Bibliographia Marmotarum. Ramousse R., International Marmot Network, Lyon, 1997.
ISBN : 2-9509900-2-9

Copyright 1997. Édition Réseau International sur les marmottes/ International Marmot Network Publisher
Traduction anglais - français / English - French translation: R. Ramousse
Traduction russe - français / Russian - French translation: Y. Semenov

LETTRE P LETTER


Mise à jour le 16/05/2006 Updated

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Pagano A., Nardi G., Bonaccorso C., Falbo V., Passi C., Sanguinetti V. & Mantovani A. 1985. Faecal bacteria of wild ruminants and the alpine marmot [Bactéries fécales des ruminants sauvages et de la marmotte alpine]. Vet. Res. Commun., 9(3): 227-232.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus, Rupicapra rupicapra, Yersinia enterocolitica,Yersinia kristensenii, Y. frederiksenii, Y. intermedia, Escherichia coli, parasitologie, parasitology, Bactérie.

Faecal samples from 60 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 13 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 7 chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), 41 alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) and soils mixed with deer faeces from the Stelvio National Park were examined for Campylobacter sp. and Salmonella sp. with negative results. The same material, especially deer faeces, was a habitat highly suitable for Yersinia sp.: Y. enterocolitica (two biotypes) was isolated twice, Y. kristensenii (two serotypes) was isolated 19 times, Y. frederiksenii and Y. intermedia were isolated once. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli were isolated from 16 specimens from wild ruminants, one from marmot and two from feeding places.

Page R. 1987. Re: 18-year cycles in Vancouver Island snowfall [Re : cycles de 18 ans de chute de neige de l'île de Vancouver]. Unpubl. memorandum, B.C. Ministry of Lands and Forests (Jan 13, 1987), 6 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouvrensis, gestion, management, chute de neige, snowfall.

Pak G.Yu., Aikimbaev A.M., Stepanov V.M., Kazakbaeva R.A., Temiralieva G.A., Soorbekov O.S. 1988. [Sur l’activité de l’uréase de variétés de microbe de la peste isolées des marmottes rouges du Tien Chan. On urease activity of plague microbe strains isolated in red marmots from West Tien Shan]. Bioch. patophysiol. i mikrobiol. osobo opasn. infec., Saratov: 30-33.
En russe, in Russian.
Physiologie, physiology, urée, urea, peste, plague.

Pakizh V.I. 1967. O rasprostranenii i tchislennosti stepnogo sourka v Pavlodarskoï oblasti [Sur la dispersion et le nombre de M. bobac dans la région de Pavlodar. About dispersal and number of M. bobac in Pavlodar region]. V kn. Resoursy faouny sourkov v SSSR, Materialy sovechtchaniya 27-29 marta 1967 g., M. Naouka.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, marmotte des steppes, steppe marmot, dispersion, dispersal, dénombrement, census, Russie, Russia.

Pakizh V.I. 1971. [Les puces du nord-est du Kazakhstan (Région de Pavlodar). Fauna of the fleas in North-East Kazakhstan (Pavlodar oblast)]. T. Parasitologiya, 5(2): 128.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces, fleas, parasitologie, parasitology, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan

Pales L. & Garcia M.A. 1981. Atlas ostéologique pour servir l'identification des mammifères du quaternaire T1. II: Tête, rachis, ceintures scapulaire et pelvienne : herbivores. [Osteological atlas for quaternary mammal idenfication. T1. II: Head, rachis, scapular and pelvic girdles: herbirory]. CNRS, Paris, 1-177.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, ostéologie, osteology, quaternaire, quaternary.

Palibin I.V. 1901. Predvaritel'nyï ottchet o poezdke v Vostotchnouyu Mongoliyu i zastennye tchasti Kitaya [Rapport préliminaire du voyage en Mongolie de l'est et au-delà de la muraille de Chine. Preliminary report of the travel in eastern Mongolia and beyond the China Wall]. Izv. Roussk. geogr. ob-va, 37(1).
En russe, in Russian.
Expédition, Mongolie, Mongolia, Chine, China.

Pallary Paul & Tommassini Paul 1891a. La grotte des Troglodytes (Oran) [The troglodytes cave (Oran)]. Ass. Franç. pour l’av ancement des sciences, compte rendu de la 20° session, Marseille, 1e partie, p.263.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Moustérien, Mousterian, quaternaire, quaternary, mammifères, mammals, Oranais, Algérie.

Pallary P. & Tommassini P. 1891b. La grotte des Troglodytes (Oran) [The troglodytes cave (Oran)]. Ass. Franç. Pour l’av ancement des sciences, compte rendu de la 20° session, Marseille, 2e partie, p.633.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Moustérien, Mousterian, quaternaire, quaternary, mammifères, mammals, Oranais, Algérie.

Pallary P. & Tommassini P. 1893. La grotte des Troglodytes (Oran) [The troglodytes cave (Oran)]. Revue des travaux scientifiques, publ. sous la dir. du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, Ministère de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts, 12 fasc., 13 : 841.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Moustérien, Mousterian, quaternaire, quaternary, mammifères, mammals, Canis niloticus, Hystrix cristata, Lepus sp., Mus, Equus asinus, Rhinoceros mauretanicus, Sus crofa, gazella dorcas, Alcephalus bubalis, Bos atlanticus, Ovis, Capra hispanica, Oranais, Algérie.
pdf

Pallas Peter Simon. Spicilegie zoologica.

Pallas 0. Über den Hamster, den Bobac, den Ziesel, die Siberische Springmaus, die herumschweifende Maus und die Birkenmaus. Nov. Spec. Quadrup. Ed. 1, 85, 104, 135, 292.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota bobac.

Pallas Peter Simon 1771. Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des rußischen Reichs [Voyage dans diverses provinces de l'empire Russe. Travel in different provinces in the Russian empire]. Erster Theil. St. Petersburg, 504 p., Num. BNF [Document électronique].
En allemand, in German.
pdf.
Descriptions et voyages, descriptions and travels, Marmota bobac, Bobak, sourki, Oural, Ural, Russie, Russia, Pallas Peter Simon (1741-1811).

Pallas P.S. 1773a. Poutechestvie po raznym provintsiyam Rossiïskoï imperii [Voyage dans diverses provinces de l'empire Russe. Travel in different provinces in the Russian empire]. SPB.
En russe, in Russian.
Expédition, Russie, Russia.

Pallas Peter Simon 1773b. Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des rußischen Reichs [Voyage dans diverses provinces de l'empire Russe. Travel in different provinces in the Russian empire]. Zweiter Theil. St. Petersburg, 504 p., Num. BNF [Document électronique].
pdf.
En allemand, in German.
Descriptions et voyages, descriptions and travels, Marmota bobac, Bobak, surki, Oural, Ural, Russie, Russia.

Pallas Peter Simon 1776. Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des rußischen Reichs [Voyage dans diverses provinces de l'empire Russe. Travel in different provinces in the Russian empire]. Dritter Theil. St. Petersburg, 760 p., Num. BNF [Document électronique].
En allemand, in German.
Descriptions et voyages, descriptions and travels, Marmota bobac, Bobak, surki, Oural, Ural, Russie, Russia.

Pallas P.S 1778. Novae species quadrupedum e Glirium ordine: cum illustrationibus variis complurium ex hoc ordine animalium. Erlangen Waltheri, VIII-388pp. Num. BNF [Document électronique] .
En latin, in Latin.
Extrait pdf extract
Mus Marmota : p. 74, Mus monax : p. 74, Mus Arctomys : p.75, Mus empetra : p. 75, description Mus Arctomys p.111, taxonomie, taxonomy.

Pallas P. 1781. Abänderungen des Bobak oder Russichen Murmeltihieres (Arctomys bobac) [Changements des bobaks ou marmottes de russie (A. bobac). Changes in Bobak or the Russian marmot (A. bobac)]. Neue Nord Beiträge, 2 : 343-344.
En allemand, in German.

Pallas décrit un certain nombre de Rongeurs hivernants : Arctomys affinis marmotae, Mus citillus, M. sagitta, M. tamaricinus, M. vagus, M. betalinus. Il fait remarquer que dans la tribu des Glires, tous les individus deviennent très gras en été et que la graisse se dépose surtout dans l'épiploon. Ils ont la glande thymus très développée et deux corps glandulaires ressemblant à ce dernier organe, sous la gorge, à la partie supérieure du thorax et semblant particulièrement vermeils et vasculaires dans l'état d'hivernation. Appendice, Dubois, 1896.

Pallas Peter Simon 1811a. Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. Petropoli, Officina Caes. Academiae scientiarum, 568 p. Num. BNF [Document électronique].
En latin, in Latin.
Pdf.
Zoogéographie, zoogeography, Mus arctomys p.6, Marmota quebecana, Marmota bobac, Marmota camtschatica, Arctomys baibak var. camtschatica : 155-156, Sibérie, Siberia, Russie, Russia.

Pallas P.S. 1811b. Icones ad zoographiam Rosso-Asiaticam. Petropoli, 49 p. Num. BNF [Document électronique].
En Latin, in Latin.
Animaux, animals, absence marmotte, no marmot, distribution géographique, geographic distribution, Sibérie, Siberia, Russie, Russia.


Pal'chikovski YA.M. 1904. Ottchet o komandirovke v Kochgar ot Vysotchaïche outverjdennoï komissii o merakh predouprejdennya i bor'by s tchoumnoï zarazo v 1902-1903 gg [Rapport sur l'expédition dans le Kochgar, envoyée par la Haute Commission sur la lutte contre la peste en 1902-03. Report on the expedition in Kochgar, sent by the Upper Commission of struggle against plague infection in 1902-1903]. Vestn. ob-va gig., soud. i Prakt. meditsiny.
Expédition : Peste.

Palmer R.S. 1954. The Mammal Guide [Le guide des mammifères]. Doubleday and Co., Inc., Garden City, New York:384.
En anglais, in English.

Palmer T.S. 1937. Mammals of America [Mammifères d'Amérique]. In Animals of America, Garden City Publishing co.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Palmer T.S. 1897. On the genera of rodents: An attempt to bring up to date the current arrangement of the order. By Oldfield Thomas F.Z.S., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, 1012-1028.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys.

Palmer T S. 1904. Index generum Mammalium. A list of the genera and families of mammals [Liste des genres et familles de mammifères]. N. A. Fauna, 23: 1-984.
Marmota.

Панченко Н.Л. (Panchenko, Pantchenko N.L.), Димитриев А.В. (Dimitriev A.V.) & Егоров Л.В. (Egorov L.V.) 1997.Современное состояние. Изученность и перспекивы развмтия цивильскогой основной колонии сурков чувашской респубдики. Modern condition state of studies and perspectives of development of Tsivilsk' basic colony of the bobacs in Chuvash Republic [État actuel des études et perspectives de développement de la colonie de marmotte boca de Tsvilsk en République Tchouvache]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 71 (Rousskie, Russian), 173 (Angliïskie, English).
Marmota bobac, conservation, République Tchouvache, Chuvash Republic.

Panaiotov B.N. & Zhivkov (Jivkof) V.I. 1974. [Content and metabolism of acid-soluble nucleotides in the liver and small intestine of the marmot Citellus citellus during hibernation].J. Evol. Biokhim. Fiziol., 10(5): 450-454.
En russe, in Russian.
Physiologie, physiology, foie, liver, intestin, intestine.

Pander C.H. & D'Alton E. 1823. Die skelete der nagethier [Le squelette des rongeurs. The rodent skeleton]. Bonn.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, morphologie, morphology, tête, pl. VIII, head.

Pander C.H. & D'Alton E. 1824. Die Skelete der Nagethiere. II. Vergleich [Le squelette des rongeurs. II. Comparaison. The rodent skeleton. II Comparison]. Osteol., I [vi]+1-6 pages, pls. i-x.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, anatomie, anatomy.

