levels of nitrate nitrogen in the soil near height woodchuck burrows in pasture coincided with lusher vegetation, leading to the hypothesis that enrichment of soil with fecal nitrogen enhanced the growth of individual plants.

Merriam John C. 1911. Tertiary mammal beds of Virgin Valley and Thousand Creek in northwestern Nevada. Pt. II: Vertebrate faunas [Couches à mammifères tertiaires de Virgin Valley et de Thousand Creek, nord-ouest du Nevada. Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif., 6: 199-304, pls. xxxii, xxxiii, 80text-figs.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, nevadensis, minor, vetus, paléontologie, paleontology, tertiaire, Amérique du Nord, Nevada.

Merriam J.C. 1917. Relationships of Pliocene mammalian faunas from the Pacific coast and Great Basin provinces of North America [Relations des faunes mammales de la côte du Pacifique et les provinces du Grand bassin d'Amérique du Nord]. Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif., 10: 421-443, 1 text-fig.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, nevadensis, minor, oregonensis, vetus, paléontologie, paleontology, pliocène, Amérique du Nord.

Merriam J.C. & Chester Stock 1925. Relationships and structure of the short-faced bear, Arctotherium, from the Pleistocene [Relation et structure de l'ours à museau court Arctotherium, du Pléistocène]. Publ. Carnegie Instn. Wash., 347: 1-35, pls. i-x, 6 text-figs.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, minor, vetus, flaviventer, paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène.

Merritt J.F. 1987. Guide to the mammals of Pennsylvania [Guide des mammifÀres de Pennsylvanie]. Univ Pittsburgh Pr., Carnegie Mus. Nat. HIst, Pittsburgh. 408 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna guide, mammifères, Mammalia, Mammals, Marmota monax, Pennsylvanie, Pennsylvania, États-Unis d’Amérique, USA.
Faune, fauna guide p.311-322,334-339,374-375: Odocoileus virginianus, Eradication, extirpation: Cervus canadensis, Cervus elaphus, Alces alces, Bison bison, distribution, traces, tracks p.79-118 & pls.1-3: Myotis keenii, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis sodalis, Myotis leibii, Lasionycteris noctivagans, Pipistrellus subflavus, Eptescius fuscus, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus seminolus, Lasiurus cinereus, Nycticeius humeralis, comportement, behavior p.119-170,209-213,234-240 & pls.4- 9,346-353,363: Lepus americanus, Marmota monax, Sylvilagus floridanus, Sciurus carolinensis, Sylvilagus transitionalis, Tamias striatus, Sciurus niger, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, Glaucomys volans, gGaucomys sabrinus, Castor canadensis, Ondatra zibethicus, Erethizon dorsatum p.241-309,323-334,363-373 & pls. 15-17: Canis latrans, Vulpes vulpes, Urocyon cineoargenteus, Euarctos americanus, Ursus americanus, Procyon lotor, Mustela erminea, Mustela rixosa, Mustela nivalis allegheniensis, Mustela frenata, Mustela vison, Spilogale putorius, Mephitis mephitis, Lutra canadensis, Lynx rufus, Felis rufus, Martes americanus, Martes pennanti, Taxidea taxus, Gulo gulo, Felis concolor, Lynx canadensis, Felis lynx, Canis lupus.

Мерзликин И.Р. (Merzlikin I.R.), Дорофеев В. (Dorofeev V.M.) & Кривцов А.И. (Krivtsov A.I.) 1993. Pervie itogi reakklimatizatsii baïbaka v Sumskoï oblasti [Premiers bilans de la réintroduction de la bobak dans la région de Sumsk. First results of the bobac reacclimatization in Sumy Region.]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 20.
Marmota bobac, réintroduction, re-introduction, Russie, Russia.

Мерзликин И.Р. (Merzlikin I.), Галета А. (Galeta A.), Кривцов А.И. (Krivtsov A.I.) & Дорофеев В. (Dorofeev V.) 1997.Состояние популяции байбака в сумской области Украины. The state of steppe marmot population in Sumy region of Ukraine [État de la population de marmotte des steppes de la région; de Soumy de l'Ukraine]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 64 (Rousskie, Russian), 168-169 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobac, population, Soumy, Ukraine.

Meszaros F. 1974. Some nematodes from small mammals in eastern Mongolia [Quelques nématodes des petits mammifères de Mongolie orientale]. Parasitologia Hungarica, 7: 151-168.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota, endoparasites, parasitologie, parasitology, Némathelminthes ; Mongolie.

Métral J. 1996. Suivi de la population de marmottes des alpes dans le massif du Mézenc. Survey of the Alpine marmot population of the Mézenc Massif. In 3ème Journée d'Etude sur la marmotte alpine, Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre eds., Réseau International sur la Marmotte, Lyon, 67-72.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Introduction, massif du Mézenc, Mezenc Massif, Ardèche, Haute-Loire, France.

Depuis 1980, 108 marmottes (sept lâchers) ont été introduites sur deux sites du massif de Mézenc (Ardèche). Des comptages réguliers font apparaître, depuis l'arrêt des lâchers, une progression de 49% de la population en trois ans. Seize ans après les premiers lâchers, il apparaît de façon indéniable que la population de marmottes des Alpes s'implante dans le massif du Mézenc.
Since 1980, 108 Alpine marmots (seven releases) were reintroduced in two different sites of the Mézenc Massif. Regular counting showed since the stopping of releases a 49% increase of the population. Sixteen years after the first release, it appears clearly that the population of Alpine marmot settled in the Mézenc Massif.

Métral J. 1996. La marmotte des Alpes dans le massif du Mezenc (Ardèche-Haute-Loire) [The alpine marmot in the Mezenc Massif]. Bull. mensuel de l'ONC, 216 : 2-7.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, répartition, distribution, introduction, massif du Mézenc, Mezenc Massif, Ardèche, Haute-Loire, France.

Métral Jacques 2001. La Marmotte des Alpes dans le massif du Mézenc [The alpine marmot in the Mézenc Massif]. Les cahiers du Mézenc, 13 : 41-48.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, répartition, distribution, introduction, massif du Mézenc, Mezenc Massif, Ardèche, Haute-Loire, France.

Métral Jacques & Catusse Michel 2005. Bilan de l'introduction de marmotte en Ardèche [Results of the marmot introduction in Ardèche]. Faune sauvage, 268: 18-23.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, répartition, distribution, introduction, massif du Mézenc, Mezenc Massif, Ardèche, Haute-Loire, France.
L’étude conduite pendant 25 ans sur l’introduction de marmottes dans le massif du Mézenc, aux confins de l’Ardèche et de la Haute-Loire, apporte un éclairage nouveau sur les conditions exigées par les animaux pour coloniser un milieu inconnu. Le Massif Central, bien que n’ayant pas de cimes très élevées, reste un exemple de site pouvant accueillir certaines espèces animales en limite de leur aire de dispersion afin de favoriser la diversification biologique et, secondairement, apporter une contribution pour la création ou le développement d’activités touristiques dans des secteurs en proie à la déprise agricole.

Meunier Stanislas 1912. Géologie des environs de Paris, description des terrains et énumérations des fossiles qui s’y rencontrent, suivie d’un index des localités fossilifères [Geology of the neighbours of Paris, field description and fossils enumeration which are found, followed by an index of the fossiliferous sites]. J.-B. Baillière et fils, vol. in-8°, Paris.
En français, in French.; Paléontologie, Paris, France.

Meyer E. 1993. Beeinflussung der fauna alpiner Böden durch Sommer- ind Wintertourismus in West-Österreich [Influence du tourisme d'été et d'hiver sur la faune alpine de l'Autriche occidentale. Influence of summer and winter tourism on the alpine faune of west Austria]. Rev. Suis. Zool., 100: 519-527.
En allemand, in German.
Toursime, tourism, dérangement, disturbance, Autriche, Austria.

Meyer H. de 1847. Neues Jahrb.
En allemand, in German.
(Marmota marmota) ; Paléontologie ; Allemagne ; Mossbach ; Koestrich ; p. 181.

Meyer H. de. Paloeologica.
Marmota primigenia, Allemagne, Germany.

Meyer U. 1996. Einfluß des Parasitenbefalls auf den Winterschlaf bei Alpenmurmeltieren (Marmota marmota). Diplomarbeit, Philipps-Universität Marburg.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, hibernation, parasitologie, parasitology.

Mezhzherin S.V., Brandler O.V., Liapunova E.A., Morozov-Leonov S.Iu. & Vorontsov N.N. 1999. [Genetic connections and differentiation of ground squirrels Marmotinae Pocock, 1923 (Rodentia, Sciuridae) from Palearctics]. Genetika, 35(6): 756-764.
En russe, in Russian.
Spermophilus, Marmota; génétique, genetic, paléarctique, palearctic.

Genetic distances between eight species of sousliks (Spermophilus) and five species of Marmots (Marmota) were estimated on the basis of 39 biochemical loci. All taxa were shown to be genetically discrete. The genetic differentiation was minimal (Pdf = 11.3) between parapatric species of Palearctic sousliks of the Suslicus pigmaeus group and Marmota species, intermediate (Pdf = 34.7) between allopatric sousliks species, and maximal (Pdf = 56.7) between representatives of different genera. The following trends were revealed in the geographic differentiation of the genus Spermophilus: (1) genetic similarity was associated with the geographic distance; (2) the eastern and western Palearctic phyla were markedly different genetically; (3) the eastern Palearctic forms exhibited higher differentiation than western ones. The revealed speciation pattern is consistent with the general trend of temporal differentiation in Palearctic phyla and confirms the periodic speciation mode in the Palearctics.

Mi L.J., Patil J., Hornbuckle W.E., Cote P.J., Gerin J.L., Tennant B.C. & Paronetto F. 1994. DNA ploidy analysis of hepatic preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in woodchucks experimentally infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus. Hepatology, 20(1 Pt 1):21-9.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, ADN, DNA.

We analyzed the DNA ploidy and the nuclear size of hepatocytes within hepatocellular carcinoma, putative preneoplastic (clear cell and basophilic foci) and adjacent non-neoplastic liver in 30 woodchucks neonatally infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus. In livers from control woodchucks, in clear cell foci and in most chronic portal hepatitis, the hepatocytes were diploid, with less than 10% tetraploid cells. Aneuploid peaks were found in 50% of the livers with chronic active hepatitis, in 63% of basophilic foci and in 90% of hepatocellular carcinoma. Within the same tumor, aneuploid peaks with different DNA indices were observed frequently, indicating heterogeneity of tumor. S-phase was always elevated, indicating an increased rate of proliferation. Aneuploid cells had nuclei that were larger than those of control liver cells. In some basophilic foci and in some livers with chronic active hepatitis, abnormal DNA was demonstrated before the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, suggesting that these may be populations of hepatocytes at risk of neoplastic transformation.

Michalak T.I. 2000. Occult persistence and lymphotropism of hepadnaviral infection: insights from the woodchuck viral hepatitis model. Immunol. Rev., 174: 98-111.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen that causes chronic infection and life-threatening liver diseases in millions of individuals. While pathological and epidemiological consequences of clinically evident HBV infections are well recognized, there is no similar knowledge on an asymptomatic, silently progressing virus persistence. Contrary to previous opinion, current evidence indicates that a serologically undetectable (occult) HBV carriage is a common outcome of recovery from symptomatic illness and that scanty amounts of the virus are carried by apparently healthy individuals for years after resolution of hepatitis B despite the presence of presumably protective antiviral antibodies. Recent studies on this silent form of hepadnavirus carriage in an experimental woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection, which is considered to be the closest natural model of HBV disease, revealed that the life-long occult persistence of traces of pathogenic virus is an invariable consequence of recovery after hepadnaviral invasion and that this state always co-exists with a steady low-rate virus replication in both the liver and the lymphatic system. Importantly, this serologically concealed infection can be accompanied by development of hepatocellular carcinoma in convalescent animals and is transmittable from mothers to offspring as an asymptomatic, indefinitely long infection which involves the lymphatic system but not always the liver. This review focuses on the features of hepadnavirus occult persistence and its lymphotropism, and on what is currently understood about the contribution of the lymphatic system in maintaining hepadnavirus carriage based on insights provided by analysis of the woodchuck-WHV experimental system.

Michalak T.I. & Bolger G.T. 1989. Characterization of the binding sites for glutaraldehyde-polymerized albumin on purified woodchuck hepatocyte plasma membranes. Gastroenterology, 96(1): 153-166.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Highly purified woodchuck hepatocyte plasma membranes demonstrated tight specific binding to glutaraldehyde-polymerized serum albumin immobilized on Sepharose macrobeads. This phenomenon was characterized in detail and used for recognition of the plasma membrane constituents involved in binding of the albumin polymer. The hepatocyte membrane-polyalbumin interaction was found to be ligand-specific, saturable, and time-dependent. Other characteristics of a specific receptor-ligand interaction were also noted, including a dependence on the temperature, pH, and ionic strength of the binding medium. Kinetic studies revealed the presence of two classes of binding sites for glutaraldehyde-polymerized albumin on purified membranes. The sites mediating the saturable high-affinity binding of polymer to hepatocyte membranes could not be solubilized by Triton X-100. Binding activity of Triton-insoluble membrane residues was inhibited by heat treatment and proteolysis, and was significantly suppressed by neuroaminidase digestion. These findings suggest a glycoprotein nature for the high-affinity binding sites and indicate that the corresponding receptors apparently are tightly associated with the plasma membrane matrix. In contrast, low-affinity binding of polymeric albumin was inhibited by both Triton X-100 and pronase, was resistant to neuraminidase, and was activated by lipase, suggesting that membrane lipids are important for the binding conduct. In conclusion, these results provide clear evidence that hepatocyte plasma membranes are endowed with at least two classes of chemically distinct binding components, which are able to specifically recognize serum albumin artificially modified by glutaraldehyde treatment. Therefore, they suggest that in vivo hepatocytes may perform a specific receptor-dependent uptake of ligands expressing glutaraldehyde-polymerized albumin specificity. This phenomenon may play an important role in the proposed participation of naturally modified human serum albumin as a bridge in the attachment and penetration into host hepatocyte of hepatitis B virus, which is known to possess a receptor that is specific for glutaraldehyde-cross-linked human serum albumin.

Michalak T.I. & Churchill N.D. 1988. Interaction of woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen with hepatocyte plasma membrane in woodchuck chronic hepatitis. Hepatology, 8(3): 499-506.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

The extent of association between woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen and host hepatocyte plasma membrane in chronic hepatitis was studied. Purified membranes containing the antigen were treated with various agents which perturb plasma membrane constituents to elute woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen. The products from disrupted membranes were analyzed by sedimentation in sucrose gradients and tested to identify the antigen reactivity. The results indicated that membrane-bound woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen was partially released by 4 M potassium chloride, potassium thiocyanate and guanidine, 6 M urea or 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (pH 13.5), but not in the presence of low concentrations of these reagents or by 10% 2-mercaptoethanol and 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. No more than 15% of the total membrane-associated woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen was eluted by 0.1 N NaOH, which was found to be the most effective eluent among tested agents at the antigen removal. The remaining woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen was resistant to further extraction with sodium hydroxide, as expected for an integral membrane protein. Treatment of the infected membranes with 1% Triton X-100 or 50 mM deoxycholic acid, that solubilize the membrane lipid bilayer releasing most of the integral membrane proteins, resulted in the sedimentation of almost all detectable woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen reactivity with the detergent-insoluble membrane residues, suggesting a firm interaction of the antigen with the plasma membrane matrix.

Michalak T.I., Churchill N.D., Codner D., Drover S., Marshall W.H. 1995. Identification of woodchuck class I MHC antigens using monoclonal antibodies. Tissue Antigens, 45(5):333-42.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Two class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins with molecular masses of 43- and 39-kDa were identified in the cell surface membranes of normal woodchucks using a newly developed antiwoodchuck class I monoclonal antibody (mAb) B1b.B9 and immunoblotting. B1b.B9 was generated by immunizing mice with viable woodchuck peripheral blood mononuclear cells and was selected for anti-class I MHC reactivity using a cellular enzyme-linked immunoassay, indirect immunofluorescence on tissue sections and flow cytofluorimetry. The distribution pattern of class I MHC antigen on woodchuck lymphoid cells was found to be similar to that reported in other species. Also, the antigen expression on normal woodchuck hepatocytes was comparable to that observed on normal human liver parenchymal cells; thus, the antigen was not detected on hepatocytes by staining of liver tissue sections, but was found by indirect immunofluorescence staining of isolated liver cells. Western blot analysis of the plasma membranes from normal woodchuck hepatocytes revealed the presence of a single species of class I MHC heavy chain protein with a molecular mass of 43-kDa, whereas splenocyte plasma membranes showed intense expression of a 43-kDa species, as well as the presence of a 39-kDa protein. The 39- and 43-kDa proteins were extracted with Triton X-114 to the hydrophobic protein phase, suggesting that they both contain a hydrophobic transmembrane domain. The data obtained indicate that the B1b.B9 identifies a nonpolymorphic epitope of woodchuck class I MHC heavy chains, providing an important reagent for the study of the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection in a woodchuck model.

Michalak T.I., Hodgson P.D. & Churchill N.D. 2000. Posttranscriptional inhibition of class I major histocompatibility complex presentation on hepatocytes and lymphoid cells in chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. J. Virol., 74(10): 4483-94.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), similar to human hepatitis B virus, causes acute liver inflammation that can progress to chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. WHV also invades cells of the host lymphatic system, where it persists for life. We report here that acute and chronic hepadnavirus hepatitis is characterized by a profound difference in the expression of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of infected hepatocytes and, notably, lymphoid cells. While acute WHV infection is accompanied by the enhanced hepatocyte surface presentation of class I MHC antigen and upregulated transcription of the relevant hepatic genes, inhibition of class I antigen display on liver cells is a uniform hallmark of chronic WHV infection. This inhibition in chronic hepatitis occurs despite augmented (as in acute infection) expression of hepatic genes for class I MHC heavy chain, beta(2)-microglobulin, and transporters associated with antigen processing (TAP1 and TAP2). Further, the class I antigen inhibition is not related to the histological severity of hepatocellular injury, the extent of lymphocytic infiltrations, the level of intrahepatic gamma interferon induction, or the hepatic WHV load. Importantly, the antigen expression is also inhibited on organ lymphoid cells of chronically infected hosts. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the defective presentation of class I MHC molecules on cells supporting persistent WHV replication is due to viral posttranscriptional interference. This event may diminish the susceptibility of infected hepatocytes to virus-specific T-cell-mediated elimination, hinder virus clearance, and deregulate the class I MHC-dependent functions of the host immune system. This multifarious effect could be critical for perpetuation of liver damage and evasion of the antiviral immunological surveillance in chronic infection and therefore could be supportive of hepadnavirus persistence.

