Bibliographia Marmotarum. Ramousse R., International Marmot Network, Lyon, 1997.
ISBN : 2-9509900-2-9
Copyright 1997. Édition Réseau International sur les marmottes/ International Marmot Network Publisher
Traduction anglais - français / English - French translation: R. Ramousse
Traduction russe - français / Russian - French translation: Y. Semenov

LETTRE O LETTER


Mise à jour le 30/03/2006 Updated

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Obee B. 1995. Teetering on extinction [Jeu de bascule sur l’extinction]. Beautiful British Columbia, 37: 18-23.
En anglais, in English.
Disparition.

Obermaier H. 1905. Les restes humains quaternaires dans l'Europe centrale [Quaternary human remains in Central Europe]. L'Anthropologie, 14.
En français, in French.
(Marmota marmota) : Paléontologie : Moravie : République tchèque.

Oberthur J. 1936-1937. Gibiers de notre pays. Histoire naturelle pour les chasseurs [Game of our country. Natural history for hunters]. 3 vol., Champs-Elysées, Paris.
En français, in French.
Chasse, hunting, France.

Obukhov(Oboukhof) P.A., Evdokimov (Evdokimof) A.V., Drobot B.A. 1975. [Caractéristiques zoologiques et parasitologiques de la partie centrale de la chaîne de of Tzagan-Shibetu. Zoological and parasitological characteristics of central part of Tzagan-Shibetu ridge]. V sborn. Mejdounarod. i natzion. aspekty epidnadzora pri tchoume, Irkoutsk, 2: 5-7.
En russe, in Russian).
Parasitologie, parasitology.

Ochirov (Otchirof) Yu.D. 1967. [Répartition et dénombrement de certains mammifères du nord de la région de Tchita. Distribution and numbers some mammals of North part of Chita oblast]. Izv. Irkoutsk. protivotchoum. in-ta Sib. i Dal. Vost., 27: 69-74.
En russe, in Russian.
Réparition, distribution, Tchita, Chita.

Octobon F.C.E. 1962. Grotte du Lazaret, Nice (A.M.) [The Lazaret cave, Nice (A.M.)]; Bull. Mus. Anthropol. préhist. Monaco, 9 : 5-63.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, palontology, France, Alpes-Maritimes.

Octobon F.C.E. 1965. Grotte du Lazaret, Nice (A.M.). Huitième étude sur les fouilles exécutées dans le locus VIII de cette grotte (ancienne grotte Lympia) [The Lazaret Cave, Nice (A.M.). Eighth study on excavations in the VIII locus of this cave (formely Lympia Cave)]. Bull. Mus. Anthropol. préhist. Monaco, 12 : 23-101.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, France, Alpes-Maritimes.

Odinashoev A.O. 1977. [Données sur l’alimentation de la marmotte rouge ou à queue longue Marmota caudata des Pamirs. Data on feeding of the long-tailed, or red, marmot Marmota caudata G. (1982) in Pamirs]. Izvest. Akad. Nauk. Tadjik SSR (Otd. Biol. Nauk), 2: 52-58.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, alimentation, foraging, Pamir.

Odinashoev A.O. 1982. [Données sur l'engraissement de Marmota caudata (Geoffroy, 1842) au Pamir. Ekologija, 6 : 81-82.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, écologie, ecology, hibernation, lipides, lipids, Pamir.

Etude des processus d'accumulation et de dépense de graisse depuis la sortie de M. c. jusqu'à l'hibernation. L'engraissement est déterminé par le pourcentage de graisse sous-cutanée et cavitaire par rapport au poids du corps. Les réserves de graisse diminuent pendant la période d'activité et augmentent nettement 30 à 40 jours avant l'hibernation. Comparaison entre les femelles et les mâles et entre les différents groupes d'âge.

Odinashoev A. 1983. Katchestvennaya i kolitchestvennaya otsenka pitaniya krasnogo sourka na Pamire [Détermination quantitative et qualitative de l'alimentation de la marmotte à longue queue du Pamir. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of the diet of the long-tailed marmot in the Pamir]. Vestn. zoologii, 6 : 46-49.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, alimentation, foraging, Pamir.

Odinashoev A. 1986. Oupyt kletotchnogo soderjaniya dlinnokhvostogo ili krasnogo sourka. 1 Vses. sobechtch. po probl. zookoulit., M., Tez. dokl. u.1, 175-177.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, élevage, breeding..

Odobescu 1868. Marmottes des Carpathes [Carpathian marmots].
Marmota marmota, Roumanie, Rumania, Carpathes, Carpathians..

OeltgenP.R., Begmann L.C. Spurrier W.A. & Jones S.B. 1978. Isolation of a hivernation inducing trigger(s) from the plasma of hibernating woodchucks [Isolement d'un déclencheur de l'hibernation à partir du plasma sanguin des marmottes]. Prepar. Biochem., 8 (2-3) : 171-188.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hibernation, physiologie, physiology, sang, blood

Plasma from hibernating woodchucks was desalted utilizing a hollow fiber device having a M. W. cut-off of 5,000. This preparation was fractionated by isoelectric focusing (IEF) in a pH gradient extending from 3.5 to 10.0 resulting in protein components having isoelectric points (pIs) of 4.5, 5.2, 5.5, 6.3, and 7.0. Fraction I (comprised of proteins having pIs of 4.5 and 5.2) induced hibernation within 2 to 6 days in 8 out of 10 summer-active ground squirrels. Fraction II (pI 5.5) and Fraction III (pI 6.3 and 7.0) failed to induce any summer hibernation in 10 animal test groups at identical sample concentrations. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Fraction I indicated that albumin was a major constituent of this still heterogeneous preparation. Thus, in order to more clearly define the plasma locus of this hibernation inducing trigger(s) (HIT) molecule, whole plasma and/or Fraction I was fractionated by 3 distinct resolving techniques. These included sub-fractionation of Fraction I by isoelectric focusing utilizing a narrower pH gradient extending from 3.5 to 6.0, isotachophoresis of whole plasma and affinity chromatography of Fraction I and whole plasma. A total of 40 summer-active ground squirrels were injected and assayed for HIT activity with fractionated preparations derived by the three previously cited separation techniques. A total of 18 of these summer-active ground squirrels hibernated. However, a much more impressive figure is that 16 out of 21 animals hibernated when injected with resolved hibernating plasma fractions in which albumin was the predominant plasma protein. A total of 8 control animals were injected with vehicle and none of these hibernated.

Oeltgen P.R., Blouin R.A., Spurrier W.A. & Myers R.D. 1985. Hibernation "trigger" alters renal function in the primate [Le déclencheur de l’hibernation modifie la fonction rénale des primates]. Physiol. Behav., 34(1): 79-81.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, rein, kidney, hibernation.

Macaque monkeys acclimatized to a restraint chair were fitted with indwelling venous and urinary catheters. After basal rates of urine production and creatinine clearance were determined, a 50 mg dose of plasma dialysate albumin fraction obtained from the woodchuck was administered intravenously in a total volume of 2.5 ml. Plasma fractions were collected during the winter interval of hibernation (hibernation "trigger" or HT), or during the summer active (SAWA) period. Although the SAWA fraction exerted no effects on renal function, HT caused a significant reduction in creatinine clearance. In addition, a tendency toward reduced urine flow and creatinine production occurred following the HT infusion. These findings suggest that over and above the hypothermia, aphagia and opioid-like behavioral depression induced by HT, the albumin fraction (HT) present endogenously in the woodchuck during winter torpor, exerts a direct action on the kidney of the primate, possibly on the mechanisms underlying glomerular filtration and the tubular reabsorption process.