Panic R., D.W. Scott, W.I. Anderson & B.C. Tennant 1992. Microscopic anatomy of the skin or the woodchuck (Marmota monax): comparison of woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected and non-infected animals [Anatomie microscopique de la peau de la marmotte (M. monax) : comparaison des animaux infectés et non-infectés par le virus de l'hépatite]. Cornell Vet., 82 : 387-404.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, peau, skin, anatomie.
Thirty-three woodchucks were used in this study. Seventeen animals were healthy adults, not infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV); 10 were healthy adults infected with WHV; 4 were noninfected neonates; 2 were infected neonates. Within the 4 groups of woodchucks, no histologic differences were detected on the basis of sex or age. Neither were histologic findings different between infected and noninfected woodchucks of similar ages. The average thickness of skin (as measured from the skin surface to the inner limit of the dermis) from the general haired body area was 2394 microm. The skin was thickest on drsal body areas, and gradually became thinner on ventral body and medial limb areas. The epidermis consisted of 4 layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum. A stratum lucidum was present only in the epidermis of the footpads. There was no clear distinction between the superficial dermis and the eep dermis, except for the subtle differences in arrangement and size of collagen fibers. Elastic fibers were seen throughout the dermis, being more prominent in the superficial portion. Both compound and simple hair follicle arrangments were seen, with compound being more common. The arrectores pilorum muscles were largest in the skin over the dorsal body areas. Sebaeous glands were present either within the outer root sheath of hair follicules or in the enses connective tissue surrounding hair follicles. No apocrine sweat glands were found. However, there were abundant eccrine sweat glands in the subcutaneous fat of the footpads.

Panic R., D.W. Scott, C.A. Smith & B.C. Tennant 1991. Direct immunofluorescence testing of haired skin, nasal planum, and footpads of clinically-normal woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected and noninfected woochucks [Test par immunofluoresence directe des dépôts d'immunoglobuline dans la peau poilue, du planum nasal et des coussinets plantaires de marmottes infectées par l'hépatite de la marmotte cliniquement normales et non infectées]. Cornell Vet., 81: 145-150.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, peau, skin, virus, médecine, medecine.

Panic R., D.W. Scott, C.A. Smith & B.C. Tennant 1992. Direct immunofluorescence testing for immunoglobulin deposits in haired skin, nasal planum, and foodpads of woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected woodchucks with chronic hepatitis and multiple hepatocellular carcinomas [Test par immunofluoresence directe des dépôts d'immunoglobuline dans la peau poilue, du planum nasal et des coussinets plantaires de marmottes infectées par le virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte avec une hépatite chronique et des carcinomes hépatocellulaires]. Cornell Vet., 82: 15-20.
Marmota monax, peau, skin, virus, médecine, medecine.

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of immunoglobulin deposition in the haired skin, footpads, and nasal planums of 10 WHV-infected woodchucks with chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma and compare these results with those reported in humans. Immunoglobulin deposition was detected in the skin samples of 3 of 10 woodchucks. Granular deposits were revealed in the superficial dermal blood vessels of the nasal planum, lateral thoracic skin, and footpads in 1 animal each. In 1 of these animals, (lateral thorax) immunoglobulin deposition was concurrently present at the basement membrane zone.

Panic R., D.W. Scott, B.C. Tennant, W.I. Anderson & M. Johnson 1992. Skin disorders of the laboratory woodchuck (Marmota monax): a retrospective study of 113 cases (1980-1990) [Désordres de la peau chez la marmotte de laboratoire, M. monax : rétrospective de 113 cas (1980-1990)]. Cornell Vet., 82(4): 405-.
(Marmota monax) : Peau : Médecine: Bacteria : Etats-Unis : New York : Montana.

An 11-year retrospective study was conducted on the dermatoses occuring in 113 woodchucks from a colony at the College of Veterinary Medecine at Cornell University. Bacterial dermatitis was the most common dermatologic disorder, accounting for 70.2% of he cases. The highest incidence of bacterial dermatitis occured in September/ October prior to hibernation and in February/March during the breeding season. Other dermatoses observed during the study period included Taenia crassiceps infection, microfilarial dermatitis, telogen defluxion, various neoplastic and hyperplastic lesions, and various neonatal conditions associated with trauma and/or bacterial infection. No association was founded between any of these dermatoses and the presence of woodchuck hepatitis infection.

Panin V.Y. 1987. [Sarcosporidies des animaux au Kazakhstan. Sarcosporidia of animals in Kazakhstan]. Naouka, Alma-Ata, Kazkhskoi SSR, 258 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Kazakhstan.

Panseri M. 1989a. La marmotta (Marmota marmota marmota L. 1758) sulle Alpi Orobie e sulle Prealpi Bergamasche: analisi della popolazione (1985-1987) [La marmotte (M. m. marmota) des alpes Orobiennes et des préalpes de Bergame : analyse de la population (1985-1987). The marmot (M. m. marmota) in Orobian Alps and Bergamasch prealps: population analysis (1985-1987)]. Rivista del Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali "E. Caffi" di Bergamo, 14: 141-154.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, population, Italie.

Panseri M. 1989b. Storia della popolazione di marmotte (Marmota marmota marmota L.1758) sulle Alpi Orobie e sulle Prealpi Bergamasche, con alcune considerazioni etologiche [Histoire de la population de marmotte (M. m. marmota) des Alpes Orobiennes et des préalpes de Bergame, avec quelques considérations éthologiques. Population history of the marmot of Orobian Alps and Bergamasch prealps, with some ethologic notes]. Documento non pubblicato.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, histoire , history, Alpes, Alps, Italie, Italy.

Panseri M. 1992. La Marmotta alpina (Marmota marmota L. 1758) sulle alpi Orobie e sulle prealpi Bergamasche. Osservazioni preleminari per un'analisi della popolazione. The marmot (Marmota marmota marmota L. 1758) on orobie alps and bergamasche prealps. Analysis of the population (1985-1987) [La marmotte (M. m. marmota) des Alpes Orobiennes et des préalpes de Bergame. Anlyse de la population (1985-1987). Proc. 1st International Symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota ) and on Genus Marmota, Bassano et al., 235-238.
En italien et en anglais, in Italian and in English.
Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, population.

On account of historical researches, it has been possible to analyse carefully the population of marmot living on Orobie Alps and Bergamasche Prealps. This analysis has identified the structure of the average colony, the density of population and its distribution in accordance with 4 parametres : altitude, exposure, geomorphological features and vegetation.

Panseri M. & D. Frigerio 1994. Quelques considérations sur l'expansion de la population de marmottes dans la vallée de Brembana, haute vallée des Alpes orobiennes. Some considerations on marmot population expansion in Brembana Valley (Orobie Alps). Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 98-99.
(Marmota marmota) : Ecologie : Densité : Italie : Alpes orobiennes.

During the years 1985-1987 and 1992 in the same geographical area we carried out two research campaigns whose data have been collected following the identical methodology. Afterwards collecting data concerning population distribution and density have been processed with regard to four ecological parameters: altitude, exposure, slope, duration of sunlight exposition. The comparison between the two periods considered permits to focus on some aspects concerning the population evolutive trend. It is a young fully expanding population whose environmental choices have change as a result of the different available habitats. The distribution trend, related to the four parameters considered, has showed an extension in variation intervals; increasing density has caused an environment colonization in adverse condition as far as the exposure and the slope.

Panseri M. & Frigerio D. 1996. Sur l'expansion de la population de marmottes de la vallée de Brembana (Alpes orobiennes). Some considerations on marmot population expansion in Brembana valley (Orobie Alps). In Biodiversité chez les marmottes /Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 243-244.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, population, Italie, Italy, Alpes, Alps.

La même zone a été étudiée (en 1985-87 et 1992) avec la même méthodologie. La distribution de la population et sa densité ont été calculées en fonction de 4 paramètres écologiques : altitude, exposition, pente, ensoleillement. La population, jeune et en pleine expansion, a modifié ses choix suivant les disponibilités du milieu. Pour les 4 paramètres, la courbe de distribution s'est étendue ; l'augmentation de la densité a provoqué une colonisation des milieux défavorables pour l'exposition et la pente.
Two surveys (1985-87 and 1992) were carried out in the same geographical area with the same methodology. Data concerning population distribution and density have been processed with regard to 4 ecological parameters: altitude, exposure, slope, sun exposure. The comparison between the two periods show that population is a young fully expanding one which environmental choices changed as a result of the different available habitats. The distribution trend for the 4 parameters shown an extension in variation intervals, increasing density caused colonization of adverse habitats as far as exposure and slope.

Panteleyev I.D. 1975. [État actuel du gibier et des animaux commerciaux du Tien Chan occidental et quelques étapes vers leur protection. Modern status of game and commercial animals in spurts of W Tian Shan and some steps toward their protection]. Animal conservation in Uzbekistan and measures to increase the numbers of rare and vanishing animals, Abstracts to Conf. Tashkent: Fan Publishers, 23- 24.
En russe, in Russian.
Conservation, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Panteleyev P.A. 1968. Popoulyatsionnaya ekologiya vodyanoï polevki i mery borby [Écologie populationnelle des Arvicola et mesures de lutte. Population ecology of Arvicola et fighting measures]. M., Naouka.
En russe, in Russian.
Ecologie, ecology, population.

Panteleyev P.A. 1983. [Bioénergétique des petits mammifères. Bioenergetics of small mammals]. Moscow, Naouka, 269 pp. (in Russian).
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, thermorégulation, thermoregulation.

Panteleyev P.A. 1989. To the ordering of the "vertical" sequence of supergenus nomenclature in faunistic lists of palearctic rodents [Pour l'ordre de la séquence "verticale" de la nomenclature des supergenres des listes faunistiques de rongeurs paléarctiques]. Folia zoologica, 40(2): 131-141.
En russe, in Russian.
Taxonomie : Paléarctique.

Panteleyev P.A. 1991. Nadrodovaya sistema grisounov faouni palearctiki [Classification des rongeurs de la faune du Paléarctique. Rodents classification of the Palearctic]. In Sistematica zhivotni, prakticheskaya i landchaftnaya zoogeografiya, Naouka , Moskva, 30-46.
En russe, in Russian.

Panteleyev P.A. 1997. Gryzouny palearktiki: sostav i arealy [Les rongeurs du Paléarctique: Composition et aire de distribution. The rodents of the Palearctic: composition and areas]. Russian Academy of Sciences, A.N. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow.
En russe, in Russian.
Rongeurs, rodents, faune, fauna, répartition, distribution, paléarctique, palearctic.

Panteleyev P.A. 1999. O roli iskhodnoï aksiomy v zoologitcheskikh issledovaniyakh. Vestnik zoologi, 33(3): 103-109.
En russe, in Russian.
Postulat, reproduction, motalité, mortality, échange de chaleur, heat exchange, alimentation, feeding, sous-espèces, subspecies.
On the example of several problems (population dynamics, ecological bioenergetics, subspecies recognition) scientific results are shown to depend on the base postulate (axiome).

Panteleyev P.A., Le Berre M., Terekhina A.N. & Ramousse R. 1998. Primenenie pravila Bergmana k zimospiyashim zhivotnim na primere roda Marmota [Application de la loi de Bergmann aux mammifères hibernants : le cas du genre Marmota]. Ecologia, 3 : 224-228.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, hibernation, loi de Bergmann, Bergmann law.

Panteleyev P.A., Le Berre M., Terekhina A.N. & Ramousse R. 1998. Application of Bergmann's Rule To Hibernation Animals: An Example of the Genus Marmota. Russian Journal of Ecology, 29(3): 192-196. Translated from Ecologiya.
Marmota, hibernation, loi de Bergmann, Bergmann Rule.
Karl Bergmann supposed that his rule did not apply to hibernatory animals. Ernst Mayr holds the same opinion. The analysis of Bergmann's concept and his famous rule using examples demonstrates that a geographic variation described by the rule is applicable to hibernatory rodents.

Panteleyev P.A., Terekhina A.N., Varshavskii A.A. & Tarasov M.A. 1983. [Régularités de la variabilité des marmottes de montagnes. On regularities of variability in marmots under mountain conditions]. Zoology Journal, 62(3) : 271- 279.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, montagnes, mountains.

Panteleyev P.A., Terekhina A.N. & Varshavskii A.A. 1990. [Variabilité écogéographique des rongeurs. Ecogeographic variability in Rodents]. Moscow: Nauka Publishers, 374 p.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, Marmota baibacina, Marmota bobac, Marmota caudata, Marmota camtschatica, Marmota himalayana, Marmota menzbieri, Marmota sibirica, bioiogéographie, biogeography.
Under consideration are various forms of intraspecies variation in rodents on Paleartics. The authors discuss the ecogeographic rules of Bergmann, Allen, Schwartz. of the optimum, hydrobionticity, their adaptative essence is analyzed too. The authors offer a list and maps of Palearctic rodents' ranges, tables of exerior features of 1740 population of Palearctic rodents representing over 200 species; there are data on some interior features. For theriologists, taxonomists, ecologists and evolutionnists.

