Bibliographia Marmotarum. Ramousse R., International Marmot Network, Lyon, 1997.
ISBN : 2-9509900-2-9
Copyright 1997. Édition Réseau International sur les marmottes/ International Marmot Network Publisher
Traduction anglais - français / English - French translation: R. Ramousse
Traduction russe - français / Russian - French translation: Y. Semenov

LETTRE N LETTER

Mise à jour le 04/10/2007 Updated

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Nada T., Moriyasu F., Kono Y., Suginoshita Y., Matsumura T., Kobayashi K., Nakamura T. & Chiba T. 1997. [Sonographic detection of tumor blood flow using a new contrast agent in woodchuck hepatomas]. J. Ultrasound Med., 16(7): 485-491.
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.

The aim of this study was to assess the ability of perfluoropropane-filled albumin microspheres to visualize tumor blood flow in woodchuck hepatomas. Ten tumors in five woodchucks with hepatomas were imaged before and after intravenous injection (dosages of 0.01 ml/kg to 2.0 ml/kg) of an agent using color Doppler sonography and gray scale ultrasonography. Both enhanced imaging modalities demonstrated blood flow around and within all tumors. Enhanced gray scale ultrasonography demonstrated sonographic "tumor blush" in seven tumors (70%). In conclusion, tumor blood flow in woodchucks was visualized more clearly using the agent on both color Doppler and gray scale ultrasonography.

Nadachowski Adam 1976. Fauna kopalna w osadach Jaskini Mamutowej w Wierzchowiu kolo Krakowa. Folia quatern., 47: 17-36.
En polonais, in Polish.
Paléontologie, paleontology, grotte de Mamutowa, Mamutowa Cave, Pologne, Poland.

Nadachowski Adam 1982. Late Quaternary rodents of Poland with special reference to morphotype dentition analysis of voles [Les rongeurs de la fin du quaternaire de Pologne avec une référence spéciale à l'analyse du mrophotype dentaire des campagnols]. Polska Akademia Nauk. Zaklad Zoologii Systematycznej i Doswiadczalnej, PWN, Kraków, Poland, 108 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, Rongeurs, quaternaire, paléontologie, paleontology, Europe, Pologne.

Nadachowski A., Harrison David L., Szyndlar Zbigniew, Tomek Teresa & Wolsan Mieczyslaw 1993. Late Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Oblazowa 2 (Carpathians, Poland): paleoecological reconstruction [Faune de vertébrés du Pléistocène final d’Oblawa 2 (Carpathes, Pologne) : reconstruction paléoécologique]. Acta zool. Carcov., 36(2): 281-290.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène final, late Pleistocene, absence marmotte, no marmot, rivière Bialka, Bialka River, Tatras, Pologne, Poland.

Nadachowski A., Madeyska Teresa, Rook Ewa, Rzebik-Kowalska Barbara, Storzewicz Ewa, Szyndlar Zbigniew, Tomek Teresa, Wolsan Mieczyslaw & Woloszyn Bronislaw W. 1989. Holocene snail and vertebrate fauna from Nad Mosureum Starym Duza Cave (Grodzisko near Cracow): palaeclimatic and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions [Faune holocène d'escargots et de vertébrés de la grotte de Nad Mosureum Starym Duza (Grodzisko près de Cracovie) : reconstitutions paléoclimatique et paléoenvironnementales]. Acta zool. Cracov., 32(10): 495-520.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Holocène, Holocene, absence marmotte, no marmot, rivière Pradnik, Pradnik River, Cracovie, Cracow, Pologne, Poland.

Nadachowski A. & Wolsan Mieczyslaw 1987. A new location of the late Pleistocene fauna in the Polish Carpathians [Un nouveau site de faune de la fin du Pléistocène dans les Carapathes polonaises]. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 4: 112-114.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Holocène, Holocene, absence marmotte, no marmot, rivière Bialka, Bialka River, Tatras, Pologne, Poland.

Nadachowski A., Wolsan M. & Godawa Joanna 1991. New localities of Late Cenozoic faunas from Przymilowice in the Cracow-Wielun upland, Poland [Nouvelles localités de la faune du Cénozoïque final de Przymilowice dans les hautes terres de Cracow-Wielun]. Acta zool. Cracov., 34(25): 425-435.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, absence marmotte, no marmot, fissures, Tatras, Pologne, Poland.

Nadezhda (Nadejda) V. Alexeeva & Margarita A. Erbajeva 2005. Changes in the fossil mammal faunas of Western Transbaikalia during the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary and the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition [Modifications des faunes fossiles de mammifères de l’ouest du Transbaïkal au cours de la limite Pliocène-Pléistocène et de la transition du début-milieu du Pléistocène]. Quaternary International, 131(1) : 109-115. Lower and Middle Pleistocene: INQUA Subcommission on European Stratigraphy Symposium, Bari, Italy.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology.
The faunal variations, sedimentary evolution and successive changes in vegetation during the Late Pliocene through the Middle Pleistocene of the Western Transbaikal area were analyzed to ascertain the main events on the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary and to trace the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition. The evolutionary development of the main characteristic small mammals and their phyletic lineages involved replacement of the Itantsinian fauna by the Dodogolian assemblage. In the West Transbaikalia, the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary is recognized between the Late Pliocene Itantsinian and the Early Pleistocene Dodogolian faunas. Biostratigraphic studies on small mammals have revealed that the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition can be placed at the Brunhes-Matuyama paleomagnetic boundary (0.78 Ma) which is determined in the middle sequence of the Tologoi key section, between the latest Early Pleistocene fauna of the Tologoi 2.1 and 2.2 and Middle Pleistocene fauna of Tologoi Complex (Tologoi 2.4 and 2.5).

Nadler C.F. 1962. Chromosomes studies in certain subgenera of Spermophilus [Études des chromosomes de certains sousgenres de Spermophilus]. Proc. Soc. Exp. biol. & Med., 110: 785-788.
En anglais, in English.
Génétique.

Nadler C.F. 1966. Chromosomes of Spermophilus franklini and taxonomy of the ground squirrel genus Spermophilus [Chromosomes de Spermophilus franklini et taxonomie du genre d'écureuils terrestres Spermophilus]. Syst. Zool., 15: 199-206.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, Sciuridae, génétique, genetics, taxonomie, taxonomy.

Nadler C.F. 1969. Chromosomal evolution in rodents [Evolution chromosomique chez les rongeurs]. In Beernirschke, K. ed., Comparative Mammalian Cytogenetics, 277-309, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, Sciuridae, génétique, genetics.

Nadler C.F. & Ham K.E. 1966. Chromosomes of the North American prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus [Chromosomes du chien de prairie Nord américain Cynomys ludovicianus]. Experientia, 41-42.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, Sciuridae, génétique, genetics.

Die Analyse der mitotischen chromosomen bei Cynomys ludovicianus ergibt die diplo Zahl 50 und einen Karyotypen mit nur metazentrisch und submetazentrischen Autosomen. Der Fall Cynomys einzigartig under den Sciuridae: hohe 2n Zahl und Fort acrozentrischer Chromosomen.

Nadler C.F. & Harris K.E. 1967. Experientia, 23: 41.

Nadler C.F. & Hoffmann R.S. 1970. Chromosomes of some Asian and South American squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae) [Les chromosomes de quelques écureuils asiatiques et sud américain]. Experientia, 26: 1383-1386.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, Sciuridae, génétique, genetics.

Nadler C.F., Hoffmann R.S. & D.M. Lay 1969. Chromosomes of the Asian chipmunk Eutamias sibiricus Laxmann (Rodentia: Sciuridae) [Les chromosomes du tamia rayé asiatique Eutamias sibiricus Laxmann]. Experientia, 25: 868-869.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, Sciuridae, génétique, genetics.

Nadler C.F., Hoffmann R.S. & J.J. Pizzimenti 1971. Chromosomes and serum proteins of prairie dogs and a model of Cynomys evolution [Les chromosomes et les protéines sériques des chiens de prairie et un modèle de l'évolution de Cynomys]. J. Mammal., 52: 545-555.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotinae, génétique, genetics, évolution, evolution.

Nadler C.F., Hoffmann R.S., Vorontsov N.N. & Sukernil R.I. 1976. Evolutionnary relationship of some beringian mammals [Relation évolutive de certains mammifères béringien]. Beringia in Cenozoic, Vladivostok, 325-336.
En anglais, in English.
Paléarctique, génétique, genetics, évolution, evolution.

Beringia served as a bridge for intercontinental dispersal of mammals between Asia and North America at several different times during the history. Some taxa have diverged considerably since their earlier residence in Beringia while other more recent inhabitants are still considered conspecific throughout their Holarctic distribution. Certain ground squirrels of the genus Citellus provide excellent models for the study of evolutionnary relationships among past and presnt Beringian inhabitants. Chromosome, electrophoretically separable hemoglobins, transferrins and isozymes, and cranial measurements examined by multivariate statistical techniques were compared in populations of Holarctic Citellus parryi (2 n = 34) and in Asian C. undulatus and American C. columbianus, which both display 2 n = 32. After isolation by the Bering Strait for 12,800 years C. parryi has maintained similar chromoomes, and some (G6PD) in 10 proteins has undergone a change in electrophoretic mobility, but skull morphology has diverged. In the C. undulatus-C. columbianus complex there was no chromosomal divergence and Glemsa band patterns substantiate homology after isolation for at least 100,000 years; however, during this time two in 11 proteins (transferrin and albumin) have differentiated and cranial divergence has been striking. These data are applied to a zoogeographic reappraisal of the arctic and long-tailed ground squirrel group. The applicability of chromosomal, biochemical and numerical taxonomic techniques to similar zoogeograhic and evolutionary problems in Beringian species of Microtus, Clethrionomys and Ovisis is discussed.

Nadler C.F. , Sukernik R., Hoffman R.S., Verontsov N., Nadler C.F.Jr. & I. Fomichova 1974. Evolution in ground squirrels. I. Transferrins in holarctic populations of Spermophilus [Évolution chez les écureuils terrestres. I. Les transférines dans les populations holarctiques de Spermophilus]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 47A: 663-681.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotinae, biochimie, biochemistry, taxonomie, taxonomy.

Nadler C.F. & D.A. Sutton 1962. Mitotic chromosomes of some North American Sciuridae [Chromosomes mitotiques de quelques Sciuridae Nord Américain]. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 110: 36-38.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, génétique, genetics.

Naef-Danzer B. 1983. Alpenmurmeltier. Allgemines "ber die gattung; Andere Murmeltierarten [Marmotte des Alpes. Généralités sur l'espèce ; autres espèces de marmottes. Alpine marmot. Generalities on the species; other marmot species]. Wildbiologie für die Praxis, 1 (16) : 1-10.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Damit wären die haupts¨chlichen Verhaltensweisen erwähnt, die die "soziale Organisation" der Murmletiere prägen. Diese Verhaltensweisen bewirken, dass sich die Murmeltiere einer Population nicht zufällig vermischen, sondern dass stabile Gruppen bestehen, die zuden jede ihr eigenes Wohngebiet besitzen. Im Gebiet ùeiner Untersuchung, das sehr dicht besiedelt war, lagen diese Territorien dicht beieinander, so dasskaum Lücken dazwischen bestanden. In anderen, weniger dichten Populationen liegen allerdings die Territorien der Familien weiter auseinander und sind dann offenbar auch weniger scharf gegeneinander abgegrenzt. Hier zeigt sich, dass die Verteilung der Tiere im Raum nicht allein vom Verhalten der Tiere zueinander abhängt. Niocht überall in einen Gebiet kënnen Baue angelegt werden, die für Uebernachtung und Ueberwinterung tauglich sind, nicht überall steht genügend Nahrung der richtigen Qualität zur Verfügung. Zu wenig tiefer Boden. Borst-graswiesen sind vielleicht zum Bauen geeignet, aber sie bieten den Murmeltieren nur sehr schlechtes Futter. Diese Bedingungen beeinflussen die räumliche Verteilung der Murmeltiere ebenso wie dies sozialen Verhaltensweisen. Jedes Sozialsystem entsteht so aus dem Zusammenwirkenzwischen dem Verhalten der Tiere der Population zueinander und den im Gebiet bestehenden Umweltbedingungen. Deshalb k&oml;nnen in verschiedenen Gebieten auch recht unterschiedliche Verteilungsformen vorkommen. Wie und in welcher Art die Organisationsform der Alpenmurmeltiere veränderkicht ist, ist freilich noch völlig unbekannt und müsste mit vergleichenden Untersuchungen in verschiedenen Populationen geklärt werden.
Les principaux comportements qui caractérisent l'organisation sociale des marmottes sont présentés. Ces comportements résultent en ce que les marmottes d'une population ne se mélangent pas au hasard mais forment des groupes stables possédant chacun son domaine. Dans cette zone d'étude, fortement colonisée, ces territoires étaient étroitement contigus, sans aucun vides entre eux. Dans d'autres populations moins denses, les territoires familiaux sont sans doute plus éloignés les uns des autres et donc, évidemment, délimités de manière moins précise. On voit là que la séparation des animaux dans l'espace ne dépend pas seulement du comportement mutuel des animaux. Il ne peut pas y avoir des terriers partout dans une zone (terriers permettant de passer les nuits et l'hiver), il n'y a pas partout suffisamment de nourriture de qualité adéquate. Les sols trop peu profonds, trop mous ou même glissants ne permettent pas le creusement d'un terrier. D'autres zones permettraient l'installation de terriers mais n'offrent qu'une nourriture très médiocre. Tout ceci joue sur la répartition spatiale des marmottes, tout comme le comportement social. Tout système social nait ainsi de l'action conjointe du comportementdes animaux de la population les uns envers les autres et des conditions d'environnements présentes dans la zone. C'est pourquoi des formes de répartition assez différentes se réaliser dans des zones différentes. Combien et de quelle manière, le mode d'organisation de la marmotte peut varier et à vrai dire très mal connu encore et devrait s'éclairer via l'altitude comparée de différentes populations.

Naef-Danzer B. 1984. Sozialverhalten und räumliche Organisation von Alpenmurmeltieren [Comportement social et organisation spatiale de la marmotte alpine. Social behaviour and spatial organization in the alpine marmot]. Dissertation, Univ. Bern.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethollogy, social, territoire.

Naef-Danzer B. 1984. Fang, Markierung und Geschlechtbestimmung von Alpen-murmeltieren (Marmota m. marmota) [Capture, marquage et détermination du sexe chez la marmotte des Alpes. Trapping, marking and sex determination in alpine marmot]. Z. Jagdwiss., 30 : 209-218.
En allemand, in German.
(Marmota marmota) ; Méthodologie ; Capture ; Sexe.

Untersuchungen im Bereich der Sozial-Ethologie und der Populationsbiologie des Alpenmurmeltieres (Marmota m. marmota)wurden bisher dadurch verhindert, dass keine Möglichkeit zu einer dauerhaften Sichtmarkierung bestand. Der Beitrag diskutiert verschiedene Fangtechniken (u. a. Kastenfallen, Röhrenfallen, Netze), und es wird eine speziell entwickelte Ohrmarke präsentiert, mit der erstmals Murmeltieredauerhaft markiert werden könnten. Als günstgste Fangtechniken erwiesen sich eine mit Kochsaltz geköderte Kastenfalle und eine nicht geköderte "Klappfalle" (Abb. 3). Die Standzeit der beu entwickelten Ohrmarken wird nach 72 Markierungen (36 Individuen) auf &ùinddestens 2 Jahre (1-4 Jahre) gesch"tzt. Zuletzt wird ein neues Vergleichsmass zur Geschlechtsbestimmung bei Murmeltieren vorgestellt, das im Gegensatz zu bisher verwendeten Massen nicht aktersabh¨ngig variiert und deshalb die Geschlechtsbestimmung von Alpen-murmeltieren erleichtert.
Investigations in field of the social behaviour and population biology of the alpine marmots (Marmota m. marmota) have been hindered till now by the fact that there was no possibility of a lasting sight-marking. This paper discusses various methods of capture (e.g. box traps, pipe traps, nets) and a specially developped , ear-mark is presented with which marmots were able to be marked permanetly for the first time. The best methods of capture proved to be a box trap baited with cooking salt and an unbaited "Flap-trap" (Fig. 3). After 72 markings (36 individuals) the life of the newly-developped ear marks is estimated at at least 2 years (1-4 years). Finally, a new measure of comparison for sex determination in marmots is presented. Contrary to measures used to date, this is not dependent on age and thus eases sex determination in alpine marmot.
Des recherches dans le domaine de la socio-éthologie et de la biologie des populations de marmottes (Marmota m. marmota) ont été contrariées jusqu'à présent par l'absence d'une possibilité de marquage à distance. Dans la présente contribution, différentes techniques de capture (e.a. boîtes à belettes, pièges en tunnel, nasses) font l'objet d'une discussion et l'on présente une marque auriculaire spécialement conçues pour la circonstance et grâce à laquelle, pour la première fois, des marmottes ont pu être marquées de façon permanente. Il s'avéra que les techniques de capture les plus efficaces étaient constituées de boîtes à belettes amorcées avec du sel de cuisine et des "pièges à rabat" sans amorces (Fig. 3). A l'issue de 72 marquages (portant sur 36 individus) la durée des marques auriculaires développées pour la circonstance est estimée à au moins 2 ans (1-4 ann&ées). Finalement, on propose une nouvelle mesure comparative pour la détermination des sexes de la marmotte qui, contrairement aux mesures utilisées jusqu'à présent, ne varie pas en fonction de l'âge et, dès lors, facilite le sexage de l'espèce.

Naef-Danzer B. 1985. Alpenmurmeltier. Sozialverhalten und räumliche Verteilung [Marmotte des Alpes. Comportement social et répartition locale]. Wildbiologie für die Praxis, suppl. Wildtiere, 28p.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, social, territoire, territory.

Nagai H. 1909. Zeitschr. f. allgem. Physiol., 9: 243.
En allemand, in German.
Respiration.

Les quotients respiratoires de la marmotte oscillent autour de 30 à 40 cc d'oxygène consommé par kg d'animal et heure.

Nagorsen D.W. 1987a. Marmota vancouverensis. Mammalian Species, 270:1-5.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis.

Nagorsen D.W. 1987b. Marmota vancouverensis. Am. Soc. Mammal. Syenes, 270, 25 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis.

Nagorsen D.W. 1987c. Marmot bones in caves on Clayoquot Plateau [Ossements de marmottes dans les grottes du plateau Clayoquot]. Canadian Caver., 21 : 39-40.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, paléontologie, paleontology, os, bones, British Columbia.

Nagorsen D.W. 1988. A summary of museum specimens for the Vancouver Island marmot [Un résumé des spécimens de muséum pour la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver]. Unpubl. rep. Royal B.C. Museum, Victoria, 5pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, Muséologie, museology, Canada, British Columbia.