Oeltgen Peter R. & Oeltgen Jean K. 1979. Isolation and Characterization of a Hibernation Inducing 'Trigger(s)' from the Plasma of Hibernating Ground Squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus) and Woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Isolement et caractérisation d’un déclencheur inducteur d’hibernation dans le plasma des écureuils terrestres hibernants (Citellus tridecemlineatus) et marmottes communes d’Amérique (Marmota monax)]. Progress rept., 1 Mar-1 Jul 79.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, Citellus tridecemlineatus, spermophile rayé, thirteen-lined ground squirrel, hibernation, sang, blood.
A hibernation induction trigger (HIT) is present in the plasma of hibernating woodchucks and ground squirrels which can induce hibernation when injected in summer-active ground squirrels. Recent biochemical characterization of this HIT molecule in our laboratory utilizing three distinct resolving techniques, isoelectric focusing, a preparative isotachophoresis, and affinity chromatography clearly indicates that this molecule is bound to or closely associated with albumin in the plasma of hibernating animals. Moreover, our recent efforts to develop an assay for HIT activity of resolved plasma fractions utilizing primates as test animals has given the first indication that this molecule may initiate transient yet profound physiological alterations in these animals. When small amounts of the HIT-active plasma fractions are infused into the brain ventricle fluid of monkeys we have noted some truly remarkable physiological responses such as depressed metabolism, hypothermia, decreased heart rate and the appearance in some animals of an anesthetized state. Our goals are two-fold, we intend to isolate a completely homogeneous HIT molecule which is dissociated from albumin utilizing the techniques of preparative gel electrophoresis and column chromatography.

Oeltgen P.R., Walsh J.W., Hamann S.R., Randall D.C., Spurrier W.A. & Myers R.D. 1982. Hibernation "trigger": opioid-like inhibitory action on brain function of the monkey [Déclendheur d’hibernation : action inhibitrice de type opïode sur le fonctionnement du cerveau du singe]. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 17(6): 1271-1274.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, hibernation, opïode, opioid.
A hibernation "trigger" factor derived from the blood of the hibernating woodchuck acts to suppress vital physiological processes in the primate. When infused into the cerebral ventricle of the conscious monkey, the factor induced hypothermia, behavioral depression, bradycardia and aphagia. The opiate antagonists, naloxone and naltrexone, either reverse or retard these behavioral and physiological signs. We hypothesize that the "trigger" molecule is an endogenous opioid-like peptide which may be unique to the hibernator. Moreover, the non-hibernating primate apparently possesses receptor sites in the brain that are capable of responding to this potent molecule.

Oeltgen P.R., Welborn J.R., Nuchols P.A., Spurrier W.A., Bruce D.S. & Su T.P. 1987. Opioids and hibernation. II. Effects of kappa opioid U69593 on induction of hibernation in summer-active ground squirrels by "hibernation induction trigger" (HIT). Life Sci., 41(18): 2115-2120.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, hibernation, opïode, opioid.

A "Hibernation Induction Trigger" (HIT) isolated from plasma of winter-hibernating woodchucks induced hibernation in summer-active ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus). Effects of kappa opioid U69593 on the HIT-induced hibernation were examined. U69593 alone did not elicit marked behavioral alteration or hibernation in summer-active ground squirrels. U69593, however, antagonized hibernation induced by HIT in summer active ground squirrels. In the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation, woodchuck HIT depressed the electrically-induced contraction. The depression was, however, neither reversed nor blocked by naloxone even when naloxone was used at high doses. This study demonstrates that kappa opioid, at least in the case of U69593, was unable to induce hibernation in the summer-active ground squirrels. The results also demonstrate that woodchuck HIT, like the bear HIT, did not act directly at opioid receptors. Together with our previous observation that naloxone blocked summer hibernation induced by HIT (Bruce et al., Life Sci.., this issue), it is tempting to suggest that HIT may not mediate its effects through kappa opioid receptors but may do so through other types of opioid receptors such as mu or delta. U69593 may antagonize HIT-induced hibernation as a mu or delta receptor antagonist.

Offenbach Jacques 1876. Pierrette et Jacquot. Opérette en 1 acte, Livret de Noriac et Gille, Livret de censure, Paris.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, marmotte, marmot.
Extrait pdf Extract

Office National de la Chasse 1995. Bibliothèque du C.N.E.R.A. Faune de montagne à Eybens (Isère). Documents acquis sur le thème La marmotte, 1-46.
Bibliographie.

Offner J. 1909. Les territoires de refuge de la flore alpine [Refuge territories of Alpine flora]. Annales de Géographie, 18 : 362-364.
En français, in French.
pdf Alpes, Alps, flore, flora, Würm, Wurm.

O'Gorman Molly A., Sharma Savitri, Groopman John-D., Tennant Bud C., Tochkov Ilia A. & Schwarz Kathleen B. 2003. Decreased oxidative DNA damage and accelerated cell turnover in woodchuck hepatitis virus infected liver. Hepatology research, 25 (3) : 254-262.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Viral hepatitis, Hépatite virale, Woodchuck hepatitis B virus, Virus de l'hépatite-B de la marmotte, Pathogenesis, Pathogénie, Oxidative stress, Stress oxydatif, Lesion, Lésions, DNA, ADN, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Carcinome hépatocellulaire, Apoptosis, Apoptose, Cell proliferation, Multiplication cellulaire, Cell culture, Culture cellulaire, Hepatocyte.
Infection of newborn woodchucks with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) results in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Since oxidative damage may be carcinogenic, we investigated the relationship between WHV infection and oxidative damage to hepatic lipids and DNA. Eastern woodchucks were infected with WHV. Hepatic lipid peroxidation was assessed in vitro in isolated hepatocytes by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Oxidative DNA damage was assessed in vivo in snap-frozen livers by 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). The proliferation index (PI) and apoptotic index (AI) were also determined. WHV infection was associated with increased hepatic lipid peroxidation (0. 51 0. 04 nmols TBARS per mg protein for WHV+ hepatocytes vs. 0.380.04 for WHV negative controls, P < 0.01). in contrast, the whv+ livers exhibited less oxidative dna damage than uninfected controls (11 5 vs. 388 8-OH-dG/106 dG, P < 0.02). in whv-infected animals pi and ai were increased, by >20-fold. We conclude that WHV infection is associated with increased in vitro lipid peroxidation and decreased in vivo oxidative DNA damage. The increased PI and AI in the WHV+livers suggest that rapid cell turnover dilutes 8-OH-dG concentration.

Ogerien, le frère 1863. Histoire naturelle du Jura et des départements voisins [Natural history of the Jura and its neighbouring departments]. Paris, pp. 571.
En français, in French.
France, Jura.

Oglezneva A.G. 1960. [Données complémentaires sur les ectoparasites des mammifères de l'ouest du Transbaïkal. Additional data on ectoparasites of mammals in West Transbaikalia]. Izv. Irkoutsk. protivochoum. in-ta Sib. i Dal. Vost., Irkoutsk, 23: 287-291.
En russe, in Russian.
Parasitologie, parasitology, Transbaïkal.

Ognev S.I. 1940. Mlekopitayuchthie Tsentral'nogo Tyan'-Chanya (Zailiïskogo i Koungeï-Alataou) [Mammifères du Tien Chan central]. M. (Materialy k poznaniyu faouny i flory SSSR, Nov. ser. Otd. zool., 3(18). Mammifères, mammals, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.
En russe, in Russian.

Ognev S.I. 1947. Zveri SSSR i prilejachtchikh stran [Animaux de l'URSS et des contrées voisines. Animals of the USSR and neighbouring countries]. Gryzouny, M.-L. : Izd-vo AN SSSR, 5, pp. 800.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, faunistique, fauna, URSS, USSR.

Ognev S.V. 1928-1950. [Mammifères d'URSS et des contrées adjacentes. Mammals of USSR and adjacent areas]. Vol. 1-7 (vol. 5. Les rongeurs. The Rodents), Moscow-Leningrad, 615 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota bobac, URSS, USSR.

Ognev S.V. 1963. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries[Mammifères d'URSS et des contrées adjacentes]. Israel Program Sci. Translations, Jerusalem, 5 : 1-662.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota bobak, faunistique , fauna, URSS.

Ognev S.V. & Vorob'ev K.A. 1923. Faouna nazemnykh pozvonotchnykh Voronejskoï goubernii. M., Novaya derevnya.
En russe, in Russian.
Faunistique, fauna, Voronej, Voronezh, Russie, Russia.

Ognev S.V. & Vorob'ev K.A. 1924. [Faune de vertébré de la région de Voronej. Vertebrate fauna of the government of Voronesh].
En russe, in Russian.
Faunistique, fauna, Voronej, Voronezh, Russie, Russia.