Papet R. 1989. Comparaison de méthodes de captures de marmottes (Marmota marmota) et relevé biométriques [Comparison of trapping methods of M. marmota and biometrics]. Rapport de stage BTA, Gestion de la faune sauvage.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, capture, trapping.

Paradin Guillaume 1552. Histoire de la Savoye.
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, faune, fauna. .

Парамонов Г.В. (Paramonov G.V.), Леонтьева М.Н. (Leont'eva, Leontieva M.N.) & Захаров А.Р. (Zakharov A.P.) 1997. Инфекция вируского гепатита в популяция монгольских сурков. Численность и воспроизводство байбака в нижегородской области в фазу экологическоговзрыва. Number and reproduction of bobac in Nizhny Novgorod region in a phase of ecological explosion [Tchilenost' i vosproizvodstvo baïbaka v Nijegorodskoï oblasti v fazou ekologitcheskogo vzryva. Nombre et reproduction de bobac dans la région de Nijni Novgorod dans une phase d'explosion écologique]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, 62-63 (Rousskie, Russian), 174-175 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobac, dénombrement, census, reproduction, Nijni-Novgorod, Russie, Russia.

Парамонов Г.В. (Paramonov G.V.), Леонтьева М.Н. (Leont'eva, Leontieva M.N.) & Захаров А.Р. (Zakharov A.P.) 2002. Quantity and reproduction of Marmota bobac in the species settling stage in the Nizhny Novgorod Region. Tchislennost' i vosproizodstvo baïbaka v nizhegorodskoï oblasti na stadii rasseleniya vida. Nombre et reproduction de Marmota bobac au cours de la colonisation de la région de Nijni-Novgorod. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF, Moscow, 317-322.
En anglais et en russe, résumé en français ; in English and in Russian, French abstract.
Marmota bobac, reproduction, répartition, distribution.
Trois stades de ré-acclimatation de Marmota bobac Mull. ont été distingués dans la région de Nijni-Novgorod. Le nombre de marmottes et leur reproduction ont été définis dans les premières colonies et dans celles établies entre 1990-1996 (deuxième étape de la colonisation).
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Paramonov G.V., Zakharov A.P. & Leont'eva M.H. 1996. Organizatsionnye aspekty rabot po vypousky baïbaka v nijegorodskoï oblasti [Aspects des travaux d'organisation des lâchers de marmotte bobac dans la région de Nijegorodski. Aspects of planning works of releases of the bobac marmot in the Nijegorodski region]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 63-64.
(Marmota bobac) : Réintroduction : Russie.

Parana R., Gerard F., Lesbordes J.L., Pichoud C., Vitvitski L., Lyra L.G., Trepo C. 1995. Serial transmission of spongiocytic hepatitis to woodchucks (possible association with a specific delta strain). J. Hepatol., 22(4): 468-473.
En anglais, in English..

Outbreaks of severe hepatitis have been reported from Africa and South America. Description of the cases has shown the histological hallmark to be the presence of ballooning hepatocytes with fat drops surrounding the nucleus (spongiocytes or morula cells). Experimental reproduction of this syndrome for the verification of a possible role of a specific HDV strain was performed by the inoculation of serum and liver extracts from African patients (Bangui-Central African Republic), who died with this syndrome, into American woodchuck carriers of WHV (WC 231,144), the results of which were then compared with animals inoculated with a reference wild HDV strain (WC 300,173,154), and those which received material from a European fulminant HDV case (WC 88,93). Following the initial inoculation, the animals receiving African inocula had a delayed anti-HDV seroconversion, high mortality and showed the presence of spongiocytes, while the other animals had a classical evolution of HDV superinfection in woodchucks. Furthermore, the African inocula caused less inhibition of WHV replication, as well as a predominant cytoplasmic expression of HDAg, in contrast to the animals which received the other inocula. The second passage experiments gave similar results. We conclude that this peculiar form of HDV fulminant hepatitis can be experimentally reproduced and might be specifically related to a more pathogenic strain.

Parat 1896. Les grottes de la Cure et leurs habitants [The caves of la Cure and their inhabitants]. C.R. Soc. Sav., Sorbonne, 154-159.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, grotte du Mammouth, moustérien, mousterian, grotte des hommes, sépulture, burial, grotte des blaireaux, grotte des vipères, le trou de la marmotte, magdalénien, Magdalenian, Saint Moré, France.
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Parat 1897. Les grottes de la Cure [The caves of la Cure]. Comptes Rendus du Congrès des Sociétés Savantes, Toulouse, 310-313.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, grotte et trou du crapaud, homme, man, groptte de la Roche-Percée, néolithique, neolithic, Saint-Moré, Yonne, France.
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Parc National des Écrins 1998. La marmotte des Alpes [The alpine marmot]. En français, in French.

Parc National des Pyrénées Occidentales 1984. La Marmotte. 3ème édition, 47p (coll."Les carnets de terrain"). Tarbes.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota.

Pardoe I.U. & Michalak T.I. 1995. Detection of hepatitis B and woodchuck hepatitis viral DNA in plasma and mononuclear cells from heparinized blood by the polymerase chain reaction. J. Virol. Methods., 51(2-3):277-288.
En anglais, in English.

Amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA extracted from parallel samples of serum and heparinized plasma gave contradictory results, indicating that heparin inhibits virus detection. Similarly, analysis of PCR products of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) DNA showed that heparinization of blood abolished WHV DNA amplification, while anticoagulation with sodium EDTA or acid citrate dextrose did not. Amplification of recombinant WHV and HBV DNA in the presence of increasing concentrations of sodium heparin progressively inhibited and finally abolished virus genome detection. The inhibitory effect of heparin was reversed by treatment of either plasma or isolated DNA with heparinase (5 U/reaction, 1 h at 28 degrees C) prior to PCR. In contrast, heparin did not influence the detection of hepadnavirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), even after prolonged incubation of the cells with heparin in culture. These findings confirm that heparin exerts a dramatic inhibitory effect on hepadnaviral DNA detection by PCR and they demonstrate that this effect can be reversed by heparinase. The findings also show that extensively washed PBMC derived from heparinized blood can be a reliable source of nucleic acids for amplification of hepadnavirus genome. These results imply that previous data should be reassessed if samples of heparinized plasma were found hepadnavirus DNA nonreactive by PCR or when these samples were used as a starting material for PCR quantitation of viral genome.

Parent J. P. 1980. Recherches sur l'oreille moyenne des Rongeurs actuels et fossiles [Researches about median ears of present and fossil rodents]. Mém. Trav. Ecole Prat. Haut. Etud., Inst. Montpellier, 11: 1-286, 16 pls.
En français, in French.
Rodentia, morphologie, morphology.

ParkerR G.R. 1986. The seasonal diet of coyotes, Canis latrans, in northern New Brunswick [Le régime alimentaire des coyottes, Canis latrans, du nord du New Brunswick]. Can. Field-Nat., 100: 74-77.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Canis latrans, prédation, predation, Canada, New Brunswick.

Parker Sybil P., rédacteur/ed. 1990. Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, Vol. III.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caligata, Marmota vancouverensis.

Parker W.K. 1868. A monograph on the structure and development of the shoulder girdle and sternum in the Vertebrata. [Monographie sur la structure et le développement de la ceinture scapulaire chez les vertébrés]. Published by the Ray Society pp. i-xii, 1-237.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys, anatomie, ceinture pelvienne, ceinture scapulaire.

Parmalee P.W., Munson P.J. & Guilday J.E. 1978. The Pleistocene mammalian fauna of Harrodsburg Crevice, Monroe County, Indiana [La faune mammalienne du Pléistocène de Harrodsburg Crevice, Comté de Monroe, Indiana]. NSS Bulletin, 40: 64-75.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Marmota monax, Harrodsburg Crevice, Indiana, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Parmesan C. & Yohe G.A. 2003. Globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature, 421: 37-42.
En anglais, in English.
Global change, changement climatique, marmot, marmotte. Paronetto F. & Sagnelli E. 1980. Immunologic observations in chronic active hepatitis: a disease of different etiologies. Pathobiol. Annu., 10: 157-1581.
En anglais, in English.
Review.

Parshin D.P. 1831. Zametka ob odnom iz vidov sibirisjikh souslikov [Note sur une des espèces de souslik sibérien. Note on one of the Siberian suslik species]. Izv. O-va lyubiteleï estesv., 37 (1).
En russe, in Russian.
Souslik.

Pasa A. 1939a. I depositi ossiferi di Soave nel veronese [Les dépôt d'ossements de Soave dans le Véronais. About the bone deposit of Soave in Veronese]. Att. Ac. Agri. Sc. Lett. Verona, ser. V, vol. XVII, 81-90.
En italien, in Italian.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, Quaternary, Italie, Italy.

Pasa A. 1939b. La Marmotta di Ca'Nova nel veronese [La marmotte de Ca'Nova dans le Véronais. The Ca'Nova marmot in veronese]. Natura, Milano, 30:105-114.
En italien , in Italian.< br> Paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, Quaternary, Italie, Italy.
Analysis of some skulls found in a deposit north to Verona. The Author describe them as a more or less typical M. marmota and compare them with some others remain from Alps.

Pasa A. 1939c. La fauna quaternaria di villa di Quinzano nel Veronese [La faune quaternaire de villa de Quinzano dans le Véronais. The quaternary fauna in villa de Quinzano in Veronese]. Monitor Zool. Italiano, L., n 5 : 153-154.
En italien, in Italian.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, Quaternary, Italie, Italy.

Pasa A. 1942. I depositi ossiferi di Soave nel veronese [Les dépôt d'ossements de Soave dans le Véronais. About the bone deposit of Soave in Veronese]. Att. Ac. Agri. Sc. Lett. Verona, ser. V, vol. XX, 37-50.
En italien, in Italian.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, Quaternary, Italie, Italy.

Pasa A. 1947. I Mammiferi di alcune antiche brecce veronesi [Les mammifères de quelques brèches antiques du véronais. Mammals of some breccia in veronese]. Mem. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Verona, 1 : 1-111.
En italien, in Italian.
Mammifères, mammals, paléontologie, paleontology, Italie, Italy.

Pasa A. 1948. Le brecce ossifere di Valdiporro nel Veronese [La brèche ossifère de Valdiporro du véronais. The bone breccia of Valdiporro in veronese]. Mem. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Verona, 1 : 165-175.
En italien, in Italian.
Mammifères, mammals, paléontologie, paleontology, Italie, Italy.

Pasa A. 1950. La fauna fossile della Grotta della Volpe presso Verona [La faune fossile de la grotte Volpe près de Vérone. The fossil fauna in the Volpe Cave near Verona]. Atti dell'Accademia di Agricoltura, Sc. et Lettere di Verona, ser. V, vol. 35 : 1-8.
En italien, in Italian.
Mammifères, mammals, paléontologie, paleontology, Italie, Italy.

Pasa A. 1950. I depositi quaternari del Ponte di Veja [ Les dépôts quaternaires de Ponte di Veja. The Ponte di Veja quatgernary deposits]. Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 2 : 241-308.
En italien, in Italian.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota marmota, grotta di Vieja, Toringien final, lateToringian,, Italie, Italy.

Pasa A. 1951. Un deposito ossifero postglaciale nel "Bus de la Fanta" [Un dépôt ossifère postglacial de "Bus de la Fanta". A postglacial bone deposit in "Bus de la Fanta"]. Mem. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Verona, 3 : 1-10.
En italien, in Italian.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, quaternary, Italie, Italy.

Pasa A. 1953. Primi risultati dell'indagine paleontologica sui ùateriali scavati nelle grotte di S.Cassiano (colli Berici-Vicenza) [Premiers résultats de l'étude paléontologique du matériel provenant de la grotte de S. Cassiano (colli Berici-Vicenza). Preliminary results of the paleontologic study of the material dug from S. Cassiano's cave (colli Berici-Vicenza)]. Ann. dell'Univ. di Ferrara, ser. IX, sc. geol. e paleontol., 1(6) : 169-183.
En italien, in Italian.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, quaternary, Marmota marmota, Grotta de Broion, Vénétie, Toringien final, late Toringian,, Italie, Italy.