Nagorsen D.W. 1989. Marmot bones in caves on Clayoquot Plateau [Ossements de marmottes dans les cavernes du plateau de Clayoquot]. Can. Caver., 21: 39-40.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, Paléontologie, Os, British Columbia

Nagorsen D.W. 1990. The mammals of British Columbia. A taxonomic catalogue. [Mammifères de Colombie Britannique. Catalogue taxonomique]. Memoir No. 4, Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, 140 p.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna, Marmota caligata, Marmota flaviventris, Marmota monax, Marmota vancouverensis, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia, Canada.
Liste de faune, fauna list, taxonomie, taxonomy, nomenclature; p.67-79,82- 84: Canis latrans, Canis lupus, hybrides, hybrids, Vulpes vulpes, Felis concolor, Lynx canadensis, Lynx rufus, Enhydra lutris, Gulo gulo, Lutra canadensis, Lontra canadensis, Martes americana, Martes pennanti, Mephitis mephitis, Mustela erminea, Mustela frenata, Mustela rixosa, Mustela nivalis rixosa, Mustela vison, Taxidea taxus, Spilogale putorius, Procyon lotor, Euarctos americanus, Ursus americanus, Ursus arctos horribilis, p.17-24: Nyctinomops macrotis, Antrozous pallidus, Eptesicus fuscus, Euderma maculatum, Lasionycteris notivagans, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus blossevilli, Lasiurus cinereus, Myotis californicus, Myotis leibii ciliolabrum, Myotis ciliolabrum, Myotis evotis, Myotis keenii, Myotis septentrionalis, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis volans, Myotis yumanensis, Plecotus townsendii, p.95-102: Bison bison, Oreamnos americanus, Ovis dalli, Ovis canadensis, Alces alces, Dama dama, Cervus dama, Cervus canadensis, Cervus elaphus, Odocoileus hemionus, Odocoileus virginianus, Rangifer tarandus, p.85-94: Eubalaena glacialis japonica, Balaena glacialis japonica, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Balaenoptera borealis, Balaenoptera musculus, Balaenoptera physalus, Megaptera novaeangliae, Delphinus delphis, Gobicephala macrorhynchus, Garampus griseus, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, Lissodelphis borealis, Orcinus orca;, Pseudorca crassidens, Stenella coeruleoalba, Eschrichtius robustus, Phocoena phocoena, Phocoenoides dalli, Kogia simus, Physeter catodon, Physeter macrocephalus, Berardius bairdii, Mesoplodon carlhubbsi, Mesoplodon stejnegeri, Ziphius cavirostris, p.72,80-82: Enhydra lutris, Callorhinus ursinus, Eumetopias jubatus, Zalophus californianus, Mirounga angustirostris, Phoca vitulina, p.25-30,38, 41,48,52-64: Lepus americanus, Lepus townsendii, Oryctolagus cuniculus, introduction; Sylvilagus floridanus, Sylvilagus nuttallii, Ochotona collaris, Ochotona princeps, Aplodontia rufa, Ondatra zibethicus, Castor canadensis, Myocastor coypus, Glaucomys sabrinus, Marmota caligata, Marmota flaviventris, Marmota monax, Marmota vancouverensis, Sciurus carolinensis, Sciurus niger, Spermophilus columbianus, Callospermophilus lateralis, Spermophilus lateralis, Spermophilus parryii, Spermophilus saturatus, Eutamias amoenus, Tamias amoenus, Eutamias minimus, Tamias minimus, Eutamias ruficaudus, Tamias ruficaudus, Eutamias townsendii, Tamias townsendii, Tamiasciurus douglasii, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus.

Nagorsen D.W. Endangered mammals in British Columbia. In Biodiversity in British Columbia: our changing environment, Harding L.E. & E.A. McCullum eds, Environment Canada, Pacific and Yukon Region, Vancouver, B.C.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, conservation.

Nagorsen D.W. 1994. National recovery plan for the Vancouver Island marmot [Plan national de établissement de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver]. RENEW, Report N° 10, 1-32.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, conservation.

Nagorsen D.W. 1995a. Cave bones: clues to the history of the Vancouver Island marmot. Discovery. [Ossements de cavernes : indices pour l'histoire de l'île de Vancouver. Découvertes]. Friends of the Royal British Columbia Museum, 23(5): 1-2.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, paléontologie, paleontology.

Nagorsen D.W. 1995b. More cave bones. Discovery [Encore plus d'ossements de cavernes. Découvertes]. Friends of the Royal British Columbia Museum, 23(6): 2.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, paléontologie, paleontology.

Nagorsen D.W. 1995c. Report on the Labyrinth Cave field trip (18 May 1995) [Rapport sur l'expédition de Labyrinth Cave (18 mai 1995)]. Unpublished report, submitted to Ministry of Forests, Campbell River Forest District, BC, 3 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology.

Nagorsen D.W. 1996. Cave bones of the Vancouver Island marmot.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota vancouverensis, marmotte de l'île de Vancouver, Vancouver Island marmot.
Text

Nagorsen D.W. 1996. Prehistoric cave bones of the Vancouver Island marmot. In The Vancouver Island Marmot pages
En anglais, in English.
(http://www.marmots.org)

Nagorsen D.W. 1998. A cheklist of mammals of Bristish Columbia by Order and Family [Liste des mammifères de Colombie Britannique par Ordre et famille]. Victoria: Royal British Columbia Museum.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna.

Nagorsen D.W. 2000. Marmota vancouverensis. In IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 28 March 2006.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, espèce menacée, threatened species, EN C2b, D.

Nagorsen D.W. 2000. BC Mammals Database [Base de données des mammifères de Colombie Britannique]. Unpublished report. Royal British Columbia Museum, 13 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia.

Nagorsen D.W. 2001. The rodents and lagomorphs of British Columbia [Les rongeurs et Lagomorphes de Colombie Britannique]. Manuscript in preparation for Royal British Columbia Museum handbook.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia.

Nagorsen D.W. 2002. An Identification Manual to the Small Mammals of British Columbia [Manuel d’identification des petits mammifères de Colombie Britannique]. Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia.

Nagorsen David & Ford John 2007."Peripheral" Mammals of British Columbia (terrestrial reviewed by David Nagorsen; marine reviewed by John Ford) [Mammifères "périphériques de Colombie Britanique]. Accès /accessed Jan 08-2007 à / at www.forestbiodiversityinbc.ca/uploadedfiles/Mammals-Peripheral.pdf
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris (avara), Marmota monax, Marmota monax canadensis, Marmota monax ochracea, William's Lake, Peace River, Stikine River, Liard River, Haines Triangle.
Available pdf disponible.

Nagorsen D.W. & Keddie G. 1994. Paleo-archeological remains of the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis); implications for an endangered species [Restes paléo-archéologiques de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver (M. vancouverensis) ; implications pour une espèce en danger]. Abstract, American Society of Mammalogists 75th Anniversary Meeting, June 18-23 (Washington, DC).
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, paléontologie, paleontology.
Confined to a small area on south-eastern Vancouver Island with a population of 200-400, Marmota vancouverensis is the only endangered mammal endemic to Canada. Historical records suggest that this species was more widespread but any conservation strategy has been hindered by a lack of data and clear evidence of any threats. Recently discovered archaeological remains demonstrate that M. vancouverensis was exploited by aboriginal peoples. Marmot remains have now been found in one coastal midden and four remote, high elevation cave sites. The sites are all prehistoric (radiocarbon dates 700-2700 BP) and peripheral to extant colonies. Marmots were incidental in the coastal midden, but were the dominant species in high elevation sites with counts of individuals ranging from 13-80. A variety of age groups were represented from juveniles with milk teeth to old adults. Cut marks on bones are consistent with human butchering for meat or pelts. The impact of this hunting on marmot populations is not clear. However, climatic changes coupled with human hunting could account for the current distribution of M. vancouverensis.

Nagorsen D.W. & Keddie G. 2000. Late Pleistocene mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) from Vancouver Island: biogeographic implications [Chèvres de montagne de la fin du Pléistocène (Oreamnos americanus) de l’île de Vancouver : implications biogéographiques]. Journal of Mammalogy, 81(3) : 666-675.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota vancouverensis, Oreamnos americanus, Pleistocene, Pellucidar Cave II, British Columbia, Canada.

Nagorsen D.W. & G. Keddie, and R.J. Hebda. 1995. Early Holocene black bears, Ursus americanus, from Vancouver Island [Les ours noirs du début du Holocène, Ursus americanus, de l’île de Vancouver]. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 109:11-18.
En anglais, in English.
Ursus americanus, île de Vncouver, Vancouver island, Canada.

Nagorsen D.W, Keddie G. & Luszcz T. 1996. Vancouver Island marmot bones from subalpine caves: Archaeological and biological significance [Ossements de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver de cavernes subalpines : signification archéologique et biologique]. Occasional Paper 4, B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks (Victoria, BC).
En anglais, in English.
Available pdf disponible.
Marmota vancouverensis, Paléontologie, paleontology.

Since 1985, faunal remains of the Vancouver Island marmot have been discovered in four high elevation cave sites: Clayoquot Plateau, Mariner Mountain, Limestone Mountain and the Golden Hinde. Two sites are in Strathcona Provincial Park and a third is in Clayoquot Plateau Provincial Park. Cut marks on bones and artifacts recovered in Mariner Mountain cave indicate that the remains are the result of human hunting. Radiocarbon dating revealed that these sites are prehistoric ranging from 830-2630 years ago. The faunal remains provide additional evidence for a range decline in the Vancouver Island marmot. No marmots live in the vicinity of the cave sites today and three sites are peripheral to the present range. Although black bear, black-tailed deer, marten, and red squirrel are represented in the faunal remains, the predominance of Vancouver Island marmots suggest that aboriginal peoples traveled to these remote mountainous areas to hunt marmots. We summarize the analysis of faunal remains and review the implications for Vancouver Island marmot biogeography and conservation, and aboriginal cultural history. Recommendations for future research in BC Parks and managing these cave sites are presented.

Nagorsen D.W, Keddie G. & Luszcz T. 1996. Archaeological cave bones of the Vancouver Island marmot. Occasional Paper #4, B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks (Victoria, BC).
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, archéologie, archeology.

Nagy T., McDonough S.P., Erb H.N., Smith C.A., Baldwin B.H. & Tennant B.C. 2002. Lymphosarcoma in the laboratory woodchuck (Marmota monax) [Lymphosarcome de la marmotte commune d’Amérique (Marmota monax)]. Comp. Med., 52(2): 152-159.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite.

From 1979 to 1999, 28 cases of lymphosarcoma were identified in the Cornell University woodchuck colony (prevalence rate: 152/100,000/yr). The prevalence of lymphosarcoma was similar in woodchucks not infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and in chronic carriers of WHV. Males (13) and females (15) alike were affected (mean +/- SD age 4.7 +/- 2.92 years; range, 0.5 to 9 years). On the basis of the major organ system involved, woodchuck lymphosarcoma was classified as multicentric (12 cases, 43%), alimentary (5 cases, 18%), cranial mediastinal (5 cases, 18%),and miscellaneous (6 cases, 21%). A cutaneous form was not observed. Morphologic criteria similar to those of the Kiel classification were used for light microscopic classification. All Kiel categories-except the immunoblastic form-were found: 17 cases (61%) were centroblastic, and 6 were lymphocytic (21%). Other categories (centrocytic and plasmacytoid) were recognized less frequently. Immunophenotyping of 27 cases revealed 15 (56%) B cell (CD3-/CD79a+ or CD3-/BLA.36+), 7 (26%) T cell (CD3+/CD79a-/BLA.36-), and 5 (18%) non-T non-B cell (CD3-CD79a-/BLA.36-) lymphosarcomas. Lymphosarcoma in woodchucks develops at a higher rate than that observed in humans or companion animals, and WHV infection has no effect on prevalence. The anatomic and Kiel classification used in domestic species also can be used in woodchucks. Commercially available alpha-CD3, alpha-CD79a, and alpha-BLA.36 antibodies were useful for immunophenotyping woodchuck lymphosarcomas.

Nakakuki S. 1994. The bronchial tree, lobular division and blood vessels of the woodchuck (Marmota monax) lung [L’arbre bonchial, la division lobulaire et les vaisseaux sanguins des poumons de la marmotte commune (Marmota monax)]. Kaibogaku Zasshi, 69(1): 14-21.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, anatomie, anatomy, poumons, lungs.
The right lung of the woodchuck (Marmota monax) consists of the upper, middle, lower and accessory lobes, which are separated by interlobular fissures. The left lung consists of the middle and lower lobes, which are united to form a single lobe. In one of the two specimens examined, the left lung had a small upper lobe bronchiole. The right pulmonary artery runs along the ventrolateral side of the right bronchus crossing the ventral side of the right upper lobe bronchiole, then crosses the dorsal side of the right middle lobe bronchiole, and thereafter runs between the dorsal and lateral bronchiole systems, along the dorsolateral side of the right bronchus. During its course, the right pulmonary artery gives off branches which run along each bronchiole, mainly on the dorsal or lateral side. The left pulmonary artery runs across the dorsal side of the left middle lobe bronchiole and is distributed to the left middle and lower lobes in a manner similar to the right pulmonary artery in the right middle and lower lobes. The pulmonary veins run mainly along the medial or ventral side of the bronchioles, and between them.

Nakamura I., Nupp J.T., Rao B.S., Buckler-White A., Engle R.E., Casey J.L., Gerin J.L. & Cote P.J. 1997. Cloning and characterization of partial cDNAs for woodchuck cytokines and CD3epsilon with applications for the detection of RNA expression in tissues by RT-PCR assay. J. Med. Virol., 53(1): 85-95.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, immunoloie, immunology.

Immunologic reagents and methodology are essential to develop further the woodchuck and woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) as a model of immune response, inflammation, and immunotherapy in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Partial cDNA clones for the woodchuck CD3epsilon marker of T cells (536 bp) and for selected woodchuck cytokines were developed, including IL-1beta (332 bp), IL-2 (249 bp), IL-4 (205 bp), IL-10 (476 bp), IFN-gamma (476 bp), and TNF-alpha (381 bp). This panel of markers includes sets to measure RNAs for T cells (CD3epsilon), immune response induction (IL-1beta, IL-2), TH subsets (TH1, IL-2/IFN-gamma vs. TH2, IL-4/IL-10), and effector molecules that regulate hepadnavirus replication and liver injury (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha). Primers representing highly conserved segments of genes from other species were used to derive the partial cDNA clones. Target RNA was obtained from woodchuck peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that were stimulated in vitro with ConA, LPS, and human rIL-2. The cDNA clones were validated by 1) comparison with other species for homologies in the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences and 2) a first generation assay demonstrating induction of the respective RT-PCR products in stimulated woodchuck PBMC. The corresponding RNAs were also detectable in most cases in the total RNA from the livers of uninfected and WHV-infected woodchucks and differential expression of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha RNAs was suggested. Second generation, semi-quantitative assays for the RNAs were validated using RT-PCR and dot-blot hybridization with 32P-oligomers derived from the internal sequences of the respective clones. Continued study of the woodchuck immune response to WHV infection using these assays will provide insight into the kinetics and immune mechanisms that initiate and maintain chronic hepadnavirus infection and, hence, enable development of improved immunotherapies for established chronic HBV infection.

Nakamura I., Nupp J.T., Cowlen M., Hall W.C., Tennant B.C., Casey J.L., Gerin J.L. & Cote P.J. 2001. Pathogenesis of experimental neonatal woodchuck hepatitis virus infection: chronicity as an outcome of infection is associated with a diminished acute hepatitis that is temporally deficient for the expression of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNAs. Hepatology, 33(2):439-447.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite.

Surgical biopsies of the liver were obtained from woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV)-infected neonatal woodchucks at 2 time points before the self-limited or chronic outcomes became obvious by serologic criteria. Following segregation of outcomes, livers were analyzed for intrahepatic type 1 cytokine messenger RNAs (mRNAs) (interleukin 2 [IL-2], interferon gamma [IFN-gamma], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha]) and leukocyte inflammatory phenotype (IgG+ plasma cells, lysozyme+ macrophages, CD3+ T cells). Baselines were assessed using age-matched uninfected control livers. At week 8 (early acute phase), intrahepatic type 1 cytokine mRNAs were similarly low in both outcome settings and no different from age-matched uninfected controls. This was consistent with the minimal initial viral loads and lack of histologic inflammation at this time. At week 14 (mid-acute phase), changes in viral load between outcome groups related inversely to the intrahepatic inflammatory responses. Animals that eventually became resolved had increased intrahepatic expression of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNAs and robust inflammation by CD3+ T cells, plasma cells, and macrophages. At the same time point of infection, animals that eventually became chronic carriers had an acute hepatitis involving the same cell types, but at diminished levels, and markedly deficient intrahepatic expression of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNAs. IL-2 mRNA remained at baseline control levels in both outcome groups. These cotemporal comparisons map a critical deviation in host response to the acute stage of an evolving chronic infection. They strongly suggest that increasing viral load and chronicity as an outcome of neonatal WHV infection result from a temporal deficiency in the acute intrahepatic effector mechanisms mediated by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha.

Nalimova N.V. & Dimitriev A.V. 1999. Floristitcheskoe opisanie batyrevskogo sourkovogo zakaanika tchouvachskoï respoubliki. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 65-67.
En russe, in Russian.
Flore, flora, marmota, République Tchouvache, Chuvash Republic.

Nanayakkara D.D. & Blumstein D.T. 2003. Defining yellow-bellied marmot social groups using association indices [Définir les matrilignées des marmottes à ventre jaune à l’aide des indices d’association]. Oecologia Montana, 12:7-11. [published in 2006]. Marmota flaviventris, éthologie, ethology, groupes sociaux, social group, indices d'association, association indices.
We evaluated the utility of using association indices to define Yellow-bellied Marmot (Marmota flaviventris) social groups. We analyzed locational data collected by trapping and regular observations using the program SOCPROG 2.2 (Whitehead 2004); a program traditionally used to study marine mammal associations from observational data. We first focused on simple groups (i.e., those with only a single adult female) to explore various analysis options and then applied them to interpret association patterns in more complex social groups. We suggest that social groups can be defined as groups containing those individuals with a = 0.5 association index. Given our sampling protocols, sufficient data were obtained only when we used the year as the unit of analysis. When applied to more complex social groupings, this criterion meshed with observers’ less quantitative estimation of group memberships. In conclusion, calculating association indices using SOCPROG is a novel way to describe marmot association patterns and to define social groups quantitatively.
Available pdf disponible.

Nanayakkara D.D. & Blumstein D.T. 2005. Defining yellow-bellied marmot matrilines using association indices. Ispolzovanie indeksov accotsiatsii dlya opredeleniya materinskikh grouppirovok jeltobriukhogo sourka. [Définir les matrilignées des marmottes à ventre jaune à l’aide des indices d’association]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 82-83.
flaviventris.
Marmota flaviventris, éthologie, ethology.
We evaluated the utility of using association indices to define yellow- bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) matrilines. We analyzed locational data collected by trapping and regular observations using the program SOCPROG 2.2 (Whitehead 2004). a program traditionally used to study marine mammal associations from observational data. We first focused on simple matrilines (i.e., those with only a single adult female) to explore various analysis options and then applied them to interpret association patterns in more complex social groups. We suggest that matrlines can be defined as groups containing those individuals with a ? 0.5 association index. Given our sampling protocols. Sufficient data were obtained only when we used the year as the unit of analysis. When applied to more complex social groupings. This criterion meshed with observers' intuitive estimation of group memberships. In conclusion, calculating association indices using SOCPROG is a novel way to describe marmot association patterns and to define matrilines quantitatively.

Available pdf disponible.

Narodnoe Khozyaïstvo SSSR, 1922-1972. Yubileïnyï stat. ejegodnik [Economie populaire de l'URSS. People economy in USSR]. M. Statistika.
En russe, in Russian.
Économie, economy, URSS, USSR.

Nasimovitch A.A. 1949. Promyslovye zveri Tsentralinogo Altaya [Chasse professionnelle des animaux sauvages de l'Altaï central. Professional hunting of wild nimals in central Altai]. V kn. Pouchnye bogatstava SSSR, I, M.
En russe, in Russian.
Altaï, chasse, hunting.

National recovery plan for the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) 2000 update.(RENEW report; no. 19) "Recovery of Nationally Endangered Wildlife"
En anglais et en français, in English and in french.
English pdf
pdf français

NatureWorks. Hoary marmot, Marmote caligata. New Hampshire Public Television and the Squam Lakes Natural Science Center.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotte givrée, Hoary marmot, Marmote caligata, Alaska south to Washington, northern Oregon and most of Montana and parts of Idaho.

Naumann C. & Niethammer J. 1959. Zur Säugetierfauna des afganischen Pamir und Wakan [Sur les mammifères du Pamir et Wakan afghan. Mammals in Afghan Pamir and Wakan]. Bonn. Zool. Beitr., 24 : 237-284.
En allemand, in German.
Chasse, hunting, Pamir, Afghanistan, Mammifères, mammals.