Ogston C.W., Jonak G.J., Rogler C.E., Astrin S.M. & Summers J. 1982. Cloning and structural analysis of integrated woodchuck hepatitis virus sequences from hepatocellular carcinomas of woodchucks. Cell, 29(2): 385-394.
Marmota monax, hépatite, heptitis, clonage, cloning.

Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), like the related hepatitis B virus, induces in its natural host hepatocellular carcinomas that contain integrated viral sequences. As a first step in determining whether and how the integrated sequences contribute to formation of the tumors in which they are found, we have cloned two such integrations of WHV and have determined their structure by restriction mapping and heteroduplex electron microscopy. The identity of the cloned sequences was confirmed by comparison of restriction sites in the clones with those located by Southern blot analysis of tumor DNA. Viral sequences in both integrations are extensively rearranged, and in neither were all parts of the viral genome represented. In this respect, the behavior of WHV in vivo is similar to that of other DNA tumor viruses that have been studied in vitro. We discuss the implications of these results in relation to possible mechanisms for tumor induction by WHV.

Ogston C.W. & Razman D.G. 1992. Spliced RNA of woodchuck hepatitis virus. Virology, 189(1): 245-252.

Polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate RNA splicing in liver of woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). Two spliced species were detected, and the splice junctions were sequenced. The larger spliced RNA has an intron of 1300 nucleotides, and the smaller spliced sequence shows an additional downstream intron of 1104 nucleotides. We did not detect singly spliced sequences from which the smaller intron alone was removed. Control experiments showed that spliced sequences are present in both RNA and DNA in infected liver, showing that the viral reverse transcriptase can use spliced RNA as template. Spliced sequences were detected also in virion DNA prepared from serum. The upstream intron produces a reading frame that fuses the core to the polymerase polypeptide, while the downstream intron causes an inframe deletion in the polymerase open reading frame. Whereas the splicing patterns in WHV are superficially similar to those reported recently in hepatitis B virus, we detected no obvious homology in the coding capacity of spliced RNAs from these two viruses.

Ogston C.W., Schechter E.M., Humes C.A. & Pranikoff M.B. 1989. Extrahepatic replication of woodchuck hepatitis virus in chronic infection. Virology, 169(1): 9-14.

We describe studies of woodchuck hepatitis virus nucleic acids in liver and other tissues of chronically infected woodchucks, using Southern and Northern blot hybridization techniques. Single-stranded and covalently closed circular replicative DNA molecules were distinguished from partly double-stranded virus genomes. In most animals the liver contained more virus than any other organ, but all extrahepatic organs studied (spleen, thymus, pancreas, and kidney) contained viral DNA and significant amounts of viral RNA. In the spleen, partly double-stranded virus genomes were present at higher levels than in any other organ but liver, but nonetheless replicative intermediates were not detected. The observation of RNA transcripts in the absence of detectable covalently closed circular DNA template suggests that a small proportion of cells in extrahepatic tissues are infected with WHV.

Ohnishi S., Aoyama H., Shiga J., Itai Y., Moriyama T., Ishikawa T., Sasaki N., Yamamoto K., Koshimizu K., Kaneko S., et al. 1988. Establishment of a new cell line from a woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 8(1): 104-107.

A new cell line derived from a woodchuck hepatitis surface antigen-positive woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma has been established and named T3-HEP-W1. This new cell line was established directly from a primary woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma. Adaptation of the cells to the in vitro culture condition was completed after 3 months, with the doubling time of 24 hr. The morphologic features of the cell by light microscopy were of an epithelial type. The modal chromosome number was 100. Ornithine and tyrosine aminotransferase activities were detected. Production of albumin was negative. Integration of woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA was demonstrated by Southern blot analysis, although the secretion of woodchuck hepatitis surface antigen was not detected. T3-HEP-W1 is quite different from the previously reported WH257GE10 cell line and provides another in vitro model for the study of human hepatocellular carcinoma related to hepatitis B virus.

Okhlopkov I.M. 2002. Influence of domestic reindeer husbandry on black-capped marmot population in Verchoyansk Mountains. Influence de l'élevage des rennes domestiques sur la population de marmottes à tête noire des montagnes de Verkoyansk. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 92-93.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota camtschatica bungei, Yakutian black-capped marmot, marmotte à tête noire de Yakoutie, competition, compétition, Rangifer tarandus.

Okhlopkov I.M., Solomonova T.N. & Lukovtsev Yu.S. 2002. Towards possible introduction of black-capped marmot in zooculture. Vers la réalisation de la zooculture de la marmotte à tête noire. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 94-95.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota camtschatica, black-capped marmot, marmotte à tête noire, breeding, élevage, conservation.

Oleinikova E.K., Tynalieva T.A., Kislitzin V.S., Aidraliev K.A., Mamatkanov O.M. 1977. [Nouveautés sur l'aire épizootologique de la peste de l'Alaï. About new of plague epizootic area in Alai range]. Mater. kraevoi epidemiol. i gigieny, Frounze: 46-48.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Alaï, Alai.

Оленев Г.В. (Olenev G.V.) 1980. Prijiznennoe opedelenie bidovoï prinadlejnosti myshevidnykh gryzounov po otpetchatkam zoubov. Vital determination of taxonomic status of murid rodents by tooth-prints [Détermination vitale du statut taxonomique des rongeurs muridés par les empreintes dentaires]. Zool. J., 59 : 294-295.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, dents, teeth.

Оленев Г.В. (Olenev G.V.) 1989. [Détermination fonctionnelle des changements ontogénétiques des marqueurs de l’âge chez les rongeurs et leur utilisation pratique dans les recherches sur les populations. Functional determination of ontogenetic changes in age markers in rodents and their pratical utilization in populational investigations]. Soviet J. Ecol., 20 (2) : 76-86.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, âge, age, écologie, ecology, population.

Оленев Г.В. (Olenev G.V.) 1994. Analyse des différentes méthodes de braconnage, en référence à Marmota bobac dans l'oural méridionnal. The analysis of different methods of poaching with special reference to Marmota bobac in the southern urals. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 96-97.
En russe, in Russian.
(Marmota bobac) : Chasse : Russie : Oural.

The poaching as a method of influence on M. bobac population in Bredy Reserve (Cheliabinsk region) and its vicinity is analyzed. Before the protection status (1975), the marmot population was estimated in this place to 5-6000 individuals. Our estimations (Le Berre et al., 1994) for 1992: 40,890 marmots in the reserve area and 450,000 animals in the district (calculation for the whole area). The supposed numher of animals withdrawen (by poaching) equals approximately to 15,000 individuals. It is less than 1/6 of the marmot's general number in this district. The analized different ways of poaching: are fire-arm, loops, traps, nets, pinters etc...

Оленев Г.В. (Olenev G.V.) 1996. Méthodes de braconnage de Marmota bobac dans l'Oural méridional. Poaching methods of Marmota bobac in Southern Urals. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes/Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 69-70.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota bobac, chasse, hunting, gestion, management, Russie, Russia, Oural, Ural, Tcheliabinsk, Cheliabinsk.

L'influence du braconnage sur la population M. bobac de la réserve de Bredye (région de Tcheliabinsk) et de son voisinage a été analysée. Avant le statut de protection (1975), cette population a été estimée comme comprenant 5-6000 individus. Nos estimations de 1992 (Le Berre et al. 1994) ont été de 40.890 individus au sein de la réserve et de 450.000 sur l'ensemble du district. Le prélèvement dû au braconnage est supposé atteindre approxima-tivement 15.000 individus dans ce district. Les différentes méthodes de braconnage (arme à feu, lacets, pièges, filets, etc.) sont analysées.
Poaching as a method of influence on M. bobac population in Bredy Reserve (Cheliabinsk region) and its vicinity is analyzed. Before the protection status (1975), the marmot population was estimated to 5-6000 individuals, and our estimations (Le Berre et al. 1994) for 1992 : 40,890 marmots in the reserve area and 450,000 animals in the whole district The supposed number of animals withdrawen (by poaching) equals approximately to 15,000 individuals. It is less than 1/6 of the marmot's general number in this district. The different ways of poaching analyzed are fire-arm, loops, traps, nets, pinters, etc..