Pascal M., Lorvelec O. & Vigne J.D. 2006. Invasions biologiques et extinctions. 11000 ans d'histoire des vertébrés en France [Biological invasions and extinctions. 11,000 years of Vertebrates history in France]. Quae-Belin Editions.
Quand l'aurochs ou le cheval à l’état sauvage se sont-ils éteints ? Quelle est l’histoire du lynx pardelle, l’une des nombreuses espèces disparues de notre territoire ? Depuis quand et comment l’oie cendrée et le loup gris sont-ils de retour en France ? Pourquoi considère-t-on la mouette rieuse et le renard roux comme des espèces à la fois autochtones et allochtones (“invasives”) ? Une synthèse inédite des connaissances disponibles sur l’évolution de la faune des vertébrés de France métropolitaine au cours des derniers millénaires.
En français, in French.
Invasion, extinction, Holovène, Holocene, France.

Pastre T. 1827. Exposé succint des opinions émises jusqu'ici sur la cause de l'engourdissement périodique qu'éprouvent les animaux appelés hibernants [Succinct report on opinions expressed till now on the cause of the periodic torpor feeled by animals called hibernants]. Mém. Soc. linn. de Paris, 6 : 121-138.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, hibernation.

Pastre T. 1829. De la cause de l'hibernation et de l'action du froid , en général sur les animaux dormeurs [On the cause of hibernation and cold action, in general on sleeping animals]. Nova acta, Acad. Leop. Carol., nat. cur., 14 : 659-669.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, hibernation.

Thomas Pastré parle d'un mémoire présenté à l'Académie par Erold et Raphur, en même temps que celui de Saissy, lequel obtint le prix, mais il n'en a pas eu connaissance. Il cherche à réfuter, par des arguments théoriques, les idées de Saissy. L'afflux du sang dans les veines pulmonaires et dans l'oreillette gauche, produit par les mouvements respiratoires, détermine un sentiment d'oppression et l'animal est excité soit à pousser un soupir, soit à s'éveiller tout à fait. La léthargie est éventuellement interrompue, comme le sommeil ordinaire, et par les mêmes excitations externes ou par l'appétit. Un froid modéré dispose à la léthargie, mais un froid vif conduit à la torpeur. Pastré pense que le sommeil est intermédiaire entre le refroidissement modéré et le phénomène d'hivernation. Il combat l'opinion émise par William-Edwards qu'entre les hivernants et les jeunes animaux il y a cette ressemblance que les uns et les autres ne produisent pas assez de chaleur pour garder une température élevée, lorsque l'air est à un degré voisin de zéro, mais il y a cette différence que c'est un passage chez les Chauves-souris. Après avoir coupé la moelle d'un Hérisson hivernant depuis cent cinquante jours, juste au-dessous de l'occiput et détruit la moelle, il remarque : 1 Que les mouvements du coeur sont augmentés, la léthargie continuant à un degré extrême ; 2 que l'irritabilité du coeur est moins marquée du côté gauche que du côté droit ; 3 que, dans ces conditions du système animal, l'action du coeur est pendant une période considérable, indépendante du cerveau et de la moelle. Appendice, Dubois, 1896.

Pastukhov Iu.F., Neveretdinova Z.G. & Slovikov B.I. 1988. Godovopï byudzhet energozatrat i zimospyashikh mlekopitayuchtchikh [Budget annuel énergétique chez les mammifères hibernants. Annual energetic budget in hibernating mammals]. Ekol. energ. zhivotnykh : Vses. sovesh. Suzdali, 31-3 noyab., 1988 : Tez. dokl. Poushino, 136-137.
Mammifères, mammals, Hibernation.

Patou Marylène 1984. La faune de la Galerie Rive Droite du Mas d’Azil (Ariège) : données paléoclimatiques et paléthnographiques [The fauna in the Right Bank Gallery of the Mas d’Azil (Ariège) : paleoclimatic and paleoethnographic data]. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française (B.S.P.F.), 81 : 311-317.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Magdalénien, Magdalenian, chasse, hunting, rongeurs non récoltés, no harvesting of rodents, Ariège, France.
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Patou M. 1987. La grande faune des brèches de Genay (Côte-d'Or) (France) : les fouilles d'Abbe Joly] [The Large Fauna in the Genay Breccia (Côte-d'Or) (France): Abbe Joly's Excavations]. Anthropologie, (Paris) 91(1): 97-108.
En français, in French, avec/with Fr. et Angl.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota marmota, auroch, bison, Cervus elaphus, Coelodonta antiquitatis, Crocuta crocuta, Equus caballus germanicus, cheval, horse, homme, human, Mammuthus primigenius, Megaceros, Oryctolagus cuniculus, climatalogie, climatology, Panthera spelaea, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Rangifer tarandus, Rupicapra rupicapra, Sus scrofa, Ursus spelaeus.
The fauna found in the Genay Breccia (Cote-d'Or) by abbe' Joly's excavation is fairly abundant. Horse is the prevailing species, it is akin to the sub-species Equus caballus cf. germanicus. Bovines, like aurochs and bison, are well represented. Other animals, about 10% of the material, are by order of numerical important Rangifer tarandus, Mammuthus primigenius, cervus elaphus, Crocuta crocuta, Coelodonta antiquitatis ?, Panthera (Leo) spelaea, Ursus spelaeus, Megaceros, Rupicapra rupicapra, Sus scrofa, Oryctolagus cuniclus and Marmota marmota. The last four species are represented only by a piece of bone. Mousterians became specialized in horse hunting without apparently any age selection. Some of the bone splinters bearing traces of work, notably five of them, plus a first phalanx of horse, might be "compresseurs". The landscape was then very open, and steppe prevailed in a cold and dry climate not allowing for a large development of the forest. The study of large mammals has led to locate this site stratigraphically in the second part of Wurm II (phases IV and/or V defined at Hortus).

Patou Marylène 1987. Les marmottes : animaux intrusifs ou gibiers des préhistoriques du Paléolithique [The marmots: intrusive animals or games of prehistoric people of Paleolithic]. Archaezoologia, 1 : 93-107.
En français, in French.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, dépeçage, carving.

Patou-Mathis M. 1992. Subsistance chez les Néanderthals à Bize (Aude) [Subsistence With the Neanderthals in Bize (Aude)]. Anthropologie, (Paris) 96(1): 113-120.
En français, in French.
Bos primigenius, aurochs, Capra, ibex, Sus, boar, Cervus elaphus, cerf élaphe, red deer, Rangifer tarandus, renne, reindeer elk, Dicerorhinus mercki, rhinoceros de Merck, Merck rhinoceros, rabbit, Ursus spelaeus, Coelodonta antiquitatis, rhinocéros laineux, wooly rhinoceros, Hyaena hyaena, hyène, hyena, Moustérien IIB, IIB Mousterian, Aude, France.
Tournal cave in Bize (Aude), close to the Pyrenees, opens onto the Massif of Corbieres, a few kilometers from the Mediterranean. The Mousterian level (II B) includes an abundant and well-preserved faunal material which is the object of this paper. The occupation of the cave by Neanderthals, which took place later than the occupation by Ursus spelaeus, occurred several times in alteration with that of Hyenae and other intrusive carnivores. Prehistoric people came there at the end of summer, at the beginning of winter and during spring, and for periods impossible to determine. The game, although varied: aurochs, ibex, boar, red deer, reindeer, elk, Merck rhinoceros, rabbit, was largely dominated by horse. Some species seem to have been replaced by others, seasonally by hunters, and even females with their young were replaced by males. Butchering of the killed animals was made outside the cave or on the very place of killing. The ensemble belongs to isotope stage 3. The climate was then cold enough and dry; the landscape was open.

Patou-Mathis M. 1994. Archéozoologie des niveaux moustériens et aurignaciens de la grotte Tournal à Bize (Aude). Gallia Préhistoire, 36 : 1-64.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, France.

Patriarcat Eliane 2005. Abus de marmottes en Vanoise [Misuse of marmots in Vanoise]. Libération, 23 juillet 2005, en ligne/on line.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, conservation, Parc national, national park, Vanoise, Savoie, France.
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Patrizi 1897. Critique expérimentale sur les mouvements respiratoires chez les hivernants [Experimental critic on respiratory movements in hibernating animals]. Bolletino dell' Accademia di Scienze Mediiche e Naturali di Ferrara, 27 ap.
Hibernation, respiration.

Patrizi 1898. Communicazione letta all' Academia di Scienze Mediche e Naturali in Ferrara, il 6 aprile.
En itlaien, in Italian.

Patterson B.D. 1984. Mammalian extinction and biogeography in the Southern Rocky Mountains [Biogéographie et extinction mammalienne dans les montagnes rocheuses méridionales]. In Extinctions, Matthew H. Nitecki (Ed.), 247-293, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
En anglais, in English.
Répartition, distribution, déplacements, movements, altitude, habitat, populations relictes, relict populations, Marmota flaviventris, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico.
Martes americana, Gulo gulo, Mustela erminea, Lynx canadensis, Eutamias dorsalis, Eutamias minimus operarius, Eutamias quadrivittanus, Eutamias canipes, Eutamias cinereicollis, Eutamias rufus, Ochotona principes, Lepus americanus, Marmota flaviventris, Sciurus aberti, Spermophilus richardsoni elegans, Spermophilus elegans, Callospermophilus lateralis, Spermophilus lateralis, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus.

Patterson B.D. & Atmar W. 1986. Nested subsets and the structure of insular mammalian fauna and archipelagos [Structure et sous-ensemble imbriqués de faune mammalienne insuluraire et de l'archipel]. Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal, 28(1/2): 65-82.
En anglais, in English.
Populations relictes, relict populations, îles, islands, biogéographie, biogeography, Marmota flaviventris, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico.
Ochotona princeps, Lepus americanus, Eutamias minimus, Eutamias quadrivitatus, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, Sciurus aberti, Callospermophilus lateralis, Spermophilus lateralis, Spermophilus richardsoni elegans, Spermophilus elegans, Marmota flaviventris, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, mountains, Gulo gulo, Mustela erminea, Martes americana, Lynx canadensis.

Patterson B.D. & Thaler C.S. 1962. The mammalian baculum [Le baculum des mammifères]. J. Mammal., 63(1): 1-15.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, reproduction.

Pattie D.L. 1967. Observations on an alpine population of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) [Observations sur les marmottes à ventre jaune Marmota flaviventris.Northwest Sci., 41 : 96-102.
Marmota flaviventris, éthologie, ethology.

Pauley J.D. & Shirer H.W. 1971. A heart rate and body temperature biotelemetry system for use with free-ranging vertebrate [Système de biotélémétrie du rythme cardiaque et de la température corporelle utilisable chez les animaux sauvages]. Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on engineering in medicine and biology, 1972. Alliance for Engng. in Medicine and Biology, Washington, DC, USA, 314.
En anglais, in English.
Méthodologie, methodology, rythme cardiaque, heart rate, température corporelle, body temperature.

A biotelemetry system has been developed to study energy budgeting in free-ranging vertebrates such as the opposum, raccoon, or marmot. Heart rate and body temperature are monitored as indices of metabolic rate and stored thermal energy. Free-ranging animals pose special problems. A biotelemetry system for use with them requires that the transmitter have a life of at least six weeks, a range of at least 100 m, and be small and implantable. For maximum versatility, both portable and fixed- location receiving equipment must be provided. It is shown that pulse duration modulation possesses significant advantages over the more commonly used frequency modulation, both in the signal strength required at the receiver for reliable detection and in signal-to-noise ratio improvement. Thus it is possible to obtain a greater life-range product for a given power consumption, using pulse modulation rather than frequency modulation.

Paulli Simon 1900. Ueber die Pneumaticität des Schädels bei den Säugethieren. Eine Morphologische Studie. III. Ueber die Morphologie des Siebbeins und die der Pneumaticität bei den Insectivoren, Hyracoideen, Chiropteren, Carnivoren, Pinnepedien, Edentaten, Rod. Morpholog. Jahrbuch, 28: 483-564, with pls.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, morphologie, morphology, anatomie, anatomy.

Paulus M. & Tron C. 1947. Études sur la faune quaternaire de la vallée inférieure du Gard ou Gardon [Studies on the quaternary fauna in the lower part of the Gard or Gardon Rivers]. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. de marseille, 7 (1).
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology.