Naumov S.P. 1945. Materlialy po geografitcheskomou i statsionarnomou rasprostraneniu sourkov Tsentralinogo Tyani-Shanya [Matériaux sur la distribution géographique et les stations de marmottes du Tien Chan central. Material on the geographic distribution and marmot stations in central Tien Shan]. Biull. MOIP, 50 (5-6).
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, répartition, distribution, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Naumov N.P. 1954. Tipy poselenii gryzounov i ikh ekologitcheskoe znatchenie [Types d'installations des rongeurs et leur importance écologique. Settlement types of rodents and their ecological importance]. Zool. j., 33 (2) : 68-88.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, habitat, écologie, ecology.

Naumov N.P. 1955. Elementarnye otchagi infektsii v prirodnykh otchagakh bolezneï [Foyers élémentaires d'infection dans les foyers naturels de maladies. Elementar foci of infection in the natural foci of deseases]. J. mikrobiol. epidemiol. i immounnol., 4.
En russe, in Russian.
Épidémiologie, epidemiology, médecine, medecine.

Naumov N.P. 1962. Popoulyatsionnaya ekologii i ee osnovnye problemy [&Ecute;cologie populationnelle et ses problèmes fondamentaux. Populational ecology and its fondamental problems]. Voprosy ekologii, Ref. dokl. Vsesoyuzn. sovechtchaniya, Kiev, 4: 50-63.
En russe, in Russian.
Écologie, ecology, population.

Naumov N.P. 1963. Biologitcheskie makrosistemy [Macrosystèmes biologiques. Biologic macrosystems]. Priroda, 5.
En russe, in Russian.
Ecologie.

Naumov N.P. 1964. Mikrostrouktoura i oustoïtchivost' prirodnykh otchagov bolezneï [Microstructure et résistance des foyers naturels de maladie. Microstructure and resistance in natural foci of desease]. Zool. J., 43(3).
En russe, in Russian.
Médecine, peste, plague.

Naumov N.P. 1967. Strouktoura popoulyatsiï i dinamika tchislennosti nazemnykh pozvonotchnykh [Structure des populations et dynamique du nombre des vertébrés terrestres. Population structure and number dynamic in terrestrial vertebrates]. Zool. J., 46(10).
En russe, in Russian.
Population.

Naumov N.P. 1973. Signal'nye biologitcheskie polya i ikh znatchenie dlya jivotnykh [Signaux biologiques et leur importance pour les animaux. Biologic signals and their importance for animals]. J. obchtcheïbiologii, 34(6) : 808-817.
En russe, in Russian.
Communication.

Naumov N.P. & Kasatkin B.M. 1963. Organizatsionno-metoditcheskie oukazabiya po istrebleniyu bol'choï pestchanki s tselyu ozdorovleniya territorii ot tchoumy [Guide organisationnel et méthodique sur l'éradication des Rhombomys dans le but de supprimer les foyers de peste. Organizational and methodolical guide on the extermination of Rhombomys to eradicate plague foci]. L.
En russe, in Russian.
Erdication : Peste.

Naumov N.M. & Samoïlov A.P. 1997. Okhrna ratsional'noe ispol'zovanie eapasov stepnogo sourka v Louganskoï oblasti [Protection et utilisation de la marmotte des steppes dans la région de Lougansk]. In Vozrojdenie stepnogo sourka, Tokarsky V.A. & Roumiantsev V.Iu., Izdatel'stvo ABF, Moskva, 25-26.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, conservation, Lougansk, Lugansk, Russie, Russia.

Naumov S.P. 1995. [L'odre des rongeurs. The Order Rodentia]. Zoology of Vertebrates, Tashkent: Ukituvchi Publishers, 319 .
En Ouzbeck, in Uzbek.
Rongeurs, Rodents.

Nazarov P.S. 1886. In Recherches zoologiques dans les steppes des Kirghizes, Bull. soc. des na-tar, de Moscow (1886), No. 4.
En russe, in Russian.
Turgai, Faune, Fauna, Russie, Russia.

Nazarova I.V. 1981. Fleas of the Volga-Kama region [Puces de la région Volga-Kama]. Nauka Publishing House, Moscow, USSR.
En russe, in Russian.
Faune, fauna, puces, fleas, Volga.

Nebel D. 1992. Projet ONF sur le Vallier, inventaire des différentes colonies. Actes Journée d'étude de la marmotte Alpine, 33-34.
En français, in Fench.
Marmota marmota, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

Nebel D., Duquesne A. & Juin G. 1996. Observations comportementales de l'Aigle royal Aquila chrysaëtos dans la Réserve domaniale du Mont Vallier (Ariège, France) 1987-1995. Behavioural observations of the golden eagle Aquila chrysaëtos in Mont Vallier Nature Reserve (Ariège, France). 3ème Journée d'étude sur la marmotte, Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre, 73-80.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Aquila chrysaetos, élevage, breeding, poussins, chicken, alimentation, foraging, Pyrénées, Pyrenees, Ariège.

La Réserve Domaniale du Mont-Vallier, superficie d'environ 9000 ha, abrite 3 couples d'aigles royaux. La reproduction des aigles est suivie depuis 1989 sur les trois sites connus de la Réserve ainsi que sur un site en bordure de Réserve. La superficie des différents territoires occupés par chaque couple a été déterminée à partir des observations de terrain. En 1993, du 16 avril au 11 juillet, nous avons réalisé des observations rapprochées d'une aire d'aigle agrave; partir d'un affût. Lors de 39 journées totalisant 18 heures d'observation, nous avons pu identifier 26 des 28 proies apportées par les adultes aux poussins. Nous avons abordé l'analyse du comportement des oiseaux au nid.
Three golden Eagle pairs live in the State Reserve of Mont-Vallier, area of 9000 ha. The eagle breeding is surveyed since 1989, on the three known sites in the Reserve and on an extra neighbouring site. The territory area of each pair was determined from field observations. In 1993, from 16th April to 11th July, 39 days counting 187 hours of close observations from a hide of an eagle nest allowed us to identify 26 out of the 28 preys brought by the adults to the chicks. We begin the analysis of the nest behaviour.

Nebel D. & Franc R. 1992. L'introduzione della marmotta (Marmota marmota) nella riserva naturale di Mont-Vallier e la storia della sua successiva colonizzazione tra il 1961 ed il 1991. The introdution of the marmot (Marmota marmota) into the Mont-Vallier nature reserve, and the history of its subsequent colonisation between 1961 and 1991 [L'introduction de la marmotte (M. marmota) dans la réserve naturelle du Mont Valier, et l'histoire de sa colonisation entre 1961 et 1991]. Proc. 1st International Symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota) and on Genus Marmota, Bassano et al., 253-255.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, France, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

Nebel D., Giboulet O. & Ramousse R. ( Небель Д., Жибуле О., Рамюсс Р.) 1997. Заселение европейским сурком государственного резервата Монт-Валье с 1961 по 1997 гг. Alpine marmot colonization of the state reserve of Mount Vallier from 1961 to 1997. [Kolonizatsiïa al'piïskim sourkom gosoudarstvennogo zapovednika Mont Vallier s 1961po 1997 g. Colonisation de la réserve du mont Vallier par la marmotte alpine]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, 68 (Rousskie), 171 (Angliïskie).
En russe et anglais, in Russian and English.
Marmota marmota, colonisation, colonization, Pyrénées, Pyrenees, France.
Dix-huit marmottes alpines, provenant de Savoie et des Hautes-Alpes, ont été introduites dans la réserve du Mont Vallier (Ariège, Pyrénées) entre 1961 et 1962. La surface de la réserve (12 800 hectares) a été divisée en quadrats de 200 m de côté.La présence-absence des marmottes, l’altitude moyenne, l’exposition, la pente et la nature du biotope (forêt, prairie, rocher) ont été enregistrées pour chaque quadrat. L’état actuel de la colonisation a été établi. Les marmottes se sont établies principalement dans les éboulis rocheux, entre 2200-2300 m, sur les pentes moyennes exposées au sud. Cependant, les marmottes tendent à s’installer à plus basse altitude et à étendre leur domaine vital dans les prairies. Le creusement de nouveaux terriers, augmentant la qualité (sécurité) de l’habitat, pourrait être le facteur d’extension du domaine vital dans les prairies. En 1997, cette introduction de marmottes semble être un succès, même si les marmottes n’utilisent que 6% de l’habitat favorable.

Nebel D., Giboulet O. & Ramousse R. ( Небель Д., Жибуле О., Рамюсс Р.) 2002. Колонизация альпийским сурком государстенного заповедника Mont Vallier с 1961 по 1997 г. Alpine marmot colonization of the state reserve of Mount Vallier from 1961 to 1997. [Kolonizatsiïa al'piïskim sourkom gosoudarstvennogo zapovednika Mont Vallier s 1961po 1997 g. Colonisation de la réserve du mont Vallier par la marmotte alpine]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF, Moscow, 280-289.
En anglais et en russe, résumé en français ; in English and in Russian, French abstract.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, réintroduction, reintroduction.
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Necker & Hatfield 1941. (Marmota monax) monax, États-Unis d'Amérique, Illinois.

Nee J.A. 1969. Reproduction in a population of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) [Reproduction dans une population de marmottes à ventre jaune (M. flaviventris)]. J. Mammal., 50 : 756-765.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, reproduction.

The annual reproductive cycle within a yellow-bellied marmot population was studied in the central Sierra Nevada of California about 30 mi. N Lake Tahoe. Seventy animals were live-trapped and ear-tagged, and the reproductive organs of 47 marmots were examined histologically. The approximate date of emergence from hibernation apparently was governed by the time of spring thaw. The animals were ready to breed when they emerged, so the thaw apparently would determine the time of mating and copulation, parturition, weaning, and juvenile emergence from the natal burrow. During the 2-week mating and copulation period, almost all adult females, but few subadults, became pregnant. The average gravidum per pregnant female was 4.8 and litter size was slightly higher. The adult sex ratio was approximately equal, as judged by trapping records. However, juvenile males were seen much more often than adult males. A high population in 1966 dropped to a low level in l967, seemingly as a result of over-winter loss. Juveniles grew most rapidly, followed by subadults, and then by adults. The average number of active days required to grow l centimeter in length was 4.7 days for juveniles, ll days for subadults, and 16 days for adults.

Neet C.R. 1992. Esigue popolazioni di marmotta della Jura : analisi della vulnerabilità di popolazione. Restricted marmot populations in the Jura : a population vulnerability analysis [Populations limitées de marmottes du Jura : analyse de la vulnérabilité d'une population]. Proc. 1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 157-164.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, Suisse, Switzerland, Jura.

During the last hundred years and especially in the last twenty years, about 150 Alpine Marmots (Marmota marmota) have been reintroduced in several sites of the Swiss Jura mountains. At present time, the populations are all restricted, both in space and in population size, and recent field studies indicate that the populations are remaining rather stable. Such reintroduced and restricted populations are exposed to considerable extinction risks. Population Vulnerability Analysis (PVA) is an integrated approach designed to deal with such cases where reduced viability is expected on the grounds of habitat quality, inbreeding, regional catastrophes and demographic processes that occur in small populations. We present a simple PVA for the Marmot populations of the Jura and assess extinction risks on the basis of population data collected by Humbert-Droz & Thossy (1990) and the Centre de conservation de la faune, St Sulpice, Switzerland. The problems of conservation and management are discussed in connection with the high risk of extinction of the Jura metapopulations.

Nègre Xavier Lexilogos. Mots et merveilles des langues d’ici et d’ailleurs. Marmotte, étymologie. Lexilogos 2002-06, En ligne/on line
En français, in French.
Lexicologie, lexicology, murmeltier, murmeln, marmota, muremento, murem montis, muret, muretière, Jean de la Fontaine, Horace, Rabelais.
Available pdf disponible.

Negro F., Korba B.E., Forzani B., Baroudy B.M., Brown TL, Gerin J.L. & Ponzetto A. 1989. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) nucleic acids in tissues of HDV-infected chronic WHV carrier woodchucks. J. Virol., 63(4): 1612-1618.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
The molecular forms of genomic and antigenomic hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA and of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) DNA and WHV RNA were studied in nonneoplastic liver (NL) tissues, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues, and several extrahepatic tissues of chronic WHV carrier woodchucks acutely (two animals) and chronically (six animals) superinfected with HDV. HDV was shown to replicate in all NL and HCC tissues but not in any of the extrahepatic tissues analyzed, which included spleen, peripheral blood lymphocytes, kidney, ovary, testis, thymus, lung, and stomach. HDV RNA was present as species with molecular weights consistent with those of monomers, dimers, and trimers of both strand polarities, supporting the rolling circle model proposed for HDV RNA replication. WHV DNA levels in NL, HCC, spleens, and serum were 10- to 100-fold lower than the levels typically observed in chronic WHV carrier woodchucks not infected with HDV. WHV DNA replicative intermediates were rarely observed and only at very low levels, representing less than 10% of the total WHV DNA. By contrast, WHV RNA transcription was not significantly depressed and both primary WHV RNA transcripts, 2.3 and 3.6 kilobases, were observed in NL, HCC, spleens, and in one of the kidney tissues. In addition, a 2.6-kilobase WHV RNA transcript was found in the majority of the NL tissues.

Negus N.C. & Findley J.S. 1959. Mammals of Jackson Hole, WY [Mammifères de Jackson Hole]. J. Mamm., 40:371-381
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, EUA, USA.

Nehring. Quatern. Fauna von Thiede ect.

Nehring Carl Wilhelm Alfred1876. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Diluvialfauna : 3. Arctomys bobac foss [Contribution à la connaissance de la faune diluvienne. Contribution to the knowledge of diluvian fauna]. Z. f. d. ges. Naturwiss, N.F., 14 (47-48) : 231-236.
En allemand, in German.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Arctomys bobac foss

Nehring C.W.A. 1879. Uber Alactaga jaculus und Arctomys reste. Zeitschr. Naturwiss., 52: 115-118.
En allemand, in German.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Arctomys, Europe.

Nehring C.W.A. 1880. Übersicht über 24 mitteleuropäische Quartärfaunen. Z. d. Dt. Geol. Ges., 32: 468-509.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota bobac, marmotte des steppes, Arctomys marmotta (491), Arctomys primigenius (Marmotta-bobac) Liebe (477), Arctomys sp. (481), paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, quaternary.

Nehring C.W.A. 1887. Über fossile Arctomys -Reste vom Süd-Ural und vom Rhein [Sur les restes fossiles d'Arctomys de l'Oural du sud et du Rhin. On Arctomys remains from southern Ural and the Rhine]. Sitzungsber. d. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin 1887, 1-7.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Paléontologie, paleontology, Arctomys, Europe, Oural, Plaine du Rhin.

Nehring C.W.A. 1890. Über Tundren und Steppen der Jetz und Vorzeit, mit besonderer Berüchsichtigung ihrer fauna [Sur les toundras et les steppes de nos jours aux temps anciens, avec une attention spéciale à leurs faunes. On tundras and steppes from today to the past, with a special attention to their faunas]. Dümmler, Berlin, pp. 257.
En allemand, in German.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Arctomys, Europe.

Nehring C.W.A. 1890. Ueber Spermophilus rufescens foss. und Arctomys bobac foss. von Türmitz im nördlichen Böhmen [Sur les fossiles de Spermophilus rufescens et d'Arctomys bobac de Türmitz en Bohème septentrionale]. Sitz.-Ber. Ges. naturforsch. Fr. Berlin, 1890 21-23.
En allemand, in German.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Arctomys, Europe, Bohème.

Nehring A. 1901. Über die heutige Fauna der russischen und westsibirischen Steppen in ihrer Beziehung zu der pleistocänen Steppenfauna Mittel-Europas. Verh. internat. Geogr.-Kongr. VII, Berlin, 463-466.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.

Neïchtadt M.I. 1957. Vozobnovlenie deyatel'nosti Sovetskoï sektsii INQUA v Akademii naouk SSSR [Renouvellement de l'activité de la section soviétique d'INQUA de l'Académie des Sciences de l'URSS. Revival of the activity of the sovietic branch of the INQUA of the USSR Academy of Sciences]. Izv. AN SSSR, Ser. geogr., 6.
En russe, in Russian.
Paléontologie, paleontology.

Nekipelov N.V. 1950. Otcherk biologii tarbagana [Essai sur la biologie de la marmotte tarabgan. Essay on the biology of the tarbagan marmot]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 8 : 27-45.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica.

Nekipelov N.V. 1952. Seznnaya podvizhnosti i kontakt zabaïkaliskikh gryzounov [Mobilité saisonnière et contacts des rongeurs du Transbaïkal. Seasonal mobility and contacts of cis-baikalian rodents]. Izv. Irkoukskogo PTchI, 10, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, rythme, rhythm, Transbaïkal.

Nekipelov N.V. 1954. Zatravki sourkov savtomashiny. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 13, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.

Nekipelov N.V. 1953. Osobennosti epizootiï tchoumy v Zabaïkal'e [Particularités épizootiques de la peste au Transbaïkal. Epizootic particularities of plague in Cis-baikal]. Izv. Irkoutsk. protivotchoumn. in-ta Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostocka, Irkoutsk, 11.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Transbaïkalie.

Nekipelov N.V. 1954. Zatravki sourkov savtomashiny [Extermination des marmottes à l'aide de l'automobile. Extermination of marmots by using car]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 13 : 5-10, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Chasse, hunting, Marmota, éradication.

Nekipelov N.V. 1955. O faktorakh, vliyaiushikh na tchislennosti sourkov i souslikov v stepyakh Iugo-Vostotchnogo Zabaïkaliya [Facteurs influençant le nombre des marmottes et des susliks dans les steppes du sud-est du Transbaïkal. Factors influencing marmot and suslik numbers in the south-eastern cis-baikal steppes]. Tez. dokl. konf. Irkoutskogo PTchI, I, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, dénombrement, census, Transbaïkal.

Nekipelov N.V. 1957a. Tchislennosti sourkov v Iugo-Vostotchnom Zabaïkalie [Dénombrements des marmottes du sud-est du Transbaïkal. Marmot counting in the south-eastern Cis-baikal]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 16, Irkoutsk.
Marmota, dénombrement, census, Transbaïkal.

Nekipelov N.V. 1957b. Istreblenie sourkov v Zabaïkalie pputem zatravok s avtomashiny [Extermination des marmottes en Transbaïkalie par la chasse en voiture. Marmot extermination in Cis-baikal by car hunting]. Nautch. konf. po prirodnoï otchagovosti i epidemiologii osobo opasnykh infektsionnykh zabolevanii, Tez. dokl. Savarov.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, éradication, extermination, chasse, hunting Transbaïkal.

Nekipelov N.V. 1957c. Raboty po istrebleniiu gryzunov v Iugo-Vostotchnom Zabaïkalie [Travaux sur l'extermination des rongeurs au sud-est du Transbaïkal. Works on marmot extermination in south-eastern Cis-baikal]. Izv. Irkutskogo PTchI, 15, Ulan-Ude.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, éradication, extermination, chasse, hunting, Transbaïkal.

Nekipelov N.V. 1957d. Klimat iugo-Vostotchnogo Zabaïkalya i istoritcheskii obor tchoumnykh epizootii na fone klimatitcheskii izmenenii [Climat du sud-est du Transbaïkal et sélection historique des épizooties de la peste par les changements climatiques. South-eastern Cis-baikal climate and historic selection of plague epizooties by climatic changes]. Izv. Irkout. Naytchnoissled. Protivotchumnogo in-ta sibiri i dalinego vostoka, 15 : 19-56.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste , plague.

Nekipelov N.V. 1957e. [Inluence du climat sur l'état de l’épizootie du foyer de peste du Transbaïkal. Influence of climate in Transbaikalian on epizootic state of plague focus]. Nauch. konf. po prirodn. ochagovosti i epidemiol. osobo opasn. infec. zabolev, Tez. dokl. Saratov: 272-275 .
En russe, in Russian.
Climat, climate, épizootie, epizooty, peste, plague, Transbaïkal.