Оленев Г.В. (Olenev G.V.), Гашек В.А. (Gashek, Gachek V.A.), Закаров В.Д. (Zakharov V.D.), & Лагунов А.В. (Lagunov, Lagounov A.V.) 1997. Опытпереселения степного сурка (Marmota bobac) на южном Урале. Experience of Marmota bobac resettlement on southern Urals [Rétroduction de Marmota bobac dans l'Oural méridional]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 70 (Rousskie, Russian), 172 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobac, réintroduction, re-introduction, Oural, Ural, Russie, Russia.

Ol'kova I.V. 1957. Tsitologitcheskne issledovaniya dlinnokhvostykh sousliko i tarbaganov ouri eksperimentalinoï tchoume. Tez. dokl. konf. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 2, Oulan-Oude.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Ol'kova I.V. 1958. Tsitologitcheskne dannye ob eksperimentalinoï tchoume dlinnokhvostykh souslikov i tarbaganov v zavisimosti ot ikh oupitannosti. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 20, Oulan-Oude.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Ol'kova I.V. & Smirnova L.A. 1958. Sezonnaya vospriimtchivosti tarbaganov i dlinnokh-vostykh souslikov k eksperimentaliboï tchoume. Tez. dokl. konf. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 3, Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 21, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Ol'kova N.V., Smirnova A.B. 1959. [Sensibilité saisonnière de Marmota sibirica et Citellus undulatus à l'infestation xpérimentale au microbe de la peste. Seasonal susceptibility of Marmota Sibirica and Citellus undulatus to plague microbe in experiment]. Izvest. Irkutsk. protivochum. in-ta Sib. i Dal. Vost., Irkoutsk, v.21: 70-81.
En russe, in Russian.
(Marmota sibirica ) ; (Citellus undulatus) : Peste.

Oli Madam K. 1993. A key for the identification of the hair of mammals of a snow leopard (Panthera uncia) habitat in Nepal [Clé d'identification des poils de mammifères de l'habitat du léopard des neiges (Panthera uncia) du Népal]. J. Zool., Lond., 231: 71-93.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Marmota himalayana, marmotte de l'Himalya, prédation, predation, Panthera uncia, cef de détermination, determination key, Népal.
Analysis of prey remains in scats, particularly hairs, is widely used to study diet of mammalian predators, but identification of hair is often difficult because hair structures vary considerably both within and between species. Use of photographic reference of diagnostically important hair structures from mammals occuring in a predator's habitat has been found to be convenient for routine identification. A photographic reference key was developed for the identification of hairs of the mammals known to occur in a snow leopard (Panthera uncia) habitat in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. The key included a photographic reference of the diagnostic hair structures of nine species of wild and five species of domestic mammals. The cross-sectional appearance, shape and arragnement of medulla, the ratio of cortex to medulla, and the form and distribution of pigment in medulla and cortex were important diagnostic aids in the identification of hairs.

Oli M.K. 1993. Diet of the snow leopard in Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal [Régime alimentaire du léopard des neiges dans l'aire de conservation de l'Annapurna]. Journal of Zoology (London), 231: 365-370.
En anglais, in English.
Uncia uncia, léopard des neiges, snow leopard.

Oli M.K. & Armitage K.B. 2002. Sociality and individual fitness in yellow-bellied marmots. Socialité et valeur sélective chez les marmottes à ventre jaune. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 96-67.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota flaviventris, yellow-bellied marmot, marmotte à ventre jaune, fitness, valeur sélective, reproduction.

Oli M. & Armitage K.B. 2003. Sociality and individual fitness in yellow-bellied marmots: insights from a long-term study (1962-2001). Oecologia, 136 (4) : 543-550.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, Age, ge, Reproduction, First breeding, première reproduction, Life-history, Cycle évolutif, Costs, coûts, Fitness, valeursélective, Intraspecific comparison, Comparaison intraspecifique, Social group, Groupe social, Colony, colonie, Social interaction, Interaction-sociale.
Available pdf disponible Theoretical and empirical studies suggest that the age of first reproduction (the age at which reproduction begins) can have a substantial influence on population dynamics and individual fitness. Using complete survival and reproductive histories of 428 female yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) from a 40-year study (1962-2001), we investigated causes and fitness consequences of delayed maturity. Most females (86%) died without reproducing. The age of first reproduction of females that survived to reproduce at least once (n=60) ranged from 2 to 6 years. Females maturing later did not have a larger lifetime number of successful reproductive events or offspring production, nor did they experience improved survival. Females reproducing earlier had a higher fitness than those that delayed maturity. These results suggest that the net cost of early maturity was less than fitness benefits associated with early onset of reproduction, and that age of first reproduction in our study population is under substantial directional selection favoring early maturity. We conclude that female yellow-bellied marmots delay onset of reproduction not because of fitness benefits of foregoing reproduction at an earlier age, but due to the social suppression of reproduction by older, reproductive females, which enhances their own fitness to the detriment of the fitness of young females. Our results indicate that female yellow-bellied marmots that survive to reproduce may act to increase their own direct fitness, and that social suppression of reproduction of young females is a part of that strategy.

Oli Madan K. & Armitage K.B. 2004. Yellow-bellied marmot population dynamics : demographic mechanisms of growth and decline [Dynamique des populations de marmottes à ventre jaune : processus démographique de croissance et de déclin]. Ecology, 85(9) : 2446-2455.
En anglais, in English.
Multiple environmental factors may act synergistically to influence demographic characteristics, and ultimately the dynamics, of biological populations. Using prospective and retrospective analyses of demographic data from a 40-year study of individually marked animals, we investigated the demographic mechanisms of the temporal and spatial dynamics of a yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) population. Prospective elasticity analyses indicated juvenile survival (Pj) would have the largest relative influence on the projected population growth rate (l). Relative magnitudes of elasticities did not differ between years characterized by positive (l > 1.0) and negative (l < 1.0) population growth. however, retrospective analyses of a life table response experiment (ltre) revealed that changes in fertility (f), followed by age of first reproduction (a) made the largest contributions to observed annual changes in l. changes in f and a made the largest contributions to annual declines in l, whereas changes in pj also were important to cause increases in l. population dynamic differences among marmot colonies were due primarily to spatial variations in a and pj. our results indicate that changes in reproductive parameters (a and f) primarily drive the temporal dynamics of our study population, and that demographic mechanisms of population increases might differ from those of population declines. studies of the regulation of yellow-bellied marmot populations should focus on the factors or processes influencing reproductive parameters.
Démographie, demography, dynamique des populations, population dynamics, analyse d’élasticité, elasticity analysis, LTRE analysis, Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot.
Available pdf disponible

Oliger I.M., Sysoletina L.G. & Voronov N.P. 1966. Jivotnyï mir Tchouvachii [Le règne animal de Tchouvachie. Animal Kingdom of Chuvashia]. Naoutch.-popoulyarnyï otcherk. Tcheboksary, Tchouvachskoe kn. izd-vo. 175 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Russie, Russia, République Tchouvache, Chuvash Republic.

Olin G. 1961. Mammals of southwestern mountains and mesas [Mammifères des montagnes et mésas du sud-ouest]. Southwestern Monuments Assoc., 9 : 29-36.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Olivier J. 1979. La marmotte (Marmota marmota L, 1758) dans les pyrénées. Implantation, développement, répartition [The marmot (M. marmota) in the Pyrenees. Settlements, colonization, distribution]. Thèse doctorale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, pp. 104.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, France, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

Oliver I. & Beattie A.J. 1993. A possible method for the rapid assessment of biodiversity [Méthode possible d'ébaluation rapide de la biodiversité]. Conservation Biology, 7(3): 562-568.
En anglais, in Eglish.
Conservation, méthodologie, methodology.