Michalak T.I.& Lin B. 1994. Molecular species of hepadnavirus core and envelope polypeptides in hepatocyte plasma membrane of woodchucks with acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatology, 20(2):275-86.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Hepadnaviral antigens exposed on hepatocytes serve as targets and as possible modulators of immunopathogenic reactions causing liver damage. To identify molecular species of viral proteins at the liver cell surface and the relationship between their expression and the persistence and severity of virus-induced liver injury, we examined woodchuck hepatitis virus core and envelope polypeptides in host hepatocyte plasma membranes from acute and chronic hepatitis. Western blot analysis revealed that two virus core polypeptides with a molecular mass of 22 kD and 43 kD occur in the membranes of infected animals. The molecular profiles and the membrane levels of the core antigen were not related to the duration or histological severity of liver damage. In contrast, quantities of the virus surface antigen were significantly greater in hepatocyte membranes of animals with chronic hepatitis. The envelope preS1, preS2 and S polypeptides, with or without molecular mass equivalents in the subviral surface antigen particles and virions, were detected in all infected membranes, although the preS2 polypeptides were always dominant. Our findings indicate that hepadnavirus core and envelope polypeptides are integral constituents of hepatocyte membranes in the course of hepatitis. They demonstrate that the accumulation of viral envelope proteins, predominantly the S-domain sequences, in hepatocyte membranes is a prominent characteristic of chronic hepatitis. This event might contribute to promotion of development and maintenance of hepadnavirus-related chronic liver disease.

Michalak T.I., Mulrooney P.M. & Coffin C.S. 2004. Low doses of hepadnavirus induce infection of the lymphatic system that does not engage the liver. J. Virol., 78(4):1730-1738.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hépatitis, système lymphatique, lymphatic system.

Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), which is closely related to human hepatitis B virus and is considered to be principally hepatotropic, invades the host's lymphatic system and persists in lymphoid cells independently of whether the infection is symptomatic and serologically evident or concealed. In this study, we show, with the woodchuck model of hepatitis B, that hepadnavirus can establish an infection that engages the lymphatic system, but not the liver, and persists in the absence of virus serological markers, including antiviral antibodies. This primary occult infection is caused by wild-type virus invading the host at a quantity usually not greater than 10(3) virions. It is characterized by trace virus replication progressing in lymphatic organs and peripheral lymphoid cells that, with time, may also spread to the liver. The infection is transmissible to virus-naive hosts as an asymptomatic, indefinitely long, occult carriage of small amounts of biologically competent virus. In contrast to residual silent WHV persistence, which normally endures after the resolution of viral hepatitis and involves the liver, primary occult infection restricted to the lymphatic system does not protect against reinfection with a large, liver-pathogenic WHV dose; however, the occult infection is associated with a swift recovery from hepatitis caused by the superinfection. Our study documents that the lymphatic system is the primary target of WHV infection when small quantities of virions invade a susceptible host.

Michalak T.I., Pardoe I.U., Coffin C.S., Churchill N.D., Freake D.S., Smith P. & Trelegan C.L. 1999. Occult lifelong persistence of infectious hepadnavirus and residual liver inflammation in woodchucks convalescent from acute viral hepatitis. Hepatology, 29(3): 928-938.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, Virus, Hépatite, Hepatitis
Traces of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome can persist for years following recovery from hepatitis B. To determine overall duration, molecular characteristics, and pathological implications of this serologically undetectable form of hepadnaviral carriage, we have analyzed the expression of transcriptionally active virus genomes, their infectivity, and examined liver alterations during the natural lifespan of woodchucks convalescent from acute infection with HBV- related woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). In this study, we document lifelong persistence of scanty amounts of replicating virus both in the liver and lymphatic system after spontaneous resolution of an episode of experimental hepadnaviral hepatitis. Antibodies to virus nucleocapsid (core) were found to be the most reliable immunovirological marker coexisting with occult infection. In the majority of convalescent woodchucks, serial liver biopsies showed protracted minimal to mild necroinflammation with periods of normal morphology; however, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ultimately developed in 2 of 9 animals studied. Inocula derived from lymphoid cells of convalescent animals induced classical acute hepatitis in virus-naive woodchucks that progressed to chronic hepatitis and HCC in 1 of the animals, demonstrating infectivity and pathogenic competence of the carried virus. Our results reveal that low levels of infectious WHV and residual hepatic inflammation usually continue for life after resolution of hepatitis and that this recovery does not avert HCC development. They also demonstrate that, in addition to the liver, the lymphatic system is the site of the occult lifelong maintenance of replicating hepadnavirus.

Michaux 1864. Sur un gisement d’ossements, en apparence fossiles [About a bone deposit, apparently fossils]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 58 : 137.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology.
pdf

Michaux J., Crochet J-Y., & Chaline J. 1993. La faune de mammifères de Saint-Sauveur près de Nant (Aveyron) [Mammal faunas in Saint-Sauveur near Nant (Aveyron)]. In Les hommes et leurs environnements quaternaires dans les causses de l'Aveyron, Ambert P. & Vernhet A., eds., Assoc. Amis Musée de Millau: 49.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, mammifères, mammals, Aveyron, France.

Michel F. 1962. Knochenfunde des eiszeitlichen Murmeltieres von Uttingen (Kt. Bern) [Découverte d'ossements de marmottes de la période glaciaire d'Uttingen (canton de Berne). Discovery of marmot bones of the ice age from Uttingen (canton Bern)]. Mitteilungen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Thun, 1962(6): 13-31.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, Marmota marmota (L.) (13), paléontologie, paleontology, Suisse, Switzerland.

Michel F. 1963. Vergleichende osteologische Messungen an den schweizerischen Funden des eizeitlichen Mulmeltieres (Marmota marmota L.) [Comparaison des mensurations ostéologiques des marmottes (Marmota marmota) de la période glaciaire découvertes en Suisse. Comparison of osteological measurements of ice age marmots discovered in Switzerland]. Verh. Schweiz. Naturforsch. Ges., 143: 122-123.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, os, bones, période glaciaire, ice age, Suisse, Switzerland.

Michel F. 1964. Erste Ergebnise vergleichender Messungen am Schädel es eiszeitlichen in der Schweiz gefundenen Murmeltiers Marmota marmota [Premiers résultats de la mesure comparative de crânes de marmottes (M. marmota) de la période glaciaire trouvés en Suisse. First results of a comparative measurement of marmot skulls (M. marmota) found in Swiss]. Rev. Suisse Zool., 71 : 1.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, os, bones, paléontologie, paleotology, Suisse, Switzerland.

Michel F. 1969. Murmeltierknochenfunde in der Umgebung Thorbergs der gemeinde Krauchtal (Kanton Bern) [Ossements de marmottes trouvés dans les environs de Thorbergs, commune de Krauchtal (canton de Berne). Marmot bones found in the Thorbergs neighbourings, Krauchtal commune (Bern canton)]. 4 : 163-181.
En allemand, in German)
Marmota marmota, os, bones, Suisse,Switzerland, Berne.

Michel F. 1970. Beiträge zur Osteologie der Murmeltiere. Das murmeltier der Alpen Marmota m. marmota (Linné, 1758), verglichen mit dem der Hohen Tatra Marmota m. latirostris (Kratochvil, 1961). [Contribution à l'ostéologie des marmottes. Contribution to marmot osteology]. Mitt. naturforsch Gesellsch. Bern., 27 : 36-42.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota marmota, Marmota marmota latirostris, ostéologie, osteology.

Michel F. 1971. Beiträge zur Osteologie der Murmeltiere. Die Ausbildung einiger Eigenschaften des Schädels des rezenten Alpenmurmeltieres Marmota m. marmota (Linné, 1758) und deren Abhängigkeit von Alter und Geschlecht. Mitt. Naturforsch Gesellsch. Bern., 28 : 23-37.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Michel F. 1972. Beiträge zur Osteologie der Murmeltiere. Weiter Studien an den pleistozänen und rezenten Murmeltieres Marmota marmota marmota (Linné 1758). [Contribution à l'ostéologie des marmottes. Contribution to marmot osteology]. Mitt. naturforsch Gesellsch. Bern., 29 : 55-62.
En allemand, in German.
(Marmota)

Michel F. 1974. Beiträge zur Osteologie der Murmeltiere. 4. Die Gestalt des Humerus, besonders des Foramen entepicondylen und deren Veränderung vom Pleistozän bio zur Geganwart bei Marmota marmota (L.). Mitt. naturforsch. Gesellsch. Bern, 31 : 25-48.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Michelet Jules 1857. L'oiseau [The Bird]. Paris, Hachette, 328 p. Num. BNF de l'éd. de Paris : INALF, 1961-. Reprod. de l'éd. de Paris : Hachette, 1857.
En français, in French.
Littérature françaises, Fench literature, marmotte, marmot.
pdf

Michelet J. 1893. Sur les chemins de l'Europe : Angleterre, Flandre, Hollande, Suisse, Lombardie, Tyrol [On the roads of Europa : England, Flandria, Holland, Switzerland, Lombardia, Tyrol]. Paris, Marpon et Flammarion. Publication Num. BNF de l'éd. de Paris : INALF, 1961-. Reprod. de l'éd. de Paris : Marpon et Flammarion, 1893.
En français, in French.
Littérature françaises, Fench literature, colporteur, hawker
« Un vieux colporteur tyrolien, voyant notre détresse, nous vient aussi en aide, il nous donne un guide. Il sait quelques mots de français et me souhaite un bon voyage. Je ne quitte pas ce brave homme sans lui témoigner ma reconnaissance. Je bois avec lui au Tyrol, et lui, boit à la France.
La boîte du colporteur
Un mètre de longueur et soixante quinze centimètres de profondeur et cinquante-cinq de largeur. »

Michelot J.L., 1991. Les réintroductions animales en Rhône-Alpes [The re-introductions in Rhône-Alpes]. Région Rhône-Alpes et fédération Rhône-Alpes de protection de la nature, pp. 232.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Réintroduction, re-introduction.

Michelot J.-L. 1991. Réintroductions et introductions de vertébrés sauvages dans la région Rhône-Alpes [Re-introductions and introductions of wild vertebrates in the Rhône-Alpes region]. Bièvre, 12 : 71-100.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction.

An inquiry was hold in 1990 by the F.R.A.P.NA, to make up the synthesis of reintroductions and introductions in the Rhône-AIpes region. At least 88 operations of reintroductions was made for 11 species of vertebrates (successfull releases : Red deer, Marmot, lbex, Beaver, Bearded Vulture; Unsuccessfull releases : Wild cat, Otter, Capercaillie, Ferruginous Duck, Rock Dove). The Lynx colonize the area from reintroductions made in Swizeland. Projects are in progress for the reintroductions of Griffon Vulture, Brown Bear and Otter. 27 foreigners species had been released successfully, volontarily or not (12 species of fishes, ll of mammals, 3 of birds and l of batracian). Reintroductions increased after 1960 for hunting and after 1970 for nature conservancy. lntroductions are made since centuries. Spatially, most of the reintroductions were carried out in mountains. Whereas introductions took place in wet lands.

Michener G.R. 1973. Intraspecific aggression and social organization in ground squirrels [Agression intraspécifique et organisation sociale chez les écureuils terrestres]. J. Mammal., 54: 1001-1003.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, Marmota, éthologie, ethology..

Michener G.R. 1983. Kin identification, matriarchies and the evolution of sociality in ground-dwelling Sciurids [Identification des plus proches parents, matriarcats et évolution de la socalité chez les écureuils terrestres]. In Advances in the study of mammalian behavior, J.F. Eisenberg and D.G. Kleiman eds, American Society of mammalogists, special publication n°7, 528-572.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, Marmota, éthologie, ethology, évolution, evolution.

Michener G.R. 1984a. Age, sex, and species differences in the annual cycles of ground-dewelling scuirids : implications for sociality [Âge, sexe et espèces différentes dans le cycle annuel des écureuils terrestres]. In The biology of ground squirrels, eds J.O. Murrie & G.R. Michener, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 459, 81-107.
En angalis, in English.
Sciuridae, Marmota, éthologie, ethology, évolution, evolution.

Micoud A. 1993a. Le piégeage : de la "destruction" à la "gestion", un changement qui ne va pas de soi (Approche sociologique) [Trapping : from « destruction » to « management », it does not stand to reason]. In Actes du colloque Prédation et gestion des prédateurs, Dourdan 1-2 déc. 1992, Migot P. & Stahl P. eds., ONC-UNFDC, Paris, 125-134.
En français, in French.
Sociologie, sociology, piégeage, trapping, destruction, gestion, management.

Micoud A. 1993b. Vers un nouvel animal sauvage : Le sauvage naturalisé vivant? Towards a new wild animal: the living-naturalized wild? Natures-Sciences-Sociétés, 1(3):202-210.
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, sociologie, sociology.
La réhabilitation apparente de l'animal "sauvage" ne cache-t-elle pas en fait une nouvelle forme de "domestication" ? Une contribution à une meilleure compréhension des usages sociaux de la biodiversité.

Migne J .-P. & Jéhan L.-F. 1853. Dictionnaire de zoologie ou histoire naturelle des quatre grands embranchements du règne animal, zoophytes, mollusques, articulés et vertébrés. Troisième partie, Histoire naturelle des mammifères et des oiseaux [Zoological dictionary or Natural History of the four big sub-kingdom of the animal kingdom]. Aux ateliers catholiques, Paris.
En français, in French.
Marmotte, marmot, Arctomys marmotta, marmotte du Cap, daman, Procavia capensis, rock hyrax, hibernation.
Extrait pdf extract

Migulin A.A. 1924. Mlekopitayuchtchie Khar'kovskoï goubernii [Mammifères de la région de Karkhov.Mammalia of Kharkov’ province ]. Khar'kov, 63 p.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, Russie, Russia, Karkov.

Migulin A.A. 1928. Baïbak (Marmota bobac Schreber), ego sovremennoe i prochloe rasprostranenie na Oukraine [La marmotte bobac (M. bobac), r&eacuite;partition actuelle et ancienne en Ukraine. The bobac marmot (M. bobac), present and ancient distribution in Ukraine]. Oukrains'kiïmislivets' ta ribalka, 5-6.
Marmota bobac, répartition, distribution, Ukraine.

Mikhailyuta A.A. 1968. Metodika opredeleniya vozrasta serykh sourkov [Détermination de l'âge de la marmotte grise. Age determination of the grey marmot]. Zool. J., 47 (6), 932-934.
Marmota baibacina, âge, age, dent, teeth.

Microstructure des os (couches de périoste), des dents (couches de dentine).

Marmota baibacina, méthodologie, methodology, âge, age, dent, teeth.

Mikhailyuta A.A. 1971. Razmnojenieserykh sourkov v zavisimosti ot vozrasta. Mat-y YIInaoutchn. konf. PtchOu Sp. Azii i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata, 309-311.

Mikhailyuta A.A. 1983a. Razmnozhenie serykh sourkov v ousloviyakh iskousstvenno snizhennoï tchislennosti [Production des marmottes grises en conditions de faible densité expérimentales. Productivity of grey marmots in experimental low density]. Okhrana, ratsionalinoe ispolizovanie i ekologiya sourkov, M. AN SSSR, 68-71.
Marmota baibacina, reproduction

Mikhailyuta A.A. 1983b. Sostav popoulyatsii, razmnozhenie i temn rasta sergo sourka v vosstanavlivaiutsikhsya popoulyatsiyakh [Effectif de la population, reproduction et durée de croissance de la marmotte gise dans les populations émergentes. Population number, reproduction and growth duration in the emerging populations of grey marmots]. Okhrana, ratsionalinse ispolizovanie i ekologiya sourkov, M., 71-73.
Marmota baibacina, reproduction, croissance, growth.

Mikhailyuta A.A. 1984. Opredelenie vozrasta serykh sourkov po sloistym strouktouram zoubov i kosti [Détermination de l'âge des marmottes grises à partir des os et des dents. Age determination of the grey marmots from bones and teeth structures]. Registrir. strouk. I opredelenie vosrasta, otsenka dinamiki tchislennosti mlekopit. Vses. konf., 22-25 maya 1984, M., 43-45.
Marmota baibacina, méthodologie, methodology, âge, age, os, bones, dent, teeth.

Mikhailyuta A.A. 1988a. Ekologiya serogo sourka v Tyani-Chane [Ecologie de la marmotte grise au Tien Shan. Ecology of the grey marmot in Tien Shan]. Avtoref. kand. diss. MGU, pp. 21.
Marmota baibacina, écologie, ecology, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Mikhailyuta A.A. 1988b. Strouktoura popoulyatsii serogo sourka v vysokogory Tyani-Chanya [Structure de la population de marmottes grises dans les hautes montagnes du Tien Shan. Population structure of the grey marmots in the upper mountains of Tien Shan]. Artoref. dis. kand. biol. nauk., pp. 20.
Marmota baibacina, population, social, Tien Shan.

Mikhailyuta A.A. 1991a. Razmnojenieserykh sourkov vpopoulyatsiyakh s razlitchnoï tchislennost'yu [Breeding of Altai marmots in different size populations]. V kn Biol. ekol. okhrana i rats. ispolz. sourkov, M., 67-71 [In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Suzdal, Moscow, 67-71].
Marmota baibacina, reproduction, Altaï

Mikhailyuta A.A. 1991b. Strouctoura semejnykh grouppirovok serykh sourkov [Structure des groupes familiaux chez la marmotte grise. Family group structure in the grey marmot]. Proc. USSR Theriol. Soc., Population structure of the marmot, Bibikov D.I., A.A. Nikolski, V.Yu. Rumiantsev & T.A. Seredneva eds., 172-187.
Marmota baibacina, habitat, social.

Mikhailyuta A.A., Kudryavtseva K.A. & Kendyrbaev D.U. 1985.[Efficacité d’une méthode d’élimination des insectes des terriers de marmottes dans le foyer du Sarydzas. Efficiency of a method deep disinsection of marmots burrows in the Sarydzas mesofocus]. In Urgent questions supervision in the natural plague foci. Stavropol, 182-184.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, terrier, burrow, insectes, insects.

Mikhailyuta A.A. & Kul'kova N.A. 1969. Sostav semeï serogo sourka v razlitchnykh ousloviyakh obitannya [Effectifs des familles de marmottes grises dans différents milieux. Number in grey marmot families in different environments]. Materialy VI naoutch. konferentsii protivotchoumnykh outchrejdeniï Sredeneï Azii i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata, 2 : 27-30.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, social.

Mikhailyuta A.A & Kul'kova N.A. 1971. Razmnozhenie serykh sourkov v zavisimosti ot vozrasta [Reproduction des marmottes grises en fonction de l'âge. Breeding of grey marmots according to age]. Materilay UP naoutchn. Conf. protivotchumn. Outchrezhd. Sr. Azii i Kazakhstajna, 309-311.
Marmota baibacina, reproduction, âge, age.