Nekipelov N.V. 1958a. Kolitchestvo ouglekiskogo gaza i kisloroda v zimnikh norakh gryzounov [Gaz carbonique et oxygène dans les abris hivernaux des rongeurs. Carbonic gaz and oxygen in winter shelters of rodents]. Izv. Irkout. naoutch.-issled. protivo-tchounog in-ta Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka, 19.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, terrier, burrow, respiration.

Nekipelov N.V. 1958b. Ousloviya soushestvovaniya tchoumy v MNR [Les états de la peste en RPM. Plague status in PRM]. Tez. dokl. konf. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 3, Oulan-Oude.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Nekipelov N.V. 1959a. Zabaïkaliskii otchag tchoumy kak tchasti Tsentralino-Azaiatskogo otchaga [Foyer de peste du Transbaïkal, partie du foyer d'Asie centrale. Plague focus in Cis-baikal as part of the central Asia focus]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 21, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Nekipelov N.V. 1959b. Gryzouny-Nositeli tchoumy v Mongoliskoï Narodnoï Respoublike [Les rongeurs porteurs de peste en RPM. Plague carrier rodents in PRM]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 22, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Nekipelov N.V. 1959c. Epizootologiya tchoumy v Mongol'skoï Narodnoï Respoublike [Epizootologie de la peste en RPM. Plague epizootology in PRM]. Izv. Irkout. Protivotchoumn. in-ta Sibiri Dal'nego Vostoka, 22 : 108-244.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Mongoli, Mongolia.

Nekipelov N.V. 1959d. [Princpales caractéristiques du foyer de peste de Mongolie. Main features of plague foci in Mongolia]. Mater. 10 soveshch. po parazitol. problem. i prirodnoochadov. boleznyan., M.-L., 1: 214-215 (In Russian).
En russe, in Russian.
Peste.

Nekipelov N.V. 1960. O nekotorykh spornykh viprosakh otchagovosti tchoumy v MNR i Zabaïkalie [Quelques questions douteuses sur les foyers de peste en RPM et Transbaïkalie. Some doubtful questions on plague foci in PRM and Cis-baikal]. Biologitcheskii ob. Vost.-Sib. otd. GO SSSR, Irkoutskii PTchI, Irkutsk.
En russe, in Russian. Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Nekipelov N.V. 1961. [Mammifères des hauteurs de Sibérie et de Mongolie. Mammals of highlands of Siberia and Mongolia]. Dokl. Irkoutsk. protivochoum. in-ta. Oulan-Oude, 1: 102-106.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifèrs, mammals, Sibérie, Sibéria, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Nekipelov N.V. 1962. Raspredelenie mlekopitaiushikh po biotopam Iugo-Vostotchnogo Zabaïkaliya [Répartition des mammifères dans les biotopes du sud-est du Transbaïkal. Mammal distribution in south-eastern biotops of Cis-baikal]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 24, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, conservation, Transbaïkal.

Nekipelov N.V. 1962b. O zimnikh temperatourakh potchvy Zabaïkalo-Mongol'skikh stepeï [Température du sol en hiver des steppes du Transbaïkal-Mongol. Winter temperature of steppe soils in Cis-baikal-Mongolia]. Dokl. Irkout. naoutc.-issled. protivotchoumnogo in-ta, Khabarosk, 3.
En russe, in Russian.
Mongolie, Mongolia, steppe, sol, soil, Transbaïkal.

Nekipelov N.V. 1963a. Epizootologiya tchoumy v Zabaïkal'e i Mongolii [Épizootologie de la peste en Transbaïkalie et Mongolie. Plague epizootology in Cis-baikal and Mongolia]. Doklad. predstavlennyï na soiskanie outch. stepeni dokt. biol. naouk, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, épidémiologie, epidemiology, Transbaïkal, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Nekipelov N.V. 1963b. Perspektivy dalineïshgo ozdorovleniya Zabaïkaliskogo otchaga tchoumy [Perspectives d'avenir de guérison du foyer de peste en Transbaïkalie. Future prospects of cure of the plague focus in Cis-baikal]. Dokl. Irkoutskogo PTch, 6, Uita.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, épidémiologie, epidemiology.

Nekipelov N.V. 1966a. Mongoletnie pokazateli podvizhnosti sourkov [Données pluriannuelles sur le déplacement des marmottes. Désinfection très dangereuses en Sibérie et Extrême-Orient. Multiannual data on marmot moving. Very dangerous disinfection in Siberia and Far-east]. Osob opasny infektsii v Sibiri i na Dalinem Vostoke, Dokl. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 7, Kyzyl.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, activité, activity, épidémiologie, epidemiology, Sibérie, Siberia.

Nekipelov N.V. 1966b. Kolonii surkov v verkhovie reki Irkuta [Les colonies de marmottes de l'amont de la rivière Irkouta. Marmot colonies upstream of the Irkouta River]. Osobo opasnye infetsii v Sibiri na Dalinem Vostoke, Dokl. Irkutskogo PTchI, 7, Kyzyl.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, social, Sibérie.

Nekipelov N.V. 1967. Izmenenie tchislennosti tarbaga v Zabaïkal'e [Variations d'effectifs de marmottes tarbagan au Transbaïkal. Number changes of tarbagan marmots in Cis-baikal]. V kn. Resoursy faouny sourkov v SSSR, Materialy sovechtchaniya 27-29 marta 1967, M. Naouka.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, dénombrements, census, Transbaïkal.

Nekipelov N.V. 1968. Prirodnootchagovye zabolevaniya na yujnykh granitsakh Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka [Les maladies des foyers naturels sur la frontière sud de la Sibérie et l'Extrême-Orient. Diseases in the natural foci on the south border of Siberia and Far-east]. V kn. Voprosy epidemiologii i epizootologii osobo opasnykh infektsiï, Kyzyl, 1.
En russe, in Russian.
Médecine, medecine, épizootie, epizooty, Sibérie, Siberia.

Nekipelov N.V. 1969. Izmeneniya tchislen-nosti tarbagana v Zabaïkalie. Resoursy fauny sourkov v SSSR, In-t geogr. AN SSSR, M. Nauka.
Marmota sibirica, dénombrements, census, Transbaïkal.
En russe, in Russian.

Nekipelov N.V. 1971. Osobennosti epizootiï tchoumy ou razlitchnykh nositeleï v sibirskikh otchagakh [Particularités des épizooties de la peste chez différents porteurs dans les foyers de Sibérie. Plague epizootic particularities in different carriers in Siberia foci]. Dokl. Irkout. protivotchoumn. in-ta, 9.
En russe, in Russian.
Epizootie : Peste : Sibérie.

Nekipelov N.V. 1974. Ekologo-zpizootologitcheskaya obstanovka v tchoumykh otchagakh na sovetsko-mongol'skoï granitse [Ambiance écolo-épizootologique dans les foyers de peste sur la frontière soviéto-mongole. Ecolo-epizootologic atmosphere in the plague foci in the sovieto-mongolia border]. Dokl. Irkout. protivotchoumn. in-ta, 10.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, dénombrements, census, Transbaïkal.

Nekipelov N.V. 1978. Tarbagan Iugo-Vostotchnoe zabaïkalie [The tarbagan in southwest Zabaikal [La marmotte tarbagan dans le sud-ouest du Transbaïkal. The tarbagan in southwest Zabaikal. In Surki rasprostraneneie i ekologiya [Marmots: Their distribution and ecology], R.P. Zimina ed., Nauka, Moscow, 164-177.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica.

Nekipelov N.V. 1986. Perspektivy khozyaïstvennogo ispolizovaniya surkov v MNR [Perspectives d'exploitation économique des marmottes en RPM. Economical prospects of marmots in PRM]. Prirodnye usloviya i biologitcheskne resoursy MNR, Tez. dokl. : Mezhdunarod. Konf. I, Oktyabi.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, économie, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Nekipelov I.V. & Gorshkova A.A. 1952. Osobennosti pitaniya tarbagana [Particularités alimentaires des marmottes tarbagan. Distinctive features of diet of tarbagan marmot]. Izv. Irkutskogo PTchI, 10, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, alimentation, foraging.

Nekipelov I.V. & Peshkov B.I. 1958. Nabliudeniya nad spyatchkoï Nekotopykh mlekopitaiushikh [Observations de l'hibernation de certaines marmottes. Observations of hibernation in some marmots]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 19, Irkoutsk, 38-49.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, hibernation.

Nekipelov N.V., Mirotvortzev Yu.I. & Pletnikova G.P. ;1957; [Extermination des marmottes du foyer de peste du Transbaïkal à l'aide d'automobolie. Extermination of marmots in Transbaikalian plague focus by using car]. Nauch. konf. po prirodnoi ochagov. i epidemiol. osobo opasn. infec. zabolev, Tez. dokl., Saratov: 275-277.
En russe, in Russian.
Eradication, extermination, peste, plague.

Nekipelov I.V., Mirotvortsev Iu.I. & Pletnikova G.P.1958. Istreblenie surka v Zabaïkalie putem zatravok s avtomashiny [Extermination, à l'aide de voitures, des marmottes du Transbaïkal. Extermination of marmots, with cars, in Cis-baikal]. Izv. Irkutskogo PTchI, 19, Irkutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, éradiction, extermination.

Nekipelov I.V., Sviridov I.S. & Tomilov A.A 1965. Jivotnykh mir. ; V kn. Pribjkalie i Zabaïkalie, In-t geogr. AN SSSR, M.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, éradication, Transbaïkal.

Nekrasov A.S., Zhaltsanova (Jaltsanova) D.-S.D., Timoshenko T.M. & Badmaev B.B. 1996. Gel'mintofaouna sourkov bouryatii [Helminthofaune des marmottes en Bouriatie. Marmot helmintofauna in Bouriatia]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 60.
En russe, in Russian.
Helminhtes, Helminths, Bouriatie, Buratia.

Nelson Edward William 1899. The Eskimo about Bering Strait [Les esquimaux du détroit de Béring]. The Raven and the marmot (A woman's tale, from Norton Bay) [L’Eskimo du détroit de Béring. Le corbeau et la marmotte (Un conte de femme, de Norton Bay)], 514-515. In Eighteenth annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the secretary of the Smithsonian Inastitution 1896-97, Powel J.W., director, Part 1: 3-518, Washington, Government printing Office.
En anglais, in English.
Ethnologie, ethnology, indiens, indians, marmotte, marmot, Amérique du Nord, North America.
Available pdf disponible.

Nelson E.W. 1901. Les esquimaux du détroit de Béring [The eskimo about the bering strait]. Bulletin de la Société royale belge de géographie, 317-349.
En français, in French.
Ethnologie, ethnology, amerindien, american indian, marmotte p.333-334.
pdf

Nelson Michael E. & David M. Miller 1990. A Pliocene record of the giant marmot, Paenemarmota sawrockensis, in northern Utah [Un enregistrement de la marmotte géante, Paenemarmota sawrockensis, dans le Nord de l'Utah]. Contrib. Geol., Univ. Wyo., 28 : 31-37.
Paenemarmota sawrockensis, marmot, Pliocene, Paenemarmota sawrockensis, Mimomys, Amé&rique; du Nord, Utah,
A right dentary of the giant marmot, Paenemarmota sawrockensis, was collected from an unnamed loess unit in Box Elder County, Utah. The loess underlies an ash bed tentatively correlated with an ash bed exposed near Alturas, California, and an ash bed found in deep-sea cores off northern California. The age of the California ash is estimated as 4.8 Ma. Paenemarmota sawrockensis is now known from northeastern Nebraska, (Santee l.f. and Devils Nest Airstrip l.f.), southwestern Kansas (Sawrock Canyon l.f) and north-central Utah. The Sawrock Canyon l.f. is early Pliocene (early Blancan) as it contains two species of the definitive microtine immigrant, Mimomys. The Santee and Devils Nest Airstrip l.fs. contain native microtines and are late Miocene (late Hemphillian). Because of its association with the ash exposed near Alturas, California, and the record of Paenemarmota from the Sawrock Canyon 1. f., the Utah locality is considered to be earliest Pliocene (earliestBlancan).

Nelson R.A. 1989. Nitrogen turnover and its conservation in hibernation [Rotation de l'azote et sa conservation au cours de l'hibernation]. In living in the cold II, Malan A. & Canguilhem B., 299-307.
En anglais, in English.
Physiologie, physiology, hibernation, azote, nitrogen.
En hibernation, l'ours combine un état catabolique de jeû ;ne avec un état anabolique de synthèse protéique dont la meilleure démonstration est fournie par la femelle, qui lorsqu'elle est enceinte, est capable de mettre bas jusqu'à cinq petits et de les allaiter avec succès pour assurer leur survie. Bien que l'animal ne mange, ne boive, n'urine ni ne défèque, mais conserve une température corporelle presque normale, l'urémie et la déshydratation sont évitées. Les lipides constituent la source principale d'énergie et d'eau. Le glycérol provenant des stocks de triglycérides fournit des substrats glucidiques comme le glucose, le pyruvate et le lactate. Le glycérol est transaminé en alanine. Bien qu'elles soient oxydées, l'alanine, la leucine et la thréonlne, entre autres acides aminés, participent rapidement à la synthèse de protéines plasmatiques. Le taux de renouvellement des pro- téines plasmatiques est augmenté, la synthèse étant un peu plus élevée que la dégra- dation. Il y a une augmentation nette de la concentration plasmatique en protéines. La formation d'urée est ralentie. L'urée est utilisée comme source d'azote pour la synth`se des protéines plasmatiques. En dehors de sa contribution aux voies de la synth`se protéique, l'azote de l'urée entre dans d'autres voies de synth`se telles que la formation de neurotransmetteurs et d'acides aminés essentiels, la phénylalanine, la thréonine et peut-être la leucine. A mesure que l'hibernation se déroule, l'effet net du recyclage de l'urée est l'incorporation de l'azote de l'urée qui était présent dans l'orga- nisme au moment de l'entrée de l'ours dans son terrier, dans les protéines plasmatiques, les neurotransmetteurs et les acides aminés essentiels ou non, avec pour résultat une décroissance de la concentration en uréée. L'urémie et la déshydratation sont ainsi évitées.

Neofitov Iu.A. 1999. O potchvopreobrazouiuchtcheï poli sourkov v Kazakhstane. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 68-69.
Marmota, Kazakhstan.

Neranov I.M., Usachev G.P. & Yakovlev E.P. 1963. [Ecologie de la marmotte rouge du Pamir oriental. On ecology of red marmot in East Pamir]. Mater. nauch. konf. po prirodn. ochagovosti i prophilak chumy, Alma-Ata: 163.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, écologie, ecology, Pamir.

Nesterova N.L. 1988. Reaktsiya stepnykh sourkov na translayatsiiu magnitofonnykh zapiseï zvoukovykh signalov [Réactions des marmottes des steppes à l'émission d'un signal animal par magnétophone. Reactions of steppes marmots to tape-recorded animal signal]. Pronl. Sobremen. biol., TR, 19 nautchn. konf. nolod. outchenykh biol. Fak. mgu, M., 25-29 apr. 1988, u.1, MGU, 76-80.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac.

Nesterova N.L. 1993. Situationie izmeneziya spektral'noï strukturi predupreïdakzhego ob opasmosti signala stepnixh surkov [Variabilité contextuelle de la structure spectrale du signal d'alarme de marmotte. Contextual variety of spectral structure in marmot's alarm call]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 48-49.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, son, sound, communication.

In marmot species the contextual variety of alarm call is mainly based on changing intersounds intervals : intervals become shorter upon extreming danger (Nikolskii, 1984). However, contextual informaition can be transmitted simultaneously by changing the other signal parameters, ex. spectral structure of particular sounds, as it was shown in californian ground squirrels (Owings et. al., 1986). Field observations of Marmota bobac alert behaviour revealed, that in sudden danger marmots emitted a few calls composed of the pure tones, rithmically disorganized and sounded like whistles ; but the following sounds became "repetitions" and rithmical, and and more identical. "Nonrepetitions" and some modified first sounds are typical for the begining of alert reaction. It seems that particular warning of danger is communicated with the use of the single nonrepetitious sound, which evoke immediate recipient reaction (usually, running to the shelter). The following sounds, more similar and monotonous, form the continuous series and probably serve to maintain neighbour vigilance. Field observations showed, that the first sounds evoked a very violent alert, but then recipients returned to their previous activities even when the vocalizer continued its alarm call, monitoring statical disturber. Sometimes the marmot continue calling for nearly an hour without any responses of surrounders. But any new motion of the disturbing object evoke nonrepetitious sound (or sounds) again, as in the first moments of alert. This sound makes immediate panic. I have made type recording of the first sounds of Marmota bobac alarm call in different sudden danger situations (running towards marmot man, roe deer, dog, fox ; hares and cattle were mobbed only by this-year young). The tape recordings were analized on a sonograph, and it was shown, that first sounds were higher in frequency, longer in duration and had no low frequency component, if compare with following serial sounds. Revealed spectral differs are repeated steadily in the calls both of adults and juvenils. In play-back experiments marmots responsed differenty to non repetitious and serial sound, played one by one in couple invaried turn. I have not found any specifity of calls, evoked by sudden different cause (man, roe, fox, hare). Variety in rythmical struture fully depended on the speed of approaching and the size of the intruder. Sonogrammes : ai-the 20th, a2-the ist sounds in adult's alarm call. See the sonogrammes in Russian (p.21).

Nestorova N.L. 1994. Age-depended alarm behaviour and response to alarm call in bobac marmots (Marmota bobac Mull.) [Comportement d’alarme dépendant de l’âge et réponse au cri d’alarme chez les marmottes bobac]. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 92-93.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, son.

Play-back experiments were carried out in 1986-1988 in "Strel'tzovskaya steppe" Reserve (Ukraina). Tape-recordings of adult-variation of alarm call and juvenile one were broadcasted in natural population. Bobac marmots' alarm signal represents the sequence of sounds with intersound intervals up to severals, and every sound consists of the low and high-frequency components. The latter has higher dominant frequency and longer duration in juveniles signal. We made two model variants of signal, consisting of 3 times repeated sound of adult and juvenile marmots, respectively. Marmots' responses were assessed by 5 chosen types of postures. Playback experiments have shown significant differences in responses of adult animals and juveniles: the latter alerted strongly, with shorter latent period, but they quicker resumed normal activity. And all marmots responded twice often to adult-variant. Moreover, alerting to juvenile-variant was significantly shorter. The results have shown that marmots can distinct signal age-variants. Juvenile marmots, having higher acoustic activity and reactivity on the whole, use to call to nondangerous objects; thus, it seems the benefit for marmots to pay less attention to juveniles' alarm calls.

Nesterova. N.L. 1996. Comportement d'alarme et réponse au cri d’alarme en fonction de l'âge chez les marmottes bobacs (Marmota bobac Müll.). Age-dependant alarm behaviour and response to alarm call in bobac marmots (Marmota bobac Müll.). In Biodiversité chez les marmottes /Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 181-186.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, éthologie, ethology, communication, son, sound, âge, age.

Les réactions de M. bobac au danger et au signal d'alerte sont étudiées en fonction de l'âge. Les jeunes (3 mois) très réactifs émettent le signal d'alerte ` la vue de presque tout objet mobile. Plus intensément sur leurs gardes que les adultes, ils reprennent plus vite leur activité interrompue. Leur signal se distingue de celui des adultes par sa fréquence dominante et maximale et par la durée plus longue de sa composante à haute fréquence. Les marmottes des 2 groupes d'âge distinguent les signaux d'un adulte de ceux d'un jeune, ignorent plus souvent les derniers et restent plus longtemps sur leurs gardes en réponse aux premiers. Le signal de danger, émis par un jeune, étant souvent peu fiable, la réaction plus faible à ce signal paraît biologiquement plus utile, permettant aux marmottes de consacrer plus de temps aux activités positives, surtout l'alimentation.
Age-dependant features M. bobac response to a danger and to the species alarm call were investigated. Cubs (3 months old) differ by higher reactivity, giving an alarm call to almost every approaching object. They are signi-ficantly intensely alerted in response to alarm call, but quicker resume interrupted activity than elder marmots. Their call differs from adults' one by higher dominant and maximum frequencies and longer duration of the high-frequency component. Animals of both age groups, discriminate adult and juvenile signals, more often ignoring the latter and staying longer alerted in response to the former. Inasmuch as alarm signal given by a juvenile may often transmit unreliable information, less active response to these calls seems to be biologically beneficial, permitting marmots to spare more time to the other positive forms of activity, such as foraging.