Inventories of vertebrate and flowering plants are frequently used as surrogates for estimates of total bio-diversity. This is in part because the inclusion of inverte-brates and nonflowering plants is perceived as being too time-consuming, costly, and difficult because of the shortage of specialists. Estimates of the species richness of field samples of spiders, ants, polychaetes, and mosses made by a biodiversity technician and by specialist taxonomists were compared. The biodiversity technician received a few hours training in the taxonomy of each group and separated specimens into recognizable taxo-nomic units (RTUs). The specialists sorted to species. For the three animal groups the biodiversity technician recorded 165 taxa and the specialists 147, with the error for the ants and spiders being 13% or less. A small amount of splitting and lumping of species was detected. The concordance of estimates remained very similar when small subsamples were used. The procedure was repeated by 13 undergraduates using a subsample of spiders. Their average error was 14.4%. The greatest similarity in estimates was for the mosses, but with high levels of splitting and lumping this result was entirely fortuitous. The results suggest that RTU estimates made by bio-diversity technicians may be sufficiently close to formal taxonomic estimates of species richness to be useful for the rapid assessment of biodiversity. They also show, however, that the procedures outlined here should be used on invertebrate and nonflowering plant groups before they can be confidently included in biodiverssity surveys.

Olivereau M. 1970. Données cytologiques et radiographiques sur la glande thyroide de quelques mammifères hibernants. Activité thyroidienne et présence de cellules C en calcitonine [Cytologic and radiologic data of the thyroid gland of some hibernant mammals. Thyroidic activity and C cells presence]. Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat., 107: 374-402.
En français, in French.
Physiologie, physiology, hibernation, glandes, glands.

Ollivier de Marichard Jules 1886. Recherches sur l’ancienneté de l’homme dans les grottes des environs de vallon. Grotte de Louoi. Sépulture langlade. Grottes du Caire-Creyt, du Chaoumadon, du châteaau d'Ebbon, des Cinq-Fenêtres, du Tiouré]. Bulletin de la Société des sciences naturelles et historiques de l’Ardèche, n°3 : 58 et 87.
En français, in French.
Archéozoologie, archeozoology, Ardèche, France.

Ollivier de Marichard J. 1872. Recherches sur l’ancienneté de l’homme dans les grottes des environs de Vallon. Bulletin de la Société des sciences naturelles et historiques de l’Ardèche, n°4 : 87.
En français, in French.
Archéozoologie, archeozoology, Ardèche, France.

Ollivier Dr. 1884. Âge préhistorique dans les basses-Alpes. Annales des Basses-Alpes, bulletin de Digne, 25 et 66.
En français, in French.
Archéozoologie, archeozoology, Ardèche, France.

Ollobergenov K. 1991. [Mammifères du Livre Rouge. Mammals included with the Red Data Book]. Tashkent, Fan Publishers, 6-8.
En Ouzbek, in Uzbek.
Conservation.

Olsen S.J. 1964. Mammalian remains from archaeological sites. Part I. Southeastern and southwestern United States [Restes mammaliens des sites archéologiques. 1 parie. Sud-est et sud-ouest des Etats-Unis]. Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Papers, 56(1): 1-162.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, paléontologie, paleontology, Etats-Unis d’Amérique, United States of America.

Olson L.E., Yovovich V. & Blumstein D.T. 2003. Early season arboreal behavior in yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) [Comportement arboricole printanier chez les marmottes à ventre jaune]. Oecologia Montana, 12: 12-14. [published in 2006].
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, éthology, ethology, alimentation, foraging, printemps, spring.
We observed Yellow-bellied Marmots using aspen and spruce trees as forage during a spring with later than usual snow cover. Marmots were seen climbing vertical trees of 10-20 cm in diameter and eating buds and branches. Following snowmelt, tree use declined abruptly. We believe that marmots use trees as an alternative source of forage during years with high spring snow pack. If marmots are emerging earlier and through greater spring snow pack then trees may be an important, but previously neglected, resource.
Available pdf disponible

Olson O.W. 1938. Sucking lice (Anoplura) on marmots [Le pou suceur (Anoplura) des marmottes]. J. Parasitol., 24 : 281.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Insectes, Insects.

Olson R.L. 1936. The quinault Indians [Les indiens quinault]. University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, 6: 1-190.
En français, in French.
Marmota, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology.

Quinault elders, on the west side of the Olympic Peninsula, said that of all the furs sewn to make robes, the marmot was the "favorite". The marmot or kwukwu'k were "usually sought during the season of elk hunting in the mountains. They were easy to kill. Their skins were much used in the manufacture of bed blankets. A small shoulder robe of four to six skins of the animal was sometimes made. A single skin made a handy seat when one had to sit in a cold or damp spot. The flesh of the marmot was regarded as excellent and well-flavoured meat because they eat grass".

Olsufiev I.G. 1938. Nekotorye dannye po ekologii dlinnokhvostogo sourka (Marmota caudata) i ego parazitam. Tr. Otdela med. parazitologii VIEM, 3, Voprosy kraevoï parazitologii.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Insectes, Insects.

Ommundsen Peter 2002. Lexicon of British Columbia Mammals. Classification, pronunciation, meaning and derivation of wildlife names [Lexique des mammifères de Colombie Britannique. Classification, prononciation, signification et dérivation des noms d'animaux sauvages]. Cape West Publishing, Saltspring Island.
Mammifères, mammals, dictionnaire, dictionary, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia.

Ommundsen Peter 2004. Skulls of British Columbia mammals. Summary of anatomical features and list of references [Crânes des mammifères de Colombie Britannique ; Résumé des caractéristiques anatomiques et liste des références]. Salt Spring Island, Canada, En ligne / On line accès / accessed à / at http://www.saltspring.com/capewest/SkullTech.htm
En anglais, in English.
Anatomie, anatomy, crâne, skull, Marmota caligata, marmotte givrée, Hoary Marmot, Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, Yellow-bellied Marmot, Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, Woodchuck, Marmota vancouverensis, marmotte de l’île de Vancouver,Vancouver Marmot, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia, Canada.
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Ommundsen Peter 2004. Skulls of British Columbia mammals. A non-technical guide for naturalists [Crânes des mammifères de Colombie Britannique. Guide non-technique pour naturalistes]. Salt Spring Island, Canada, En ligne / On line accès / accessed à / at http://www.saltspring.com/capewest/skulls.htm
En anglais, in English.
Anatomie, anatomy, crâne, skull, marmotte, marmot, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia, Canada.

ONC 1976. Enquête statistique nationale sur les tableaux de chasse à tir pour la saison 1974-1975. Premiers résultats [National statistical survey of shooting results during 1974-1975]. Bull. mens ONC, spécial, 53 pp.
En français, in French.
Chasse, hunting, France.

ONC 1993. La marmotte. Bull. mens. ONC, 179 : 6 pp.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota.

Ondrick K.A. 1974. Aspects of renal structure and function in hibernating ground squirrels and woodchucks [Aspects de la structure et de la fonction rénale chez les éreuils terrestres et les marmottes]. Diss. Abstr. Int. B (1975?) 3170B.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, rein, kidney, hibernation.

Ondruš S., Gašinec I., Radúch J. & Adamec M. 2003. Program záchrany svišťa vrchovského (Marmota mamota Linnaeus, 1758). Štátna ochrana prírody, B. Bystrica.
Marmota marmota latirostris, Tatras, Tatra mountains.

Ontario. Ministère des richesses naturelles 1988. Quand les marmottes deviennent un fléau...[When marmots become a plague]. Toronto, Ontario, Ministère des Richesses.
En français, in French.
Écologie, ecology, Marmotte, marmot, Canada.