Mikhailyuta A.A., Melchakov A.G., Kaliev E.K. 1985. [Etude à long terme de la dynamique de reproduction des marmottes dans le foyer de peste du Tien Shan. Of many years dynamics of marmot reproduction in Tien Shan plague focus]. V kn. Aktyal. voprosy epidnadz. v prirod. ochagakh chumy, Stavropol': 184-185 .
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, reproduction, peste, plague, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Mikheli N.M. 1937. Otcherk promyslovoï okhoty v severo-vostotchnoï Yakutii [Essai de chasse professionnelle au nord-est de la Yakoutie. Professional hunting trainin north-east Yakoutia]. Arctica, 5.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, chasse, hunting, Russie, Russia, Yakoutie, Yakutia.

Mikulin M.A. 1951a. [Développement de la fonction olfactive chez les oiseaux. On development the sense of smell function in birds]. Priroda, 5: 67-68.
En russe, in Russian.
Oiseaux, olfaction.

Mikulin M.A. 1951b. [Données sur les aphaniptères du sud-est du Kazakhstan. Materials on study of aphanipterofauna South-East of Kazakhstan]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivochum. in-ta, Alma-Ata, 1: 103-117 (In Russian).
(Insectes) ; Puces ; Kazakhstan.

Mikulin M.A. 1956. Materialy k faoune blokh Sredneï Azii [Matériaux sur la faune des puces d'Asie centrale. Material on the flea fauna in Central Asia]. Soobchtchenie 3. Blojh Tsentral'nogo Kazakhstana. Tr. Sredneaz. naoutch.-issled. protivo-tchoumnogo in-ta, 2, Alma-Ata.
Insectes, Insects, puce, flea, Asie, Asia.

Mikulin M.A. 1958. [Données sur les puces d'Asie centrale et du Kazakhstan. Rapport 5. Les puces des marmottes tabagans. Data on fleas of Middle Asia and Kazakhstan. Report 5. Fleas of Tarbagatai]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivochum. in-ta, Alma-Ata, 4: 227-240.
En russe, in Russian).
Marmota, Insectes, insects, puce, flea, Kazakhstan.

Mikulin M.A. 1959. [Données sur les puces d'Asie centrale et du Kazakhstan. Rapport 8. Puces de la région d'Akolinsk. Data on fleas of the Middle Asia and Kazakhstan. 8. Fleas of the Akmolinsk region]. Proc. Middle Asian Sci. Anti-Plague Inst., 5: 237-245.
En russe, in Russian.
Parasitisme, parasitism, puces, fleas, asie centrale, Kazakhstan.

Mikulin M.A. 1959. Materialy k faoune blokh Sredneï Azii i Kazakhstana [Matériaux sur la faune de puces d'Asie centrale et du Kazakhstan. Material on the flea fauna in Central Asia and Kazakhstan]. Soobchtchenie O. K faoune blokh Akmolinskoïoblasti, Tr. Sredneaz. naoutch.-issled. protivotchoumnogo in-ta, 5, Alma-Ata.
Insectes, insects, puce, flea, Kazakhstan.

Mikulin M.A. 1959. Data on fleas of the Middle Asia and Kazakhstan. 10. Fleas of the eastern Balkhash desert, Trans-Alakul desert and Sungorian Gates [[Données sur les puces d'Asie centrale et du Kazakhstan. 10. Puces de l'orient du désert Balkhash, du désert du Trans-Alakul et des barrières du Sungorian]. Proc. Middle Asian Sci. Anti-Plague Inst., 6: 205-220.
En russe, in Russian.
Parasitisme, parasitism, puces, fleas, asie centrale, Kazakhstan.

Milet-Mureau L.-A. an V [1797]. Voyage de La Pérouse autour du monde. Paris, Impr. de la République. Publié conformément au décret du 22 avril 1791 et réd. par M. L.-A. Milet-Mureau Num. BNF de l'éd. de Paris : INALF, 1961-. Reprod. de l'éd. de Paris : Impr. de la République, an V [1797].
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, marmotte du Canada, marmotte monax, peau, skin, Milet-Mureau Louis-Antoine Destouff (1756-1825 ; baron de), La Pérouse Jean-François de Galaup (1741-1788 ; comte de).
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Milko R.J. 1984. Vegetation and foraging ecology of the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) [Végétation et écologie alimentaire de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver]. Unpubml. M.S. thesis, Univ. Victoria, Victoria, B.C. 127 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, alimentation, diet, végétation, vegetation, Canada.
The foraging ecology of the Vancouver Island Marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) was studied in the field to determine its degree of patch-type habitat selection and diet breadth. Vegetation analysis of the intensively studied Haley Lake site and two additional sites produced six community types in the summer. In addition, three vegetation types were classified from four sites in the spring, a period when early stages of plant development precluded recognition of plant community types derived from the late summer. These types provided a framework for analysis of patch type selection. Combining cover values of plant species from taxa which were difficult to identify did not affect the classification. The six community types are: Phlox-moss, Anaphalis-Aster, Ribes-Heuchera, Pteridium aquilinum, Senecio-Veratrum and Vaccinium-Carex. The Haley Lake site showed sharply delineated plant communities, while Bell Creek, the other floristically similar low elevation site, formed more of a vegetational continuum. Vegetation similarities allowed examination and comparison of marmot patch type selection at these two sites. Gemini Peak, the high elevation site, was floristically distinct and showed a more advanced stage of plant succession affecting its relatively homogenous meadow vegetation. The plant communities studied were compared with those described for other subalpine regions of the Pacific Northwest and explanations for the described vegetation patterns are proposed. In the spring, patch-type selection was found with a low variability between sites. In the summer, the highest selection was for the Anaphalis-Aster community type, most notably at the site with the most distinct patch definition. In the spring, four plant species accounted for 87.2% of the marmot's diet. Mean grazing of these four species was constant in all patch types independent of their mean availability, although examination of those species in individual sampling quadrats showed a variable response of use to availability. Except Phlox diffusa, species availability was low. Incidence of use indicated the strongest selection for grasses. Diet composition shifted from graminoids at early phenological stages, to forbs, with a continuous summer preference for five plant species. Results indicated a strong conformity to herbivore diet selection models. Patch type selection in spring or summer was not predictable by the relative abundance of the preferred forage species. Analyses suggested that the risk of predation in tall vegetation most strongly influence patch type selection, although the benefits of greater food abundance appeared to balance the cost of risk. Distance from burrows and a high frequency of Golden Eagle presence are proposed as risk factors affecting patch type selection in the spring. Plant succession and other aspects of the vegetation are discussed with respect to the possible constraints they may have on the marmot population.

Milkov F.I. & Dvurechenskii V.N. 1974a. K massovomou poyavlenyu sourka (Marmota bobac) na yugo- Vostoke Tchernozemnogo dentra [Sur la pr&eaacute;sence de nombreuses marmottes (M. bobac) au sud-est du tchernoziom central. On the presence of numerous marmots (M. bobac) in the south-east of the central chernoziom]. Naoutch. zap. Voronej., Otd. geogr. ob-va SSSR,Voronej.
Marmota bobac, Russie, Russia, Voronej, Voronezh.

Milkov F.I. & Dvuretchenskii V.N. 1974b. Massovoe poyavlenie stepnogo sourka na yuge Voronezhsko&iml; oblasti [Présence de nombreuses marmottes des steppes au sud de la région de Vroronej. Presence of numerous steppe marmots in the south of the Voronezh region]. Byull. MOIP, Otd. biol., 79 (1).
Marmota bobac, Russie, Russia, Voronej, Voronezh.

Miller Gerrit S. 1912a. List of North American land mammals in the United States National [Liste des mammifères nord américains terrestres des Etats-Unis d'Amérique] Museum. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 79: 1-455 pages.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, oregonensis, flaviventer, liste, Amérique du Nord, États-Unis d'Amérique.

Miller G.S. 1912b. Catalogue of the Mammals of Western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) [Catalogue des mammifères d'Europe occidentale (Europe à l'exclusion de la Russie)]. Collections Brit. Mus.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Marmota, Europe.

Miller G. S. 1924. List of North American recent mammals [Liste des mammifères nord américains actuels]. vo., i-xvi+1-673 pages. Government Printing Office, Washington, 8vo.,.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, flaviventer.

Miller G.S. Jr. & Kellog R. 1955. List of North American Recent Mammals [Liste des mammifères récents d’Amérique du Nord]. United States National Museum, Bulletin 205.
En anglais, in English.
(Marmota monax) ignava : Canada : Labrador; Marmota olympus ; Marmota vancouverensis ; Marmota caligata broweri ; Marmota caligata caligata, 185; Marmota caligata sheldoni Howell, 1914 , 186; Marmota caligata oxytona, 186 ; Marmota caligata okanagana, 186 ; Marmota caligata nivaria, 186 ; Marmota caligata cascadensis, 187 ; Marmota caligata raceyi, 187 ; Marmota caligata vigilis, 187 ; Marmota flaviventris flaviventris ; Marmota flaviventris avara ; Marmota flaviventris sierrae ; Marmota flaviventris fortirostris ; Marmota flaviventris parvula ; Marmota flaviventris engelhardti ; Marmota flaviventris nosophora ; Marmota flaviventris dacota ; Marmota flaviventris luteola ; Marmota flaviventris notioros ; Marmota flaviventris obscura ; Marmota monax monax ; Marmota monax rufescens ; Marmota monax bunkeri ; Marmota monax preblorum ; Marmota monax ignava ; Marmota monax canadensis ; Marmota monax johnsoni ; Marmota monax petrensis ; Marmota monax ochracea.

Miller Loye Holmes 1912. Contributions to avian palaeontology from the Pacific Coast of North America [Contributions à la paléontologie des oiseaux de la côte du Pacifique d’Amérique du Nord]. Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif., 7: 61-115.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, oregonensis.

Miller Q.S., JR. 1897. Notes on the mammals of Ontario [Notes sur les mammifÀres d’Ontario]. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 28: 1-44.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammalia, Mammals, Ontario, États-Unis d’Amérique, USA.

Miller V.M., Miller W.L. & South F.E. 1986. Vascular smooth muscle responsiveness in a hibernator: effects of season and temperature [Réaction vasculaire du muscle lisse chez un hibernant : effet de la saison et de la température]. Am. J. Physiol., 250(1 Pt 2): R77-82.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, hibernation.
To determine the effects of season, acclimation state, and hibernation on the reactivity of vascular smooth muscle from a hibernant species, strips of thoracic aorta, renal and femoral arteries, and portal vein obtained from adult woodchucks, Marmota monax, were suspended for isometric tension measurements in physiological salt solution. These blood vessels exhibited no seasonal variation in resting tension, connective tissue content, or maximum tension developed to norepinephrine. However, the concentration-response curves to norepinephrine in both aortic and portal vein strips from animals tested in May and June were shifted to the left of those from animals tested in either August or November through February. This increased sensitivity to the catecholamine was seen also in renal vessels from hibernating compared with nonhibernating animals. Decreasing organ bath temperature from 37 to 28 degrees C increased tension developed in response to norepinephrine in aortic and renal strips, whereas that of the femoral artery was unchanged. With further cooling to 17 degrees C, the responses to norepinephrine in aortic and renal strips were similar to the responses at 37 degrees C. The contraction developed to 40 mM KCl was diminished in all tissues at 28 degrees C. Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors did not augment the response to norepinephrine at 37 degrees C. Contractions of the woodchuck aorta in calcium-free medium were sustained longer than comparable tissue obtained from a rabbit. These data suggest that receptor-mediated processes are modulated in hibernating animals. This modulation varies among vascular beds and may act to maintain or divert perfusion of the tissue through entry, during, and arousal from hibernation.

Miller V.M. & South F.E. 1974. Termogenesis in response to spinal cord cooling in the marmot [Thermogénese en réponse à un refroidissement de la moelle épini`re chez la marmotte]. Fed. Proc., 33(3): part 1, 423.
Marmota monax, hibernation, thermorégulation, thermoregulation.

Miller V.M. & South F.E. 1976. Effect of arousal state and ambient temperature on spinal cord thermosensitivity in the marmot (Abstract) [Effet de l'état d'éveil et de la température ambiante sur le thermosensitivité de la moelle épinière chez la marmotte (Résumé)]. Federation Proc., 35 : 640.
En anglais, in English.
(Marmota flaviventris) : Physiologie : Hibernation : Thermorégulation.

Miller V.M. & South F.E 1978. Thermoregulatory responses to temperature manipulation of the spinal cord in the marmot [Réponses thermorégulatoires à une manipulation de la température de la moelle épiniére chez la marmotte]. Cryobiology, 15 : 433-440.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, physiologie, physiology, thermorégulation, thermoregulation.

Miller V.M. & South F.E. 1979. Spinal cord, hypothalamic and air temperature : interaction with arousal states in the marmot [Moelle épinière, température hypothalamique et ambiante : interaction avec les états d'éveil chez la marmotte]. Am. J. Physiol., regulat. integrat. comp. physiol., 236(1): R107-116.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, physiologie, physiology, thermorégulation, thermoregulation, Système Nerveux, nervous system.

Yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris, prepared with U-shaped thermodes in the epidural space of the thoracic vertebral canal, a thermode in the preoptic hypothalamus, and cortical surface and hippocampal electrodes, were used to investigate the interaction of arousal states with temperature regulation. It was found that arousal state of the animal influences the thermoregulatory responses initiated in either the spinal cord or hypothalamus. Further, changes in ambient temperature affected both the gain and the threshold of these responses. The interaction of the hypothalamus and spinal cord was not an additive function, however the threshold for shivering of each could be altered by temperature manipulation of the other. Future studies in modeling of temperature regulation should consider the contributions of temperature receptors of the spinal cord and the arousal state of the animal during the stimulation period.
Reception de la température ; régulation de la température ; corde spinale ; température ambiante ; aire préoptique ; sommeil ; hibernation. Des marmottes ayant des thermodes implantées dans l'espace épidural du canal vertébral thoracique, dans l'hypothalamus et la surface corticale et des électrodes dans l'hippocampe sont utilisées pour connaître l'interaction des états d'éveil avec la régulation de la température.

Miller V.M. & South F.E. 1981. Entry into hibernation in Marmota flaviventris : sleep and behavioral thermoregulation [Entrée en hibernation chez M. flaviventris : sommeil et thermorégulation comportementale]. Physiol. behav., 27 (6) : 989-993.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, physiologie, physiology, éthologie, ethology, hibernation, entrée en hibernation, thermorégulation, thermorégulation, sommeil, sleep, état d'éveil, sommeil à onde lent, sommeil paradoxal.

L'enregistrement en continu de l'activité comportementale, électrocéphalographique et de la température cérébrale ont donné des résultats permettant une comparaison avec d'autres hibernants de poids et de taille très différentes.
Hibernators of the genus Marmota (wt = 3-5 kg) differ from smaller hibernators (wt =1 kg) in thermoregulatory characteristics during entry into hibernation. They might be expected to differ also with respect to the distributions of activity, awake and sleep states during entry. Marmots implanted stereotaxically with electrodes to record electroencephalograms and brain temperature (Tbr) were monitored remotely by a polygraph as well as video transmission as they entered hibernation. During entry, awake (A), slow wave sleep (SWS), and paradoxical sleep (PS) states could be identified. Activity which includes nest building, grooming, and shivering slowed entry and became progressively more stereotyped as Tbr decreased. All animals exhibited at least one PS bout between Tbr = 33-32o C. SWS as percent total sleep increased (80 to 92%) as Tbr decreased from 35-25oC. This increase represented a decrease in number and increase in duration of SWS episodes. The length of individual SWS and PS episodes of the marmot did not differ from those reported in Citellus. These data suggest that entry into hibernation is a more complex phenomenon than merely an extension of slow wave sleep. Similar changes in arousal state distribution occur in hibernators of different sizes.

Millerat Aurélie 2002. Impact des activités récréatives chez les vertébrés supérieurs. Rapport bibliographique DEA Analyse et Modélisation des Systèmes Biologiques, Lyon.
En français, in French.
Comportement, behaviour, dérangement, disturbance, harcèlement, harassment.

Millesi E., Huber S., Everts L.G. & Dittami J.P. 1999. Reproductive decisions in female European ground squirrels: Factors affecting reproductive output and maternal investment. Ethology, 105(2) : 163-175.
En anglais, in English.
Reproduction, éthologie, ethology.
Physiological and behavioural parameters associated with reproductive effort and success were investigated in female European ground squirrels Spermophilus citellus. The proportion of reproductive (lactating) females in the study population was over 90% and was not related to age. Timing of oestrus and ovulation was found to be affected by the female's emergence date and condition. Females with low emergence mass showed delayed oestrus. Differences in ovulation dates were shown to affect reproductive output in terms of litter size and sex ratio. Early litters were larger and male biased. X-ray techniques were used to determine intrauterine litter size in individual females. The results indicated that litter size and sex ratio were fixed prenatally. Lactation costs were reflected in the intensity of mass loss and duration of lactation. Mass loss varied with litter size, in that females with large Litters showed a mon rapid loss than others. The second parental investment parameter, lactation duration, varied among individual females and was dependent on the timing of reproduction and litter size (except yearlings). Early born litters, which were, in most cases, larger than later ones, were nursed Longer. Prolonged lactation periods affected female condition in that they started prehibernation fattening later and entered hibernation with a lower mass than individuals that had shorter lactation periods. Yearling females probably could not afford the energetic costs of long lactation, independent of their offspring number. These results indicated that females with higher reproductive output and higher investment were unable to compensate these costs before hibernation. Consequences for these individuals could therefore be lower over-winter survival or a delayed oestrus in the following season.

Millman I. & Glass R.G. 1988. The hybrid EIA test: a specific and sensitive assay for the detection of woodchuck antibody to hepatitis surface antigen (anti-WHs). J. Virol. Methods., 20(1): 83-87.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, anticorps, antibody, hépatite, hepatitis.

'Ausria II' polystyrene beads (Abbott Labs, N. Chicago) are reacted with woodchuck serum positive for WHsAg in a dilution predetermined by titration. This modified bead is used in a blocking assay to detect the presence of antibody to the surface antigen of woodchuck hepatitis virus (anti-WHs). Serum containing woodchuck anti-WHs and commercial horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled anti-HBs are sequentially added. A drop in optical density at 492 nm of 50% or more due to the blocking of HRP conjugated anti-HBs by anti-WHs compared with a control (negative woodchuck serum) is a measure of anti-WHs. The ease and simplicity of converting readily available 'Ausria II' beads to specific reagents for detecting anti-WHs should be welcomed by investigators studying WHV. The method described is both sensitive and reproducible.

Millman I., Halbherr T. & Simmons H. 1982. Immunological cross-reactivities of woodchuck and hepatitis B viral antigens. Infect. Immun., 35(2): 752-757. No abstract available.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Millman I., Southam L., Halbherr T., Simmons H. & Kang C.M. 1984. Woodchuck hepatitis virus : experimental infection and natural occurence [Le virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte : infection expérimentale et occurence naturelle]. Intern. Symp. on vrial hepatitis, San Francisco.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, parasitologie, parasitology, virus.