Paunescu C. 1997 - Les rongeurs de la Caune de l'Arago (Tautavel, Pyrénées-Orientales). Paléontologie, biostratigraphie, paléoécologie, 94 p.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Marmota primigenia, archéologie, archeology.
Confirmation de la présence d'une Marmotte indéterminée (Marmota sp.) dans la base du remplissage de la Caune de l'Arago à Tautavel.

Paunescu Alexandra-Cristina 2001. Les rongeurs du Pléistocène inférieur et moyen de trois grottes du sud-est de la France (Vallonnet, Caune de l'Arago, Baume Bonne) : implications systématiques, biostratigraphiques et paléoenvironnementales [Lower and middle Pleistocene Rodents of three caves of the South-East of France (Vallonnet, Caune de l’Arago, Baume Bonne): paleoenvironmental, biostratigraphic and systematical implications]. Thèse Doctorat, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 514 p.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, paléoclimat, paleoclimate, Rongeurs, Rodents, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Caune de l' Arago, Grotte du Vallonnet, Grotte de la Baume Bonne, France.

Les faunes de rongeurs du sud de la France, couvrant une assez longue période - du pléistocène inférieur (la grotte du Vallonnet, stades isotopiques 24 et 23), au pléistocène moyen (la grotte de la Caune de l'Arago, stades isotopiques 14 a 12, et la grotte de la Baume Bonne, stade isotopique 8 a 6) - ont constitué l'objet de notre étude. Pour ces séquences, nous avons effectué une analyse systématique, bio stratigraphique et paléoenvironnementale. La liste de rongeurs de la grotte du Vallonnet inclut Ungaromys nanus (espèce à large répartition durant le pléistocène inférieur), mais également un représentant du genre Microtus (Allophaiomys), qui est un nouvel arrivant au début du pléistocène moyen. Sa morphologie et la biométrie le rapproche du groupe Nutiensis. Dans ce même site, un représentant du genre Mimomys (Mimomys savini?), Arvicola terrestris cantiana, Pliomys lenki (à morphologie dentaire primitive), et Apodemus mystacinus, ont été mis en évidence ; ces espèces se retrouvant dans les faunes du pléistocène moyen. À la Caune de l'Arago, la liste faunique est très diversifiée, allant des espèces de steppe continentale (M. Gregalis, Marmota marmota, spermophilus, C. (Allocricetus) bursae), aux espèces méditerranéennes (m. Brecciensis, hystrix). La présence du Microtus malei (espèce boréale), et Dicrostonyx torquatus (espèce arctique), met en évidence un climat très froid dans toute la séquence, à quelques exceptions près. D'autres espèces recueillies dans ce remplissage, comme Arvicola terrestris cantiana et Cricetulus (Allocricetus) bursae, constituent de bons marqueurs bio stratigraphiques. À la grotte de la Baume Bonne, des éléments nouveaux consistent dans l'arrivée - à la fin du riss - du Cricetulus migratorius, et au début du würm, du Lagurus lagurus ; ceux-ci correspondant a deux épisodes froids et arides distincts. Les différentes méthodes (de regroupement des espèces dans des catégories climato-écologiques, la méthode de calibration climatique et des cénogrammes) ont permis la reconstitution du climat et du paysage des séquences analysées. Au Vallonnet, la phase climatique correspondant à l'ensemble III était tempérée ; à la base de cette séquence, le paysage était plus ouvert, mais la quantité de matériel recueilli est insuffisante pour en tirer des conclusions. À la Caune de l'Arago le climat était froid et sec, et la steppe était prédominante (l'ensemble de la séquence, à l'exception de l'ensemble II - sol h, ou un radoucissement est signalé). À la grotte de la Baume Bonne, le climat était froid (sans connaître cependant l'amplitude enregistrée a la Caune de l'Arago), un radoucissement étant observe dans la séquence correspondant à l'ensemble IV.

Paunovic M. & Rabeder G. 2000. Paleoecological Analysis of the Early Pleistocene Vertebrate Fauna from Razvodje and Tatinja draga (Croatia) [Analyse paléoécologique des vertébrés du début du Pléistocène de Razvodje et Tatinja draga (Croatie)]. Beiträge zur Paläontologie, 25, 87-94.
En allemand, in German.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Marmota, Podumci, Tatinja Draga, Croatie, Croacia.

Pavao Barnet & Stahl Peter W. 1999. Structural density assays of leporid skeletal elements with implications for taphonomic, actualistic and archaeological research. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26 (1) 53-66.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Léporidés, Marmota, Os, bones.
Structural density assays of standardized bone scan sites are provided from six skeletons of four leporid taxa, including European or domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus), snowshoe hare (Lepus canadensis) and black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus). The results are discussed via comparison to published density figures for roughly similar-sized North American marmots (Marmota spp.). In the absence of reliable leporid density assays, archaeologists have substituted these figures as appropriate proxy measures. However, the data indicate important differences between leporid and marmot structural density assays, which can be considered as the expression of underlying anatomical dissimilarities. The implications of these results for assessing predator accumulation through application to published taphonomic and actualistic studies of leporid remains undertaken primarily in the Great Basin of the western United States, and for analyses of faunal assemblages in the American Southwest, are explored.

Павлинов И.Я. (Pavlinov I.a.) & Rossolimo O.L. 1987. Sistematik mlekopityuchtchikh SSSR [Systématique des mammifères d'URSS. Mammal systematics in USSR]. Moskov. univer. [Archives of Zoological Museum Moscow State University, Sokolov Ed.], 23 : 1-285. (Marmota -p.45-46).
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota p.45-46, URSS, USSR.

Павлинов И.Я. (Pavlinov I.a.) & Rossolimo O.L. 1998. [Systématique des mammifères de l’URSS (supplément). The Systematic of the USSR mammals]. Archives of Zoological Museum Moscow State University, Rossolimo O.L. ed. 1998. Vol. XXXYIII, 189 p.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota p. 40-41.

Павлинов И.Я. (Pavlinov I.a.), Yakhontov E.L. & Agadzanyan A.K. 1995. Mammals of Eurasia. I. Rodentia [Mammifères d’Eurasie. I. Rongeurs]. Archives of Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, 32 : 239 p.
En russe, in Russian.

Pavlov E.I. 1930. Biologitcheskie nablyudeniya nad tarbaganom i okhota na nego [Observations biologiques sur la marmotte tarbagan et sa chasse. Biologic observations on the tarbagan marmot and its hunting]. Zap. Zabaïkaliskogo otd. o-va kraevedeniya i Thitinskogo mouzeya im. A.K. Kyznetsiva, 1 (17), Tchita.
Marmota sibirica, chasse, hunting.

Pavlov E.I. 1935. Stepnye gryzouny i ikh estestvennye vrediteli Zabaïkaliskogo endemitchnogo otchaga tchoumy, ikh biologiya i rol' v raspro ranenii tchoumy [Les rongeurs des steppes et leurs ennemis naturels dans le foyer de la peste endémique du Transbaïkal, leur biologie et leur rôle dans la dissémination de la peste. Steppe rodents and their natural enemies in the endemic plague focus in Cis-baikal, their biology ad their role in plague dissemination]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 1, M. Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Pavlov E.I. 1936a. [Note sur les puces de foyer de peste du transbaïkal. Notes about the fleas fauna of Transbaicalian plague focus]. Izv. Irkoutsk. protivotchoum. in-ta Sib. i Dal. Vost., Irkoutsk. 4: 60-62.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces, fleas, faunistique, fauna, Transbaïkal.

Pavlov E.I. 1936b. [Rapport de travail des zoologistes de l'organisation de terrain de lutte contre la peste dans le Transbaïkal en août-septembre 1935. Report about zoologist's work of field antiplague organization in Transbaikalian during August-September 1935]. Izv. Irkoutsk. protivotchoum. in-ta Sib. i Dal. Vost., M.-Irkouts. 3: 20-31.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste ; Transbaïkal.

Pavlov M.P. 1970. Sourki (Marmota) [Marmots (Marmota). In: Acclimatization of hunting mammals and bird in the USSR]. Akklimatizatsiya okhotnitchie-promouslovykh zvereï i ptits v SSSR. Kirov : Volgo-Vyatskoe kh. izd-vo, Kirovsk. otd., 312-318.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, URSS, USSR.

Pawlowski B., M. Sokolowski & K. Wallisch 1928. Zespoly roslin w Tatrach. Krakowie.
En polonais, in Polish.
Marmota marmota latirostris, Tatra, Pologne, Poland.

Peek S.F., Cote P.J., Jacob J.R., Toshkov I.A., Hornbuckle W.E., Baldwin B.H., Wells F.V., Chu C.K., Gerin J.L., Tennant B.C. & Korba B.E 2001. Antiviral activity of clevudine [L-FMAU, (1-(2-fluoro-5-methyl-beta, L-arabinofuranosyl) uracil)] against woodchuck hepatitis virus replication and gene expression in chronically infected woodchucks (Marmota monax). Hepatology, 33(1):254-66.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite.
College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

L: -FMAU [1-(2-fluoro-5-methyl-beta,L-arabinofuranosyl) uracil] has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and duck hepatitis B virus replication in cell culture and duck hepatitis B virus replication in acutely infected Peking ducks. The woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and its natural host, the Eastern woodchuck (Marmota monax), have been established as a predictive model for the evaluation of antiviral therapies against chronic HBV infection. In this report, the antiviral activity of l-FMAU against WHV replication in chronically infected woodchucks is described. Four weeks of once-daily oral administration of L-FMAU significantly reduced viremia, antigenemia, intrahepatic WHV replication, and intrahepatic expression of woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen (WHcAg) in a dose-dependent manner. At the highest dose administered (10 mg/kg/d), significant reductions of intrahepatic WHV RNA and covalently closed circular (ccc)WHV-DNA levels also were observed. The reduction in viremia was remarkably rapid at the higher doses of L-FMAU, with greater than 1,000-fold reductions in WHV-DNA serum levels observed after as little as 2 to 3 days of therapy. Following the withdrawal of therapy, a dose-related delay in viremia rebound was observed. At the highest doses used, viremia remained significantly suppressed in at least one half of the treated animals for 10 to 12 weeks' posttreatment. No evidence of drug-related toxicity was observed in the treated animals. L-FMAU is an exceptionally potent antihepadnaviral agent in vitro and in vivo, and is a suitable candidate for antiviral therapy of chronic HBV infection.

Peeters Hans J. 2004. Mammals of California [Mammifères de Californie]. Nature, 440 pages.
En anglais, in English.
Californie, California, EUA, USA.

Pegrusevich K. & Grobzin'ski V. 1973. Epitchenie rastitel'noyadnykh jivotnykh v ekosistemakh. Ekologiya, 6.
En russe, in Russian.
Écologie, ecology, végétation, vegetation.

Pegryakova T.I. 1976. Ispol'zovanie zemel'nykh fondov. V kn. Prirodnye resoursy Rousskoï ravniny v prochlom nastoyachtchem i boudouchtchem, M., Naouka.
En russe, in Russian.

Peisakhis L.A. 1957. [Sensibilité des marmottes grises à la peste et le degré d'infection de leur organisme à différentes périodes de leur activité. Sensitivity of grey marmots to plague and the infection proceading in it's organizms in different periods of marmot's activity]. Nauch. konf. po prirodn. ochagov. i epidemiol. osobo opasn. infec., Saratov. Isdat. "Kommunist" (In Russian).
Marmota baibacina, peste, plague.

Peisakhis L.A. 1958. O znatchenii sezonnoï tchoustvitel'nosti sourkov v epizoogoloii tchoumy [Sur la pathogènese de la peste chez la marmotte grise. Rapport 1 et 2. On pathogenesis of plague in grey marmots]. Tr. Sred. Nau.-Issled. Protivotchumnogo In-Ta, 4. Release 1 and 2. Sci. papers of the Middle Asia anti-plague Inst., Alma-Ata, 4 : 81.]
(Marmota baibacina) : Epidémiologie : Peste.

Les marmottes sont extrêmement sensibles au microbe de la peste quand elles sont actives, et résistantes lorsqu'elles sont en hibernation. Sur 108 individus infectés en août, 23 (21%) moururent avant l'hibernation, 7 autre animaux présentèrent une infection généralisée au printemps et les autres survécurent. Les animaux survivants abandonnent leur terrier pour reformer des groupes familiaux, et ces terriers deviennent attractifs pour des marmottes migrantes, attirant les puces à peste.