Orbigny Alcide Dessalines d' 1849. Cours élémentaire de paléontologie et de géologie stratigraphiques [Elementary lesson of paleontology and of stratigraphical geology]. 1er Vol. Victor Masson.
En français, in French.
Arctomys, paléontologie, paleontology.
pdf

Orbigny Alcide d' & Gervais Paul 1847. Mammifères. Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale... exécuté pendant les années 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833 par Alcide d'Orbigny. Paris : P. Bertrand ; Strasbourg : Veuve Levrault, 32 p. Num. BNF .
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Mammals, Amérique du Sud, South America.
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Orbigny Charles d’ 1846. Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle [Universal dictionary of natural history]. Tome septième, I-Marta, Renard, Martinet et Co., Langlois et Leclercq, Victor Masson, Paris, 808 p., Num. Google.
En français, in French.
Marmotte, Arctomys, marmot, Arctomys marmotta Gml., Arctomys alpina Blum., marmotte de Pologne, Arctomys bobac Gmel., monax, Arctomys monax Gml., Cuniculus bahamensis Catesb., marmotte du Canada, siffleur, whistler ; marmotte de Québec, Arctomys empetra Gml., Mus empetra Pall., Arctomys caligata Eschsch., Boitard.
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Orbigny Charles d’, Dir.,1845. Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle [Universal dictionary of natural history]. Tome troisième, C, Au bureau principal des éditeurs, Paris, 1-744.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, terrier, castor, castorina, Gervais P., bouquetin, Roulin.
Extrait pdf extract

Orbigny Charles d’ 1849. Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle [Uiviersal dictionary of natural history]. Tome onzième, R-S, Renard, Martinet et Co., Langlois et Leclercq, Victor Masson, Paris.
En français, in French.
Sommeil d’hiver, Marmotte monax, siffleur, whistler ; Arctomys superciliaris Kaup, marmotte fossile d’Eppelsheim, fossil marmot of Eppelsheim ; Arctomys primigenia Kaup, marmotte fossile d’Eppelsheim, fossil marmot of Eppelsheim ; Arctomys pruinosa, Gm, spermophile de Richardson, Richarson’s ground squirrel ;Arctomys ludovicianus Ord. Say, spermophile social ; Arctomys alpina, Parry ; spermophile de Parry, Parry’s ground squirrel.
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Orbigny C. d' directeur 1874. Dictionnaire universel d'Histoire Naturelle [Universal dictionnary of natural history]. Paris, t. 8, 2ème partie, 536-541.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Arctomys marmotta Gml., Arctomys alpina Blum., bobac, bobak, Arctomys bobac Gmel., marmotte de Pologne, Monax, Arctomys monax Gml., Cunniculus bahamensis Catesb., marmotte du Canada Buff., siffleur, marmotte de Québec,; Arctomys empetra Gml., Mus empetra Pall., marmotte du Canada, Arctomys melanopus Kuhl., Arctomys caligata Eschsch..
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Ordody S.K. 1877. Das Alpenmurmelthier (Arctomys alpina). Jb. ungarn. Karpenthenver., 4 : 41-51.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Orlenev D.P. & Nikolskii A.A. 1975. [Variabilité du cri d'alarme chez la marmotte à longue queue. A variability of warning signal of long-tailed marmot]. Abstracts to 2nd All-Union Conf. of Young Scientists on the Problems of Comparative Morphology and Ecology of Animals, Moscow: Nauka Publishers, 152.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, cri d'alarme, alarm call.

Orlov A. 1857. [Les nomades Tougouses des régions de Baunt et Angar. The wandering Tunguses of the Baunt and Angar region]. Herald. Russ. Geogr. Soc. St Petersburg, 21(2-6): 57-63.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Russie, Russia, Sibérie, Siberia.

Orlov S.I. 1932. Sourok pod Novosibirskom. Okhotnik i rybak Sibiri, 1.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, Russie, Russia, Sibérie, Siberia.

Orlov V.A. 1984. [La marmotte de Menzbier. Menzbier's Marmot]. Red Data Book, Moscow: Lesnaya Pro- myshlennost' Publishers, 1 : 19-20.
En russe, in Russian.
Conservation.

Orlov V.N. 1989. Rodents of conservation concern in the Soviet Union Region [Conservation des rongeurs en Union Soviétique]. In Rodents. A world survey od species of conservation concern, Lidicker W.Z. Ed., 40-41, Occasional paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commision, Iucn, Gland.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota sibirica Radde, 1862, Marmota menzbieri, Russie, Russia, Ukraine, Conservation.

Ortmann S. 1989. Jahreszeitliche Anpassung der Stoffwechselrate beim Alpenmurmeltier Marmota marmota (Linne): Winterschlaf und Normo-thermie. Ph. D thesis, Philipps University, Marburg.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, physiologie, physiology, hibernation.

Ortmann S. 1997. Strategien der saisonalen Anpassung beim Alpenmurmeltier (Marmota marmota) [Stratégies d'adaptation saisonnière chez la marmotte alpine]. Dissertation, Philipps-Universität Marburg.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, saison, season.

Ortmann S. & Heldmaier G. 1992. Bilancio energetico nella Marmotta alpina durante l'iibernazione e in condizioni di normotermia. Energetics of normothermic and hibernatting alpine marmots. Proc. 1st International Symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota) and on Genus Marmota, Bassano et al. eds., 221-225.
En italien et en anglais, in Italian and in English.
Marmota marmota, physiologie, hibernation.

During hibernation marmots lower their body temperature in order to avoid the higher energy requirement which are necessary for maintaining normothermia. Metabolic heat production decreases to approximately 5% of the normothermic basal value in winter at thermoneutrality. Due to the fact that body temperature of hibernating mammals is controlled by thermoregulation, metabolic heat production rises linearly if ambient temperature decreases below 5 C while Tb remains constant. Besides the reduction of metabolic rate during hypothermia Alpine marmots exhibit an annual cycles of basal metabolic rate with a maximum of 285 mlO2 (Kg/h) in winter. This seasonal reduction of resting metabolic rate reduces energetic costs and support fattening in fail.

Ortmann S. & Heldmaier G. 1993. Body temperature and torpor bout duration in Alpine marmots: the benefit of joint hibernation [Température corporelle et durée des bouts de torpeur chez la marmotte alpine : Bénéfice de l'hibernation en groupe]. In Life in the cold. Ecological, Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms, Carey C., Florant G.L., B. Wunder & B. Orwitz eds., Westview Press, Boulder.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, hibernation, social.

All marmot species except woodchucks (Marmota monax) show a high sociality and hibernate in family groups with up to 20 individuals. Ambient temperature (Ta) in their burrows does not remain constant but decreases exponentially from approximately 15 0C in October to 0 0C ln late March. Alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) rely exclusively on their fat stores during the six month hibernating season and these fat stores are most limited in young marmots which cannot reach adult weight during their first summer. To evaluate the extent of energy cost reduction we kept six marmots in climate chambers either solitary in plexiglas metabolic boxes (1 male, 2 female with 3540 to 4100 g prehibernation-weight) or in a wooden box (1 female with her offspring of that year 1 m, 1 f, 2685 to 3525 g prehibernation weight). Body temperature (Tb) was recorded continuously via temperature sensitive transmitters from November 11 th 1991 through March 3rd 1992 for singly hibernating animals and April 5 th 1992 for the group respectively. Ta within the climate chamber was decreased stepwise from 15 0C in November to 0 0C in March Ta remained constant until each individual showed at least two entire hibernation bouts at a given temperature. Torpor bout duration varied with Ta and was significantly different between both experimental groups. At 15 0C Ta the average bout duration was 51.7 hours for individually hibernating animals but 90. 1 hours for group members. At 11 0C mean values were 89.8 versus 151.4 hours, at 7 0C 90.2 vs. 234.5 hours, at 5 0C 75.8 vs. 210.9 hours, at 2.5 0C 38.0 vs. 138.7 hours, at 0 0C 31.2 vs. 65.6 hours for single and group animals respectively. Arousals of the family group members were not perfectly synchronized. The arousal-pattern was more or less the same within the youngs whereas the adult female showed a different pattern. Solitary hibernating marmots maintained higher body temperatures than group members: minimal Tbs of 7.9 , 8.6 , 10.7 0C versus 5.8 , 5.2 , 4.9 0C. This preference of high body temperatures evokes a greater Tb-Ta-gradient in singly hibernating marmots and as a consequence as increase in metabolic heat production due to additional cold load. In summary the benefits of social thermoregulation e.g. prolongation of torpor bout duration, smaller Tb-Ta-gradients and reduced thermal conductance due to larger body mass in the nest, allow the reduction of hibernation weight loss to approximately 50% of the weight loss of singly hibernating marmots. The mean weight loss was 0.17% per day in family group members versus 0.33% per day in solitary hibernating marmots. The young male in the group lost 23.7 % of his prehibernation-weight in 143 days whereas one of the single individuals with a comparable prehibernation weight lost 33.6 % in 94 days. The results of this study show that joint hibernation is above all indispensable for the survival of young marmots which have the most limited fat reserves.