Sera from 588 woodchucks were assayed for woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) markers using hepatitis B virus (HBV) reagents which have cross-reactivity with WHV markers. Twenty per cent of these woodchucks, trapped in Delaware, Maryland and Pennsylvania, had WHsAg; 50% of these had DNA polymerase. There are areas of high and low endemicity within these states. Female woodchucks may have a higher incidence of WHV markers than do males. Woodchuck hepatitis surface antigen (WHsAg) and anti-WHc often occur together but less commonly than HBsAg and anti-HBc do in human HBV infection. Experimental infection of woodchucks with WHV produced a prolonged infection (up to 40 weeks). WHsAg and DNA polymerase appeared to be more reliable indicators of infectivity than anti-WHc, woodchuck hepatitis e antigen (WHeAg) or anti-WHe. WHeAg was not detected throughout this period of infection, while anti-WHe appeared late in two of three experimentally infected animals. Four male and four female woodchucks which developed primary hepatocellular carcinoma in captivity were analyzed for WHV markers throughout their period of confinement. Seven were WHsAg and anti-WHc positive when captured. The animal that was free of WHV markers on capture converted to the WHsAg and anti-WHc positive state prior to the development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. One primary hepatocellular carcinoma animal produced WHeAg and none anti-WHs or anti-WHe.

Millman I., Southam L., Halbherr T., Simmons H. & Kang C.M. 1984. Woodchuck hepatitis virus: experimental infection and natural occurrence [Virus de l’hépatite de la marmotte : infection expérimentale et naturelle]. Hepatology, 4(5): 817-823.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, virus.

Mills S.H., South F.E. & Miller V.M. 1977. A new thermode perfusion system for local temperature manipulation. Physiol. Behav., 18(4): 725-727.
En anglais, in English.
Température, temperature.

Milne-Edwards 1857. Leçons d'anatomie et de physiologie comparées. II. HibernationII [Anatomy and compared physiology lectures].
En français, in French.

Milne-Edwards considère le Porc-Epic, les Ecureuils, l'Ours brun et le Blaireau comme des hivernants ; mais ces deux derniers ont le sommeil plus léger que les Hérissons, les Loirs, etc. L'Ours polaire, qui est essentiellement carnassier, ne s'engourdirait pas comme l'Ours brun. Tous les rongeurs des pays froids n'hivernent pas, le Lemming par exemple. Il rapporte que le Tanrec de Madagascar ne tomberait pas en léthargie pendant la saison chaude, mais, au contraire, pendant les mois où la température est la plus basse.
Aucune des hypothèse hasardées jusqu'à présent pour expliquer le sommeil hivernal ne paraît satisfaisante. Au point de vue de la thermogenèse, cet auteur divise les animaux en quatre catégories :
1° les animaux à sang chaud et à température constante qui produisent beaucoup de chaleur et qui, sous l'influence d'un froid modéré, augmentent cette proportion de façon à conserver une température propre, qui ne varie que peu ;
2° Les animaux à sang chaud et à température variable, qui sont aptes à produire assez de chaleur pour résister à des causes de refroidissement d'une puissance médiocre, mais ne sont pas organisés pour supporter un abaissement notable de température intérieure, et périssent rapidement quand la température du milieu ambiant s'abaisse beaucoup ;
3° Les animaux à sang chaud et à température essentiellement variable, qui se refroidissent très facilement et pour lesquels ce refroidissement entraîne un ralentissement dans les fonctions vitales sans âtre une cause de mort, c'est-à-dire les animaux hivernants :
4° Les animaux à sang froid, ne produisant pas assez de chaleur pour avoir dans les circonstances ordinaires une température propre s'élevant beaucoup au-dessus de celle du milieu ambiant, et qui supportent sans inconvénient un refroidissement considérable, soit en s'engourdissant, soit en conservant la plénitude de leur activité vitale. Le savant professeur de la Sorbonne n'a pas fait d'expériences personnelles, mais il expose avec beaucoup de clarté les résultats des travaux principaux sur la question de l'hivernation.

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Milne-Edwards 1864. Sur de nouvelles observations de MM. Lartet et Christy relatives à l’existence de l’homme dans le centre de la France à une époque où cette contrée était habitée par le Renne et d’autres animaux qui n’y vivent pas de nos jours [On new observations of Mrs. Lartet and Christy related to the man existence in the Middle of France when this region was inhabited by the reindeer and other animals which lived no more there today]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 58 : 401-408.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology.
pdf

Milne-Edwards Henri 1868-1874. Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères comprenant des considérations sur la classification de ces animaux. Des observations sur l’hippotame de Libéria et des études sur la faune de la chine et du Tibet oriental. [Researches to serve at the natural history of mammals including thoughts about the classification of these animals] . Paris, G. Masson, Tome second, Planches et atlas : 81 p.-105 p. de pl., Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Extrait pdf extract
Mammifères, mammals, Arctomys robustus, Tibet, histoire, history, classification.

Milne-Edwards H. 1870. Leçons sur la physiologie et l'anatomie comparée de l'homme et des animaux [Anatomy and compared physiology of Man and animals lectures]. Vol. V, (p.8-10), Paris.
En français, in French.
Physiologie, physiology, anatomie, anatomy.

Milne-Edwards & Lartet 1864. Remarques sur quelques résultats des fouilles faites récemment par M. de Lastic dans la caverne de Bruniquel [Remarks on some excavation results done recently by Mr. Lastic in the Bruniquel Cave]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 58 : 264-266.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology.
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Milutin N.G. 1924.[ Eléments del'écologie de la marmotte des steppes. Materials to Steppe Marmot’ ecology]. Zoologisky journal, 20, 4-5.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, marmotte des steppes, steppe marmot.

Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks 1998. Inventory Methods for Pikas and Sciurids: Pikas, Marmots, Woodchuck, Chipmunks and Squirrels [Méthodes d’inventaire pour les Pikas et les Scuiridés : Pikas, Marmottes, Tamias et Écureuils]. Standards for Components of British Columbia’s, Biodiversity No.29. Prepared by Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Resources Inventory Branch for the Terrestrial Ecosystems Task Force, Resources Inventory Committee, Version 2.0.
En anglais, in English.
Méthodologie, methodology, Marmota caligata, marmotte givrée, hoary marmot, Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, Marmota monax, marmotte commune du Canada, woodchuck, Marmota vancouverensis, Marmotte de l’île de Vancouver, Vancouver island marmot.
Extrait/Extract pdf

Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks 2000. The vertebrates of British Columbia: scientific and English names [Vertébrés de Colombie Britannique : noms scientifiques et anglais]. Standards for components of British Columbia's biodiversity, Version 2.1. [http:www.for.gov.bc.ca/ric/Pubs/teBioDiv/vertebrates/index.htm]
En anglais, in English.
Systématique, systematics, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia.

Mirabeau Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti comte de 1911. Le libertin de qualité, ou Ma conversion. Paris, Bibliothèque des curieux. Numérisation BnF .
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, marmotter, to mumble, Mirabeau Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti - 1749-1791.
Extrait/Extract pdf

Mirbeau Octave 1937. Le journal d'une femme de chambre. Paris, Fasquelle. Numérisation BnF .
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, marmotter, to mumble, prier, prayer.
Extrait/Extract pdf

Mironov N.P. 1959. K voprosou o paleogenezise i istorii prirodnogo tchoumnogo otchaga Severo-Zapadnogo Prikaspiya [À propos de paléogènese et de l'histoire du foyer de peste naturelle au nord-ouest de la région de Prikaspi. About the paleogenesis and the history of the natural plague focus in the norht-west of the Prikaspi region]. V kn. Prirodnaya otchagovost' i epidemiologiya osobo opaspykh infektsionnykh zabolevaniï, Saratov, Mikrob.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague.

Mironov N.P. 1964. O podrazdeleniya othositel'no avtonomnykh prirodnykh othagov tchoumy. V kn. Materialy yubileïnoï konferentsii Oural'skoï protivotchoumnoï stantsii, 1914-1964, Oural'sk.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague.

Mirotvortsev Iu.I. 1963. Opyt istrebleniya i promysel surka v pogranitchnoï polose Gorno-Altajskoï avtonomnoï oblasti [Expérience d'extermination et de chasse professionnelle de la marmotte à la frontière de la région autonome de Gorno-Altaïski. Extermination experiment and professional hunting in the frontier of the Gorno-Altaiski autonomous region]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PUI, 25, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Chasse, hunting, extermination, Altaï.

Mirotvortsev Iu.I. & Shvedko L.P. 1955. Dejstvie brommetila na tarbagana i entomofaunu ego gnezda [Effet du brométhyle sur la marmotte tarbagan et l'entomofaune de son abri. Effect of brominethyle on the tarbagan marmot and the entomofauna of its shelter]. Tez.dokl. konf. Irkoutskogo PTchI, I, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, poison, entomologie, entomology, terrier, burrow.

Missone X. 1957. Mammifères de la Turquie sud-orientale et du nord de la Syrie [Mammals of south-eastern Turkey and north Syria]. Mammalia, 21 : 53-67.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, Turquie, Syrie.

Mistrot V. 2001. Contribution des micromammifères de la Balma de l'Abeurador à la connaissance de l'évolution des paysages tardiglaciaires et holocènes en Languedoc-Roussillon [Share of the micromammals of the la Balma de l'Abeurador to the evolution knowledge of the late glacial and holocene landscapes in Languedoc-Roussillon]. Mém. Doc. Univ. Paris I, soutenue le 5 janvier 2001.
En français, in French. Mammifères, mammals, paléontologie, paleontology, France.

Mitchel-Jones A.J., Amori G., Bogdanowicz W., Krystufek B., Reijnders P.J.H., Spitzenberger F., Stubbe M., Thissen J.B.M., Vohralík V. & Zima J. 1999. The atlas of European mammals [Atlas des mammifÀres europ»ens]. London, Academic Press. 484 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammalia, Mammals, Faune, fauna, Europe, Europa.

Mitropolskii O.V. 1979. [Le livre rouge d'URSS. The Red Data Book of the USSR]. In Rare and Vanishing Animals and Bird Species of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Publishers, 43-44.
En russe, in Russian.
Conservation, URSS, USSR.

Mitropolskii O.V. 1995. [Organisation structurale et spatiale des communautés de vertébrés terrestres. Structural and spatial organization of communities of terrestrial vertebrates]. Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Biology made as a Scientific Report, Tashkent, 46 p.
En russe, in Russian.
Vertébrés terrestres, terrestrial vertebrates, spatial, structure ; communauté, community.

Mitropolskiy O.V. 2005. Review of target programs for marmot’s conservtion in the west Tien Shan. Obzor tselevykh programm po sokhraneniiu sourkov v zapadnom Tyan’-Chane. [Revue des programmes de conservation sur les marmottes dans l’ouest du Tien Chan]. Abstracts of fifth International Conference on genus Marmota, 78-79.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota, conservation.

Marmot's habitat and population is constantly declining in the West Tien Shan. Especially endangered is Menzbier's marmot, an endemic to the area, whose future is unpredictable should urgent measures not be taken. Target programs aimed to preserve marmots in general and Menzbier's marmot, in particular, can be subdivided into the programs on habitat improvement, poaching prevention and reduction of mortality level caused by shepherd's dogs. In nature reserves with limited grazing activity herbs grow very high and this is something to deal with in order to improve the marmot's habitat. With the years a big amount of dry grass is accumulated on the pastures and vegetation grows up to 1 m. This breaks the spatial and social structure of marmot's colonies and marmots become an easy prey for predators such as snow leopard, lynx, wolf, and fox. Therefore it is necessary to carry out fire management activity (controlled fire) or allow livestock grazing in the nature reserves. However, suggested fire management programs aimed at burning dry grass in autumn or authorized grazing of livestock in nature reserve are not supported by the environmental authorities. A step to reduce poaching, which is becoming very popular among shepherds, is to award prizes to the shepherds who would preserve marmots on their pastures. Though these proposaIs face some difficulties they can be easily solved in a cost effective way should there be sponsor's aids. A program to form a negative reflex in shepherd's dogs against marmot meat by feeding those with marmot meat soaked in marmot fat with vomit provoking substances previously added in it has been developed. However, this practice has been never applied there. It seems to be very complicated and now inappropriate to breed Menzbier's marmot artificially in order to increase its population for further re-introduction and conservation. All efforts shall be aimed to preserve the existing natural population.

Russian pdf russe

Mitropolskiy O.V. & Mitropolskaya N.O. 2005. Marmot habitats in the West Tien Shan and their dynmics. Arealy sourkov v zapadnom Tyan’-Chane i ikh dinamika. [Habitats des marmottes dans le Tien Chan occidental et leur dynamique]. Abstracts of fifth International Conference on genus Marmota, 80-81.
Écologie, ecology, habitat, Marmota menzbieri, Menzbier's marmot, M.caudata, long-tailed marmot, Citellophilus menzbieri, M. baibacina, grey marmot, Citellophilus lebedewi, puce, flea.
AIl over their habitat, the marmots of Marmota genus are represented by one vital form and the species are distributed strictly allopathnically. At the same time an analysis of the situation in the West Tien Shan showed changes in habitats of three species historically inhabiting the area. An endemic to the area, Menzbier's marmot (Marmota menzbieri), whose current habitat is mainly associated with ancient raised plateaus, is widely divided in two sites (Kazakhstan and Uzbek-Kyrgyz) that are inhabited in slightly differentiated sub-species. The upper-river Pskem, between the sites, is inhabited by long-tailed marmot (M. caudata). This is the area where Menzbier's marmot specific flea - Citellophilus menzbieri - lives on long-tailed marmot. This fact is a clear evidence of secondary moving in and replacement of Menzbier's marmot by long-tailed marmot. A conception of Menzbier's marmot being forced out by long-tailed marmot from the best habitats (Petrov, 1963) is, in our opinion, incorrect. South of the Chatkal and Fergana ridges long-tailed marmot is replaced grey marmot (M. baibacina ). This fact is justified not only by direct observations but the presence of numerous enclaves of long-tailed marmot in practically complete habitat of grey marmot near the habitat's border of these two species. Even here, a specific flea of long-tailed marmot - Citellophilus lebedewi - is found on grey marmot, initially having no fleas of genus Citellophilus. A conception about possible hybridization of these two species here needs correct justification. It should be noted that by size and dimensions of body, also well-justified by shoulder bones analysis, the domination hierarchy of Tien Shan marmot species looks as follows: grey marmot 7 long-tailed marmot 7 Menzbier's marmot. This is a consecution for historical replacement of species habitat, described above. Since recently, a spatial structure of marmots' habitats is significantly affected by anthropogenic activity. First of alI, this is connected with illegal extermination of marmots leading not only to the disappearance of many edge isolates but to catastrophic decrease of populations in main colonies. The most catastrophic is the status of Menzbier's marmot whose habitat is associated with edge and the most accessible mountainous areas. The situation is even more aggravated by restrictions for grazing livestock in nature reserves those results in high growth of grass at marmot's colonies and therefore marmot population in protected areas is constantly decreasing. ln principle, marmots are disappearing in nature reserves. Poorly designed and carried out works on acclimatization of Menzbier's marmot outside its natural habitat, in the Turkistan ridge, did not bring positive results.

Russian pdf russe

Mitropol'skiï O.V. & Tretkyakov G.P. 1976. Tchislennost' sourka Menzbira na Angrenskom plato [Dénombrement de la marmotte de Menzbier sur le plateau d'Angrenski. Census of the Menzbier's marmot in the Angrensk plateau]. Sovechtchanie po mlekopitayuchtchim Ouzbekistana, Tez. dokl. Tachkent, FAN OuzSSR, 25-26.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, dénombrement, census, Ouzbekistan, Uzbekistan.

Mitropolskii O.V., Fotteler E.R. & Tretyakov G.P. 1987. [L'odre des Falconiformes. The Order Falconiformes]. In Birds of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Fan Publishers, 1 : 123- 246.
En russe, in Russian.
Prédation, predation.

Mitropolskii O.V. & Tretyakov G.P. 1976. [Dénombrement des marmottes de Menzbier à l'amont de la rivière Angren. The numbers of Menzbier's marmot in the upper course of the River Angren]. Regional Problems of Management and Protection of Biosphere, 1st Session of Scientific Board of Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Tashkent Fan Publishers, 25- 26.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, dénombrement, census, Ouzbekistan, Uzbekistan.

Mitteil S. 1955. Der schrei des murmeltiers als akustische territoriumsmarkierung [Le cri des marmottes comme marquage territoriale acoustique. The marmot cry as territorial acoustic marking]. P. Bopp. Saugertierk. Mitt., 3(1): 28.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, communication, territoire, territory.

Mizitova A.A., Seredin V.I., Fedorov V.P. & N.A. Kolupaeva 1974. [Le problème du foyer combiné de peste et de tularémie du sud-est du Transbaïkal. The problem of combined foci of plague and tularaemia in south-east Transbaikalia]. In Safonova ed., Int. and national aspects of the epidemiological surveillance of plague, II: 144-145.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, parastilogie, peste, plague, Transbaïkalie.

Mizuno Y., Murakami S., Matsushita F., Unoura M., Kobayashi K., Migita S., Hattori N. & Ohno S. 1989. Chromosomal assignment of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) DNA integration sites in a woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cell line (WH257GE10). Int. J. Cancer., 43(4): 652-657.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
The chromosomal sites of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) DNA integration were identified in a woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cell line (WH257GE10) by the in situ hybridization technique using 3H-labelled WHV whole genome (WHV 2) as a probe. The G-banded chromosome spreads from WH257GE10 were identified and diagrammed schematically according to their band patterns. WHV DNA was integrated into 2 sites: 33 region of the long arm of chromosome 6 (6q33) and 31 region of the long arm of chromosome 8 (8q31). Chromosomal sites of WHV DNA integration were stable during successive passage periods analyzed in vitro.

Mlekoptaiuchtchie Kazakhstana 1969 [Mammif&eagrave;res du Kazakhstan. Mammals of Kazakhstan]. Alma-Ata, Nauka, 1(1).
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, faune, fauna, Kazakhstan.

Mochi A. 1912. La succession des industries paléolithiques et les changements de la faune du Pléistocène en Italie [The paleolithic industries succession and fauna changes in the Pleistocene in Italy]. Florence
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, pléistocène, Italie, Italy.

Moehrenschlager Axel 2004. Endangered cranes, frogs, foxes, and marmots: Scientific solutions to reintroduction challenges across taxa [Grues, grenouilles, renards, et marmottes en danger : solutions scientifiques au défi de réintroduction parmi les taxons]. Species At Risk 2004 Pathways to Recovery Conference.
En anglais, in English.
Réintroduction, re-introduction.

Moggi-Cecchi J., ed. 1995. Aspects of dental biology: Palaeontology, anthropology and evolution [Aspects de la biologie dentaire : pal»ontologie, anthropologie et »volution]. Internat. Inst. Study Man. 460 pp. [dedication to Dahlberg].
En anglais, in English.
Dent, tooth, pal»ontologie, paleontology, »volution, evolution.

Mohr E. 1951. Die freilebenden Nagetiere Deutschlands [Les rongeurs sauvages d'Allemagne. The wild rodents in Germany]. von G. Fischer, Jena.
En allemand, in German.
Rodentia, faune, fauna, Allemagne, Germany.