Nesterova N.L. & Nikolski A.A. 1991. Marmots reaction to various cries of alarm as connected with their age and location in the home range as well as the presence of neighbours [Réactions des marmottes à différents cris d'alarme en connection avec leur âge et leur position dans leur domaine vital ainsi qu'à la présence de voisins. Marmots reaction to various cries of alarm as connected with their age and location in the home range as well as the presence of neighbours]. Proc. USSR Theriol. Soc., Population structure of the marmot, Bibikov D.I., A.A. Nikolski, V.Yu. Rumiantsev & T.A. Seredneva eds., 32-44.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, son, sound, communication.

Netter H.J., Gerin J.L., Tennant B.C., Taylor J.M. 1994. Apparent helper-independent infection of woodchucks by hepatitis delta virus and subsequent rescue with woodchuck hepatitis virus. J. Virol., 68(9): 5344-5350.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a subviral agent of humans which is dependent upon hepatitis B virus as a helper for transmission. HDV can be experimentally transmitted to woodchucks by using woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) as the helper. We used this model system to study two types of HDV infections: those of animals already chronically infected with WHV and those of animals without any evidence of prior exposure to WHV. At 5 to 10 days after infection with HDV, liver biopsies of these two groups of animals indicated that around 1% of the hepatocytes were infected (HDV antigen positive). Moreover, similar amounts of replicative forms of HDV RNA were detected. In contrast, by 20 days postinfection, the two groups of animals were quite different in the extent of the HDV infection. The animals chronically infected with WHV showed spread of the infection within the liver and the release of high titers of HDV into the serum. In contrast, the animals not previously exposed to WHV showed a progressive reduction in liver involvement, and at no time up to 165 days postinfection could we detect HDV particles in the serum. However, if these animals were inoculated with a relatively high titer of WHV at either 7 or even 33 days after the HDV infection, HDV viremia was observed. Our data support the interpretation that in these animals, hepatocytes were initially infected in the absence of helper virus, HDV genome replication took place, and ultimately these replicating genomes were rescued by the secondary WHV infection. The observation that HDV can survive in the liver for at least 33 days in the absence of coinfecting helper virus may be relevant to the reemergence of HDV infection following liver transplantation.

Netter H.J., Wu T.T., Bockol M., Cywinski A., Ryu W.S., Tennant B.C. & Taylor J.M. 1995. Nucleotide sequence stability of the genome of hepatitis delta virus. J. Virol., 69(3): 1687-92.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Cultured cells were cotransfected with a fully sequenced 1,679-base cDNA clone of human hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA genome and a cDNA for the genome of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). The HDV particles released were able to infect a woodchuck that was chronically infected with WHV. The HDV so produced was passaged a total of six times in woodchucks in order to determine the stability of the HDV nucleotide sequence. During a final chronic infection with such virus, liver RNA was extracted, and the HDV nucleotide sequence for the 352-base region, positions 905 to 1256, was obtained. By means of PCR, we obtained double-stranded cDNA both for direct sequencing and also for molecular cloning followed by sequencing. By direct sequencing, we found that a consensus sequence existed and was identical to the original sequence. From the sequences of 31 clones, we found 32% (10 of 31) to be identical to the original single nucleotide sequence. For the remainder, there were neither insertions nor deletions but there was a small number of single-nucleotide changes. These changes were predominantly transitions rather than transversions. Furthermore, the transitions were largely of just two types, uridine to cytidine and adenosine to guanosine. Of the 40 changes detected on HDV, 35% (14 of 40) occurred within an eight-nucleotide region that included position 1012, previously shown to be a site of RNA editing. These findings may have significant implications regarding both the stability of the HDV RNA genome and the mechanism of RNA editing.

Nettles V.F.Jr. 1979. Pathogenicity of nematode infections in game and furbearing mammals of the southeastern United States [Pathogénicité des infections de nématodes sur le gibier et les mammifères à fourrure du sud-est des Etats-Unis]. Dissertation Abstr. Intern., 39B(7): 3184.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, endoparasites, parasitologie, parasitology, EUA, USA, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Neuenhaus H. 1911. Die Aufschlüsse in den Mosbacher Diluvialsanden der Umgebung von Biebrich-Wiesbaden und ihre Konchylienfauna. Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturkde. Wiesbaden, 64: 102-117.
En allemand, in German.
Paléontologie, paleontology.

Neuhaus Peter & Mainini Bruno 1998. Reactions and adjustment of adult and young alpine marmots Marmota marmota to intense hiking activities [Réactions et ajustement des marmottes alpines jeunes et adultes à des activités de randonnée intnses]. Wildlife Biology, 4 (2): 119-123.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, chasse, hunting.

In the region of First near Grindelwald in the Swiss Alps, experiments were carried out on the reaction of alpine marmots Marmota marmota when confronted with hikers. Marmots in highly frequented areas showed less reaction to hiking activities than marmots in remote areas. In adult marmots, there was no change in reaction during the season. In young animals the reaction shortly after leaving the burrows in early July, was slight and similar in highly frequented and remote areas. In late summer, the intensity of the reaction of young animals increased significantly in animals in both study groups but to a much larger extent in the remote areas. We conclude that the perception of danger has to be learned or is built up during growth and development. At the same time, young animals in highly frequented areas may adjust to the presence of hikers.

Neuhaus P., Mainini B. & Ingold P., 1989. Concerning the influence of hikers on the behaviour of the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota L.) [Sur l'influence des randonneurs sur le comportement de la marmotte alpine (M. marmota)]. In C. Dendaletche: Biocenoses d'altitude. Montagne d'Europe, Acta Biologica Montana, 9: 107-113.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, économie, economy, dérangement, disturbance.

Neuhaus P., Mainini B. & Ingold P. 1990. Der Einfluss des Wanderbetriebes auf die Murmeltiere im Gebiert First -Schwarzhorn (Grindelwald) [Sur l'influence des randonneurs sur les marmottes de la chaîne du First-Schwarzhorn. Concerning the influence of hikers in First-Schwarzhorn range]. Bericht zuhanden des BUWAL, 76 pp.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Suise, Switzerland, Berne, dérangement, disturbance.

Neuhaus P., Mainini B. and Ingold P. 1992. Impatto umano sul comportamento della marmotta alpina. Human impact on marmot behaviour [Impact humain sur le comportement de la marmotte]. Proc. 1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. Marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 165-169.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, économie, dérangement, disturbance

In the University of Berne we studied the influence of tourism on the behaviour of alpin mamrota in the region Grindelwald/First in the Swiss Alps. The daily activities of animals in the vicinity of highly frequented hiking paths were compared with those animals in remoter areas. The marmots in disturbed surroundings spend more time in the burrrows and less time foraging than animals in remote areas. In highly frequented areas the flight distance of the marmots was greater and they disapeared more frequently in their burrows when they were confronted with hikers off the paths than with hikers on the paths. The utilisation of habitat as well as experiments to establish flight distances and the time until marmots reappear after fleeing, show, that adaptation is only possible up to a certain degree. Influence on fitness parameters like mortality and natality will be discussed.

Neurath A.R. & Strick N. 1981. Enzyme-linked fluorescence immunoassays using beta-galactosidase and antibodies covalently bound to polystyrene plates. J. Virol. Methods, 3(3): 155-165.
En anglais, in English.
Escherichia coli, immunologie, immunology.

A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay using a fluorogenic substrate (4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside) was developed. Antibodies were covalently linked to glutaraldehyde-activated 96-well aminopolystyrene plates. Antigens from test samples were adsorbed to the solid phase and detected using antibodies conjugated with E. coli beta-galactosidase. Glutaraldehyde, N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate or N-succinimidyl-6-(4-azido-2-nitrophenylamino)-hexanoate were used as linkers between antibodies and the enzyme. The measurement of fluorescence can be automated for rapid screening of many specimens. The sensitivity limit of the test for HBsAg is about 5-10 pg.

Neushtadt M.I., Zimina R.P. et al. 1966.[Zoogenic forms of relief. Formes de reliefs d'orignine animale]. Map Modern deposit formation on the territory of the USSR and adjoining seas, Atlas.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota , terriers, burrows, biogéographie, biogeography, Atlas, Russie, Russia.

New Mexico Dept. of Game and Fish, Endangered Species Program 1990. Checklist of the native mammals of New Mexico [Liste des mammifères natifs du Nouveau Mexique]. September 12, 1990. Santa Fe, New Mexico.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, New Mexico, EUA, USA.
Two subspecies of yellow-bellied marmot have been reported in New Mexico: M.f. luteola (A.H. Howell), and M.f. obscura (A.H. Howell).

Newhouse Nancy J. & Kinley Trevor A. 2000. Ecology of American badgers near their range limit in Southeastern British Columbia. 1-23.
En anglais, in English.
Taxidea taxus, blaireau nord-américain, American badgers, Marmota caligata, marmotte givrée, hoary marmot , Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, Spermophilus townsendii, spermophile de Townsend, Townsend’s ground squirrel, terrier, burrow.
American badgers (Taxidea taxus) are red-listed in British Columbia. We radiotagged 15 animals in southeastern British Columbia from 1996 to 1999. We summarize badger home range size, reproductive success, habitat use and diet. Annual home ranges were 5 to 270 times larger than reported from studies in the USA. For females, they averaged 38 km2 (95% fixed kernel method; FK), 53 km2 (95% adaptive kernel method; ADK) or 65 km2 (100% minimum convex polygon method; MCP), while for males they averaged 69 km2 (95% FK), 114 km2 (95% ADK) or 541 km2 (100% MCP). Based on the most realistic estimator (FK), annual male home ranges did not differ from those of females (t = 0.27, P = 0.228) and did not decrease when calculated without the breeding season. Males did appear to more commonly make forays beyond the core of their home ranges. Large home ranges in this study area may relate to low productivity or other factors associated with the range-limit location, but variability between individuals did not appear to reflect an attempt to achieve a threshold area of suitable habitat within home ranges. Low trap success, large home ranges, predominantly adult captures and low natality suggest a small population, particularly in the northern part of our study area. Survivorship among tagged juveniles and adults matched that recorded in other studies, but few litters were recorded, so low natality or high mortality among very young kits may have been responsible for the low population. Burrows were more commonly re-used than recently excavated (binomial test, P < 0.001). most (79%) had columbian ground squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus) burrows within 50 m, which exceeded their relative availability by 16 times (binomial test, P < 0.001). all available biogeoclimatic zones were used, including the ponderosa pine, interior douglas-fir, montane spruce, engelmann spruce-subalpine fir and alpine tundra, but 71% of radiolocations were in the interior douglas-fir zone, which exceeded that zone’s relative occurrence by about 5 times. diet analysis revealed that both males and females consumed ground squirrels, voles, beetles, sparrows, loons, and fish. we suggest that grazing may enhance ground squirrel populations. a successful conservation plan will require education, cooperation with landowners, protection or enhancement of key habitat elements, and potentially translocation of badgers into depleted areas. it will also require research into causes of low recruitment, and relationships between forest and range management and ground squirrel abundance.

Newhouse Sewell 1867. The trapper's guide, a manual of instructions: for capturing all kinds of fur-bearing animals and curing their skins : with observations on the fur-trade, hints on life in the woods and narratives of trapping and hunting excursions excursions [Guide des trappeurs, manuel d’instructions : pour capturer toute sorte d’animaux à fourrure, vues usr la vie en forêt et desciptions d’excursions de piegeage et de chasse]. Wallingford, Conn. : Oneida Community.
En anglais, in English.
Piègeage, Trapping, commerce de la fourrure, Fur trade, blaireau, badger, woodchuck.

Newmark W.D. 1995. Extinction of mammal populations in Western North American National Parks [Extinction de populations de mammifères dans les Parc nationaux américains du Nord-Ouest]. Conservation Biology, 9(3): 512-526.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, extinction.

Nicholson Henry Allen & Richard Lydekker 1889. A manual of palaeontology for the use of students, with a general introduction on the principles of palaeontology. [Manuel de paléontologie à l'usage des étudiants, avec une introduction générale sur les principes de la paléontologie]. Third edition. Vol. ii, pp. i-xi.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys, pédagogie.

Nicholson W.L., Kuhar D.J., Humphreys J.G. & Childs J.E. 2003. Serologic evidence for a novel Ehrlichia species in woodchucks (Marmota monax) from Pennsylvania, USA [Preuve sérologique d’une nouvelle espèce d’Ehrlichia chez les marmottes communes d’Amérique (Marmota monax) de Pennsylvanie, EUA]. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 990: 90-93.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Pennsylvania, EUA, USA.

Nicot Jean 1621. Thrésor de la langue française tant ancienne que moderne.
Dictionnaire, dictionnary, langue française, French languague, Nicot Jean (1530?-1600?).

Niethammer J. 1963. Marmota marmota L. - Murmelthier - Die Einbürgerung von Säugetieren und Volgen in Europa. Hamburg Berlin, 72-75.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Europe.

Niethammer J. & Krapp F. 1978. Handbuch der Saugetiere Europas, Bd 1 Nagetiere I [Guide des mammifères d'Europe. 1. Les rongeurs I. Handbook of European mammals. 1. Rodents I]. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Wiesbaden, pp. 476.
En allemand, in German.
Mammifères, mammals, Rodentia, Europe.

Niethammer J. & Krapp F. 1982. Handbuch Saugetiere Europas, Bd 1 Nagetiere II [Guide des mammifères d'Europe. 1. Les rongeurs II. Handbook of European mammals. 1. Rodents II]. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, WIesbaden, pp. 649.
En allemand, in German.
Mammifères, mammals, Rodentia, Europe.

Nikiforov YU.V., Kryukov I.L. & Tchulkoe A.I. 1969. Obnaroujenie vozboudtelya tchoumy v doline p. Arzaïty (Touvinskaya ASSR) [Découverte des microbes de la peste dans la vallée d'Arzaïty (Touva). Discovery of plague microbes in the Arzaity Valley (Tuva)]. Dokl. Irkout. protivotchoumn. in-ta, 8.
Bactéries, bacterium, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Touva.

Nikiforova K.V., Ivanova I.K. & Konstantinova N.A. 1979. Tiraspol as a type locality for the Pleistocene of eastern Europe [Tiraspol, localité type du Pléistocène de l'Europe orientale]. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, paleoecology, 8(2-3): 175-186.
Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Europe.

Nikitina E.V. 1941. Nekotorye zakonomernosti otrastaniya mnogoletnykh travyanistykh rasteniï senokosov i pastbichtch Kirgizskoï SSR [Quelques preuves de la croissance de quelques plantes pluriannuelles des prairies et patures de la République soviétique socialiste de Kirghizie. Some evidences of growth of some mulitannual plants of meadows and pastures of the Kirgizia SSR]. Frounze.
Végétation. Kirghizie.

Nikitina N.A. 1972. [Sur la taille des domaines vitaux des rongeurs de la faune d'URSS. On the size of rodent home ranges in the USSR fauna]. Zool. J., 51: 119-126.
Rodentia, territoire, Territory, URSS, USSR.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 1969. Fonotipy nazemnykh belitch'ikh (Marmotinae) Palearktiki [Phonotypes des écureuils terrestres du paléarctique. Phonotypes of palearctic ground-dwelling squirrels]. V kn. Mlekopitayuchtchie (evolyutsiya, kariologiya, sistematika, faounistika). Materialy ko II Vsesoyuz. sovechtchaniyu po mlekopitayuchtchim 23-27 dekabrya 1969 g., Novosibirsk, 32- 35.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Sciuridae, Paléarctique

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 1970. Ob akoustitcheskom povedenii dnevnykh gryzounov otkrytykh prostranstv [Sur le comportement acoustique des rongeurs diurnes dans les milieux ouverts. Acoustic behaviour of diurnal rodents in open environments]. Vestnik MGOu, 5 : 16-19.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, communication, son, sound.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 1974. Geografitcheskzaya izmentchivost' ritmitcheskoï organizatsii zvukogo sigala surkov gruppy bobac (Rodentia, Sciuridae) [Variabilité géographique des vocalisations dans les groupes de M. bobac. Geographical variability of sound calls and rhythmic organization in marmots of the bobac group]. Zool. zh., 53 (3) : 436-444.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, géographie, geography, communication, son, sound.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 1975. Printsipy zvoukovoï signalizatsii dnevnykh gryzounov otkrytykh prostranstv [Principes des signaux acoustiques des rongeurs diurnes des milieux ouverts. Principles of the acoustic signals in diurnal rodents in open environments]. Tr. II Vsesoyuzn. sovechtchaniya po mlekopitayuchtchim, Tez. dokl. Vsesoyuzn. sovechtchaniya, M., 202-204.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, communication, son, sound.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 1976. Zvoukovoï preduprezhdaiushii ob opasnosti signal sourkov (Marmota) kak vidovoï priznak [Le cri d'alarme de la marmotte en tant que critère d'espèce. Alarm call of the marmot as species criterion]. Zool. j., 55 (8) : 1214-1224.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, communication, son, sound.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 1984. Zvoukovye signaly mlekopitaiushikh v evoliutsionnom protsesse [Les signaux sonores des mammifères dans le processus évolutif. The sounds signals of mammals in the evolutionary process]. M. : Nauka, pp. 119.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, communication sonore, acoustical communication.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 1991. The alarm call of marmots [Le cri d'alarme des marmottes]. Résumé Abstracts 1st International Symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota ) and on Genus Marmota, 15.
Marmota, communication, son, sound.

The data have been collected in field conditions for the period of 25 years. It is proposed to consider the following problems: 1. Species specificity of signals; 2. Signal geographic variability; 3. Signal variability in sympatric zones; 4. Age variation of signals; 5. Situation variation; 6. The marmot reaction to translation of con and heterospecific signals, to age and situation variation and to immitation of noise signals. There will be demonstrated tape of signals of 11 marmot species.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 1994a. Geographical variability of the alarm call rhythmical structure in Marmota baibacina [Variabilité géographique de la structure rythmique du cri d'alarme chez M. baibacina]. In Actual problems of Marmot investigation, Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., Moscow, ABF Publ. House: 111-126.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, communication, son, sound, géographie, geography.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 1994b. Spécificité spécifique et parallélismes interspécifiques du cri d'alarme chez les marmottes eurasiennes]. Species specificity and interspecies parallelisms of alarm call in Eurasian Marmots. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 94-95.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, Eurasie, eurasia, alarme, alarm, son, sound.

The alarm call of Eurasian Marmots was tape-recorded in field condition. The dynamic spectrum (sonograms) is species specific whereas the rhythmic organization is not. The rhythmic organization corresponding to the landscape relief manifests the interspecies parallelisms and intraspecies divergence. The increase of the vertical division of the relief is accompanied by reduction of the periods of pulse recurrence. The analysis of dynamic spectra suggests that M. caudata and M. menzbieri were isolated earlier than other species. The alarm call dynamic spectrum in M. camtschatica has intermediate features between those of Eurasian and American species. The interspecific variability of the structure of alarm call in M. sibirica, M. baibacina and M. bobac bears the character of stepped cline. The signal these three species ("group bobac") has similar low-frequency component. M. marmota signal is more similar by its structure to the signal of american species.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 1996. Spécificité et parallélismes interspécifiques du cri d'alarme des marmottes eurasiennes. Species specificity and interspecies parallelisms of alarm call in Eurasian marmots. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes /Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 187-192.
En français et anglais, in French and English.
Marmota, Eurasie, Eurasia, communication, son, sound.