Peisakhis L.A. 1959a. [Pathogenèse de la peste chez la marmotte grise. Rapport 3. Peste expérimentale chez des marmottes infectées par des puces. On pathogenesis of plague in grey marmots. Report 3. Experimental plague in marmots infected by fleas]. Tr. Sredn. Az. protivotchoum. in-ta, 5: 19-23 .
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, puces, fleas, peste, plague.

Peisakhis L.A. 1959b. [Pathogenèse de la peste chez la marmotte grise. Rapport 7. Influence de la température ambiante sur le processus d'infection durant l'hibernation. On pathogenesis of plague in grey marmots. Report 7. On influence of temperature of the environment on proceeding of infection process during hibernation]. Nauch. konf. protivochum. uchrezhden. Sred. Az. i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata: 63-65.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, température, temperature, peste, plague.

Peisakhis L.A. 1961a. [Pathogenèse de la peste chez la marmotte grise. Rapport 6. Dynamique saisonnière des leucocytes sanguins des marmottes grises. On pathogenesis of plague in grey marmots. Report 6. Seasonal dynamics of leucocytes in the bood of grey marmots]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivochum. in-ta, 7: 163-168.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, sang, blood, peste, plague.

Peisakhis L.A. 1961b. [Pathogenèse de la peste chez la marmotte grise. Rapport 9. Variations pathologiques chez les marmottes grises infectées par la peste dans les conditions naturelles. On pathogenesis of plague in grey marmots. Report 9. About pathological changes in grey marmots infected by plague in natural conditions]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivochum. in-ta, 7: 177-182.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, pathologie, pathology, peste, plague.

Peisakhis L.A. 1961c. [Sur la pathogénese de la peste chez les marmottes grises. Rapport 4. Changements pathologiques des marmottes grises infectées par la peste dans le milieu externe. On plague pathogenesis in grey marmots. Report 4. On pathologic changes in grey marmots infected with plague in external environment]. In Marmots, Ecology, Ectoparasites and natural focality of plague, Alma-Ata, Frounze, 7: 177-182.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Peisakhis L.A. 1964. Reaktivnosti i patogenez pri tchoume u serykh sourkov kak faktoty prirodnoï otchagovosti tchoumi v Tsentralinom Tyani-Chane[Réactivité et pathogénese à la peste chez la marmotte grise, facteur du foyer naturel de peste au Tien Chan central. Reactivity and pathogenesis to plague of grey marmot, factor of natural plague focus in central Tien Shan]. Avtoref. kand. diss., Saratov.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Peisakhis L.A. & Koturga L.N. 1959. [Pathogenèse de la peste chez la marmotte grise. Rapport 5. Quelques caractéristiques d processus d'infection pendant la période active des marmottes. On pathogenesis in grey marmots. Report 5. Some features of infection process during active period of marmot's life]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivochum. in-ta, 6: 39-58 .
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, pathologie, pathology, peste, plague.

Peisakhis L.A. & Surmin V.M. 1961. [Pathogenèse de la peste chez la marmotte grise. Rapport 7. Possibilité d'une variation de la sensibilité des marmottes au microbe de la peste en conséquence de la primo-infection. On pathogenesis of plague in grey marmots. Report 7. On possibility change of marmot's sensitivity to plague microbe as result of primary infection]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivochum. in-ta, 7: 169-171.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, pathologie, pthology, peste, plague.

Peisakhis L.A. & Surmin V.M. 1961. [Pathogenèse de la peste chez la marmotte grise. Rapport 8. Sur la sensibilité des marmottes hibernantes et maintenues éveillées au microbe de la peste pendant l'hiver. On pathogenesis of plague in grey marmots. Report 8. The sensitivity to plague microbe of hibernating and keep awaking marmots in winter]. Tr. Sred.- Az. protivochum. in-ta, 7: 173-176.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, Pathologie, pathology, hibernation ; Peste.

Peletier du Mans Jacques 1572. La Savoye [The Savoy]. 1ère édition J. Bertrand, Anecy. Ducloz, Moûtiers-Tarentaise (réédition, 1897), 79p. [Document électronique, BNF]
En français, in French.
extrait pdf extract
Marmota marmota, marmoteine p. 35, éthnobiologie, ethnobiology, poésie, Savoie.
"La marmoteine, une année demie,
Dedans son creux tout en rond, endormie :
Si qu'à la voir, ni même au maniement,
Ne semble avoir vie ni sentiment."

Pellis Sergio M. 1988. Agonistic versus amicable targets of attack and defense: Consequences for the origin, function, and descriptive classification of play-fighting [Objectifs amicables contre objectifs agressifs de l’attaque et de la défense : conséquences sur l’origine, la fonction et la cliassification descriptive du jeu-combat]. Aggressive Behavior, 14(2) : 85-104.
En anglais, in English.
Éthologie, ethology, jeu, play, fighting, combat.
Play-fighting appears to involve the behavior patterns of attack and defense otherwise seen in serious fighting. The degree of similarity, however, depends on the body targets attacked and defended during these forms of fighting. For many taxa, including diverse mammalian families and some birds, the same targets are attacked and defended during both play-fighting and serious fighting. However, for several species of muroid rodents, the targets of play-fighting are not the same as those of serious fighting. In these cases, the tactics of attack and defense are also different. It is argued that for these muroid species the playful targets have arisen from amicable behavior (e.g., social investigation, greeting, allogrooming) rather than, as appears to be the case in so many other taxa, from agonistic behavior. These data strongly suggest that play-fighting has evolved from different precursors in different taxa and thus has multiple origins. Furthermore, these data have an important bearing on the universal applicability of many of the suggested functions of play-fighting and also on how such behavior is to be described and classified.

Pellizari P. L. Espinassous & Gardes-Moniteurs du P.N.P.O. 1982. La marmotte. Carnets de terrain. [The marmot. Ground notebook].; 1. Parc National des Pyrénées Occidentales, Tarbes, 37p.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Pyrénées Orientales, Western Pyrenees.

Pembrey M.S. 1901-1902. Observations upon the respiration and temperature of the marmot [Sur la respration et la température des marmottes]. J. Physiol. London, 27 : 66-84.
En anglais, in English.
;; Physiologie, physiology, respiration.

Penck A. & Brückner E. 1909. Die Alpen im Eiszeitalter [ Les Alpes à l'ère glaciaire. The Ice age Alps]. 3 vols., Leipzig.
Géologie : Alpes.

Penel H., C. Faugier & F. Faugier 1984. Synthèse sur les mammifères sauvages de l'Ardèche [Synthesis on wild mammals of the Ardèche]. Le Bièvre, 6 (2) : 87-116. (en français, in French)
(Marmota marmota) : Biogéographie : Réintroduction : Ardèche.

Parmi les 95 espèces de Mammifères sauvages terrestres de la métropole, 60 ont été recensés dans le département de l'Ardèche. Après une brève description des différents types de régions de ce département, les méthodes de détermination et d'observtion des mammifères sont expliquées. Les Insectivores, les Rongeurs et les Carnivores sont bien représentés et leur répatition est assez homogène. En ce qui concerne les Chiroptères, les espèces cavernicoles sont les plus étudiées. Comme pour le faune de France, les Lagomorphes et les Artiodactyles peu nombreux en espèces sont abondants en individus. Seule "la montagne" manque de données sur les micromammifères car c'est une des régions du département que nous avons le moins prospectée et où aucun site de Chouette effraie ne nous a été signalé. L'altitude est en moyenne supérieure à 900 mètres, donc au-dessus de la zone de nidification de ce rapace.
A synthesis on the wild mammals of Ardèche. Among the 95 species of wild terrestrial mammals of France, 60 have been counted in the department of Ardèche. After a brief description of the different types of regions in this department, the methods of identification and observation of the mammals are explained. The insectivores, rodents, and carnivores are well represented and their distribution is fairly homogeneous. With regard to the chiropters, the cave dwelling species are studied in greater detail. As with the French fauna in general, the lagomorphs and the artiodactyls comprise few different species, but are abundant as individuals. We are (somewhat) lacking information about micromammals in the mountainous region, since it is one of the regions of the department which we have explored least, and where no sites of the barn owl have been reported to us. The altitude of this district, is on the whole above 900 meters and therefore above the nest-building zone of this (bird of prey). Although this synthesis still contains many gaps, it usefully modifies and completes the work of E. Lagardette in 1872, which is the latest publication on the classification of the wild mammals of Ardèche.

Penna J.-L. 1988. De bouche à oreille : contes et récits de la tradition orale en Maurienne [From mouth to ear: tales and narratives of oral tradition in Maurienne]. Curandera, Challes-les-Eaux, 284 pp.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, ethnobiologie, ethnobilogy, Savoie, France.

Pennant Thomas 1771. Synopsis of Quadrupeds.
En anglais, in English.Mus Marmota (Marmota bobac) p.268, Marmota marylandica (Marmota monax) p.270, Marmota quebekana p. 270, Marmota auribus carens (Citillus) p. 276, Marmota podolica (Typhlus) p. 277, Marmota lapponica (Lemmus) p. 274, Marmota germanica (Cricetus) p. 271, Thomas Pennant 1726-1798.

Pennant Thomas 1781. History of Quadrupeds. London.
Pennant Thomas (1726-1798).

Pennant Thomas 1766. British Zoology ... London.
En anglais, in English.
Pennant Thomas (1726-1798).

Pennant Thomas 1784. Arctic Zoology. Vol. I, London.
En anglais, in English.
Pennant Thomas (1726-1798).

Pennant Thomas 1790. Indian zoology [Zoologie indienne]. London, H. Hughs, VIII-157 p., Num. BNF.
En anglais, in English.
Zoologie, zoology, Inde, India, pas de marmotte, no marmot, Pennant, Thomas (1726-1798).

Pennant Thomas 1793. History of Quadrupeds.The third edition, B. & J. White, London.
Pennant Thomas (1726-1798).
Extrait pdf Extract

Penney 1950.
En anglais, in English. Marmota monax monax, États-Unis : South Carolina.

Peracino V. & Bassano B. eds. 1987. La Marmotta Alpina [La marmotte alpine, The alpine marmot]. . Ente Parco Naz. Gran Paradiso Ed. Torino, pp. 40.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota.

Peracino V. & B. Bassano 1987. La Marmotta (Marmota marmota L.) nel Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso : metodologie di censimento e valutazione della sua distribuzion (1986-1987) ) [La marmotte alpine (M. marmota) du Parc National Gran Paradiso: méthodologie de dénombrement et d'évaluation de sa répartition (1986-1987). The alpine marmot (M. marmota) in the National park of Gran Paradiso: census methodology and distribution evaluation (1986-1987)]. Incontro di studio sulla M. alpina, Coll. scient. PN Gran Paradiso, Torino, 13-24. (en italien, in Italian)
Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, population, répartition, distribution, Aoste, Aosta.

The AA draw and describe the summer and winter burrows of the Marmot (Marmota marmota L.) pointing out their fundamental characteristic. Datas were obtained from in field reseaches carried out on the Western AIpes of Piedmont in Valle Stura and in the Provincia of Cuneo.
Gli Autori espongono una metodologia di censimento della popolazione di marmotte presenti nel Parco Nazionale del ran Paradiso. Viene dato particolare rilievo alla valutazione della distribuzione della specie sul territorio e della durata del periodo di attività. Al proposito si indagano le possibili correlazioni tra altitudine ed esposizione delle tane e durata del sonno letargico. Viene proposto infine un metodo per la valutazione numerica di una popolazione di marmotte basato sulla stima delle presenze per tana invernale.

Peracino V. & B. Bassano 1990. Le tane invernali della Marmotta Alpina (Marmota marmota) nel Parco Nazionale del Gran Pardiso : osservazioni sulle uscite dal letargo [Le terrier hivernal de la marmotte alpine (M. marmota) du Parc National du Gran Paradiso : observations sur la sortie d'hibernation. The winter burrow of the alpine marmot (M. marmota) in the Gran Paradiso National Park: observations on the hibernation emergence]. Atti II Incontro di Studio sulla Marmotta Alpina, Collana Scientifica PNPG, Torino.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, écologie, population, terriers, burrows.