Mohr E. 1954. Die freilebenden Nagetiere Deutschlands und der Nacharländer [Les rongeurs sauvages d'Allemagne et des contrées voisines. Wild rodents of Germany and neighbouring countries]. 3 Aufl., Jena: I-VIII, 1-212.
En allemand, in German.
Rodentia, faune, fauna, Allemagne, Germany.

Moiseev V.A. 1984. [Voyage au Tien Chan et à l'Amou Daria. Travelling across the Tian Shan and the Amu Darya. Menzbier's Marmot]. Hunting and Nature Protection in Uzbekistan, Tashkent: Uzbekistan Publishers, 114-116.
En russe, in Russian.
Exploration, Tien Chan, Tien Shan, Ouzbekistan, Uzekistan.

Moiseev V.A. 1988. [La nature des montagnes. The nature of Mountains]. The Nature of Central Asia Through the Lense (Album), Tashkent, Mekhnat Publishers, 78-140.
En russe, in Russian.
Montagnes, mountains.

Moiseev V.A. 1993. [Traversée du Tien Chan et du Gissar. Across the Tian Shan and Gissar-Alay]. Face to Face with Nature, Chimkent, Aurika Publishers, 9- 12.
En russe, in Russian.
Montagnes, mountains.

Moiseev V.A., Vorochov V., Kozhuhov V. et al. 1983. [La réserve naturelle de Chatkal (Cartes postales). The Chatkal Nature Reserve (Set of Postcards)]. Tashkent, Gafur Gulyam Pubslishers.
En russe, in Russian.
Réserves.

Moiseev V.A. & Esipov V.M. 1984. [La marmotte de Menzbier. Menzbier's Marmot]. The Chatkal Nature Reserve (Album), Tashkent, Uzbekistan Publishers, 107- 109.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri.

Moiseev V.A., Kashkarov D.Yu. 1990. [The wild life in Uzbekistan. La faune et la flore en Ouzbekistan]. Tashkent, Uzbekistan Publishers, 121- 122.
En russe, in Russian.
Faune, fauna, Ouzbekistan, Uzbekistan.

Moissan Henri 1902. Sur les matières colorantes des figures de la grotte de Font-de-Gaume. [On the coloring materials of the figures of the Font-de-Gaume cave]. Comptes rendus hebdomadairse des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 134 : 1539-1540.
En français, in French.
Chimie, chemistry, colorant préhistorique, Dordogne, France.
Pdf.

Moissan H. 1903. Sur une matière colorante des figures de la grotte de La Mouthe [About a coloring substance of the figures of the Mouthe Cave]. Comptes rendus hebdomadairse des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 136 : 144-146.
En français, in French.
Chimie, chemistry, colorant préhistorique, Dordogne, France.
Pdf.

Mol Dick 1992. Een Pleistocene steenbok in de laagvlakte van den Beneden-Rijn. [Un chamois du Pléistocène de la plaine inférieure du Rhin. A Pleistocene ibex from the Lower Rhine Plain]. Grondboor Hamer, 46 p. 93-98.
En néerlandais avec résumé anglais, in Dutch with English summ.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Europe.

Mollaret J.-J. 1978. Mont-Blanc, refuge de l'éternité [Mont-Blanc, eternity refuge]. Hachette, Paris, 155 p.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Haute-Savoie, France.

Moller A.P. & Birkhead T.R. 1992. Copulation behaviour in mammals: evidence that sperm competition is widespread [Le comportement de copulation chez les mammifères : preuve que la compétition spermatique est largement répandue]. Biol. J. Linnean Soc., 38: 119-131.
Mammals, ethology, copulation.

Molozhnikov S. 1966. Tchernoshapotchnyï sourok na bergou baïkala [La marmotte à tête noire sur le bord du Baïkal. The black-capped marmot on the Baikal coast]. Okhota i okhotnitchie khoz-vo, 11.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, lac Baïkal, Baikal Lake.

Molozhnikov V.N. 1971. [Répartition et effectif de la marmotte à tête noire dans le sud-ouest de son aire de répartition. Distribution and number of black-capped marmot in south-western range of area]. In Rational use and protection of Siberian Wild, Tomsk, 184-185.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, Marmotte à tête noire, répartition, distribution.

Molozhnikov V.N. 1975. [Le pin nain de Sibérie dans les paysages montagneux de la Pribaïkalie septentrionale. Dwarf Siberian pine of mountain landscapes in Northern Pribaikalia]. Moscow, Nauka, 203 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Végétation vegetation, Siberie, Siberia.

Molyukov M.I. & Rossolimo O.L. 1989. [La marmotte de Menzbier. Menzbier's Marmot]. In Animals in Red Data Book of the USSR, Moscow: Pedagogika Publishers, 31- 34.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, pédagogie, pedagogy.

Monin G. (Inédit). Approche technologique des assemblages tardiglaciaires des grottes de la Passagère et Colomb à Méaudre (Vercors, Isère) [Technologic approach of the late glacial collections of the La Passagère and Colomb Cave in Méaudres]. TER de DEA de Préhistoire, Université de provence-Aix 152 p.
En français, in French.
Méthodologies, methodology, grotte, cave, Vercors, Isère.

Monin G., Griggo C. & Tomé C. (à paraître). Stratégie d’exploitation d’un écosystème alpin au Tardiglaciaire : les chasseurs de marmottes du massif du Vercors [Use strategy of an alpine ecosystem in late ice age: marmot hunters in the Vercors Massif]. Gestion des Paléoenvironnements et stratégies d’exploitation des milieux en moyenne montagne par les sociétés humaines, Séminaire de Pierrefort - 19/20 juin 2003.
En français, in French.
Archéologie, archeology, Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, Vercors, France.

Monjuvent G. 1995. Le Vercors au Quaternaire [The Vercors in the Quaternary]. In Epipaléolithique et Mésolithique en Europe, Actes du V° congrès international UISPP, XII° commission, Grenoble, 17-18.
En français, in French.
Glacier, Vercors, France.

Monnier Y., Dousset L. & Fourcade P. 1992. Approche ethno-biologique de la marmotte alpine [Ethno-biologic approach of the alpine marmot]. Actes Journée d'étude de la marmotte Alpine, 11-16.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology.

Montagut G. & C. Prud'homme 1989. Helminthes parasites de la marmotte des alpes dans le massif de la vanoise, observation d'une infestation par Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft, 1893) [Helminths parasites of the alpine marmot in the Vanoise massif, observation of an Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft, 1893) infestation]. Trav. sci. Parc nation. Vanoise, XVII, 229-234.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Helminthes, Helminths, France, Vanoise.

Montaran Marie Constance Albertine 1868. Mes pensées en voyage : excursions dans les Pyrénées [My thoughts during travel: trips in the Pyrenees]. Paris, Challamel aîné, 335 p., Num. BNF [Document électronique].
En français, in French.
Descriptions et voyages, description and travels, ours, bear, p.135-136, 237-238, isard, chamois, p.238, absence marmottes, no marmots, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France.
Extrait Pdf extract.

Monti R. & Monti A. 1901. Observations sur les marmottes hibernantes [Observations on the hibernating alpine marmots]. Arch. ital. Biol., 35 : 292-294.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, hibernation.

Mony Adolphe 1897. Du Vernet à Aix-les-Bains par la montagne. Moulins, impr. E. Auclaire : 28 p., Num. BNF [Document électronique].
En français, in French.
Rien sur la faune, nothing on fauna, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

Moodera K.P., Weberb A.W., Bamfortha F.J., Lieversec A.R., Schurrd T.G., Bazaliiskie V.I. and Savel'eve N.A. 2005. Matrilineal affinities and prehistoric Siberian mortuary practices: a case study from Neolithic Lake Baikal [Affinités matrilénaires et pratiques mortuaires en sibérie préhistorique : cas du néolithique du lac Baïkal]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32( 4) : 619-634.
En anglais, in English.
Archéologie, archeology, néolithique, neolithic, ADN, DNA, Baïkal, Sibérie, Siberia, Russie, Russia.
The ‘Lokomotiv’ cemetery in the Lake Baikal region of Siberia is considered to be the largest Neolithic cemetery in North Asia. A large degree of mortuary variability has been documented at Lokomotiv including striking differences in grave architecture, body treatment and grave good assemblages. The purpose of this study is to understand whether observed mortuary variability at Lokomotiv was used to indicate differential biological affinity for those buried in this cemetery. To answer this, we compared the distribution of matrilineally-inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers retrieved from Lokomotiv skeletal remains against various lines of archaeological evidence. Using a combined strategy of coding-region SNP and HVI sequence detection, we were able to produce mtDNA profiles for 31 of 37 Lokomotiv individuals. Our results to date suggest that while matrilineal affinities did not overtly shape the spatial organisation of Lokomotiv, they may have influenced the type of grave one was interred in and in certain cases, the type of mortuary treatment given to an individual. The most compelling differences in matrilineal affinity were found between group grave and single grave burials in one cluster of the cemetery and evoke a notion of intra-community power structure shaped by matrilineally-ascribed group membership. The findings from this study will be further explored with future enhancements to the archaeological and biological datasets for Lokomotiv as well as a contemporaneous Baikal region cemetery known as Shamanka II. In doing so, we hope to further illuminate the social complexities governing these prehistoric Siberian communities.

Moore 1953.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris nosophora, Alberta, Canada.

Moore J.C. 1958. New genera of East Indian squirrels [Nouveaux genres des écureuils de l'est de l'Inde]. Amer. Mus. Novitates, 1914: 1-5.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, taxonomie, taxonomy, Indes.

Moore J.C. 1959. Relationships among living squirrels of the Sciurinae [Relations parmi les &eacte;cureuils vivant des Sciurinae]. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 118(4): 153-206.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, morphologie, morphology.

Moore J.C. 1961. Geographic variation in some reproductive characteristics of diurnal squirrels [Variation géographique de quelques caractéristiques reproductives des écureuils diurnes]. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 118: 157-206.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, reproduction.

Moore J.C. 1961. Am. Mus. Novit., 244.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology.

Moore J.C. & H.H. Tate 1965. A study of the diurnal squirrels, Sciurinae, of the Indian and Indochinese subregions [Une étude des écureuils diurnes, Sciurinae, des régions de l'Inde et de l'Indochine]. Fieldiana Zool., 48: 1-351.
En anglais, in English.
Sciurinae, Indochine.

Moradpour D. & Blum H.E. 2000. [Aspects moléculaires du carcinome hépatocellulaire. Molecular aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma]. Zentralbl. Chir., 125(7): 592-6.
En allemand, in German.
Hépatite, hepatitis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. The major risk factors for HCC development are now well defined and some of the multiple steps involved in hepatocarcinogenesis have been elucidated in recent years. However, no clear picture of how and in what sequence these factors interact at the molecular level has emerged yet. Malignant transformation of hepatocytes may occur as a consequence of various etiologies, such as chronic viral hepatitis, alcohol, and metabolic disorders, in the context of increased cellular turnover induced by chronic liver injury, regeneration and cirrhosis. Activation of cellular oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, overexpression of certain growth factors, and possibly telomerase activation and DNA mismatch repair defects may contribute to the development of HCC. Finally, aflatoxins have been shown to induce specific mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, thus pointing to the contribution of environmental factors to tumor development at the molecular level.

Moraleda G., Saputelli J., Aldrich C.E., Averett D., Condreay L., Mason W.S. 1997. Lack of effect of antiviral therapy in nondividing hepatocyte cultures on the closed circular DNA of woodchuck hepatitis virus. J. Virol., 71(12): 9392-9399.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

The template for synthesis of hepadnaviral RNAs is a covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA located in the nucleus of the infected hepatocyte. Hepatocytes are normally long-lived and nondividing, and antiviral therapies in chronically infected individuals face the problem of eliminating not only the replicative forms of viral DNA found in the cytoplasm but also the cccDNA from the nucleus. Because cccDNA does not replicate semiconservatively, it is not an obvious target for antiviral therapy. However, elimination of cccDNA might be facilitated if its half-life were short in comparison to the generation time of hepatocytes and if new cccDNA formation were effectively blocked. We have therefore measured cccDNA levels in woodchuck hepatocyte cultures following in vitro infection with woodchuck hepatitis virus and treatment with inhibitors of viral DNA synthesis. The viral reverse transcriptase inhibitors lamivudine (3TC) [(-)-beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine), FTC (5-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine) and ddC (2',3'-dideoxycytidine) were added to the cultures beginning at 4 days postinfection. Treatment for up to 36 days with 3TC reduced the amount of cccDNA in the cultures not more than twofold compared to that of an untreated control. Treatment with ddC for 36 days and with FTC for 12 days resulted in effects similar to that of treatment with 3TC. Moreover, the declines in cccDNA appeared to reflect the loss of hepatocytes from the cultures rather than of cccDNA from hepatocytes. These results emphasize the important role of the longevity of the infected hepatocytes in the persistence of an infection.

Morand C. 1854. Dialogues classiques, familiers et autres. à l'usage des étudians des langues française et italienne, avec des exercices préliminaires. S.H. Blanc, et Cie, Paris, Lyon.
En français et en italien, in French and in Italian.
Dictionnaire, dictionary, langue, language, français, franch, italien, Italian, marmotte, marmòtta.
pdf

Morandini C. 1979. L'abbassamento dei limiti dei fenomeni fisici e biologici in Friuli, con particolare riguardo alle Prealpi Carniche e Guilie, visto nelle sue cause [Abaissement des limites des phénomènes physique et biologique dans le Frioul, avec un égard particulier aux préalpes Carnique et julienne, vu sa cause. Lowering of the limits of physical and biologic phenomenons in the Friul, with respect to Prealp Carnich and Julian, in view of its cause]. Pubbl. Mus. Fr. St. Nat., 29, Udine.
En italien, in Italian.
Climat, climate, Préalpes, Frioul, Friul, Italie, Italy.

Mordkovich V.G. & Zholnerovskaya E.I. 1995. [Collections zoologiques du Muséum de sibérie (50è anniversaire). Collections of the Siberian Zoological Museum (50th anniversary of the Museum)]. Zoological journal, 74(9) :137-143.
En russe, in Russian.
Muséum, museum, Sibérie, siberia.

Moreau E. 1892. Une exploration de la grotte du Rey à Saint-Georges-sur-Erve (Mayenne) [Exploration of the Rey Cave in Saint-Georges-sur-Erve (Mayenne)]. Laval.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, grotte, cave, bœuf, ox, hyène, hyena, ours des cavernes, cave bear, renne, reindeer, Mayenne, France.

Moreau E. 1893. Une exploration de la grotte du Rey à Saint-Georges-sur-Erve (Mayenne) [Exploration of the Rey Cave in Saint-Georges-sur-Erve (Mayenne)]. Revue des travaux scientifiques, publ. sous la dir. du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, Ministère de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts, 12 fasc., 13 : 736.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, grotte, cave, bœuf, ox, hyène, hyena,ours des cavernes, cave bear, renne, reindeer, Mayenne, France.
pdf

Morel P. & Müller W. 1997b. Hauterive-Champréveyres II. Un campement magdalénien au bord du lac de Neuchâtel : étude archéozoologique (secteur 1) [Hauterive-Champréveyres II. A magdalenian campon the border of Neuchatel Lake. Archeozoologic study (first sector)]. Musée Cantonal d'Archéologie, Archéologie Neuchâteloise, 23 :74-82.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, découpe, cutting, fracturation, fracture.

Morgan Henry James 1867. Bibliotheca Canadensis, or, A manual of Canadian literature [Bibliotheca Canadensis, ou un manuel de littérature canadienne]. Ottawa, Desbarats G.E.
En anglais, in English.
Wood Chuk, Arctomys Monax, Littérature canadienne anglaise, English Canadian Literature, Morgan, Henry J, 1842-1913.

Morgan G. 1910. Die Hohe Tatra und Jagdfauna [Les hauts Tatras et le gibier]. Verlag für's Jagdschloss, Wien.
En allemand, in German.
Faunistique, fauna, gibier, game, Europe, Europa, Slovaquie, Slovakia, Tatra.

Morgan Gary S. & Ridgway R. Brian 1987. Late Pliocene (late Blancan) vertebrates from the St. Petersburg Times site, Pinellas County, Florida, with a brief review of Florida Blancan faunas [Vertébrés de la fin du Pliocène (Blacan tardif) du site de St. Petersburg Times, comté de Pinellas, Florida, avec une brève revue des faunes du Blancan de Floride]. Pap. Florida Paleontol., 1: 22 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Arizonae, paléontologie, paleontology, Pliocène, Amérique du Nord, Floride.

Morgan J. 1980. Mammalian status manual: a state by state survey of endangered, threatened, and rare mammals of the United States [Manuel du statut mammalien: un état par enquête d'état des mammifères en danger, menacés et rares des États-Unis d'Amérique]. Linton Publishing Co., N. Eastham, Massachusetts, 42 p.
En anglais, in English.
Statut légal, legal status, Marmota caligata, EUA, USA.
Euarctos americanus, Ursus americanus, Euarctos americanus floridanus, Ursus arctos horribilis, Procyon lotor auspicatus, Martes americana, Martes pennanti, Mustela erminea, Mustela frenata, Mustela nigripes, Mustela rixosa, Mustela nivalis, Mustela vison evergladensis, Lutra canadensis, Enhydra lutris nereis, Gulo luscus, Taxidea taxus, Spilogale putorius, Conepatus mesoleucus, Canis latrans, Canis lupus, Canis lupus baileyi, Canis lupus lycaon, Canis lupus irremotus, Canis niger, Canis rufus, Vulpes vulpes fulva, Vulpes fulva, Vulpes macrotis, Vulpes velox, Urocyon littoralis, Felis concolor, Felis wiedii, Felis pardalis, Felis yagouaroundi, Panthera onca, Lynx canadensis, Lynx rufus, Lepus americanus virginianus, Lepus californicus, Lepus townsendii, Sylvilagus aquaticus, Sylvilagus idahoensis, Sylvilagus palustris, Sylvilagus transitionalis, Marmota caligata, Cynomys parvidens, Sciurus carolinensis fuliginosus, Sciurus niger avicennia, Sciurus niger cinereus, Sciurus niger shermani, Sciurus griseus, Glaucomys sabrinus, Glaucomys volans.

Mori J. 2002. Osservazione di due colonie di marmotta (Marmota marmota L.) in ambiente dolomitico e primi approcci allo studio dei costumi alimentari [Observation de deux colonies de marmottes (Marmota marmota L.) en milieu dolomitique et première approche de l’étude du régime alimentaire. Observation od two marmot colonies (Marmotamarmota L.) in dolomitic environment and firts approach of diet]. Tesi di laurea in Biologia, Facoltà di Scienze matematiche fisiche e naturali, Università degli Studi di Padova, a.a. 2001-2002.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, milieu calcaire, régime alimentaire, diet.