Le cri d'alarme des marmottes eurasiennes a été enregistré sur le terrain. La dynamique spectrale (sonagramme) est spécifique alors que l'organisation rythmique ne l'est pas. Cette dernière, correspondant au relief, présente des parallélismes interspécifiques et une divergence intraspécifique. L'augmentation de la division verticale du relief s'accompagne d'une réduction des périodes des répétitions d'impulsions. L'analyse spectrale suggère que M. caudata et M. menzbieri ont été isolées précocement des autres espèces. La dynamique spectrale du cri d'alarme de M. camtschatica a des caractéristiques intermédiaires entre celles des espèces eurasiennes et américaines. La variabilité interspécifique de la structure du cri d'alarme chez M. sibirica, M. baibacina et M. bobac présente les caractéristiques d'un cline graduel. Les signaux de ces trois espèces (groupe "bobac") ont une composante de basse fréquence similaire. La structure du signal de M. marmota ressemble plus à celle du signal des marmottes américaines.
The alarm call of Eurasian Marmots was tape-recorded in field condition. The dynamic spectrum (sonogram) is species specific whereas the rhythmic organization is not. The rhythmic organization corresponding to the landscape relief manifests the interspecies parallelisms and intraspecies divergence. The increase of the vertical division of the relief is accompanied by reduction of the periods of pulse recurrence. The analysis of dynamic spectra suggests that M. caudata and M. menzbieri were isolated earlier than other species. The alarm call dynamic spectrum in M. camtschatica has intermediate features between those of Eurasian and American species. The interspecific variability of the structure of alarm call in M. sibirica, M. baibacina and M. bobac bears the character of stepped cline. The signal of these three species ("group bobac") has similar low-frequency component. M. marmota signal is more similar by its structure to the signal of american species.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 1996. Rasstoyanie i vremya - faktory, vliyayichtchie na ritmitcheskouyu prganizatsiyu predouprejdayuchtchego ob opasnosti signala stepnogo sourka [Distance et durée affectant le canevas rythmique du cri d'alarme de la marmotte des steppes. Distance and time as factors effecting rhythmical pattern of the steppe marmot alarm call]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 61.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, communication, alarme, alarm, son, sound.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 1997a. Mesto Oukrainskogo baïbaka v ryadou geografitcheskoï izmentchivosti stepnogo sourka. In Vozrojdenie stepnogo sourka, Tokarsky V.A. & Roumiantsev V.Iu., Izdatel'stvo ABF, Moskva, 26-27.
En russe, in Russian.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 1997b.Географическая изменчивостб спектральной структуры звукого предупрежающего об опасности сигнала степного сурка (Marmota bobac). Geographical variability of the spectral structure of steppe marmot's (Marmota bobac) alarm call [Variabilité géographique de la structure spectrale du cri d'alarme de la marmotte bobac, Marmota bobac]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 69 (Rousskie, Russian), 171 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et anglais, in Russian and English.
Marmota bobac, communication, son, sound, géographie, geography.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 1999. Bobac ili Bobak [Bobac ou Bobak ? Bobac or Bobak?]. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 68-69.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 2000.Influence of spatial and temporal factors on vocal activity of the steppe marmot, Marmota bobak [Influence des facteurs spatio-temporels sur l'activité vocale de la marmotte des steppes Marmota bobak]. Zoologitcheskii Journal, 79(3) : 338-347.
The vocal activity (number of call per minute) of Marmota bobak, provoking a sound response of animals to humans, was recorded in field conditions (Kharkov oblast, Ukraine). In order to estimate the influence of spatial and temporal factors on vocal activity of the steppe marmot, a distance from a stimulus, the current time measured in minutes, and the time of adaptation, in days were taken into account When the distance from the stimulus increases, the vocal activity is lowered. For the first minutes it increases drastically, reaches maximum at the 4th min, and then is reduced; in several days, marmots become adapted to the stimulus. The vocal activity of marmots is suggested to be their integral response to the complex of several factors acting simultaneously. A similar vocal activity of animals is possible within a wide range of combinations of various parameters which characterize the stimulus. A graph of isolines (lines of equal vocal activity values in the coordinates "distance from stimulus-current time" is given. The function of alarm call in marmots is-suggested not to give information about specific characteristics of the stimulus, but to create and keep the particular level of the alertness corresponding to the situation.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 2002a. [Relative effects of soil and surface air on mammal burrow temperature: a study of the bobac burrow as an example. Effets relatifs du sol et de l'air ambiant sur la température de terriers de mammifères : exemple du terrier de bobac]. Dokl. Biol. Sci., 382:25-27.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, marmotte bobac, température, terrier.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 2002b. Influence of temperatures of ground and ground surface atmosphere to the temperature in marmot burrow. Influence de la température ambiante et du sol sur la température du terrier de marmotte. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 90-91.
Anglais et français ; English and French.
Marmota bobak, ground temperature, température du sol, ambient temperature, température ambiante, burrow temperature, température du terrier.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 2002c. Influence of ground temperature and near the ground air on burrow temperature of steppe marmot. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 40.
En russe, in Russian.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 2002d. The geographical populations of the steppe marmot, Marmota bobak (A bioacoustical analysis). Географические популяции степного сцрка, ( Marmota bobac биоакустическтй аналтз). [Geografitcheskie populyatsii stepnogo sourka, Marmota bobak (Bioakoustitcheskiï analiz). Les populations géographiques de marmottes des steppes, Marmota bobak : analyse bioacoustique]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF, Moscow, 290-298.
En anglais et en russe, résumé en français ; in English and in Russian, French abstract.
Marmota bobac, communication, son, sound, géographie, geography.
L’analyse de la variabilité géographique des cris d’alarme de Marmota bobac supporte l’hypothèse de V.Yu. Rumiantsev (1997, 1997a) selon laquelle les vallées des grandes rivières, à l’exception de l’Oural, coupant méridionallement l’aire de distribution de l’espèce ont un effet d’isolement. Les résultats permettent de penser qu’existe au sein de l’aire de répartition de l’espèce bobac, quatre populations géographiques, isolées depuis longtemps par les systèmes fluviaux du Don, de la Volga et du Turgai. Le dernier, selon Rumiantsev (1997, 1997a), n’est pas un obstacle mécanique, il peut être facilement surmonté physiquement, mais plutôt « biotique », du fait de la rareté des facteurs écologiques favorables à la vie des marmottes. Les populations géographiques ne coïncident que partiellement avec les sous-espèces conventionnelles de la marmotte des steppes.
pdf disponible/available

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 2002e. Topographic relief as a factor in the geogaphical variation of the rhythmical structure of alarm calls of the steppe marmot Marmota bobac. Рельеф как фактор географичческой изменчивости ритмической структуры звукого предупреждающего ов опасности сигнала степного сурка Marmota bobac.[Rel'ef kak faktor geografitcheskoï izmentchivosti ritmitcheskoï strouktoury zvoukovogo predouprejdaïouchtchego ov opasnosti signala stepnogo sourka, Marmota bobac. Le relief, facteur de la vaiabilité géographique de la stucture ryhtmique du cri d'alarme de Marmota bobac.] In Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF, Moscow, 299-307.
En anglais et en russe, résumé en français ; in English and in Russian, French abstract.
Marmota bobac, communication, son, sound, géographie, geography.
L’influence de la fragmentation verticale du relief sur la structure des cris d’alarme des marmottes bobac a été confirmée pour celles occupant des milieux à faible fragmentation verticale du relief. Ces résultats ne contredisent pas l’hypothèse selon laquelle la réactivité des marmottes est contrôlée par la perspective du paysage (le morcellement vertical du relief est en corrélation avec la distance de la perspective). Cette influence devient importante quand la fragmentation verticale atteint 50-60 cm Ce dernier point peut être critique pour le processus de développement des pentes (érosion liée à la gravitation et aux eaux), causé par le morcellement du paysage.
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Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 2003a. Influence of temperatures of ground and ground surface atmosphere to the temperature in marmot burrow. Influence de la température ambiante et du sol sur la température du terrier de marmotte. Влияние температуры окружающей среды и почвы на температуру норы сурка. In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds International Marmot Network, Lyon, 189-194.
Anglais, français et résumé russe; English, French and Russian abstract.
PDF disponible/available
Marmota bobac, ground temperature, température du sol, ambient temperature, température ambiante, burrow temperature, température du terrier.
La température de terriers de marmottes (M. bobac Müll.), dans les conditions naturelles en Ukraine, a été suivie pour tester l’effet su sol et des conditions atmosphériques sur la température au sein du terrier. 1. Dans les terriers, la convection est réduite et le régime thermique de l’air est quasi stable. 2. Le microclimat des terriers est relativement stable car la température des abris souterrains est influencée essentiellement par le patron du sol. 3. La convection augmente lorsque la température de l’air en surface est inférieure d’au moins 5° C à celle de l’air dans le terrier. 4. La convection dans les terriers est asymétrique avec la température de l’air en surface. Même lorsque le climat est très chaud, les terriers ne sont pas surchauffés, alors qu’une baisse importante de la température ambiante externe entraîne un refroidissement rapide du terrier. 5. Les marmottes bouchent l’entrée des terriers avant le début de convection intense, prévenant ainsi le refroidissement des abris souterrains avant l’hibernation.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) 2003b. Polynomial models of acoustic signals of animals. [Modèles polynomiaux des signaux accoustiques des animaux]. Doklady Biological Sciences, 388 : 65-67.
En anglais, in English.
Citellus erythrogenys , spermophile joue rouge, red-cheeked souslik, cri d’alarme, alarm call, modÀle, model, signal acoustique, acoustic signal.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.), Belovezhets K.I., Ронкин в.и. (Ronkin V.I.) & Khutorskoi M.D. 2005. A mathematical model of the temperature conditions of mammalian burrows as exemplified by the burrow of the marmot Marmota bobak Mull., 1776 [Modèle mathématique des conditions de température des terriers de mammifères, exemple du terrier de Marmota bobak]. Doklady biological sciences : proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological sciences sections (Dokl Biol Sci.), 403: 301-302.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota bobak, marmotte des steppes, steppe marmot, terrier, burrow, température, temperature.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Blumstein (Bliumchtaïn) D. 1999. Geografitcheskaya izmentchivost' zvoukovogo signala krasnogo sourka, Marmota caudata: bioakoustitcheskiï analiz podtverjdaet podvidovoï statous vostotchnopamirsko-karakoroumskoï popoulyatsii. Geographic variation in Marmota caudata alarm calls: bioacoustical analysis supports the subspecific status of east Pamir and karakoram populations [Variations géographiques des cris d'alarme de Marmota caudata : l'analyse bioacoustique confirme le statut de sous espèce des populations du Pamir et du Karakoroum]. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 71-73.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, acoustique, acoustic, géographie, geography.
Limited knowledge of geographical variation in Marmota caudata makes it difficult to properly define subspecies ranges (Gromov et al. 1965). Some authors (Gromov et al. 1965, Yakovlev & Derlyatko 1967, Davidov et al. 1978) mentioned that marmots inhabiting eastern Pamir might be a unique population based, in part, on unique alarm call characteristics. Nikol'skii and Orlenev (1980) confirmed that Eastern Pamir marmot produced unique calls but the distribution of this subspecies is unknown.
Marmota caudata alarm calls consist of a species of short, quickly repeated notes. The second and subsequent notes in populations inhabiting the Eastern Pamir are much shorter than marmots inhabiting the Tyan-Shan and Alay. It was assumed that signal variation was caused by glacial isolation and the Eastern Pamir is assumed to be an intraglacial area (Zabirov 1955, Trofinov 1962, Chediya 1962). The goal of this report is to enlarge our knowledge of the geographical variability of Marmota caudata. We compare the structure of marmot alarm calls inhabiting Northern Pakistan with those described by Nikol'skii and Orlenev (1980), having added some new material from Pamir, Alay and Gissaro-Darvas. Marmots were recorded in natural conditions. Once in Khunjerab National Park in the Karakoram mountains of northeastern Pakistan.
The average length of the second and subsequent calls varies between populations (Table 1). In populations 1, notes remain long, while in populations 2 and 3, notes get shorter throughout the multi-note alarm calls.
Thus, the length of the second and subsequent calls unites marmots inhabiting Northern Pakistan with the population of East Pamir, while differentiating it from the populations inhabiting the Tyan-Shan, the Gissaro-Darvas and the Alay. These acoustic characteristics are consistent with other traits that reinforce our assigning these populations subspecific status. The border between subspecies likely to be in located along revers the Bartang, the Murgab and the Aksu.

Table 1. Geographical variability of Marmota caudata alarm calls
RegionsnThe serial number and the duration of sounds (ms, x ±s.e;, P=95%)
1234
1. Tyan-Shan, Gissaro-Darvas, Alay (10 local populations)105141±2.7106±2.7119±2.7128±2.8
2. East Pamir (5 local populations)51131±2.461.8±3.539±3.834.5±2.8
Karakoram22135±4.764.9±5.253.4±6.040.3±7.3


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Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Formozov N.A. 2005. Alarm call of Himalayan marmot Marmota himalayana Hodgson (1841). Eboukovoï predourejdaiuchtchiï ob opasnosti signal gimalaïskogo sourka Marmota himalayana Hodgson (1841). [Cri d’alarme de la marmotte himalayenne Marmota himalayana Hodgson (1841)]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 90-91.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and i English.
Marmota himalayana, cri d’alarme, alarm call, Chine, China, Népal, Nepal, Inde, India.

Alarm call of Himalayan marmot was recorded in field conditions in Kun-Lun (China), Central (Nepal) and West (India) Himalayans. The alarm call is series of sounds. The interval between series is typically 5-20s. Each series consists of short rapidly emitted sounds. Usually series last less than 1 s, duration of each sound is less than 80 ms. Quite often additional sounds may appear between the main sounds. They are significantly shorter and have less amplitude than the main sounds. Inter sound period of the main sounds typicaliy 2-3 times longer than sound duration. The distinctive feature of alarm call of Himalayan marmot, if compare with other species of Marmota genus, is close position of the first and the second sounds in series as a result of fading phase of frequency modulation in the end of the first sound and beginning of the second one. Earlier this fact was shown by Blumstein (2003). As a result the interval between the first and the second sounds in series becomes much shorter. Value of the high-frequency component grows rapidly in the beginning of the sound in relatively wide range and has short fading part in the end of the sound. The first and the second sounds of series are exception. Similar to alarm calI of marmots from bobak group each sound of alarm call of Himalayan marmot starts with low-frequency component. Its expression varies in different animals. The study confirms species specificity and relationship of alarm calls of Himalayan marmot and bobak group marmot based on presence of low-frequency component. Wide spread in scientific literature species name of Himalayan marmot - M. bobak is mistaken. Spectral structure of Himalayan marmot alarm call leads to assumption that the call forms as a result of bi-phonation. In vocalization animals use two acoustic sources simultaneousIy. By one of the sources the low-frequency component is formed, by the other - the high-frequency component. It is possible that the low-frequency component of the call (additional sound), which follows the high-frequency one, marmots produce whiIe inhaling.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.), Formozov N.A., Vasiliev V.N. & Боескоров Г.Г. (Boeskorov G.G.) 1991. Geographicheskaya izmenchivost' zvukovogo signala chernoschapochnogo surka Marmota camtschatica (Rodentia, Sciuridae) [Variabilité géographique de la signalisation sonore de la marmotte à tête noire Marmota camtschatica. Geographical variation of the sound signal of black-capped marmot Marmota camtschatica (Rodentia, Sciuridae)]. Zool. Journal, 70(2): 155-159.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtchatica, son sound, éthologie, ethology, biogéographie, biogeography.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Golikova T.I. 1996. K voprosou o geografitcheskoï izmentchivosti stepnykh sourkov, Marmota bobac (bioakoustitcheskiï analyz) [Sur la question de la variabilité géographique chez la marmotte des steppes, M. bobac (Analyse bioacoustique). On the question of geographical variability in steppe marmot, Marmota bobac (Bioacoustical analysis)]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 62-63.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, communiction, alarme, alarm, son, sound.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.), Kotliakov V.M. & Blumstein D.T. 1999. [La glaciation, un facteur de variabilité géographique de marmotte rouge. Glaciation as a factor of the geographic variability of the red marmot]. Dokl. Akad. Nauk., 368(6): 849-52. En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, glaciation, variabilité, variability.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.), Kotlyakov, V.M. & Blumstein D.T. 1999. Glaciation as a factor of geographic variation in the long-tailed marmot (bioacoustical analysis) [La glaciation, un facteur de variabilité géographique de marmotte à longue queue]. Doklady Biological Sciences, 368:509-513 (first published in Russian in: Doklady Akademii Nauk., 368:849-852). En anglais, in English.
[En ligne, on line ou /or pdf disponible/available

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Khutorskoi M.D. 2001. [Caractéristiques thermiques des terriers des mammifères (exemple d'un terrier de marmotte de la steppe. Thermal characteristics of mammalian burrows in summer (using a burrow of the steppe marmot as an example)]. Dokl. Biol. Sci., 378: 240-243.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, marmotte des steppes, steppe marmot, température, temperature.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Nesterova N.L. [The response of marmots to the translation of conspecific heterospecific and nonspecific auditory signals]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Suzdal, Moscow, 72- 75.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, éthologie, ethology, communication, son, sound.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Nesterova N.L. 1988. Reaktsiya stepnykh sourkov (Marmota bobac) na kon-i geterospetsifitcheskie zvoukovye signaly [Réactions de M. bobac aux signaux acoustiques con et hétérospécifiques. Responses of Marmota bobac to con- and heterospecific acoustic signals]. Vestn. MGU, Ser. 16 (3) : 28-32.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, son, sound, alarme, alarm.

Alarm calls of three marmot species - Marmota bobac, M. baibacina and M. caudata - were played in field playback experiment to M. bobac. Alarm calls of M. bobac and M. baibacina are quite similar when those of M. caudata strongly differ from the two former. We observed five forms of alerness of adult animals and this year offspring in response to playback. Marmots of all age groups reliably identified signal of M. bobac and M. baibacina as conspecific. Elder marmots absolutely differed conspecific calls from alarm calls of M. caudata, reacting to the latter simply as to noise (loud sound). Offspring responded to calls of M. caudata almost as to conspecific calls but some weaker. This age group was generally notable for higher reactivity to playback alarm calls of all three marmot species.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Nesterova N.L. 1989. Reaktsiya stepnykh sourkov (Marmota baibacina) na kon-i geterospetsifitcheskie zvoukovye signaly [Réactions de M. baibacina aux signaux acoustiques con et hétérospécifiques. Responses of Marmota baibacina to con- and heterospecific acoustic signals]. Vest. Mosc. Univ., Ser. 16, Biology, 3: 50-55.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, son, sound, alarme, alarm.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Nesterova N.L. 1990. Osobennosti vospriyatiya krasnymi sourkami Marmota caudata (Sciuridae, Rodentia) zvoukovykh signalov [Perception de signaux acoustiques par Marmota caudata. Perception of acoustic signals by Marmota caudata (Sciuridae, Rodentia)]. Vest. MGU, Ser. 16 (1) : 53-59.
En russe, in russian.< br> Marmota caudata, son, sound, alarme, alarm Son.