Gli Autori esaminano le caratteristiche di n. 154 tane invernali di Marmotta (Marmota marmota) ed analizzano la presenza di correlazioni tra la data di uscita del letargo e l'altitudine di localizzazione delle divers tane. Viene evidenziato come le marmotte ibernanti alle quote più basse hanno uscite significativamente più precoci rispetto a quelle che vivono più in alto.

Peracino V. & Bassano B. 1992. The alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) in the Gran Paradiso National Park [La marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) du Parc National du Gran paradiso]. Proc. 1st International symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota) and on genus Marmota, Bassano et al., 257-260.
En italien et en anglais, in Italian and in French.
Marmota marmota, répartition, distribution, Italie, Italy, Aoste, Aosta.

The distribution of Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) in the Gran Paradiso National Park has been valuated with the help of people employed for the surveillance of the Park. In order to achieve this, observation cards accompanied by I.G.M. maps, scale l : 25.000, were supplied in which the rangers notes down the location of used burrows and, during the spring time, the position and the nunber of winter burrows. On the basis of these observations a Marmot distribution map (with a grid of 25 hectares, side 500) has been produced. The survey regarding the number of winter burrows has made it possible to evaluate the certain minimum density of Alpine marmot in the Park. The number of winter burrows has been multiplied by the average number of marmot per winter burrows (n=4) and by the average number of marmot per family (6.l). In the first case 4492 marmots and in the second 6850 marmots. Considering that the suitable area for Marmot in the Park is about 36.000 hectares (excluding forest areas, rocks areas and glaciers) we get a certain minimum density of12-19 marmots per100 hectares. The real inhabited area is about 18.800 hectares and the real density is of 23-36 marmots per100 hectares.

Perle A. & Hamr J. 1985. Food habits of chamois (Rupricapra rupricapra L.) in northern Tyrol [Comportements alimentaires du chamois (Rupricapra rupricapra L.) au Tyrol]. In The biology and management of Mountains, Lovari ed., 77-83.
En anglais, in English. Rupricapra rupricapra, alimentation, foraging, Autriche, Austria, Tyrol.

Perlini R. 1923. Fauna alpina (Vertebrati delle alpi) [La faune alpine (Vertébrés de l'Alpe. Alpine fauna (alps vertebrates)]. 1 vol., Bergamo.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota.

Perrault Claude. Description anatomique d’une marmotte [Anatomical description of a marmot]. Mem. de l’Acad. des Sc. de Paris, 3(3) : 33.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota.

Perrault Claude 1731. Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des animaux. Description anatomique d'une marmotte et d'un loir [Report to serve the natural history of animals. Anatomic description of a marmot and of a dormouse]. Mém. Acad. R. sc., 1 : 31-41.
En français, in French.
Marmota, Loir, dormouse, anatomie, anatomy.

Perrin A 1870. Étude préhistorique sur la Savoie, spécialement à l'époque lacustre (Age du bronze) [Prehistoric study of Savoy, particularly at the lacustral epoch (the bronze age)]. Chambéry. En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, marmotte, marmot, Suisse, Switzerland.

Perrin C. 1992a. Organisation socio-spatiale de la marmotte des Alpes [Sociospatial organization of the Alpine marmot]. Actes Journée d'étude de la marmotte Alpine, 63-67.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, social.

Perrin C. 1992b. Quand les marmottes se réveillent [When marmots awake]. Sciences & Avenir, juillet, 66-69. (en français, in French)
(Marmota).

Perrin C. 1993. Organisation socio-spatiale et distribution des activités chez la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota Linné 1758) [Socio-spatial organization and activity distribution of the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota Linné 1758)]. Thèse doctorat, Paris 7.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, social, Savoie.

Cette étude écoéthologique de la marmotte alpine Marmota marmota (Linné, 1758) a été effectuée lors de deux saisons d'activité, dans la réserve naturelle de la Grande Sassière (Parc National de la Vanoise, Alpes françaises). Son but était de suivre la distribution temporelle des activités de la marmotte, et de décrire son organisation socio-spatiale dans une population de haute altitude (2350 m), afin d'apporter de nouvelles informations sur cette espèce encore mal connue, et de comparer son organisation à celle d'autres espèces de Sciuridés terrestres bien étudiées à ce propos. L'unité sociale est le groupe familial, composé d'un couple d'adultes reproducteurs et de jeunes issus de portées successives. La dispersion a lieu à l'âge de 2 ans, mais peut être retardée. Une seule femelle par groupe se reproduit Les interactions sociales au sein du groupe sont majoritairement cohésives, alors que les interactions entre groupes, peu fréquentes, sont surtout agonistiques. Des différences dans la proportion relative des divers types de comportements existent entre les groupes et les individus qui les composent. Plusieurs éléments suggèrent l'intervention d'une composante ontogénétique dans la variabilité comportementale individuelle. Dans un des groupes étudiés, la fréquence élevée d'actes agonistiques par le mâle adulte sur trois mâles de 2 ans laisse à penser que l'agression pourrait jouer un rôle en tant que facteur proximal de la dispersion chez cette espèce. Le domaine vital du groupe (2,65 à 4,13 ha) est constitué d'un système principal, où se situe l'hibenaculum, et d'une zone périphérique essentiellement utilisée pour le fourragement. Celui-ci augmente en août, et diminue en septembre, les marmottes restant de plus en plus sur le système principal, quand la période d'hibernation approche. Le faible taux de recouvrement des domaine vitaux de groupes voisins (8 à 12%), la nature agonistique des interactions entre membres de groupes différents, et la densité élevée de latrines au niveau des zones de recouvrement des domaines vitaux, permettent de caractériser cette espèce comme territoriale. Ces différents points (unité sociale de type groupe familial, dispersion retardée, type d'interactions, défense commune du territoire...) confirment que la marmotte alpine est hautement sociale [niveau 5 de la classification de Michener (1983)]; elle se distingue néanmoins des autres espèces placées à ce niveau, par le système d'appariement qui est de type harem polygyne chez ces espèces, alors qu'il semble plutôt monogame chez Marmota marmota.

Perrin C. 1993. Organisation sociale, utilisation de l'espace et répartition des activités chez la marmotte alpine dans la réserve naturelle de la Grande Sassière (Parc national de la Vanoise) [Social organization, space use and activity distribution of the Alpine marmot in the nature reserve of the Grande Sassière]. Actes du 116e Congrès national des Sociétés savantes, 295-318.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, spatial, activité, activity, réserve.

Une étude éco-éthologique de la marmotte alpine a été entreprise dans la Réserve Naturelle de la Grande Sassière (.N.V) depuis juin 1990. Cette étue vise à mieux comprendre l'organisation socio-spatiale d cette espèce et à la replacer dans un contexte écologique et évolutif par rapport aux quelques espèces de marmottes nord-américaines (Marmota flaviventris, M. monax, M. caligata, M. olympus) bien étudiées à ce propos (Armitage, 1988 ; Barash, 1974). L'unité sociale de Marmota marmota est le groupe familial, formé pr des individus partageant un domaine vital commun. La taille de celui-ci varie entre 0,9 et 2,8 ha, avec un léger taux de recouvrement (9 à 12,5%). Le domaine vital est constitué d'un centre, où se trouve l'hibernaculum, et de zones périphériques. L'utilisation de l'espace et la répartition des activités au cours de la saison sont analysées. Toutes les activités sont réalisées sur le centre, mais certaines en sont spécifiques, et sont peu développées ailleurs ; les zones périphériques nesont utilisées essentiellement que pour l'affouragement. Il existe une augmentation de cette activité en août, puis une diminution, accompagnée d'une sédentarisation sur le centre, en septembre, lorsqu'approche la période d'hibernation.
The behavioural ecology of the alpine marmot i studied in the National Park of Vanoise (French Alps) since june 1992. The aim of this study is to understand the socio-spatial structure of this species and to compare it to that of North-American species in an evolutionary and ecological context (Armitage, 1988 ; Barash, 1974). The social unit is the familial group, with animals sharing a common home range. The size of home ranges varies between 0.9 to 2.8 ha and a slight overlapping rate exists (9 to 12.5%). The home range is composed by a centre, where is located the hiberncaulum, and of peripheric areas. Space utilzation and activity distribution along the season are analysed. All activities are performed on the centre, but some of them are specific of it, and almost not realised on other areas ; peripheric areas are used for foraging. This activity increases in august, and decreases in September, with a tendency to remain more on the centre, related with the approach of hibernation period.

Perrin C. 1996a. Marmottes infanticides. Des mâles tuent la progéniture de leur compagne [Infanticide marmots. Males kill the offspring of their mate]. Pour la Science, 225: 25.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, infanticide.

Perrin C. 1996b. Le temps des marmottes [The time of marmots]. Alpes Loisirs, 13 : 84-91.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota.

Perrin C. 2001. La Marmotte alpine. Eveil Nature, 72 p.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota.

Perrin C. & D. Allainé 1991. Organisation sociale, utilisation de l'espace et répartition des activités chez la marmotte alpine dans la réserve de la Grande Sassière (parc National de la Vanoise). 116° Congrés des Sociétés Savantes, Chambéry, 295-318.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, social, spatial, Réserve.
The behavioural ecology of the alpine marmot is studied in the National Park of Vanoise (French AIps) since june 1990. The aim of this study is to understand the socio-spatial structure of this species and to compare it to that of North-American species in an evolutionary and ecological context (Armitage, 1988) (Barash, 1974). The social unit is the familial group, with animals sharing a common home range. The size of home ranges varies between 0.9 and 2.8 ha, and a slight overlapping rate exists (9 to 12.5 %). The home range is composed by a centre, where is located the hibemaculum, and of peripheric areas. Space utilization and activity distribution along the season are analysed. All activities are performed on the centre, but some of them are specific of it, and almost not realised on other areas ; peripheric areas are used for foraging. This activity increases in august, and decreases in September, with a tendency to remain more and more on the centre, related with the approach of hibernation period.

Perrin C., D. Allainé & M. Le Berre 1993. Socio-spatial organisation and activity distribution of the Alpine marmot Marmota marmota: Preliminary results [Organisation socio-spatiale et distribution des activités chez la marmotte alpine M. marmota. Résultats préliminaires]. Ethology, 93 : 21-30.
(Marmota marmota) : Ethologie : Social : Spatial.

The behavioural ecology of the Alpine marmot Marmota marmota (Linné, 1758) was studied Jun.-Sep. 1990 in the Vanoise National Park (French Alps). We describe the socio-spacial structure of a high-altitude population, to give additional information on the formerly unclear marmot social organization.
The social unit was the family group, with a vommon home range between 0.9 and 2.8 ha; a slight overlapping occurred (9 to 12.5%). Each home range had a central area of main burrows, where the hibernaculum was located, and peripheral areas.
Space utilization and distribution of activities during the season were analysed. Some activities took place exclusively in the centre area while peripheral parts were used for foraging. This latter increased in Aug. and decreased in Sep., marmots tending to remain more and more at the centre area as the hibernation period approached.

Perrin C., Allainé D. & M. Le Berre 1994. Male intrusion and infanticide in alpine marmots [Intrusion de mâles et possibilité d'infanticide chez la marmotte alpine]. Mammalia, 58 (1) : 150-153.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, infanticide.

Perrin C., J. Coulon & M. Le Berre 1993. Social behaviour of Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota): seasonal, group and individual variability [Comportement social de la marmotte alpine (M. marmota) : variabilité saisonnière, de groupe et individelle. Can. J. Zool., 71: 1945-1953.
En anglais, in English. Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, social.