Ortmann S. & Heldmaier G. 2000. Regulation of body temperature and energy requirements of hibernating Alpine marmots (Marmota marmota). Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 278(3): R698-R704.
(Marmota marmota, température corporelle, body temperature, hibernation, Sciuridae, dépense énergétique, energy expenditure, métabolisme, metabolic rate, conductivité thermique, thermal conductivity, expérimentation animale, animal experiment.
Body temperature and metabolic rate were recorded continuously in two groups of marmots either exposed to seasonally decreasing ambient temperature (15 to 0 degrees C) over the entire hibernation season or to short-duration temperature changes during midwinter. Hibernation bouts were characterized by an initial 95% reduction of metabolic rate facilitating the drop in body temperature and by rhythmic fluctuations during continued hibernation. During midwinter, we observed a constant minimal metabolic rate of 13.6 ml O(2). kg(-1). h(-1) between 5 and 15 degrees C ambient temperature, although body temperature increased from 7.8 to 17.6 degrees C, and a proportional increase of metabolic rate below 5 degrees C ambient temperature. This apparent lack of a Q(10) effect shows that energy expenditure is actively downregulated and controlled at a minimum level despite changes in body temperature. However, thermal conductance stayed minimal (7.65 +/- 1.95 ml O(2). kg(-1). h(-1). degrees C(-1)) at all temperatures, thus slowing down cooling velocity when entering hibernation. Basal metabolic rate of summer-active marmots was double that of winter-fasting marmots (370 vs. 190 ml O(2). kg(-1). h(-1)). In summary, we provide strong evidence that hibernation is not only a voluntary but a well-regulated strategy to counter food shortage and increased energy demands during winter.

Oryx 1987. Reserve for marmots [Réserves à marmottes]. Oryx 21:252.
En anglais, in English.
Conservation.

Oryx 1990. Plans to transport marmots [Planifications du transport de marmottes]. Oryx 24:43.
En anglais, in English.
Conservation.

Osadchaya L.M. 1960. [Caractéristiques des souches de microbe de la peste isolées dans différents foyers de peste et à différentes étapes épizootologiques. Characteristics of plague microbe strains isolated in different plague foci and in different of epizootic stages]. Prirodn. ochagov. i epidemiologia osobo opasn. infec., Saratov: 206-212.
En russe, In Russian.
Peste, plague.

Osadchaya L.M. 1963. [Sur l'importance du test de dénitrification pour détecter les variétés de microbe de la peste. On significance of test of denitrification for detect of plague microbe varieties]. Mater. nauch. konf. po prirodn. ochagovosti i prophilaktike chumy, Alma-Ata: 167-168.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, méthodologie, methodology.

Osadchaya L.M. & Kudinova T.P. 1961. [Caractéristiques des souches de microbe de la peste isolées entre 1957 et 1960 dans les foyers du désert et des montgnes d'Asie centrale. Characteristics of plague microbe strains isolated during 1957-1960 in Middle Assian Desert and Mountain foci]. Mater. nauchn. konf. k 40-letiju Kaz. SSR, Alma-Ata: 138-140.
Peste, plague.

Osadtchizh K.P. 1993. Raspredelenie i tchislennosti serogo surka v Narynskom zapovednike [Répartition et effectif de la baibacina dans la réserve de Narynsk]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 24.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, faunistique, fauna.

Osborn H. F. 1907. Evolution of mammalian molar teeth [Évolution des molaires des mammifères]. Macmillan Co., New York. 250 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammalia, Mammals, dent, tooth.

Osborn H F. 1910. The age of mammals in Europe, Asia and North America [L'âge des mammifères en Europe, Asie et Amérique du Nord]. New York, The Macmillan Co,. xxvii + 635 pp., 220 figs.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, oregonensis.

Osborn H.F. 1916. Men of the Old Stone age; their environment, life and art. Les Hommes de l'âge de pierre ; leur milieu, leur vie et leur art]. Illustrations by Upper Palaeolithic artists and Charles R. Knight, Erwin S. Christman, and others.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota .

Osborn H.F. & Anthony H.E. 1922. Can we save the mammals? [Pouvons-nous souver les mammifères?]. Natural History, 22(5): 338-405.
En anglais, in English.
Commerce de la fourrure, fur trade, valeur économique, economic value, récolte (1919-1921), harvests (1919-1921).

Osborn H.F. & Anthony H.E. 1989. Can we save the mammals? [Pouvons-nous souver les mammifères?]. Natural History, 89(4): 106-113. Reprinted from Natural History, 22(5): 338-405.
En anglais, in English.
Commerce de la fourrure, fur trade, valeur économique, economic value, récolte (1919-1921), harvests (1919-1921).
Mustela vison, Putorius vision, Martes pennanti, Martes americana, Mustela americana, Martes zibellina, Mustela zibellina, Mustela erminea, Putorius arcticus, Vulpes vulpes fulva, Vulpes fulvus, Lutra canadensis, Enhydra lutris, Latax lutris, Martes foina, Mustela foina, Mustela sibirica, Mephitis sp., Canis sp. = Canis lupus ? Alopex lagopus, Lynx rufus, Procyon lotor, Castor canadensis, Ondatra zibethicus, Fiber zibethicus, Myocastor coypu, Marmota sp., Lepus sp., Callorhinus ursinus, Callorhinus alascanus, Enhydra lutris, Latax lutris.

Osgood 1938.
Marmota monax canadensis, Marmota monax preblorum, Marmota monax rufescens, États-Unis d'Amérique, Vermont.
En anglais, in English.

Osokin G. 1911. Tarbagan. Semiya okhotnikov, 5-7.
En russe, in Rusian.
Marmota sibirica.

Otto A.J. 1826. De animalium quorumdam, per hiemen dormientium, vasis cephalis et aure interna. Nova acta phys. med. Acad. nat. curios, Bonnae, XII et Ann. sc. nat., 11.
En latin, in Latin.
Marmota marmota, hibernation, anatomie, anatomy.

Otto A.J. 1827. Ueber den Blutlauf der Winterschläfer. Isis.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, hibernation, anatomie, anatomy.

Les recherches d'Otto portent à la fois sur un certain nombre de vrais et aussi de faux hivernants tels que le Castor et l'Écureuil. Elles sont surtout anatomiques : pour cet auteur, contrairement à ce qu'avait prétendu Saissy, la carotide interne ne manque pas chez la Marmotte, mais elle est petite. Il est vrai que dans l'Écureuil et quelques Rongeurs, elle traverse l'oreille moyenne et est souvent cachée dans un canal osseux qui parfois enfile l'étrier, comme cela a lieu chez la Taupe et divers Rongeurs non hivernants ; chez L'Ours et le Blaireau, ce vaisseau suit le trajet ordinaire. Appendice, Dubois, 1896.

Oudet J-E. 1850. De l'accroissement continu des incisives chez les rongeurs et de leur reproduction, considérés sous le rapport de leur application à l'étude de l'anatomie comparative des dents, précédés de recherches nouvelles sur l'origine et le développement des follicules dentaires [About the continuous growth of rodent incisives and their reproduction, considered with respect to their application to the study of the comparative anatomy, preceded by new researches on the origin and the development of teeth follicules] . J-B. Baillère, Paris.
Rodentia, dents, teeth.

Oudin Antoine 1627. Thresor des trois langues espagnole, françoise, et italienne, auquel est contenue l'explication de toutes les trois, respectivement l'une par l'autre. Tresoro de la lengua espanola, francesa y italiana, que contiene la declaracion d'espanol en françés, y de françés en espanol y italian, con muchas frases y maneras de hablar particulares à tres lenguas. Thresor de la langue françoise, italienne, & espagnole, contenant l'explication des dictions françoises en italien & en espagnol, pour faciliter le moyen à ceux qui désirent atteindre la perfection de composer en la langue italienne & espagnole. Tesoro delle tre lingue, italiana, francese, e espagnuola, duo sono le voci italiane dichiarate in francese e spagnuolo, per ajutar chi defidera nelle tre sudette lingue perfettamente. Genève : J. Crespin, Num. BNF, 1500 p.
En français, in French, en italien, in Italian, en espagnol, in espagnol.
Dictionnaires polyglotte, polyglot dictionaries, langue, language, Français, French, marmotte, marmotaine, Italien, Italian, marmotana, marmotta, espagnol, Spanish.
Oudin Antoine 1640. Curiositez françoises. Paris, A. de Sommaville, Num. BNF, 119 p.
En français, in French.
pdf
Français, French, langue, language, dictionnaire, dictionary, absence dormillouse, marmottaine, marmotte, marmotta.