Alarm calls of Marmota caudata and M. bobac and ryhthmically organised noises were played to M. caudata in field playback experiments. Each signal was 15 s duration and consisted of particular sounds with two variants of following period: 2.4 and 0.6 s. We observed five behavioural responses to playbacks of adult marmots and this year offspring. Offsrping showed much higher reactivity responding to all signals less differentially, than elder animals. The latter absolutely differed conspecific calls from heterospecific and noises. Fast variant of anyone signal evoked higher degree of marmot alertness.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) Nesterova N.L. 1991. [Réponse des marmottes à des traductions de signaux conspécifiques, hétéropécifiques ou non spécifiques. The responce of marmots to the translation of conspecific, heterospecific and nonspecific sound signals]. Biology, Ecology, Protection and Management of Marmots, Abstracts to All-Union Conf. Moscow, 72-7.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, communication.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.), Nestorova N.L. & Sukhanova M.V. 1994. [Situational variations of spectral structure in Marmota bobac Müll. alarm signal. Variations contextuelles de la structure spectrale du cri d'alarme de M. bobac]. In Actual problems of marmots investigation, V. Y. Rumiantsev eds., ABF Publ. House, Moscow, 127-148].
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, son, sound.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Orlenev D.P. 1980. Spetsifika zvukovogo signala krasnykh surkov (Marmota caudata) vostotchnopamirskoï populyatsii [Spécificité des émissions sonores de la marmotte Marmota caudata dans l'est du Pamir. Specifity of calls of the long-tailed marmot (Marmota caudata) in the east Pamir]. Zool. j., 59 (6) : 892-898.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, son, sound, Pamir.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Pereladova O.B. 1994. An alarm call of Menzbier's marmot (Marmota menzbieri Kaschk., 1925) [Le cri d’alarme de la marmotte Menzbier]. In Actual problems of marmots investigation, Rumiantsev ed. Moscow, ABF, 149-168.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, cri d’alarme, alarm call.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.), Рощина Е.Е. (Roschina, Rochina E.E.), Сорока О.В. (Soroka O.V.) 1997b. Ровое подтверждение корреляции между расчленением рельефа местности и ритмической огранизцией звукового предупреждающго об опасности сигнала (на примере степного сурка, Marmota bobac) New conformation of correlation between the relief's desmemberment and the alarm call's temporal organisation (on instance of Marmota bobac) [Nouvelle relation entre le relief et l'organisation temporelle du cri d'alarme (exemple de Marmota bobac). In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 69 (Rousskie, Russian), 171 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et anglais, in Russian and English.
Marmota bobac, communication, son, sound, géographie, geography.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.), Рощина Е.Е. (Roschina, Rochina E.E.) & Сорока О.В. (Soroka O.V.) 2002. Snow cover as a factor of winter ecology of small mammals in the steppe zone [La couverture neigeuse, facteur de l'écologie hivernale des petits mammifères de la steppe]. Doklady biological ciences proceedings of the Academy of the USSR, Biological sciences section/ translated from Russian (Dokl Biol Sci.), 383: 158-160.
En anglais, in English.
Écologie, ecology, mammifères, mammals, steppe.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.), Rutovskaya M.V., Formozov N.A., Yanina I.Yu. 1982. Gibridizaciya stepnogo i serogo sourkov v zone kontakta. V kn.: "Mlekopitayuschie fauny SSSR, 3 s'ezd Vsesoyuznogo teriologicheskogo obschestva, tezisy dokl.", t. 1, M., str. 128-129.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Савченко Г.А. (Savchenko G.A.) 1999. [Structure des groupes familiaux et espace utilisés par les marmotes des steppes (Marmota bobac) : résultats préliminaires. Structure of family groups and space use by steppe marmots (Marmota bobac): Preliminary results]. Vestnik zoologii, 33(3) : 67-72.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmotte des steppes, Steppe marmot, Marmota bobac, comportement, behaviour, groupe familial, family group, utilisation de l'espace, space use, domaine vital, home range, centres d'activité, activity centres.

The structure of family groups on the basis of observation on individually tagged marmots (Marmota bobac Müller) is described. In all 48 captured animals from 11 permanent burrows (including 17 adult females and 26 adult males) were tagged during 1994-1997. Density of families in the biotope of intensive grazing is 12.9 family/ha. In late summer the home range area of one of the group under observation was 0.36 ha. In the biotopes of moderate grazing the density is 0.8 family/ha. The home range area of one the group during the same observation period was 0.53 ha. In the biotopes of low anthropic influence the population density is less than 0.3 family/ha. The home range area of one the groups is 0.83 ha. Observation show that in most cases a family group consisted of an adult female with offspring or without it and 2 to 3 adults males. Groups are relatively unstable: during one month observation period there were registered a number of animals’ passages from one group to another separated by a rather great distance (more than 300 m). Marmots visit neighbouring home ranges and in some cases move to those become free for some reasons.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Савченко Г.А. (Savchenko G.A.) 2002a. Effect of atmosphere temperature near the soil surface on air convection in mammalian burrows (as exemplified by of steppe marmot burrow) [Effet de la température atmosphérique à proximité du sol sur la convexion de l'air des terriers de mammifères (exemple de la marmotte des steppes)]. Dokl. Biol. Sci., 384:242-5.
Marmota bobac, marmotte bobac, température, temperature, terrier, burrow.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Савченко Г.А. (Savchenko G.A.) 2002b. Air Temperature Changes in a Steppe Marmot Burrow in the SummerAutumn Period [Changements de la température de l’air dans un terrier de marmotte des steppes pendant la période été-automne]. Russian Journal of Ecology, 33: 109-114.
Marmota bobac, steppe marmot, marmotte des steppes, burrow, terrier, temperature, période estivale et automnale, summer-autumn period.
Observations of air temperature changes in a steppe marmot burrow were performed from late July to mid-October. Until early September, temperature in the burrow remained relatively constant, but then it began to decrease rapidly. This occurred after air temperature above the ground became equal to the temperature in the burrow. Supposedly, it is in this particular period that marmots begin to plug the entrance to the burrow with earth, thus reducing heat exchange between the increasingly cold aboveground air and the air in the burrow.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Савченко Г.А. (Savchenko G.A.) 2002c. Structure of family groups and space use by steppe marmots: preliminary results. Структура семейных групп и использование территории сьепным сурком (предварительные наблюдения). [Strouktoura semeïnykh groupp i ispol'zovanie territorii stepnym sourkom (predvaritel'nye nabliudeniay). Structure des groupes familiaux et utilisationde l'espace chez les marmottes de steppe : résultats préliminaires]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF, Moscow, 308-316.
En anglais et en russe, résumé en français ; in English and in Russian, French abstract.
Marmota bobac, groupe familial, familial group, territoire, territory.
À partir du suivi de marmottes, Marmota bobac, marquées individuellement, la structure des groupes familiaux est décrite. Entre 1994 et 1997, 48 animaux ont été marqués. La densité des familles dans les biotopes de pâturage intensif est de 1,9 famille/ha. Leur domaine vital est de 0,36 ha. Dans les biotopes pâturés modérément, la densité est de 0,8 familles/ha et le domaine vital de 0,53 ha. Dans les biotopes à faible pression anthropogénique, la densité des marmottes est inférieure à 0,3 famille/ha et le domaine vital de 0,83 ha. Dans la plupart des cas, un groupe familial est constitué d’une femelle adulte avec ou sans ses jeunes et de 2 ou 3 mâles adultes. Les groupes sont relativement instables. Les marmottes visitent les domaines vitaux voisins et dans certains cas s’installent dans ceux qui deviennent libres pour une raison ou une autre.
Russian pdf russe

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & M.V. Sukhanova 1993. Situativnie izmeneniya spektral'noï strukturi predu-preïdayuzhego ob opasnosti signala stepnogo surka [Variabilité contextuelle de la structure spectrale du cri d'alarme de la marmotte des steppes. Situation variability of alarm call spectral structure of steppe marmot (Marmota bobac Müller)]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 49.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, son, sound, communication.

Alarm call of steppe marmot consists of a sequence of single notes. We desided, that situation variability in case of increasing danger is expressed by change of notes parameters from the beginning of a vocal sequence to it's end. Five parts of alarm call can be distinguished by expression of their production when observer approaches to marmot. They are the following : 1) initial notes ; 2) notes at the middle of sequence ; 3) last notes before going into a burrow ; 4) notes at the moment of going into a burrow ; 5) notes from a burrow. 9 parameters of the notes from different parts of sequence were compared with the help of Mann-Withney statistic. The pause between high-and low-frequecy components ; the beginning of fundamental frequency and characteristic of frequency modulation of high-frequency component appeared to be the most stable in different situations while maximum, terminal and dominant frequences of fundamental of high-frequency component and duration of high-and low-frequency components are the most variable. When danger increases the alarm call changes in the following way : maximum terminal and dominant frequencies of high-frequency component decrease as well as it's duration ; dominant frequency of low-frequency component decrease, decrease it's duration in the parts of 1 ; 2 ; 3 and increase in the parts of 4 ; 5. Notes in the distinguished parts of alarm call significantly differed from each other.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Sukhanova M.V. 1994. [Variabilité individuelle du cri d’alarme chez la marmotte des steppes. Individual variablity of alarm call in steppe Marmot (Marmota bobac Müll, 1776)]. In Actual problems of marmots investigation, Rumiantsev ed., Moscow, ABF, 169-182.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, cri d’alarme, alarm call.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.), Sukhanova M.V. & Frommolt K.H. 1993. Individual'naya izmenuivosti zvukogo predupreïdayuzhego ob opasnosti signala stepnogo surka [Variabilité individuelle du cri d'alarme de la marmotte des steppes. Individual variation of the alarm call of Marmota bobac]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 49-50.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, son, sound, communication.

Alarm call of adult marmots was recorded in the field by tape-recorder. Near by the Shilovka, (8 individuals) and the Surulovka (4 individuals) villages (U I janovsk district) were the sites of our work. Sonograms of the vocal signals were obtained by the Computer Sona-Graph in the Humboldt-Universitat zü Berlin we used discriminant method for statistical analysis. As a variable was taken the frequency coordinate with time interval of 20 ms. From each note (high frequency component only, "pee"-sound, but"qu"-sound is not). 5 variables were obtained (80 ms) : 0 ms, 20 ms, 40 ms, 60 ms, 80 ms, 10 sounds were obtained from each individuals. The preliminary analysis has revealed discriminate between the populations Shilovka-Surulovka. On these grounds we analyzed these populations separately. The discriminate analysis revealed high stability of the individual characteristics of the signal (90%- 100% classification within individuals). See the discriminate analysis diagrams in Russian (p. 23).

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Terekhin A.T. 2001. Multiple regression as a method of construction of isolines of animal response to a joint effect of two factors (using the vocal activity of the steppe marmot as an example). Doklady biological sciences : proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological sciences sections / translated from Russian (Dokl Biol Sci.), 378: 246-247.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota bobac, son, sound, communication.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Ulak A. 2005a. Key factors of the ecological niche of himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana Hodgson (1841) in Nepal. Kliutchevye faktory ekologitcheskoïnochi gimalaïskogo sourka Marmota himalayana Hodgson (1841) v Nepale. [Facteurs clés de la niche écologique de la marmotte de l’himalaya Marmota himalayana Hodgson (1841) au Népal]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 84-85.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota himalayana, Iris potanini, Ranuculus hirtellus, Berberis angulosa, Potentilla peduncularis, Halenia elliphica, Euphrasia himalayca, Polygonum amplexicaulis, écologie, ecology, Népal, Nepal.
Ecology of Himalayan marmot was studied in the Central Himalayas (massive Manaslu, Nepal) in 2003, 2004. Four key ecological factors were found: altitude, temperature, relief, feeding conditions. In the Himalayas marmots inhabit areas from upper forest border to snow line (Dobremez, lest, 1976; Shrestha, 1997; Majupuria, Majupuria, 1998; Klatzel, 2001; Nikol'skii, Ulak, 2005) at 3000 rn - 5500 m altitudes, in subalpine and alpine zones (Schweinfurth, 1957; Walter H., Breckle S.-W., 1991). Climate in the areas inhabited by the marmot is relatively even (Climates of foreign Asis, 1975), temperature does not reach the upper critical limit (25∞C), which causes stress (Türk, Arnold, 1988; Melcher et al., 1990; Semenov et al., 2001; Copoka, 2001). The most dense marmot settlements are found at alluvial terraces with thick layer of light soil favorable for digging deep, complicated, numerous burrows. Optimum feeding conditions for the marmots are formed thanks to domestic yak pasturing. Yaks eat the tops of young sprouts and thus maintain feeding plants in permanent vegetation mode. Like other marmot species (Abelentswv etc., 1961; Bibikov, 1967; Davydov, 1974; Seredneva, Nesgovorov, 1977; Tokarskii, 1997; Ronkin, Savchenko, 2000), Himalayan marmot feeds on soft growing parts of plants. Currently domestic yaks have replaced the wild ones in many areas of their former habitat; however the manner and scale of effect of the domestic yaks on the vegetation do not differ from those caused by their wild ancestors. Main difference of Himalayan marmot from other marmot species is lower border of its area which lays very high - up to 3000 rn. Plants collected at the marmot settlement in April 2004: Iris potanini, Carex sp., Agrostis sp., Deschampsia sp., Koeleria sp., Taraxacum sp., Saussurea sp., Ranunculus sp., R. hirtellus, Berberis angulosa, Primula sp., Potentilla sp., P. peduncularis, Gentiana sp., Halenia elliphica, Euphrasia himalayca, Polygonum amplexicaulis.

Russian pdf russe

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Ulak A. 2005b. Himalayan marmots (Marmota himalayana) are poached in Nepal. Brakonerskiï promysel gimalaïskogo sourka Marmota himalayana Hodgson (1841) v Nepale. [Les marmottes himalayennes Marmota himalayana sont braconnées au Népal]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 86-87.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota himalayana, chasse, hunting, Népal, Nepal.
In Nepal in contrast to the neighbor China (WangSibo, YangGanyun, 1983) business based on marmot hunting is not developed, however we have got direct evidence that people still poach marmots in Nepal. Near the village Sama (mountain massif Manaslu, altitude 3500 m) we found a hunting loop at one burrow; several dozen of burrow entrances were dug out, closed with stones, or the entrances were blocked up by stone barriers put by hunters.The host of the house we stayed, native of this village, was surprised by our finds and said that local people did not hunt marmots. In his opinion marmots are hunted by people who have come from the neighbor Tibet. We could not check whether it was so. Method of marmot hunting in Nepal does not differ from the one used in case of steppe marmot (M. bobak) in Ukraine in Kharkov region. The only difference is that in Ukraine the loop is made from thin steel multifibre rope, while here - from plastic multifibre rope. In Ukraine burrow entrances are blocked up by metal parts of tractor and other agricultural vehicles, while in the Himalayas people use stones numerous around or sticks taken from the nearest forest. In spite of surprising "convergence" of hunting method we have no reasons to think that Ukrainian poachers penetrated to the Himalayas.Olga Shpack (Kharkov University, Ukraine) told us that in India, West Himalayas, state HimachalPradesh (altitude 4000 m) local road-building workers of untouchable caste catch marmots using loops and eat them. It is difficult to estimate scale of marmot hunting in Nepal. Most likely number of hunted marmots does not exceed hundreds animals per season and hunting is rather accidental. We can just as sert that people in Nepal hunt marmots, and this hunting can be defined as poaching if judge by used methods.

Russian pdf russe

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Ulak A. 2005c. Spatial structure of populations of Marmota himalayana Hodgson (1841) in Nepal. Prostranstvennaya strouktoura popoulyatsii gimalaskogo sourka Marmota himalayana Hodgson (1841) v Nepale. [Structure spatiales des populations de Marmota himalayana Hodgson (1841) au Népal]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 88-89.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota himalayana, M. baibacina, M. caudata, Népal, Nepal.
On the base of observations in Nepal (Central Himalayas, massive Manaslu) in 2003-2004 four hierarchic ranks of Himalayan marmot population structure were determined (from top to bottom): 1) geographic population; 2) local population; 3) settlement (colony); 4) family site.1. Geographic population. The whole population of Himalayan marmot in Nepal forms geographic population isolated from the neighboring Tibet. Geographic population occupies area about 1 million ha. Number of population within Nepal boundaries we estimate as 100,000-500,000 animals. In the Hymalayas area of the geographic population roughly coincides with the borders of subalpine and alpine mountain zones from the upper forest line to snow line. 2. Local populations of Himalayan marmot in Nepal are isolated from each other by mountain ridges almost insuperable for marmots: for example, local population "Manaslu" and neighboring population "Anapurna" are separated by iced mountain ridges. Local populations inhabit mainly terraces above flood-lands of river heads and border relief areas, first of all - superficial cones. 3. Settlements. Local populations consist of settlements. Their area runs up to 50 ha. Settlement may comprise 5-30 families. Within local populations settlements are separated by natural barriers (rivers beds, new moraines, rocky sites) and anthropogenic barriers (human settlements and communications network, vegetable gardens, cattle-pens). 4. Famy sites. Family site borders can be remote from each other or can partly overlap. Distribution of family sites retlects landscape features of the settlement in general. Number of burrow entrances per a family site varies from 20 to 27. Mean area of a family site is 0.5-1.7 ha. General type of spatial structure of Himalayan marmot population does not differ basically from the spatial structure of populations of other mountain marmot species, like M. baibacina or M. caudata, and does not contlict the classification suggested earlier by D.I.Bibikov (1989).

Russian pdf russe

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Ulak A. 2005. On a range of Marmota himalayana (Rodentia, Sciuridae) in Nepal as the southernmost border of its distribution. Zoologiceskij journal. [Zool. j.], 84(2) : 282 - 284.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota himalayana, distribution géographique, geographical range, Népal, Nepal.
The southernmost border of distribution of Marmota himalayana (Hodson 1841) is at the same time the southernmost one for the genus Marmota. Besed on the map of "Horizontal and vertical distribution of vegetation in the Himalayas (Schweinfurth 1957), the subalpine and alpine belts are distinguished as the area of the most probable distribution of marmots in Nepal. The localities of marmot settlements in the territory of Nepal are shown. The southern border of distribution of M. himalayana, as well as the southernmost border of Marmota genus is between 28°N and 27°N in the Nepal Himalayas.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Ulak A. 2006. [La marmotte de l’himalya (Marmota himalayana) Hodgson (1841) dans un paysage antropisé du Népal.The himalya marmot (Marmota himalayana) Hodgson (1841) in an anthropogenic landscape of Nepal]. In Marmots in anthropogenic landscapes of Eurasia, 9th International Meeting on Marmots.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota himalyana, marmotte de l’Himalaya, Himalayan Marmot, Népal, Nepal.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Ulak A. 2006. Key factors determining the ecological niche of the Himalayan marmot, Marmota himalayana Hodgson (1841). Russian Journal of Ecology, MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica, 37(1) : 46-52.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota himalayana, marmotte de l'Himalaya, Himalayan marmot, écologie, ecology.
Four key factors determining the ecological niche of the Himalayan marmot, Marmota himalayana Hodgson (1841), in the Central Himalayas (Nepal) have been identified. These are elevation above sea level, temperature, the presence of accumulative formations, and feeding conditions. The Himalayan marmot ecologically differs from all other marmots of the world fauna, and the main difference is that the lower boundary of its range lies very high—3000 m above sea level.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.) & Vinogradov N.S. 2000. Burrows of mammals as acoustic devices: a study of the bobac burrow as an example [Les terriers des mammifères comme dispositif acoustique : exemple d'un terrier de bobac]. Dokl. Biol. Sci., 374(1-6): 509-513.
Marmota bobac, marmotte des steppes, acoustique, acoustic, terrier, burrow.

Никольский А.А. (Nikol'skii, Nikol'skiï A.A.), Yanina I.Y., Rutovskaya M.V. & Formozov N.A. 1983. Izmenchivost' zvoukovogo signala stepnogo i serogo so urkov (Marmota bobac, M. baibacina; Sciuridae, Rodentia) v zone vtorichnogo kontakta. [La variation du cri de Marmota bobac et Marmota baibacina dans la zone de contact secondaire. Geographic variation of sound call of Marmota bobac and M. baibacina (Sciuridae, Rodentia) in the zone of secondary contact]. Zool. J., 62(8): 1258-1266.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, Marmota bobac, communication, son, sound.

Nikolaev V.A. 1970. Stepnye landshafty Tourgaïskogo plato [Paysages des steppes du plateau de Tourgaïski. Steppe landscapes in the Tourgaiski Plateau]. Landshaftnyï sbornik.
En russe, in Russian.
Paysage, landscape.