Mori J., Omata M., Yokosuka O., Imazeki F., Ito Y., Uchiumi K., Matsuyama Y., Ye W.F. & Okuda K. 1984. Liver orcein stain and viral DNA in duck hepatitis B virus infection in Chinese ducks and experimentally infected Japanese ducklings. Hepatology, 4(6): 1124-1128.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite de la marmotte, woodchuck hepatitis, hépatite du canard, dusck hepatitis.
Liver sections were stained with orcein, and duck hepatitis B virus was identified in sera and livers by the hybridization technique in 106 ducks (44 Chinese ducks, 15 Japanese ducks and 47 Japanese ducklings). Orcein-positive hepatocytes were found in 18 of 38 (47%) duck hepatitis B virus DNA seropositive ducks, and only in 3 of 68 (4%) seronegative ducks. The three ducks were all from a heavily infected flock in southern China. Serial analyses of viral DNA by Southern blot and spot hybridizations in experimentally infected Japanese ducklings revealed a dissociation or a time gap between the amount of viral DNA in serum and the emergence of orcein positive hepatocytes. Orcein-positive hepatocytes were generally associated with prolonged presence of viral infection for at least 4 to 6 months. These findings support the clinical hypothesis that the presence of orcein-positive hepatocytes indicates persistent rather than acute infection. Since orcein-positive hepatocytes have been seen in infection with hepatitis B, woodchuck hepatitis, ground squirrel and duck hepatitis B viruses, accumulation of orcein-positive material in liver cells may be one of the common properties these viruses share. This stain may be utilized for screening new hepatitis B virus-like viruses.

Morice Adrien Gabriel 1890. Les Dénés occidentaux ; leurs moeurs et coutumes [The western Dénés; their morals and their customs]. Trans. Can. Inst.
En français, in French.
Ethnologie, ethnology, Amérindiens, indians.

Morice A.G. 1893. Notes archaeological, industrial and sociological, on the western Dénés: with an ethnographical sketch of the same. Transactions of the Canadian Institute, Session 1892-1893.
En anglais, in English.
Hoary marmot, Arctomys caligatus, ground-hog, Arctomys monax p.93, pièges, traps 93-105, , outils, tools, racloir à peau, skin scraper, p.68, vêtements, clothes P 162-172, mocassins p.152-156, raquettes, snow-shoes p.152, ornement, adornement, Indiens Tinne, Tinne Indians, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia, Morice A. G. 1859-1938.
Texte complet/Full text ICMH (Institut Canadien de Microreproductions historiques)/CIHM

Morice A. G. 1894. Notes archéologiques, industrielles and sociologiques sur les Dénés occidentaux : avec un esquisse etnographique. Transactions of the Canadian Institute.
En français, in French.

Morice A. G. 1897.Chez les sauvages de la Colombie Britannique: récits d'un missionnaire [At the British Columbia savages’ : narratives of a missionary]. Paris, Lyon, Delhomme et Briguet.
Arctomys monax, siffleux p.201, peau de marmotte, marmot skin p.252, chasse à la marmotte, marmot hunting p.268, Indiens, Indians, histoire, History, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia, Morice A. G. 1859-1938.
Texte complet/Full text ICMH (Institut Canadien de Microreproductions historiques)/CIHM

Morin M. 1962. Noms de montagnes à travers Savoie et Dauphiné [Moutain names through Savoie and Dauphiné]. VL, 125 : 409-415.
En français, in French.
Toponymie, toponymy, Savoie, Savoy.

Morin Yves Charles & Tiffou Etienne 1989. Dictionnaire complémentaire du bourouchaski du Yasin [Additinal dictionary of buruchaski from Yasin]. Peeters.
En français, in French.
Dictionnaire, dictionnary, marmotte p. 52.

Morlot v. A. 1854. Über die quaternären Gebilde des Rhonegebietes. Verhandlungen der Allgem. Schweiz. Ges. für die gesamten Naturwissenschaften., 39, Versammlung. St Gallen.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, Quaternary, Suisse, Switzerland.
Le premier a avoir signalé l'existence de groupes de plusieurs marmottes fossiles dans les terriers qu'ils s'étaient creusés dans les moraines et les gravier des moraines.

Morlot 1854. Identité des ossements de marmotte trouvés près de Lausanne [Identity of marmot bones found near Lausanne]. Bulletins des séances de la Société Vaudoise des sciences naturelles, Lausanne.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota p.57, Suisse, Switzerland.
extrait Pdf extract

Moroy T., Etiemble J., Bougueleret L., Hadchouel M., Tiollais P. & Buendia M.A. 1989. Structure and expression of hcr, a locus rearranged with c-myc in a woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene, 4(1): 59-65.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
We have previously described a rearrangement of the proto-oncogene c-myc with a new cellular sequence of unknown function in a woodchuck primary liver tumor. We have now cloned and further analysed the normal woodchuck locus (termed hcr) of the sequence involved in the rearrangement with c-myc. The hcr locus is highly expressed in hepatocytes but not in other cell types examined and is conserved in mammals. Two unspliced hcr transcripts 4.5 and 4.7 kb long accumulate in liver cell nuclei. These transcripts differ only in their 3' extremities, located 180 bases apart, and by additional poly(A) tailing of the longer RNA species. The genomic sequence flanking the transcription start site contains variant elements of a classical eukaryotic promoter. Nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNA clones for the hcr RNA reveals that the 5' end of the hcr transcripts contains a short open reading frame of only 3 gamma codons initiated by an ATG. The biological function of her RNA remains to be determined.

Moroy T., Marchio A., Etiemble J., Trepo C., Tiollais P. & Buendia MA. 1986. Rearrangement and enhanced expression of c-myc in hepatocellular carcinoma of hepatitis virus infected woodchucks. Nature, 324(6094): 276-279.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Hepatocellularcarcinoma (HCC) that occur in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) were screened for activation of cellular oncogenes. Enhanced expression and allelic alterations of the c-myc oncogene were found in three HCC out of nine. Variations in the size of the c-myc transcripts, ranging from 2.0 kilobases (kb) to 5.6 kb, as well as in the level of c-myc gene expression, 5-50-fold higher than in adjacent liver tissues, were observed among the three HCC. Rearrangements of the c-myc locus were either upstream of the gene or within the first intron. Cloning and sequencing of the break-point region from one of the three tumours showed that the c-myc gene was truncated and joined to a unique cellular sequence of unknown function. WHV DNA was not integrated near the c-myc coding exons, excluding a direct role of the virus in c-myc activation. The novel type of rearrangement and activation of the c-myc gene, reported here in liver tumours of hepatitis virus infected animals, appears strikingly similar to those resulting from chromosomal translocations in human Burkitt's lymphomas, acute B- and T-cell leukaemias and mouse plasmacytomas.

Morozkina E.A. 1974a. [Prélèvement de sang et digestion des puces des marmottes rouges. On study of activity of the blood meal and the digestion in fleas of red marmots]. Mater. 8 nauch. konf. protivochum. uchrezhd. Sred. Az. i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata: 341-342.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, puces, fleas.

Morozkina E.A. 1974b. [Répartition des puces de marmottes au Tadjikistan. Distribution marmot's fleas in different biotops of Tajikistan]. Mater. 8 nauch. konf. protivochum. uchrezhd. Sred. Az. i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata: 343-346.
En russe, in Russian.
Insectes, Insects, puces, fleas, répartition, distribution, Tadjikistan, Tajikistan].

Morozkina E.A, L.S. Lysenko & Kafarskaya 1970a. [Répartition et effectif des puces des marmottes à longue queue du Pamir oriental. Distribution and number of fleas of long-tailed marmots in Eastern Pamir. In Vector of very dangerous diseases and their control, Stravopol, 329-336.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, ectoparasite, Pamir.

Morozkina E.A, L.S. Lysenko & Kafarskaya 1970b. [Sur l'écologie des puces des marmottes à longue queue du Pamir oriental. On ecology of fleas of long-tailed marmots in Eastern Pamir]. In Vector of very dangerous diseases and their control, Stravopol, 337-341.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, ectoparasite, Pamir.

Morozkina E.A, L.S. Lysenko & Kafarskaya 1971. [Puces des marmottes à longue queue et autres animaux vivants au Gissar. Fleas of long-tailed marmots and other animals living in Gissar]. In Problems of very dangerous diseases,, Saratov 1(17): 38-44.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, marmotte à longue queue; ectoparasite, puces, fleas, Gissar.

Morozkina E.A., Lysenko L.S., Kafarskaya D.G. 1979. [Répartition et nombre de Pulex irritans au Tadjikistan. Distribution and numbers of Pulex irritans in Tajikistan]. Mater. 10 nauch. konf. protivochum. uchrezhd. Sred. Az. i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata, 2: 117-119.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces, fleas; répartition, distribution, Tadjikistan, Tajikistan.

Morris P. 1972. A review of mammalian age determination methods [Revue des méthodes de détermination de l'âge des mammifères]. Mammal. rev., 2 : 69-104.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, âge, age, méthodologie, methodology.

Morris S.A., Florant G., Saxon M., Chen G. & Bilezikian J.P. 1993. Adaptations of myocardial beta-adrenergic receptor complex in hibernating marmots [Adaptations du complexe de récepteurs béta-adrénergiques myocardiaux chez les marmottes hibernantes]. Am. J. Physiol., 265(6 Pt 2): R1430-8.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, physiologie, physiology, hibernation, cœur, hear.

Properties of marmot (Marmota flaviventris) myocardial beta-adrenergic receptor complex (beta-AR) were evaluated during hibernation (H), in summer (S) animals, and in animals aroused from hibernation (C). The results obtained for S and C animals were identical, and only the results for C animals are shown. In H-animal myocardial membrane preparations assayed at 37 degrees C, isoproterenol-dependent adenylate cyclase activity (ACA) was consistently higher, whereas the synergistic contribution of 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p] in this reaction was reduced. When assayed at 10 degrees C, only the ACA in H animals responded to the combination of isoproterenol and Gpp(NH)p. In contrast, at 10 degrees C, ACA in response to Gpp(NH)p alone essentially equal in H and C animals. Hibernation did not change myocardial beta-AR receptor density or affinity. In contrast, analysis of isoproterenol displacement of [125I] iodocyanopindolol revealed that the proportion of beta-AR in the high-affinity state was substantially greater in H than in C animals, and this relationship was retained even in the presence of Gpp-(NH)p. In an evaluation of the role of the GTP binding proteins that couple the beta-AR to the effector adenyl cyclase, we determined that there was no change in the cholera toxin- or pertussis toxin-dependent ADP ribosylation patterns. Immunochemical detection of the individual GTP binding proteins revealed no change in the levels of G alpha i1, G alpha i2, or G alpha i3. In contrast, we observed a hibernation-associated decrease in G alpha o associated with the plasma membrane-enriched particulate fraction.

Morrison P. 1960. Some interrelationships between weight and hibernation function [Quelques interrelations entre le poids et la fonction d'hibernation]. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 124: 75-90.
En anglais, in English.
Hibernation, masse, weight.

Morrison P. & Galster W. 1975. Patterns of hibernation in arctic ground squirrels [Canevas d'hibernation chez les écureuils arctiques terrestres]. Can. J. Zool., 53 : 1345-1355.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, hibernation.

Mortillet 1869. Essai d'une classification des cavernes et des stations sous abri, fondée sur les produits de l'industrie humaine [Classification essay of caves and rock-shelters based on human industry products]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 68(9) : 553-555.
En français, in French.
Classification.

Mortillet 1878. Sur la position exacte de la position du solutréen [About the exact position of the Solutrean]. Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 1 : 32-34.
En français, in French.
Solutréen, Solutrian, magdalénien, Magdalenian.
Pdf

Mortillet de 1880. Classification des terrains quaternaires [Classification of quaternary grounds]. Comptes rend. stén. offic. des congr. Intern. de Paris, 21 : 172. In Revue des travaux scientifiques, 1881 : 890-892.
En français, in French.
Pdf.
Géologie, geology, Quaternaire, quaternary.

Mortillet de A. 1906. La grotte du Placard et le niveau d'Aurignac [The Placard cave and Aurignac level]. Association Française, Congrès de Lyon.
En français, in French.
Archéologie, archeology, Aurignacien, Aurignacian.

Mortillet de A. 1906.La grotte du Placard et les diverses industries qu'elle a livrées [The Placard cave and its artefacts]. Congrès préhistorique de France, Vannes.
En français, in French.
Archéologie, archeology, Aurignacien, Aurignacian.

Mortillet de A. 1907. Insuffisance de la faune comme base de classification des stations quaternaires [Fauna inadequency as a basis of quaternary stations classification]. Comptes Rendus de l'Association Française de l'avancement des Sciences, Congrès de Reims, 912-920.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, grotte du Placard, Placard cave, Moustérien, Mousterian, Solutréen, Solutrean, Magdalénien, Magdalenian, absence de marmotte, no marmot, grotte de Montgaudier, Montgaudier cave, grottes de lErve, Erve caves, grotte de Pair-non-Pair, Pair-no-Pair cave, absence de marmotte, no marmot, grotte des Cottès, Solutré inférieur, lower Solutré, marmotte, marmot, Solutré supérieur, upper Solutré .
pdf

Moselly Émile 1907. Terres lorraines. Roman, Paris, Plon-Nourrit. Numérisation BnF de l'édition de Paris : INALF, 1961- (Frantext ; L362). Reprod. De l'éd. de Paris : Plon-Nourrit, 1907.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, marmotter, to mumble, prière, prayer.
pdf

Moskalenko V.V. 1957. [Les oestres des rongeurs du Gobi Altaï. A warble fleas of rodents in Gobi Altai]. Izv. Irkoutsk. protivochoum. in-ta Sib. i Dal. Vost., Oulan-Oude, 15: 327-328.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces, fleas, Rodentia, Gobi.

Mosler-Berger C. Parapentes, ailes delta, animaux sauvages. Infodienst Wildbiologie & Oekologie.
Enquête 1991. Traduction B. Willaume.
En français, in French.
Dérangement, disturbance.

Un sondage mené auprès des gardes-chasse et surveillants de la chasse de 17 cantons (Alpes et Préalpes) a permis d'évaluer les nuisance occasionnées par le vol libre et d'autres activités de loisirs. Les observations effectuées sur diverses espèces animales sauvages confirment que le vol libre provoque des réactions de panique et de fuite chez les animaux et que ces derniers adaptent leurs " habitudes de vie " aux perturbations. Il convient d'attacher une attention particulière aux affirmations selon lesquelles les chamois et les bouquetins se réfugient de plus en plus souvent dans les forêts situées en contrebas de leur biotope habituel et ne quittent plus guère ces régions. Cette évolution est alarmante car les dégâts occasionnés par la faune sauvage en général atteignent déjà un niveau critique. Les résultats du sondage montrent qu'il est urgent de résoudre le conflit entre le vol libre et la faune sauvage dans 40 secteurs surveillés (23%). Dans 54 secteurs (30%), il conviendrait d'élaborer une solution dès maintenant car il semble encore possible de maîtriser la situation. Enfin, le sondage révèle que dans enciron un tiers des secteurs où le vol libre est pratiqué, la réglementation de ce sport ne suffirait pas à rétablir le calme dans les biotopes des animaux sauvages. Ce résultat ne pourrait être obtenu que si l'on élaborait un train de mesures complet qui devrait tenir compte de toutes les activités de loisirs.

Мосолов В.И. (Mosolov V.I.) 1997. Основные типы местообитаний черношапочного сурка (Marmota camtschatica Pall.) в горно-вулканических кайонах восточной Камчатки. Main types of the habitat of black-capped marmot (Marmota camtschatica Pall.) in mountain-volcanic regions of eastern Kamchatka [Osnovnye tipy mestoobitaniï tchernochtchpotchnogo sourka (M. camtschatica Pall.) v Gorno-voulkanitcheskikh raïonakh vostotchnoï Kamtchatki. Principaux types d'habitat de la marmotte à tête noire (M. camtshatica Pall.) des régions montagneuses et volcaniques de l'Est du Kamtchatka]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 62-63 (Rousskie, Russian).
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, Habitat, Kamtchatka.
Pdf

Мосолов В.И. (Mosolov V.I.) & Rassokhina L.I. 1999. Kharakteristika ousloviï mestoobitani i osobennosti ekologii tchernochapotchnogo sourka (Marmota catshatica camtschatica Pall.) v gornovoukanitcheskikh raïonakh vostotchnoï kamtchatki. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 62-64.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, Kamtchatka, Kamchatka.

Мосолов В.И. (Mosolov V.I.) & Токарский В.А. (Tokarsky, Tokarskiï V.A.) 1994. [La marmotte à tête noire (Marmota camtschatica Pall.) de la réserve de Krnotky. The black-capped marmots (Marmota camtschatica Pall.) in the Kronotky Reserve]. In Actual problems of marmots investigation, Rumiantsev ed., Moscow, ABF, 98-110.
En russe, in Russian.

Мосолов В.И. (Mosolov V.I.) & Токарский В.А. (Tokarsky, Tokarskiï V.A.) 1997. Территориальноераспредедение и численность черношапочного сурка (M. camtschatica Pall.) в горно-вулканических районах кроноцкого заповедника (восточная Камчатка). Territorial distribution and number of black-capped marmot (M. camtschatica Pall.) in mountain-volcanic regions of Kronotsky Reserve (Eastern Kamchatka) [Territorial'noe raspredelenie i rchislennost' tchernochtchapotchnogo sourka (Marmota camtschatica Pall.) v gorno-voulkanitcheskikh raïonakh Kronotskogo zapoveldnika (vostotchnaya Kamtchatka). Répartition et nombre de marmottes à tête noire (M. camtschatica Pall.) dans les régions montagneuses et volcaniques de la réserve de Kronotsky]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 66-67 (Rousskie, Russian).
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, répartition, distribution, dénombrement, census, Kamtchatka, Kamchatka.
Pdf

Moss A.E. 1940. The woodchuck as a soil expert [La marmotte des bois comme expert du sol]. J. Wildl. Manage., 4 : 441-443.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, sol, soil.

Mossmann H.W., Lawlay J.W. & Bradley J.A. 1932. The male reproductive tract of the Sciuridae [Le conduit reproducteur mâle des Sciuridae]. Am. J. Anat., 51(1): 89-155.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, reproduction, morphologie, morphology.

Mostafa N., Everett D.C., Chou C., Kong P.A., Florant G.L. & Coleman R.A. 1993. Seasonal changes in critical enzymes of lipogenesis and triacylglycerol synthesis in the marmot (Marmota flaviventris). Journal of Comparative Physiology, B, 163: 463-469.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, lipides, lipids, acides gras, fatty acid.