Oudin Antoine 1640. Recherches italiennes et françaises. Dictionnaire contenant outre les mots ordinaires, une quantit de proverbes & de phrases, pour l'intelligence de l'une ou l'autre langue. Avec un abrégé de grammaire italienne. Paris, A. de Sommaville, Num. BNF, 1550p.
En français et italien, in French and Italian.
pdf
Dictionnaire polyglotte, polyglot dictionary, français, French, marmotaine, marmotte, italien, Italian, marmotta.

Ouellet J.P. 1986. Organisation socio-spatiale de la marmotte commune (Marmota monax) en milieu agricole pour la saison post-reproductrice [Socio-spatial organisation of Marmota monax in farming lands during the post-reproductive season]. Thèse M.Sc., Univ. Montréal, Montréal, 86p.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, social, Canada, Québec.

Ouellet J.P. & Ferron J. 1986. L'utilisation de l'espace par la marmotte commune (Marmota monax) [Space use of Marmota monax]. Naturaliste can. (Rev. Ecol. Syst.), 113 : 263-273.
En français, in French.
Marmota monax, utilisation de l’espace, space use, éthologie, ethology, spatial, Canada, Québec.

L'utilisation de l'espace par la marmotte commune (Marmota monax) en milieu agricole durant la saison post-reproductrice a été étudiée par suivi télémétrique d'adultes des deux sexes et de juvéniles. Les variables analysées sont : le nombre de terriers fréquentés, la fréquence relative de changement de terrier, la superficie des domaines vitaux et la distance moyenne entre deux terriers fréquentés successivement par le même individu. Les mâles adultes sont plus mobiles que les femelles parturientes et ont des domaines vitaux plus grands. La sédentarité des femelles est plus marquée durant la période de gestation et d'élevage des jeunes. La dispersion natale se fait dès le premier été ; la distance parcourue est importante. Nos résultats confirment le caractère asocial de la marmotte commune, mais on ne peut conclure avec certitude qu'elle soit territoriale.

Ouellet J.P. & Ferron J. 1988. Scent-marking behavior by woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Le comportement de marquage olfactif chez les marmottes, M. monax]. J. Mammal., 69 (2) : 365-368.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, marquage, marking, olfaction.

Oustalet E. 1893. Note pour servir à la faune du département du Doubs (Mammifères) [Noteon the fauna of the Doubs department (Mammals)]. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., 237-241.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, France, Doubs.

Owen Richard 1845. Odontography; or a treatise on the comparative anatomy of the teeth. Odontographie ou traité d'anatomie comparative des dents] etc.. Vol. i, text, pp. i-lxx.
En anglais, in English.

Owen R. 1866. On the anatomy of vertebrates. II. Birds and mammals. [Sur l'anatomie des Vertébrés. II. Oiseaux et mammifères]. London 1866 pp. i-viii, 1-592.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, Arctomys, anatomie.

Owen Richard & Hunter John 1861. Essays and Observations on Natural History, Anatomy, Physiology, Psychology, and Geology [Essais et observations d’histoire naturelle, d’anatomie, de physiologie, psychologie et géologie]. J. Van Voorst, London, 507p. Family Arctomyidae. The marmot Arctomys Marmotta Schreb., p. 241.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, anatomie, anatomy.
Extrait pdf extract

Owen Smith Norman 1997. How successful was Edwards' linear programming model for marmots? Oecologia, Berlin, 112 (3): 331-332.
Available pdf disponible
En anglais, in English.
Méthodologie, methodology, Marmota..

Owings D.H. & D.F. Hennessey 1984. The importance of variation in sciurid visual and vocal communication [Importance de la variation dans la communication visuelle et vocale des Sciuridae]. In The biology of ground-dwelling squirrels, J. Murie a G. Michener eds., Univ. Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
Sciuridae, vision, son, sound.

Оюнбилег Ж. (Oyunbileg, Oïoubileg J.), Батболд Ж. (Batbold J.) &, Нимидава Р. (Nymidava P.) & Шимода А. (Shimoda, Chimoda A.) 1997. Инфекция вируского гепатита в популяция монгольских сурков. Hepadnavirus infection among populations of Mongolian marmots. [Infection d'hepadnovirus parmi les populations de marmottes de Mongolie]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 70 (Rousskie, Russian), 172 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota sibirica, hépatite, hepatitis.

Ozenda P. & J.-L. Borel 1991. Les conséquences écologiques possibles des changements climatiques dans l'arc alpin [Ecologic consequences of possible variations in the Alps]. Rapport Futuralp n 1 : 1-49, ICALPE. (en français, in French)
Climat, Alpes, Alps.

Ozgul Arpat, Armitage K.B., Blulmstein D., Vanvuren D.H. & Oli M.K. 2006. Effects of patch quality and network structure on patch occupancy dynamics of a yellow-bellied marmot metapopulation [Effets de la qualité et de la structure du réseau des parcelles sur la dynamique d’occupation des parcelles d’une métapopulation de marmottes à ventre jaune]. Journal of Animal Ecology, 75 : 191-202.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, modèles d’occupation des parcelles, patch occupancy models, modèles aléatoires d’occupation des parcelles, stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs), spomsim, synchronie régional aléatoire, stochastic regional synchrony.
1. The presence/absence of a species at a particular site is the simplest form of data that can be collected during ecological field studies. We used 13 years (1990-2002) of survey data to parameterize a stochastic patch occupancy model for a metapopulation of the yellow-bellied marmot in Colorado, and investigated the significance of particular patches and the influence of site quality, network characteristics and regional stochasticity on the metapopulation persistence. 2. Persistence of the yellow-bellied marmot metapopulation was strongly dependent on the high quality colony sites, and persistence probability was highly sensitive to small changes in the quality of these sites. 3. A relatively small number of colony sites was ultimately responsible for the regional persistence. However, lower quality satellite sites also made a significant contribution to long-term metapopulation persistence, especially when regional stochasticity was high. 4. The northern network of the marmot metapopulation was more stable compared to the southern network, and the persistence of the southern network depended heavily on the northern network. 5. Although complex models of metapopulation dynamics may provide a more accurate description of metapopulation dynamics, such models are data-intensive. Our study, one of the very few applications of stochastic patch occupancy models to a mammalian species, suggests that stochastic patch occupancy models can provide important insights into metapopulation dynamics using data that are easy to collect.
Available pdf disponible

Ozgul A., Armitage K.B., Blumstein D.T. & Oli M.K. 2006. Spatiotemporal variation in survival rates: implications for population dynamics of yellow-bellied marmots [Variation spatiotemporelle des taux de survie : implications pour la dynamique des popultions de marmottes à ventre jaune]. Ecology, 87(4): 1027-37.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, survie, survival, capture-marquage-recapture (CMR), capture-mark-recapture (CMR), modèle de Cormack-Jolly-Seber, Cormack-Jolly-Seber model.
Spatiotemporal variation in age-specific survival rates can profoundly influence population dynamics, but few studies of vertebrates have thoroughly investigated both spatial and temporal variability in age-specific survival rates. We used 28 years (1976-2003) of capture-mark-recapture (CMR) data from 17 locations to parameterize an age-structured Cormack-Jolly-Seber model, and investigated spatial and temporal variation in age-specific annual survival rates of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris). Survival rates varied both spatially and temporally, with survival of younger animals exhibiting the highest degree of variation. Juvenile survival rates varied from 0.52 +/- 0.05 to 0.78 +/- 0.10 among sites and from 0.15 +/- 0.14 to 0.89 +/- 0.06 over time. Adult survival rates varied from 0.62 +/- 0.09 to 0.80 +/- 0.03 among sites, but did not vary significantly over time. We used reverse-time CMR models to estimate the realized population growth rate (lamda), and to investigate the influence of the observed variation in age-specific survival rates on lamda. The realized growth rate of the population closely covaried with, and was significantly influenced by, spatiotemporal variation in juvenile survival rate. High variability in juvenile survival rates over space and time clearly influenced the dynamics of our study population and is also likely to be an important determinant of the spatiotemporal variation in the population dynamics of other mammals with similar life history characteristics.
Available pdf disponible