Nikolaev V.A. 1982. Landshafty Tengizskoï ravniny (Tsentralnyï Kazakhstan) [Paysages du plateau de Tengizski. Landscapes in the Tengizski Plateau]. Voprosy geografii. Landshaftovedenie: teriya i praktika, M.
En russe, in Russian.
Paysage, landscape, Kazakhstan.

Nikolov Ivan Marinov & Heissig Kurt 1985. Fossile Säugetiere aus dem Obereozän und Unteroligozän Bulgariens und ihre Bedeutung für die Palaeogeographie. [mammifères fossiles de l'Eocène supérieur et de l'Oligocène inféieur de Bulgarie et leur signification pour la paléogéographie. Fossil mammals from the Upper Eocene and Lower Oligocene of Bulgaria and their significance for paleogeography]. Mitt. Bayer. Staatssamml. Paläontol. Hist. Geol., 25 p. 61-79.
En allemand avec résuméanglais, in German with English summ.
Mammifères, mammals, paléontologie, paleontology, géographie, Eocène, Oligocène, Bulgarie, Bulgaria, Europe, Europa.

Nizielski S.E., Morley J.E, Gosnell BA, Seal US & Levine AS. 1985. Opioid modulation of ingestive behaviors in woodchucks and racoons [Modulation opïoide des comportements d’ingestion chez les marmottes et les ratons laveurs]. Physiol. Behav., 34(2): 171-176.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Procyon lotor, opïoids, opioids, ingestion.
We have examined the effect on feeding of opioid blockade with naloxone in two species which demonstrate a marked seasonality in their feeding patterns, the racoon (Procyon lotor) and the woodchuck (Marmota monax). Naloxone suppressed food intake in the woodchuck which is a true hibernator. Naloxone failed to suppress food intake in the racoon and, in fact, enhanced intake of a preferred sucrose solution. In the racoon, ir-dynorphine concentrations were extremely high in the hypothalamus compared to the values obtained in rats and woodchucks. We suggest that possible explanations for the lack of responsiveness to opiates in racoons may be their extremely high daily food intake relatively to body mass when compared to woodchucks and rats and the high levels of ir-dynorphin may be sufficient to overcome the inhibitory effect of naloxone. These studies stress the occurrence of species diversity in the response to opioid antagonism.

Noblet J.F. 1977. Réintroduction de la marmotte dans le massif du Vercors [Re-introduction of the marmot in the Vercors Massif]. Doc. FRAPNA, 1-7.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, France, Vercors, reintroduction, réintroduction.

Nobleville Arnault de & Salerne 1756. Histoire naturelle des animaux. Ouvrage utile, & où les faits sont rassemblés avec autant de soin que de discernement. Paris.
En français, in French.
Ethnozoologie, ethnozoology.

Nodot M. 1858. Une visite à la grotte de Fouvent (Haute-Saône) : ossements et débris de l’industrie humaine [A visit to the cave of Fouvent (Haute-Saône): bones and fragments of human industry]. Mém. Ac. Sciences, Dijon, 7, p. 113-1143, pl. 2, fig. 7-8.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Gulo gulo, France, Haute-Saône.

Noël François-Joseph-Michel & Carpentier M. L.-J. 1839. Dictionnaire étymologique, critique, historique, anecdotique et littéraire... pour servir à l'histoire de la langue française [etymological, critical, historical anedcotal and literary dictionary ... to be useful for the history of the Franch language]. Paris, Le Normant, 2 vol. ; in-8.
En français, in French.
Marmotte, citation, quotation, Noël François-Joseph-Michel (1756-1841).
pdf disponible/available.

, Nogué G. & Arthur C. 1992. Rythme d'activité de deux colonies de marmottes au printemps dans les Pyrénées [Activity rhythm in two marmot colonies in spring in the Pyrenees]. Actes Journée d'étude de la marmotte Alpine, 37-47.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, densité, density, Pyrénées occidentales, Western Pyrenees, France.
De 1982 à 1989, de nombreuses observations ont été faites sur la marmotte, espèce réintroduite dans le Parc National des Pyrénées Occidentales. Sont présentées ici les données relatives à l'activité printanière et à la démographie de quelques familles. La période d'activité débute en général fin mars-début avril, le comportement de sortie étant stabilisé à partir de la fin avril. En mai, le rythme d'activité est bimodal avec une période de sortie maximale entre 8h30 et 10h30 et une seconde période en fin d'après-midi entre 16 et 18 heures. Le taux d'accroissement des populations a varié entre 0,072 et 0,098 selon les années. Sur certains sites occupés depuis longtemps, le taux d'accroissement annuel a été plus faible, r = 0,035. Les immatures disparaissent des familles entre le printemps et l'été ( 53 % des individus disparaissant), la mortalité des immatures et juvéniles est forte pendant l'hiver (30 %) alors que la survie des juvéniles pendant l'été et l'automne semble bonne. La reproduction est relativement constante d'une année sur l'autre et entre familles (3,18 jeunes). Tous ces résultats sont discutés : l) pour définir une méthode d'estimation d'abondance ; 2) au plan de la régulation démographique des populations de marmottes.

Nordenfelt E. & Werner B. 1980. Trisodium phosphonoformate inhibits woodchuck hepatitis virus associated DNA polymerase. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. [B], 88(3): 183-184.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Recently a new virus has been described which infects woodchucks, Marmota monax. This virus, named woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) is closely related to human hepatitis virus (HBV). The virions have the same principal antigenic system involving surface and core determinants and a serological relationship has been found. WHV has also a DNA polymerase associated with the core. It has previously been reported that trisodium phosphonoformate (PFA) but not phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) inhibits DNA polymerase associated with HBV. This investigation shows the same type of inhibition pattern by PFA and PAA on WHV DNA polymerase.

Nordenfelt E., Widell A., Hansson B.G., Lofgren B., Moller-Nielsen C. & Oberg B. 1982. No in vivo effect of trisodium phosphonoformate on woodchuck hepatitis virus production. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. [B], 90(6): 449-451.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

The efficient in vitro inhibition of hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase by trisodium phosphonoformate (PFA, INN: foscarnet sodium) and its low toxicity suggested that PFA could be used as a therapeutic agent for hepatitis B infection. PFA was also found to inhibit woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) DNA polymerase in vitro. As a model to test PFA's eventual effect, chronically WHV infected woodchucks were treated with PFA. The animals were treated twice daily in a dosage which gave a minimum serum level of PFA corresponding to an in vitro inhibiting effect on WHV DNA polymerase of about 40%. The concentration in liver tissue was found to be 15% below serum level. The amount of WHV particles in serum was followed by DNA polymerase assay. No effect on WHV production could be seen during 2 weeks' treatment. No change of the in vitro sensitivity to PFA of the WHV DNA polymerase was seen. These results indicate that the WHV associated DNA polymerase has no role in the production of viral particles.

Nordmann A. 1840. Observations sur la faune pontique [Comments on the Pontic fauna]. In Voyage dans la Russie méridionale et la Crimée, par la Hongrie, la Valachie et la Moldavie exécuté en 1837 par A. de Demidoff, Paris, t. 3.
En français, in French.
Marmota, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Russie, Russia.

Norguet A. de 1866. Catalogue des Mammifères du département du Nord [List of mammals in Nord department].
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, France, Nord.

Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. En anglais, in English.
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov
Marmots, marmottes.

Novacky M. 1978. O etologii svista vrchovského (Marmota marmota L) a o probléme vplyvu civizacnych faktorov na vrodené spravanie. Psychologica, Zbornik FF UK, Bratislava, 132-160.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, Slovaquie, Slovakia, Tatras.

Novacky M. 1981. Vplyv antropickych faktorov na cirkadialny cyclus svista vrchovského tatranského [Circadial cycle of marmot (Marmota marmota latirostris, Kratochvil, 1961)]. Zbornik prac o Tatranskam narodnom parku, 22 : 103-120.
Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, rythme, rhythm, Slovaquie, Slovakia, Tatras..

In the work there are stated the results of ecological observing the circadial cycle of marmot (Marmota marmota latirostris, Kratochvil, 1961), in the summe period and for the comparing also in individual seasons of the year. We have observed the activity of the marmots in colonies at Krizna dolina in the region of Podbanské and in the localities at Velicka dolina nad Vecnym dazdom in the Tatra National Park territory. The obtained material enabled us to evaluate and reciprocally compare the dynamics of the total activity of the marmots in two delimited biotypes, to follow the influence of tourism in the change of the daily activity and on the total behavior of the pbserved species. In total xe have ascertained two climaxes of the daily activity, i.e. on the beginning of the daylight and in the midday hours in both observed localities with the difference, that in the locality affected by anthropic factors we have ascertained the shifting f the activity in the small hours of the morning and in later midday hours. The prevailing element in the behaviour of marmots in the summer season is the feeding activity to which the animal devote 68% of the time, to the sun basking 22% of the total stay on tyhe surface and 10% were devoted to the locomotory activity . In the work thee are stated the age differences in the total and feeding activity, as well as the distribution of the total activity in the frame of individual seasons of the year. We have ascertained the activity of the young ones on the surface and the distribution of qualitative distinct acoustic expressions in the course of different activity period of the marmots. Simultaneously we have ascertained in the colonies of marmots at Velicka dolina in the centre of touristic influence significant signs of anthropic factors of tourism on the total and food activity and the defensive behaviour. The higher frequency of the visitors placed the animals in oppressive-stress situation. Simulaneously we have observed the adaptation of the animals to the rush beside the colonies and shortening the flight distance from 420 m to 10-15 m We have recorded a higher distribution of orientation-searching expressions in the course of the feeding activity which is the result of higher tourism around the colonies of marmots. The results of the reseearch strongly warn to undetake more severe measures in the protection of this rare and strictly relict species.

Novacky M. 1991. Ethology of the alpine marmot of the high tatra mountains region (czecho-slovakia) and the influence of antropogenous factors on the instictive behaviour changes [Ethologie de la marmotte alpine des hauts Tatras (Tchéchoslovaquie) et l'influence des facteurs anthropogéniques sur les variations du comportement instinctif]. Abstracts 1st International Symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota ) and on Genus Marmota, 15.
En italien et en anglais, in Italian and in English.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, Slovaquie, Slovakia, Tatras.

Novikov G.A. 1937. Promyslovo-okhotnit-chiya faouna severo-zapadnogo Zabaïkaliya [Faune chassée du nord-ouest de la région du Baïkal. Hunting fauna of North-Western Baikal region]. V kn. Bouryat-Mongoliya, M.-L., Izd.-vo AN SSSR.
En russe, in Russian.
Faune, fauna, chasse, hunting, Russie, Russia, Baïkal.

Novikov G.A. 1956. Carnivorous Mammals of the Fauna of USSR [Mammifères carnivores de la faune d'URSS]. Nauka, Moscow. English translation, 1962, Israel Program of scientific Translations, Jerusalem.

Novikov G.S., Osadchaya L.M. & Arakelyantz V.S. 1971. [Caractéristiques des souches de microbe de la peste isolées dans le foyer de kokpak après une longue période d'arrêt de l'épizootie. On characteristics of plague microbe strains isolated in Kokpak mezofocus after long period of break epizootic activity]. Mater. VII nauchn. konf. protivoch. ouchrezhden. Sred. Az. i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata: 38-39.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague.

Novikov G.S., Sukharnikova N.A., Novikova T.A., Dubovitzki V.M., Tleugabylov K.M. & Arakelyantz V.S. 1974. [Caractéristiques des souches de microbe de la peste isolées dans le foyer de Kokpak en 1972-1973. About characteristics of plague microbe strains isolated in Kokpak mezofocus of 1972-1973]. Mater. VIII nauch. Konf. protivoch. ouchrezhden. Sred. Az. i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata: 62-64.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague.

Novikov L.K., Halmukhamedov K.S. 1972. [Les réserves naturelles en Ouzbekistan. Nature Reserves in Uzbekistan]. Tashkent: Fan Publishers, 6, 23.
En russe, in Russian.

Nowak E. 1981. Die Säugetiere der Lander der Europaischen Gemainschaft [Les mammifères des pays de la Communauté Européenne. Mammals of the European Community countries]. Artenkatalog mit Angaben über Vorkommen und gesetzlichen Schützstatus, Kilda Verlag, pp. 147.
En allemand, in German.
Mammifères, mammals, Europe.

Nowak Ronald M. 1979. North American Quaternary Canis [Canis du quaternaire Nord Américain]. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas 6: 1-154.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota arizonae.

Nowak Ronald M. 1991. Marmots [Marmottes]. In Mammals of the world, V.1., Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore & London: 567-569.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, faunistique, fauna, systématique, systematics.

Nowak R.M. (rédacteur/ed.) 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World. Sixth edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.
Marmota bobak, Marmota caudata, Marmota menzbieri, Marmota olympus.

Nowak R.M. & Paradiso J.L. 1983. Walker's mammals of the world. John Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore & London, 4th edition, 2 vol., 1362 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, faunistique, fauna, systématique, systematics.
11 espèces : 6 américaines, M. monax, flaviventris, caligata, olympus, vancouverensis et broweri; 3 asiatiques M. caudata, menzbeiri et camtschatica; 1 eurasiatique, M. bobak et 1 européenne (M. marmota).

Nowak R. 1983. Walker's mammals of the world. Fourth edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Marmota flaviventris, Marmota caligata, Marmota olympus, Marmota vancouverensis, Marmota broweri, Marmota caudata, Marmota menzbeiri, Marmota camtschatica, Marmota bobak, Marmota marmota, faunistique, fauna, systématique, systematics.

Nowak R.M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. 5th edition. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., Baltimore. vol. 1: 1-642; vol. 2: 643-1629.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, M. flaviventris, M. caligata, M. olympus, M. vancouverensis, M. broweri, M. caudata, M. menzbeiri, M. camtschatica, M. bobak, M. marmota, faunistique, fauna, systématique, systematics.

Nowicki M. 1865. O swistaku [Les marmottes. On marmots]. Krakow, Naklad Kazimierza Hr. Wodzickiego.
En polonais, in Polish.
Marmota marmota, Pologne, Poland.

Nowicki S., Armitage K.B. 1979. Behavior of juvenile yellow-bellied marmots : play and social integration [Comportement des jeunes marmottes à ventre jaune : jeu et intégration sociale]. Z. Tierpsychol., 51 (1) : 85-105.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caligata, éthologie, ethology.

Noyes D.H. & Holmes W.G. 1979. Behavioral responses of free-living hoary marmots to a model golden eagle [Réactions comportementales des marmottes argentées sauvages à un modèle d'aigle royal]. J. Mammal., 60 (2) : 408-411.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caligata, éthologie, ethology.

Noyes D. & D. Siekierski 1975. Anaesthesia of marmots with sodium pentobarbiitaal, ketamione hydrochloride and a combination of droperidol and fentanyl. Laboratory Animal Science, 25: 557-562.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, capture, trapping.

Three different anesthetics were tried on wild marmots to immobilize them sufficiently for intra-oral physiologic measurements and dental examination. Essentially the same procedure was performed or attempted on 15 animals. The droperidol (20 mg/ml) and fentanyl (0.4 mg/ml) combination gave better results than sodium pentobarbital or ketamine hydrochloride and was therefore used in most instances. We concluded that the dose rate should be adjusted to the nutritional state of the animal as well as to the absolute weight.

Nuckle Jacques R. 1982. Étude bioécologique de la marmotte commune (Marmota monax) dans un agrosystème [Bio-ecological study of the common marmot (M. monax) in an agrosystem]. Thèse Ph.D., Univ. Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, 121p.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune du Canada, woodchuck, écologie, ecology, éthologie, ethology, Canada, Québec.

Dans un domaine où la densité des terriers est de 1,3 terriers par hectare, la baisse de productivité serait de 0,06% dans les luzernières.

Nuckle J.R. & J.M. Bergeron 1983. Eye-lens weight as a criterion for age classification of wild woodchuckswoodchucks [Masse des lentilles visuelles comme critère de classification des marmottes sauvages]. J. wildl. Manage., 47 : 846-850.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, écologie, ecology, Canada, Québec.

Nuckle J.R. & Bergeron J.-M. 1983. Choix d'une méthode d'estimation de densité de population de la marmotte commune (Marmota monax) [Choice of a sampling method of population density of woodchuck (M. monax)]. Can. J. Zool., 61 : 2476-2481.
En français, in French.
Marmota monax, écologie, ecology, Canada, Québec.

En règle générale, les méthodes parpamétriques ont tendance à surestimer la densité alors que les non-paramétriques se rapprochent davantage des observations et mesures prises sur le terrain.

Nüesch M. 1894. La station du Schweizersbild. Comptes-Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, 119 ; 700-701.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, homme, man, rongeurs, rodents, paléolithique, paleolithic, néolithique, neolithic, âge du Bronze, Bronze age..
pdf disponible/available.

Nukerbaeva K.K. 1982.[Coccidia de quelques animaux sauvages au Kazakstan. Coccidia of some wild animals in Kazakhstan]. Nauka Kazakhskoi SSR, 140-142.
Marmota, Protozoaires, endoparasites, parasitologie, parasitology, Kazakhstan.

Nukerbaeva K.K. 1994. [Helminthiase et amibiase combinées des voies digestives de la marmotte grise. Mixed protozoa-helminthiasis of digestive tract of grey marmot]. Selevinia, Alma-Ata, 2: 70-74.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, Protozoiares, Protozoa, Helminthes, Helminths, parasitologie, parasitology.

Nunes S., Duniec T.R., Schweppe S.A. & Holekamp K.E. 1999. Energetic and endocrine mediation of natal dispersal behavior in Belding's ground squirrels [Médiation énergétique et endocrine de la dispersion natale chez les spermophiles de Beldingi]. Horm. Behav., 35(2): 113-24.
En anglais, in English.
Spermophilus (Citellus) beldingi, dispersion, dispersal.

Natal dispersal, the permanent departure of an individual from its birth site, is sex biased in most mammals, with males dispersing at higher rates or over greater distances than do female conspecifics. Because dispersal movements may be energetically expensive, their occurrence should theoretically be influenced by energy availability. Moreover, the male bias typical of mammalian dispersal suggests that this behavior might be mediated by gonadal androgens. Using free-living Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) as subjects, we provisioned juveniles with extra food to evaluate energetic influences on male dispersal behavior. Provisioning increased body mass and body fat of juvenile males and caused them to disperse at younger ages, but did not affect blood glucose levels. Dispersing males were fatter than same-aged males that had not yet dispersed. Moreover, body fat of provisioned and unprovisioned males did not differ when evaluated relative to the week during which they dispersed, suggesting that there may be a fat threshold for dispersal. In a second experiment, we measured plasma concentrations of testosterone (T) in provisioned and unprovisioned, free-living juveniles to evaluate the hypothesis that male dispersal behavior is activated by concurrent high levels of T. We observed no increase in plasma T associated with dispersal by juvenile males, no sex differences in circulating T among juveniles, and no effects of food provisioning on juvenile T levels. In a third experiment with free-living S. beldingi, we concurrently altered early androgen exposure by treating females with T at birth and manipulated energy availability by food provisioning. Perinatal T-treatment increased the likelihood of dispersal among juvenile females. Provisioning increased body mass and body fat of juveniles and caused males and T-treated females to disperse at significantly younger ages than either their unprovisioned counterparts or the few provisioned control females that dispersed. These results suggest that early T exposure in this species determines the probability of dispersal, whereas the amount of energy an individual has stored as fat strongly influences the timing of dispersal. Early T exposure also appears to cause the timing of dispersal to respond to energy availability and body fat in a male-typical way, possibly by organizing masculine mass and fat thresholds for dispersal.

Nygren Harley D. 1951. Siksikpuk photograph. Publication of the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Central Library
Siksikpuk, marmot, Alaska.
En anglais, in English.

Nyon l’Ainé Jean-Luc 1784. Catalogue des livres de la bibliothèque de feu M. le duc de La Vallière [Catalogue of books of the library of the late Mr. The duke de la Vallière]. Nyon, Paris.
En français, in French.
Mus alpini.
Extrait pdf extract.