Fatty acid metabolism and triacylglycerol synthesis are critical processes for the survival of hibernating mammals that undergo a prolonged fasting period. Fatty acid synthase, fatty-acid-CoA ligase, diacylglycerol acyltransferase, and monoacylglycerol acyltransferase activities were measured in liver and in white and brown adipose tissue, in order to determine whether enzymes of lipogenesis and triacylglycerol synthesis vary seasonally during hibernation in the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris). Compared with mid-winter hibernation, fatty acid synthase activity was higher in all three tissues during early spring when marmots emerged from hibernation and in mid-summer when they were feeding, consistent with the synthesis of fatty acids from the carbohydrate-rich summer diet. Fatty-acid-CoA ligase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase activities were highest in summer in white adipose tissue when triacylglycerol synthesis would be expected to be high; diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity was also high in brown adipose tissue during spring and summer. In liver, however, diacylglycerol acyltransferase specific activity was highest during hibernation, suggesting that triacylglycerol synthesis may be prominent in liver in winter. Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase activity, which may aid in the retention of essential fatty-acids, was 80-fold higher in liver than in white or brown adipose tissue, but did not vary seasonally. Its dependence on palmitoyl-CoA suggests that a divalent cation might play a role in enzyme activation. The high hepatic diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity during hibernation suggests that the metabolism of very low density lipoprotein may be important in the movement of adipose fatty acids to brown adipose tissue and muscle during the rewarming that occurs periodically during hibernation.

Motte R. 1946. La marmotte des Alpes [The alpine marmot]. Bosc, Lyon, 53 pp.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota.

Mottl M. 1958. Die fossilen Murmeltierreste in Europa mit besonderer Berücksichtigung Österreichs [Les restes fossiles de marmottes en Europe avec une considération particulière à l'Autriche. The marmot remains in Europe, with a special consideration to Austria]. Jahrbuch des Österreichischen Arbeitskreises für Wildtierforschorschung Graz., 91-102.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Europe

Mourer C., Chaline J., et al. 1975. Conclusions générales sur les faunes de l'Aven 1 des abîmes de la Fage (Corrèze) [General conclusions on the faunas of the Aven 1 in the abîmes de la Fage (Corrèze)]. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Lyon, fasc. 13: 123-129.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Corrèze, France.

Mouton-Fontenille de Laclotte Jacques-Marie-Philippe 1808. Observations sur la marmotte [Observations on the marmot]. . Chez Brunot-Labbe, Paris ; Chez Yvernault et Cabin, Lyon.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota.

Moutou F. 1984. Vivement l'automne qu'on aille se coucher ou la vie trépidante de la marmotte [Roll on the autumn to go to sleep or the hectic life of the marmot]. La Semaine vétérinaire, 355 : 6-7.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota.

Moyret L. 1876. La grotte de la Colombière (Station préhistorique, commune de Neuville (Ain) [The La Colombière cave (prehistoric station, Neuville commune (Ain)]. Annales de la Société d’émulation de Bourg, T 9 : 37.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Ain, France.

Moyse Trudy 1999. Willie be missed. Owen Sound, Ont., 15 p.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, littérature enfantine, Juvenile literature.

Mozgovoi A.A. 1953. [Ascaridata des animaux et de l'homme et les maladies qu'ils provoquent. Ascaridata of animals and man and the diseases caused by them]. Part; 1, Academy of sciences of USSR ed., Moscow, pp.390.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, Marmota caudata, parasitologie, parasitology, Nématodes.

Mrosovsky M. 1971. Hibernation and the hypothalamus [L'hibernation et l'hypothalamus]. Appleton-Century-Krofts, New York, 287 pp.
En anglais, in English.

Mrosovsky M. & Fisher K.C. 1970. Sliding set points for body weight in ground squirrels during hibernation season [Ensemble de points mobiles de la masse corporelle des écureuils terrestres pendant la saison d'hibernation]. Canadian J. Zool., 48:241-247.
En anglais, in English.

Mrosovsky N. 1976. Lipid programmes and life strategies in hibernators [Les programmes des lipides et les stratégies de vie chez les hibernateurs]. Am. Zool., 16: 685-697.
En anglais, in English.
Lipides, lipids, hibernation.

Mrosovsky N. & D.F. Sherry 1980. Animal anorexias [Anorexies animales]. Science, 207: 837-842.
En anglais, in English.
Alimentation.

Mrozek M., Fischer R., Trendelenburg M., Zillmann U. 1995. Microchip implant system used for animal identification in laboratory rabbits, guineapigs, woodchucks and in amphibians [Système d’implant de micropuces utilisé pour l’identifiaction des lapins, cochons d’inde, marmottes et d‘amphibiens de laboratoire]. Lab Anim., 29(3):339-44.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, système d’identification, identification system.

Traditional methods for animal identification have a number of drawbacks. We evaluated a new system for individual identification using microchip implants in rabbits, guineapigs, woodchucks (Marmota monax) and amphibians (Xenopus laevis, Pleurodeles waltlii). Implantation procedure and long-term observations are described. Microchip implants proved to be a practicable and reliable system for animal identification without obvious adverse effects. The applicability of electronic animal identification in comparison with common methods and with regard to animal welfare and legal aspects is discussed.

Muchlinski & Rybak 1978. Energy consumption of resting and hibernating meadow jumping mice [Consommation d'énergie des souris sauteuses des prairies au repos et hibernantes]. J. Mamm., 59: 435-437.
En anglais, in English.
Zapode des pré, meadow jumping mice, Zapus, hibernation, énergétique.

Muir John 1894. The Mountains of California [Les montagnes de Californie]. New York, The Century Co.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, California, États-Unis d'Amérique, Muir, John, 1838-1914.
Extrait Pdf extract ou/or texte complet/full text

Muir John Ed. 1888-1890. Picturesque California and the Region West of the Rocky Mountains, from Alaska to Mexico (1888-1890) [Californie pittoresque et la région de l’ouest des montagnes Rocheuses, de l’Alaska au Mexique (1888-1890)]. J. Dewing and Company.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota.
Extrait Pdf extract ou/or texte complet/full text

Muir John 1898. Among the Animals of the Yosemite [Parmi les animaux du Yosemite]. In The North American review, Cedar Falls, Iowa, 82(493) : 1-980, pp. 617-632, Num. Cornell University.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, p. 626, 627.
Extrait Pdf extract

Muir J. 1901. Our National Parks [Nos parc nationaux]. Tout ou rien. Boston and New York Houghton, Mifflin and Company, The Riverside Press, Cambridge.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, woodchuck, Arctomys monax, prédation, predation, coyotte, aigle, eagle.
Extrait Pdf extract ou/or texte complet/full text

Muir John 1911. My First Summer in the Sierra [Mon premier été dans la Sierra]. With Illustrations from Drawings made by the Author in 1869 and from Photographs by Herbert W. Gleason. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston and New York. The Riverside Press Cambridge.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, woodchuck, Arctomys monax.
Extrait Pdf extract ou/or texte complet/full text

Muir John 1912. The Yosemite. New York, The Century Company.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotte, marmot, terrier, burrow, Yosemite.
Extrait Pdf extract ou/or Extrait Pdf extract ou/or texte complet/full text

Muir John 1915. Travels in Alaska [Voyages en Alaska]. Boston and New York Houghton Mifflin Company, The Riverside Press Cambridge.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, woodchuck, vêtement en peau, skin robe, animal apprivoisé, pet, Parry's marmot.
Extrait Pdf extract ou/or texte complet/full text

Muir John 1917. The Cruise of the Corwin Journal of the Arctic Expedition of 1881 in search of De Long and the Jeannette [La croisière Journal Corwin de l'expédition arctic de 1881 à la recherche de Long et de Jeannette], Edited by William Frederic Badè. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Company, The Riverside Press Cambridge.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, trace, tracks.
Extrait Pdf extract ou/or texte complet/full text

Mukhambetov K.G. & Kapitonov V.I. 1983. [Habitats de la marmotte grise sur les pentes sud du Djungar Alatau. Habitats of grey marmot on the south slope of Dzhungar Alatau]. V kn. Gryzouny, Mater. VI Vsesoyuzn. sovescth., Izd. Nauka, L.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, habitat.

Mukhamediev T.D. 1993. Novaya naschodka serogo sourka v zapadnom Sayane. [Nouvelle découverte de marmottes grises [M. baibacina ) dans les montagnes de l'ouest du Sayan. A new find of grey marmot (M. baibacina Katsch.) in west Sayan mountains]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 48.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, faune, fauna.

For the first time marmot was found on the territory of the reserve in 1978. At the beginning of 1970-s nine marmots, called "tarbagan" by natives, lived here. In 1981 our workers tried to find and defined the species of this animal in the same area. However, they found only some burrows. Therefore, in preliminary list of the reserve (Sokolov et al. ,1983) mongolian marmot "tarbagan" (M. sibirica Radde) was included. In summer of 1989 we have done special investigation of extensive area. Two small settlements were found. In one of them on about1 ha area we counted 20 noninhabited burrows. According to the indirect data marmots didn't live there since, at least, 1986. Every year near this settlement horses of the visitors of sprint are tended. The second settlement is situated 1- 1,5km away from the first on an elevation about 2000m. Owing to break-down ship of relief this region is characterized by mosaic of fitocenoses. In the "nucleus" on an area of 100x50m we found 23 burrows, 11 of which are inhabited or visited (on the highest and dry plot), and 12 are not used, probably, wintery or spring. Some burrows are situated on the small plots with similar conditions on a distance about 200m from the "nucleus". In 1989 in the second settlement we observed two adult marmots. In 1990 we saw at the same place1 adult and 1 juvenile, and in 1991- 1 adult and 2 juveniles. Obviously, the population of this isolated settlement consist in members of one family, number of which is constantly on the extreme low level, and evidently, not than 3-4 individuals. We believe there is the grey marmot but no tarbagan.

Mukhamediev T.D. & Nikols'kii A.A. 1996a. Bioacoustical evidences of marmot, Marmota baibacina Kastsch., 1899 (Sciuridae, Rodentia) presence in west Sayan (Sayano-shushensky reserve) [Evidences bioacoustiques de la présence de la marmotte, M. baibacina, dans le Sayan]. Bull. MOIP, otd biol., 101(3): 16-19.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, bioacoustique, bioacoustic, communication sonore, acoustical communication, réserve, reserve, Russie, Russia.

The alarm call of a marmot was tape recorded in Sayano-Shushenskyi Biosphere Reserve (West Sayan). Electroacoustical analysis of the record was made. According to, bioacoustical diagnosis this signal belongs to Marmot baibacina. The results confirm a distribution of M. baibacina in West Sayan.

Mukhamediev T.D. & Nikols'kii A.A. 1996b. Podtverjdenie nakhodki serogo sourka (Mamota baibacina) na territorii sayano-shoushenskogo biosfernogo gosoudarstvennogo zapovednika v zapadnom sayan [Confirmation de la découverte de la marmotte grise (M. baibacina) dans la réserve Nationale de Biosphère de Sajano-Shushenskii dans l'est du Sajan. Confirmation of a find of the grey marmot (Marmota baibacina) in Sajano-Shushenskii biosphere National Reserve in west Sajan]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 59-60.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, réserve, reserve.

Мухамедянов М.М. (Mukhamedyanov, Moukhamedïanov M.M.) 1997. Использование питательныхвеществ и энергии рациона стерными сурками при сурхом типе кормления. The use of nutrients and energy of a ration by steppe marmots under a dry type of feeding [Ispol'zovanie pitatel'nykh vechtchestv i energii ratsiona stepnymi sourkami pri soukhom tipe formleniya. Utilisation des nutrients et énergie d'une ration des marmottes des steppes avec une alimentation sèche]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 67-68 (Rousskie, Russian), 170 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobac, alimentation, foraging.
Available pdf disponible.

Mulatier Philippe 2005. Un berger au pays des marmottes. Editions Cabédita, 120 p.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota.
Available pdf disponible.

Mullen C.O. 1997. Mammalian response to Pleistocene/Holocene environmental change in the Great Basin [Réponse des mammifères aux changements environnemtaux du Pléistocène/Holocène dans le Great Basin]. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Nevada, Reno.
En anglais, in English.
Stable isotopes, marmots, jackrabbits, carbon, nitrogen, climate change, environmental variability, caves Hidden, Danger, and Hogup Caves; Wendover; Monitor Valley
Bone collagen from 33 prehistoric jackrabbits and marmots (Lepus californicus and Marmota flaviventris) found in strata of Hidden Cave, Danger Cave, and Hogup Cave; correlation of suggested temperatures with relative abundances of other mesic and xeric mammals over time in caves' records; correlation of relative abundance of pollens with mammal species' isotopic composition; fluctuating isotopic signal over last 11,000 yrs that agrees with conclusions of other data sources.

Müller 1776. Mus bobak Poland.

Müller F. 1980. Das Alpenmurmelttier (Marmota marmota marmota Linné). In Wildbiologische informationen für den Jäger, Ed. Hofmann R.R. , Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, revue, review.

Muller Gerda 1978. Cinq aventures de Carline la marmotte [Five adventures of the marmot Carline]. Paris, Deux coqs d'or, 60 p.
En français, in French.
Ethologie, ethology, marmottes, marmots, littérature enfantine, Juvenile literature, conte, tale.

Müller M.H. 1903. Une station néolithique dans les gorges d’Engin [A neolithical station in the Engin gorge]. Congrès d’Angers.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota marmota, Vercors, France.

Müller 1905. Une nouvelle station néolithique, avec substratum à outillage siliceux Magadalénien [A new neolithical station, with a Magdalenian siliceous set of tools]. Congrès de Cherbourg.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota marmota, Vercors, France.

Müller 1906. Une nouvelle station néolithique, près des Balmes de Fontaine (Isère) (Balmes-de-Glos) avec un substratum à outillage siliceux [A new neolithical station near Balmes de Fontaine (Isère) (Balmes-de-Glos) with a Magdalenian siliceous set of tools].Comptes Rendus de l'Association Française de l'avancement des Sciences, 696.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Arctomys marmotta, Marmota marmota.
Available pdf disponible.

Müller M.H. 1907. Une station paléolithique en plein Vercors, tunnel de Bobache [A paleolithical station in the center of Vercors, Bobache tunnel]. Comptes Rendus de l'Association Française de l'avancement des Sciences, Congrès de Reims, 1050-1056.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota marmota, grotte de Bobache, Bobache cave, 700 m, Vernaison, Versaison River, Magdalénien, Magdalenian, Azilien, Azilian, Vercors, France.
Available pdf disponible.

Müller H. 1907. Station paléolithique en plein Vercors, près le tunnel de Bobache (Drôme) [Paleontological station in the middle of Vercors, near the Bobache tunnel (Drôme)]. Comptes Rendus de l'Association Française de l'avancement des Sciences, Congrès de Reims, 286-287, 1050-1056.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota marmota, incisive, incisor, 700 m., Vercors, Drôme, France.
Available pdf disponible.

Müller H. 1912a. Les stations aziliennes des environs de Grenoble [Azilian stations in the neighbouring of Grenoble]. Compte-rendu du congrès international d'anthropologie et d'archéologie préhistoriques, 14° session, Genève, 1-9.
En français, in French.
Préhistoire, prehistory, paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota marmota, Marmota marmota primigenia, Isère, France.
Station de Méaudre (Is&egrve;re, 1150 m), il a recueilli 250 mandibules et quelques milliers d'os de marmottes dans un sattion magdalénienne (Boule 1914).

Müller H. 1912b. Une nouvelle station azilienne dans le Vercors [A new azilian site in the Vercors]. Bulletin de la société préhistorique française, 9 : 657-659.
En français, in French.
Préhistoire, prehistory, paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota marmota, Isère, France.

Müller H. 1914. Les stations aziliennes du Vercors. Les chasseurs de marmottes [Azilian stations in Vercors. The marmot hunters]. C.R. Ass. Fr. avanc. Sc. Le Havre, 2 : 642-648. p. 642.
Marmota marmota, Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology, dépeçage, carving.
Available pdf disponible.

Müller H. 1917. Considérations sur la préhistoire de la région grenobloise [Considerations on the prehistory of the Grenoble region]. Travaux de l'Institut de géographie alpine, 5 : 385-402.
En français, in French.
Préhistoire, prehistory, paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota marmota, Isère, France.

Müller H. 1929. Une nouvelle station néolithique près des Balmes de Fontaine (Isère) (Balmes-de-Glos) avec substratum à outillage siliceux Magdalénien [A new neolithic station near Balmes de Fontaine (Isère) (Balmes-de-Glos) with a substratum of Magdalenian siliceous tools ]. Société préhistorique française, 709-723.
En français, in French.
Préhistoire, prehistory, paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota marmota, Isère, France.
Available pdf disponible.

Müller J. P. 1986.Das Murmeltier [La marmotte des Alpes. The alpine marmot]. Desertina verlag, Disentis, pp. 55.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Müller J.P. 1989. Das Murmeltier, Begleittext zur Sonderausstellungdes Bündener Natur-Museums in Chur. Desertina Verlag, Disentis, Switzeland, pp. 55.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Suisse, Switzerland.

Müller J.P. 1992. Selezione dell'habitat da parte di Marmota marmota nelle alpi orientali della Svizzera. Habitat selection of Marmota marmota in the eastern Alps of Switzerland [Sélection de l'habitat de M. marmota dans les alpes orientales de Suisse]. 1st Intern. Symp. on Alpine marmot, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Machhi E. (eds.), 233-234, Torino.
En italien et en anglais, in Italian and in English.
Marmota marmota, habitat, Suisse, Switzeland.

Marmota marmota is widely distributed in the study area. It is only lacking where human settlements are found, in the fertilized meadows lower down and in the forest. The serpentin arrea on the Totalp is very sparsly inhabited. The marmot can be found at heights between 1800 and 2900 metres above sea level, most of them being found between 2100 and 2600.Southerly slopes are generally not preferred. The marmot may be found in nearly all types of vegetation above timber line. The complexity of the vegetation is very important for the occurence of the marmot. In the study area the marmot has only been marginally influenced by tourism.

Müller J.P., Ackermann G. & Jenny H. 1988. Die Lebensbedingungen augsgewählter Wildtierarten im MAB-Testgebiet Davos. Schlussberichte zum Scheizerischen MAB-Program, Nr. 34, Bern.
En allemand, in German.

Müller-Using D. 1952a. Kämpfe zwischen fuchs und Murmeltier. [Combats entre renards et marmottes]. Wild und Hund, 55 : 306.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, prédation, predation.

Müller-Using D. 1952b. Murmeltierprobleme (Ls problème de la marmotte. The problem of the marmot]. Der Deutsche Jäger, 69 : 24.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Müller-Using D. 1952c. Der Eichërnchenkënig von Gütersloh. Orion 7. 414-415.
En allemand, in German.

Müller-Using D. 1954a. Das Murmelteir [La marmotte. The marmot]. Diezels Niederjagd, 15 : 111-117.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Müller-Using D. 1954b. Beiträge zur Ökologie der Marmota m. marmota (L.) [Contribution à l'écologie de M. m. marmota]. Z. Säugetierk., 19 : 166-177.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, habitat, social, reproduction.

Müller-Using D. 1955a. Das Murmeltier (Marmota marmota L.). In Wild und Weidwerk der Welt, 77-83, Marathon Ed., Wien-München.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Müller-Using D. 1955b. Vom Pfeifen des Murmeltieres [Sur le sifflement des marmottes. The whistle of marmots]. Z. Jagdwissenschaften, 1 : 32-33.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, communication.

Müller-Using D. 1955c. Eine wenig bekannt gewordene Murmeltieraussetzung im Bayerischen Wald. Der Deutschen Jäger, 73: 3.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Allemagne, Germany.

Müller-Using D. 1956. Zum Verhalten des Murmeltieres (Marmota marmota L.) [Sur le comportement des marmottes. On the behaviour of marmots]. Z. Tierpsych., 13 (2) : 135-142.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, habitat, alimentation, foraging, appariement, mating, communication.

Einige Verhaltensweisen des Murmeltieres wurden vorwiegend nach Freilandbeobachtung beschrieden. Murmeltiere haben im Verhältnis zu ihrer Körpergösse auffallend kleine Reviere. Die landläufige Vorstellung eines halbjährigen Wechsels zwischen einem Winterbau und einem abgelegenen Sommerbau trifft nicht zu. Besonders im Frühjahr dienen Wurzeln als Nahrung. Wildlebende Tiere fürhren sie nur selten mit den Vorderpfoten zum Munde. Die Tiere paaren sich nur im Frühjahr. Nur in dieser Zeit h&oumml;rt man das katzenartige, laute Maiuen. Verf. denkt an Sippenpenmixie (vgl. Ratten). Die Fluchtdistanz dem Menschen gegenüber wechselt zwischen 2 m und 200 m. Das Schreien drückt verschiedenerlei, besonders oft schreckhafte Erregung aus und wirkt stark ansteckend; das "Schwanzschlagen" ist Ausdruck der Ängstlichkeit, das "Schnäuzeln" Ausdruck eines Kontaktbedürfnisses. Jungtiere spielen viel, auch nach dem erstem Winterschlaf, oft mit ihrer Mutter, besonders Kampfspiele.
The behaviour of Marmota marmota L. was studied in field observation. Territories are extremely small considering the size of the animal. The regular annual migration from a winter burrow to a distant summer burrow, reported by many, was not found to occur at all. Roots are the main food, particularly in spring. Wild specimens rarely hold their food in their hands while eating. Mating takes place in spring. Only during that time aloud, catlike mewing is heard. Flight distance in respect to approaching humans lies between 2 and 200 yards. A number of sound utterances are described, some of which effect a strong social induction, particularly those expressing fear. "Tail-beating" expresses anxiety, "nozzling" is the expression for the need of contact. Juveniles play among themselves and with their mother, even after their first hibernation. Fighting plays are preponderant.

Müller-Using D. 1957a. Die Paarungsbiologie des Murmeltieres [Biologie de la reproduction des marmottes. Breeding biology in marmots]. Z. für Jagdwissenschaft, 3 : 24-28.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, reproduction, appariement, mating.

Müller-Using D. 1957b. Eine wenig bekannte Murmeltierkolonie in den Bayerischen Alpen [Une colonie de marmotte célèbre dans les Alpes bavaroise. A famous marmot colony in the Bavarian Alps]. Z. f. Säugetierkunde, 21 (3-4) : 197.
> En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Müller-Using D. 1958. Murmeltiere im Georg von Opel Freigehege [Marmottes du parc Georg von Opel. Marmots in the Georg von Opel park]. J. des Georg v. Opel Freigeheges f. Tierforsch., Kronberg, 47-50.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, réserve, reserve, Allemagne, Germany.

Müller-Using D. Eine wenig bekannte Murmeltierkolonie in den Bayerishen Alpen. Z. f. Säugetierkunde, 21 : 197.
> En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, social, Allemagne, Germany, Bavière

Müller-Using D. 1974. Das murmeltier. In Diezels Niederjagd, Berlin und Hamburg, Paul Parey.
> En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, revue, review.

Müller-Using D. & Müller-Using R. 1972. Das murmeltier in den Alpen [La marmotte dans les Alpes. The marmot in the Alps]. BLV, München, pp. 118.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, revue, review.

Mulrooney P.M. & Michalak T.I. 2003. Quantitative detection of hepadnavirus-infected lymphoid cells by in situ PCR combined with flow cytometry: implications for the study of occult virus persistence. J Virol., 77(2):970-9.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite, hepatitis.

Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada A1B 3V6.
The detection of small amounts of viral pathogens in infected cells by classical PCR is hampered by a partial loss of virus nucleic acid due to extraction and by difficulties in discrimination between truly intracellular virus genome material and that possibly adhered to the cell surface. These impediments limit reliable identification of virus traces within infected cells, which are typically encountered in latent and persistent occult infections. In this study, hepadnavirus-specific in situ PCR combined with the enzymatic elimination of extracellular virus and flow cytometry permitted detection of viral genomes in lymphoid cells without nucleic acid isolation and allowed quantification of infected cells during the course of persistent infection with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). The validity of the procedure was confirmed by hybridization analysis of the in situ-amplified viral sequences. The results showed that hepadnavirus can be directly detected within lymphoid cells not only in serologically accountable infection, but also years after recovery from viral hepatitis and in the course of primary occult virus carriage. Percentages of infected peripheral lymphoid cells in symptomatic WHV hepatitis fluctuate between 3.4 and 20.4% (mean +/- standard error of the mean, 9.6% +/- 1.7%), whereas those in persistent, serologically mute WHV infection range from 1.1 to 14.6% (mean +/- standard error of the mean, 4.8% +/- 0.8%) (P = 0.005). The data obtained provide further evidence that WHV infection continues indefinitely in the lymphatic system independently of whether it is symptomatic or concealed. They document that hepadnavirus can be detected in a significant proportion of circulating lymphoid cells in both immunovirologically apparent as well as occult persistent infection.

Mumford R.E. & J.O. Whittaker Jr. 1982. Mammals of Indiana [Mammifères de l'Indiana]. Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington. 537 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, EUA, USA, Indiana.


Münch H. 1958. Zur Ökologie und Psychologie von Marmota m. marmota [Sur l'écologie et la psychologie de M. m. marmota. On ecology and psychology in M. m. marmota]. Z. Säugetierkunde, 23 (3-4) : 129-138.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, éthologie, ethology.

Während einer dreimonatigen Studienreise 1954 in der Scheiz konnte Verfasse u.a. Beobachtungen an Marmota m. marmota machen. Als Vertikalgrenze wurden 2800 m bzw. 1250 m gefunden. Es wird die Frage aufgeworfen, ob die Vorkommen unter 1000 m (Deuschland, Österreich) evtl. mit nichttautochthonen Bestand in Verbindung zu bringen sind. In einen aussergewöhnlichnen Biotop wurden Einzeltiere angretroffen, deren Verhalten Abweichungen zegte. Bei Neuschnee waren Fährtenstudien möglich, ferner wurdedie Kletterfähigkeit untersucht. Einige auffallende Merkmale im sozialen und soliären Leben werden geschildert. Verschiedene Beobachtungen lassen Schlüsse auf die Sinnes - und Nervenphysiologie zu. Auffallend war das grosse Kommunikationsbedürfnis in allen Alterstadien. Das Territorium wird akustich und geruchlich markiert. Die Analdrüser stellt anscheinend nur ein Abwehrorgan dar. Bestimmte Individuen als "Wächter" innerhalb einer Kolonie konnten nicht festgestellt werden. Flucht erfolgt im allgemeine Erscheinung, sondern besonders das Antlitz des Menschen die Hauptbedeutung. Erwähnt wird norch ein auffallende Spielverhalten junger Murmeltiere.

Münch H. 1958. Wo die Gemsen klettern [Où grimpent les chamois . Where do chamois climb]. Schweizreise eines Zoologen, Leipzig.
En allemand, in German.
Chamois, Rupricapra.

Munro W.T. 1978. Status of the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) in Canada. Report to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in. Canada. 9pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis.

Munro W.T. 1979. Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis). Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2pp. 698.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis.

Munro W.T., Janz D.W., Heinsalu V. & Smith G.W. 1985. The Vancouver Island marmot: status and management plan [La marmotte de l'île de Vancouver: état et plan de gestion]. Wildlife Bulletin No. B-39. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Victoria, pp. 23.
En anglais, in English.
Available pdf disponible.

The Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) is the rarest of all the North American species of marmot; it exists solely on Vancouver Island. In March 1980, it was officially designated an endangered species by Order in Council by the Province of British Columbia. Active management of the Vancover Island marmot has occurred only recently. Information on distribution, population trends, biology, and habitat requirements initiated in the 1970's is receiving greater attention in the 1980's. Surveys in recent years and observations of some of the well-known colonies indicate that the Vancouver Island marmot population has increased in both numbers and distribution since the early 1970s.
The ultimate goal of the Vancouver Island marmot management plan is to establish and maintai n the population of Vancouver Island marmots at a level and distribution that provides a reasonable likelihood of long-term survival of the species. Specific objectives of the management plan are:
Implementation of the activities associated with each objective are detailed in the plan. The plan will be modified periodically in response to increasing knowledge, implementation progress, availability of funding, and management priorities.

Marmota vancouverensis, conservation.

Munro W.T. & Low D.J. 1979. Preliminary plan for the designation of threatened and endangered species in British Columbia [Plan préliminaire pour la désignation des espèces menacées et en danger en Colombie Britannique]. Unpublished Report, B.C. Fish and Wildlife Branch, Victoria. 11pp.
En anglais, in English.
Conservation.

Munster Sebastian 1568. La Cosmographie universelle, contenant la situation de toutes les parties du monde avec leur propriétez & apartenances. Basel, Henry Pierre, 1568.
En français, in French.
Géographie, geography, Münster Sebastian 1489-1552.

Munster Sebastian & Belleforest François de 1575. La cosmographie universelle de tout le monde : en laquelle, suivant les auteurs plus dignes de foy, font au vray descriptes toutes les parties habitables, et non habitables de la terre, et de la mer, leurs ssiettes et choses qu'elles produisent, puis la description et peincture topographique des regions, la difference de l'air de chacun pays, d'où advient la diversité tant de la complexion des hommes que des figures des bestes brutes. Et encor l'origine, noms ou appellations tant modernes qu'anciennes, et description de plusieurs villes, citez et isles avec leurs plantz, et pourtraictz, et sur tout de la France, non encor jusques à present veus ny imprimez. S'y voyent aussi d'avantage, les origines, accroissements, et changemens des monarchies, empires, royaumes, estatz, et Republiques ; ensemble les moeurs, façons de vivre, loix, coustumes, et religion de tous les peuples, et nations du monde et la succession des papes, cardinaux, archevesques, et evesques, chacun en leur diocèse, tant anciens que modernes, avec plusieurs autres choses, le sommaire desquelles se void en la page suivante / auteur en partie Munster ; mais beaucoup plus augm., ornée, et enrichie par François de Belle-Forest,.... Tome 1, Paris, Michel Sonnius, 397-389 p. Num. BNF .
En français, in French.
Géographie, geography, Münster Sebastian 1489-1552.

Munster Sebastian & Belleforest Français de 1575. La cosmographie universelle de tout le monde : contenant les autres pays des Gaules, non compris sous la couronne de France, avec plusieurs autres provinces. Paris, Michel Sonnius, Tome 2, 393-1833. Num. BNF de l'éd. de Cambridge (Mass.) : Omnisys, [ca 1990] (French books before 1601 ; 459.2). 1 microfilmReprod. de l'éd. de A Paris : chez Michel Sonnius, 1575.
En français, in French.
Géographie, geography, rat de montagne p. 1021, mountain rat, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, Marmota marmota, Münster Sebastian 1489-1552.
Extrait/Extract pdf

Munster Sebastian 1598. Cosmographey, das ist, Beschreibung aller Länder, Herrschaften und fürnemesten Stetten des gantzen Erdbodens. Basel, Sebastian Henricpetri, 1598.
En allemand, in German.

Munthe J. 1980. Rodents of the miocene Daud Khel fauna, Mianwali District, Pakistan. Part 1. Sciuridae, Gliridae, Ctenodactylidae and Rhizomyidae [Les rongeurs de la faune du Miocène Daud khel, dsitrict de Mianwali, Pakistan]. In Contribution in biology and geology, Milwaukee public museum: 1-11.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, paléontologie, paleontology, Tertiaire, Tertiary, Pakistan.

Murger Henry 1859. Scènes de la vie de bohème. Paris, M. Lévy. Num. BNF de l'éd. de Paris : INALF, 1961-. Reprod. de l'éd. de Paris : M. Lévy, 1869, 304 p.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, marmotte, marmot, coiffure, head-dress.
pdf

Murie A. 1961. A naturalist in Alaska [Un naturaliste en Alaska]. Devin-Adair.
En anglais, in English.
Alaska.

Murie O.J. A field guide to animal tracks [Guide de terrain des traces animales]. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 376 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Traces, tracks.

Murie J.O & Michener S.R. 1984. The biology of Ground-dwelling Squirrrels [La biologie des &ecute;cureuils terrestres]. Univ. Nebraska Press, Lincoln & London.
En anglais, in English.

Murr F. 1934. Das Murmeltier im Naturschutzgebiet Berchtesgaden [La marmotte dans le site protégée de Berchtesgaden. The marmot in the protected area in Berchtesgaden). Die naturwiss. Durchforschung d. Naturschutzeb. Berchtesgaden VIII, (Zool. Teil.), 54-62.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, gestion, management, Allemagne, Germany.

Murray Andrew 1866. The Geographical Distribution of Mammals répartition géographique des mammifères].
En anglais, in English.
London, Day. Réed. New York. Arno Press, 1978

Murray Hugh, Wallace William, Jameson Robert, Hooker William Jackson, Swainson William 1855. The encyclopædia of geography- comprising a complete description of the earth, physical [L’encyclopédie de géographie]. Vol. II, Europe, Asia, Africa. Blanchard and Lea, Philadelphia.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys marmotta, alpine marmot, Arctomys bobac, Poland marmot.
pdf

Murray Hugh, Wallace William, Jameson Robert, Hooker Jackson William & Swainson William 1855. The encyclopedia of geography [L’encyclopédie de géographie]. Vol. III, Africa, Australasia, America, Blanchard and lea, Philadelphia, Num. Google.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys empetra, Quebec marmot, the whistler, Montagnes rocheuses, Rocky mountains.
pdf

Murray John A. 1987. Wildlife in Peril [La nature en péril]. Boulder, Colorado. Roberts Rinehart, Inc. Publishers.
En anglais, in English.
Wolverine, Glouton, Gulo gulo, Marmota,Prédation, Predation.
Wolverine is described as wide-ranging, opportunistic scavenger-predators that feed on carrion, primarily sheep, caribou, and moose and any small mammals that they can get, including porcupine, squirrel, beaver, marmot, and rabbit.

Murray John 1829. A glance of the beauties and sublimities of zwitzerland [Coup d’œil sur les beautés et les sublimités de la Suisse]. London.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, Alpine marmot.

Murray John 1830. Researches in natural history [Recherches en histoire naturelle]. Whittaker, Treacher, and Arnot, London.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys marmota.
pdf

Murzaev E.M. 1952. Mongol'skaya Narodnaya Respoublika [République Populaire de Mongolie. People Republic of Mongolia]. Fiz.-geogr. opisanie. 2-e izd. M., Geografgiz.
En russe, in Russian.

Musée canadien de la Nature 2004. Animaux [Animals]. La marmotte commune [The common marmot]. ÉcoRoute de l'information, http://www.fapaq.gouv.qc.ca/fr/educ/pleins_feux/sept_2004.htm
En français, in French.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, woodchuck.

Musy M. 1910. Bull. Soc. frib. sci. nat., 14 : 18.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Suisse, Switzerland.

Musy M. 1925. La marmotte en Suisse et spécialement dans le canton de Fribourg [Marmot in Switzerland and particularly in the Friburg canton]. Bull. Soc. Fribourg sc. nat., 27 : 58-61.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, paléontologie, paleontology, Suisse, Switzerland, Fribourg.

Murzakhmetova K., Romasheva T.D. 1974. [Les puces de la région du Kazakhstan est. On fauna of fleas in East-Kazakhstan oblast]. Problemy osobo opasn. infec., Saratov, 5(39): 87-89.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces , fleas, Kazakhstan.

Myczkowski S. 1967. Projekt rezerwatòw &sgrave;cislych w Tatrzańskim Parku Narodowym. [Projet de réalisation de réserves naturelles dans le Parc National des Tatras. A project of establishing of nature reserves in the Tatra National Park]. Ochr. Pryr., 32: 41-88.
En polonais, in Polish.
Réserve, Tatra, Pologne.

Myers R.D., Oeltgen P.R. & Spurrier W.A. 1981. Hibernation "trigger" injected in brain induces hypothermia and hypophagia in the monkey. Brain Res. Bull., 7(6): 691-695.
En anglais, in English.
Hibernation.

In ovariectomized adult female macaque monkeys, cannulae were affixed bilaterally to the skull for intracerbroventricular injection. Baseline temperature, heart rate, food and water intakes were monitored in each animal after it had been acclimatized to a primate restraining chair. Lyophilized serum albumin fractions extracted from the blood of hibernating woodchucks or summer active, nonhibernating woodchucks were reconstituted in an artificial CSF. Following the intracerebroventricular injection of 3.0 to 4.0 mg of hibernating woodchuck albumin (HWA) in a volume of 300 to 400 microliters, a decline in the temperature of the monkey occurred which varied in magnitude and duration. A marked inhibition of food intake, accompanied by a decline in prandial water intake, persisted for 24 to 36 hours. This hypophagia was due mainly to a reduction in the number of feeding episodes during the periods of observation. Although heart rate declined intermittently, respiratory rates remained unchanged. Summer active woodchuck albumin (SAWA) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) given in the identical range of doses, as well as artificial CSF, exerted little or no effect either on body temperature of the primate or on its food intake. These results demonstrate for the first time that a plasma "trigger" factor, obtained from a hibernating animal in torpor, exerts a direct physiological action on the brain of a mammal which is incapable of entering into hibernation. Vital metabolic, thermoregulatory and other control processes mediated by diencephalic and other systems in the CNS are directly suppressed by the "trigger" factor. The clinical implications of these findings are presented.

Myrzabekov Zh.M., Pole S.B. 1983. [Caractéristiques écologiques des marmottes grises du Ketmen. Ecological characterics of Ketmen grey marmot population]. V kn. Okhrana, ratz. ispol`zov. i ekologya surkov, Mater. Vsesoyuz. sovesh. M.: 74-76.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, écologie, ecology.

Myrzybekov Zh.M. & Kenzhebaev Zh.E. 1987. O vliyanii tcheloveka na rasprostranenie i tchislennosti serogo sourka na iuzhnom sklone khrebta Ketmeni [Effet anthropique sur la distribution et le nombre de M. baibacina sur les pentes sud du Ketmen. Anthropogenic influence on the distribution and the number of M. baibacina on the south slopes of Ketmen]. Vliyanie antropogennoï transformatsii landshafta na naselenie nazemnykh pozvonotchnykh jivotnykh, Tez. Vses. sovesh.u. I. M., 268-269.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, pression anthropique, anthropic pressure.