La composition et les interactions sociales de trois groupes familiaux de Marmota marmota , enregistrées au cours d'une étude dans le Parc National de la Vanoise de mi-juin à fin septembre, sont décrites et analysées. Les interactions intragroupe sont majoritairement cohésives ce qui confirme la tendance hautement sociale de cette espèce. Les interactions entre groupes sont peu fréquentes et de nature agonistique. Les taux d'interactions diminuent au cours de la saison en relation possible avec un changement dans l'allocation d'énergie en vue de l'hibernation. Certaines relations cohésives augmentent peu avant l'entrée en hibernation simultanément à un regroupement des animaux sur les terriers principaux. Des différences dans la proportion relative des divers types de comportements existent entre les groupes et les individus qui les composent. La moindre fréquence des actes agonistiques, l'abondance du jeu et son maintien en fin de saison chez les immatures suggèrent l'intervention d'une composante ontogénétique. Les actes agonistiques sont nettement plus nombreux dans l'un des groupes dont le mâle adulte est un immigrant récent. Celui-ci dirige la majeure partie des agressions envers trois mâles de deux ans dont deux se sont dispersés en cours d'étude. Les événements sociaux propres à chaque groupe, la variabilité individuelle et le degré de familiarité entre individus peuvent ainsi influencer la qualité des interactions sociales et la dispersion. Les relations entre animaux familiers sont amicales et peuvent faciliter la rétention des immatures dans leur groupe natal ainsi que leur recrutement par les adultes qui émigrent.
Composition and social interactions of three family groups of Marmota marmota were observed during a study in the Vanoise National Park (French Alps) from mid-June to late September. Interactions between members of the same group were mainly cohesive, which confirms the social nature of this species. Social interactions between marmots from different family groups were rare and agonistic. The rate of social interactions decreased as the season progressed, probably in relation to a shift in energy allocation to preparation for hibernation. Some cohesive interactions increased just before immergence when marmots restricted their activity to the main burrow system. Rates of social interactions differed between groups and between individuals. Fewer agonistic acts, more play-fighting and its persistence in late season among the immatures suggest the influence of an ontogenetic component. The most agonistic of the studied groups included an adult male that had recently immigrated. He focused most of his agonistic acts on three 2-year-old males, of which two dispersed during the season. Social events characteristic of each group, individual variability and level of familiarity between group members can influence the quality of social interactions and the dispersal of immatures. Social relationships between familiar individuals are amicable and can facilitate the retention of immatures in their natal group as well as their recruitment by emigrant adults.

Perrin C., Coulon J. & M. Le Berre 1994. Comportement social des marmottes alpines : saison, groupes et variation individuelle. Social behavior of alpine marmots: seasonal, group and individual variability. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 100-101.
Marmota marmota, social, rythme, rhythm, France, Savoie.

Composition and social interactions of three family groups of Marmota marmota were observed during a study in the Vanoise National Park (French Alps) from mid-June to late September. Interactions between members of the same group were mainly cohesive, which confirms the social nature of this species. Social interactions between marmots from different family groups were rare and agonistic. The rate of social interactions decreased as the season progressed, probably in relation to a shift in energy allocation to preparation for hibernation. Some cohesive interactions increased just before immergence when marmots restricted their activity to the main burrow system. Rates of social interactions differed between groups and between individuals. Fewer agonistic acts, more play-fighting and its persistence in late season among the immatures suggest the influence of an ontogenetic component. The most agonistic of the studied groups included an adult male that had recently immigrated. He focused most of his agonistic acts on three 2-year-old males, of which two dispersed during the season. Social events characteristic of each group, individual variability and level of familiarity between group members can influence the quality of social interactions and the dispersal of immatures. Social relationships between familiar individuals are amicable and can facilitate the retention of immatures in their natal group as well as their recruitment by emigrant adults.

Perrin C., J. Coulon & M. Le Berre 1996. Comportement social des marmottes alpines (Marmota marmota) : Variations entre groupes et entre individus. Social behaviour of Alpine marmots (Marmota marmota): group and individual variability. In Biodiversité /Biodiversity, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 193-198. (en français et en anglais, in French and in English)
(Marmota marmota) : Ethologie : Social.

Le comportement social de trois groupes de marmotte alpine a été étudié. Des différences entre groupes ont été observées dans la proportion des interactions sociales ainsi qu'entre individus d'âge et de sexe différents au sein de chaque groupe. La marmotte alpine est une espèce hautement sociale. Cependant chaque groupe est un système unique et le niveau de familiarité entre ses membres ainsi que leurs caractéristiques individuelles peuvent influencer les interactions sociales ainsi que la dispersion ou le recrutement.
Social behaviour of three groups of Alpine marmot was studied. Group composition was not the same in three studied groups. Differences were observed in relative frequencies of social behaviours between groups as well as between different age-sex classes within each group. Alpine marmots seem to be highly sociable. However, each group is a unique system and level of familiarity between group members and individual variability could influence social interactions as well as dispersal and recruitment.

Perrin C., M. Le Berre, J. Coulon, D. Allainé & R. Ramousse 1991. Socio-spatial organisation of the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota, L. 1758) in the Nature Reserve of "La Grande Sassière" (Vanoise National Park ) [Organisation socio-spatiale de la marmotte alpine (M. marmota) dans la réserve de la Grande Sassière]. In Report of the third International meeting "Rodens & Spatium", Mammalia, 55 (3) : 478.
(Marmota caligata) : (Marmota flaviventris) : (Marmota marmota) : (Marmota monax) : (Marmota olympus) : Ecologie : Social

The behavioural ecology of the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota, Linnaeus 1758) is studied in the French Alps since springtime 1990. The aim of this study is to understand the socio-spatial structure of this species and to compare it to that of North-American species in an evolutionary and ecological context (Armitage, 1988 ; Barash, 1974). Four neighbouring familial groups (according to Zelenka, 1965 ; Naef-Danzer, 1985 ; Arnold, 1985) were studied. We described the social composition of these groups using Capture-Marking method for individual recognition. Ad libitum and scan sampling observations (Altmann, 1974) were used to establish the ethogram. From early june to the onset of hibernation (october), we observed the behaviour of marmots, including social interactions and spatial-time budget. The social structure of Marmota marmota seems to be closer to that of Marmota caligata and Marmota olympus, as predicted by Barash, than to that of Marmota flaviventris and Marmota monax. The size of the home-range of each group varies between 0.9 and 2.8 ha, and home-range may overlap (9 to 12.5 %). Distribution and use of burrows are analysed.

Perrin C., L. Le Guelte & M. Le Berre 1992. Distribuzione tempoale e spaziale delle attività della Marmottaz alpina durante l'estate. Temporal and spatial distribution of activities during summer in the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) [Distribution temporelle et spatiale des activités estivales de la marmotte alpine (M. marmota). Proc. 1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. Marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 101-110.
En italien et en anglais, in Italian and in English.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, activités, activity, rythme, rhythm.

Three contiguous social groups of Alpine marmots (Marmota marmota, L., 1758) were followed from the beginning of June to the end of September by direct observation (scan sampling) in the Nature Reserve of "la Grande Sassière" (Vanoise National Park, French Alps). Temporal and spatial distribution of activities were established by taking into account behavioural patterns analysed by means of multifactorial analyses. Results show a general pattern for both spatial and temporal activity distribution, under the inlluence of a seasonal evolution. Differences between groups exist, probably related to social factors (group structure), spatial factors (home-range structure and size) and certainly other factors.

Perro Bryan 1998. Marmotte [Marmot]. Québec, Glanures, 161 p.
En français, in French.
Roman, novel.

Perrone A., Macchi E. & Durio P. 1992. Un caso di predazione di astore (Accipiter gentilis) su marmotta (Marmota marmota). Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) predation on alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) [Prédation du faucon (Accipiter gentilis) sur la marmotte alpine]. Proc. 1st International Symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota ) and on Genus Marmota, Bassano et al., 239-240.
En italien et en angalsi, in Italian and in English.
(Marmota marmota) : Ethologie : Prédation.

Perrot E. 1921. À propos de l'huile de marmotte [About marmot oil]. Bull. Soc. Pharm., 575-578.
En français, in French.
(Marmota marmota) : Ethnobiologie.

Persianova L.A. 1980. [Sur le livre rouge des espèces animales et végétales rares et en extinction. About the Red Data Book of rare and vanishing species of animals and plants]. Relevant problems of environmental protection and natural resources management, Reports to 2nd Republican Conf. Tashkent, 41.
En russe, in Russian.
Conservation.

Percheeva A.A. 1968. Ispol'zovanie zemel' Tseinogradskoï oblasti v svyazi s razlitchiyami v ekonomitcheskoï effektivnosti proizvodstaosnovnykh s.-x. prodouktov [Exploitation des terres de la région de Tselinograd en liaison avec la productivité économique des productions agricoles. Exploitation of lands in the Tselinograd region in relation with the economic productivity of farming production]. Avtoref. kand. dis., M.
En russe, in Russian.
Agriculture, économie, economy, Tselinograd.

Peschieri Ilario 1841. Dizionario parmigiano-italiano [Dictionnaire parmesan-italien. Parmesan-Italian dictionary]. Stamperia Carmignani, Parma.
Dictionnaire, dictionary, Parmesan, Italien, Italian, marmòta, marmotta, marmòtton, marmotto.
Extrait pdf Extract

Peshkov B.I. 1957. [Donnés sur le nombre et l'alimentation des oiseaux de proies dans le sud du Transbaïkal. Data on numbers and nutrition of the birds of prey in Sotuh-East Transbaikalia]. Izv. Irkoutsk. protivotchoum. in-ta Sib. i Dal. Vost., 16: 143-153.
En russe, in Russian.
Oiseaux, alimentation, foraging, prédation, predation, Transbaïkal.

Peshkov B.I., Fedorov V.P. & A.V.Bogdanov 1975. [Résultats d'une reconnaissance épizootologique de la peste dans la région de Khoubsougoul de Mongolie. Results of an epizootological reconnaissance for plague in the Khubsugul' region of Mongolia]. In Safonova ed., Int. and national aspects of the epidemiological surveillance of plague, II: 32-34.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, parasitologie, peste, épidémiologie, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Peshkov B.I. & Lipaev V.M. 1957. Boriba s tarbaganom "smesiu" khlorpikrina i tsianplava [Lutte contre les marmottes tarbagan à l'aide d'un coktail de chlorpicrine et de Cs]. Tez. dokl. konf. Irkutskogo PTchI, I, Irkoutsk, 1955, Izv. irkoutskogo PTchI, 16, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, éradication, poison.

Peshkov B.I. & Proko'piev V.I. 1958. Gnezdo tarbagana kak sreda obitaniya ego ektoparazitov [L'abri de la marmotte tarbagan, milieu de ses ectoparasites. The shelter of the tarbagan marmot, environment of its ectoparasites]. Tez. dokl. konf. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 3, Oulan-Ude.
En russe, in Russian.
(Marmota sibirica) : Terrier : Parasitologie.

Peshkov B.I., Zarubina V.N. 1958. [Fumigation des terriers de marmottes par hexachlore à l'aide d'une automobile. Fumigation of tarbagan's burrows by hexachloran using a car]. Tez. dokl. nauch. konf. Irkoutsk. protivotchoum. in-ta Sib. i Dal. Vost., Oulan-Oude, 3: 117-118.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, éradication, eradication.

Petcu D.J., Aldrich C.E., Coates L., Taylor J.M. & Mason W.S.Suramin inhibits in vitro infection by duck hepatitis B virus, Rous sarcoma virus, and hepatitis delta virus. Virology, 167(2): 385-392.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis, virus.

Suramin blocked in vitro infection by duck hepatitis B virus, a hepadnavirus, and Rous sarcoma virus, a retrovirus. Although suramin was able to inhibit the virus-encoded reverse transcriptase activities of these two viruses, this inhibition did not appear to account for the anti-viral effect of the drug. In particular, suramin was unable to block synthesis within cells of full-length viral DNAs when added subsequent to infection. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that suramin acted by blocking virus uptake or uncoating. As further support of this hypothesis, we found that suramin also blocked infection by hepatitis delta virus, an RNA virus that is not known to employ reverse transcriptase during the initiation of infection.

Peters D.N., Steinberg H., Anderson W.I., Hornbuckle W.E., Cote P.J., Gerin J.L., Lewis R.M. & Tennant B.C. 1992. Immunopathology of glomerulonephritis associated with chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection in woodchucks (Marmota monax). Am. J. Pathol., 141(1): 143-152.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Retrospective analysis of necropsy findings of 705 woodchucks was performed to determine the prevalence and morphology of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis, its relationship to woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection, and the presence of major WHV antigens. Twenty-six woodchucks had glomerular lesions. Renal tissue of the 26 animals was evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically for immune-mediated glomerulonephritis. Of these 26 animals, immune-mediated glomerulonephritis was diagnosed in six, all of which were chronic WHV carriers. Membranous glomerulonephritis was identified in three animals, two of which also had mesangial proliferation. Host immunoglobulin was present within the mesangium and along capillary loops in all three. Woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen (WHcAg) was present along capillary loops of two of these animals, one membranous and one mixed, and in the mesangium of all three. Woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen (WHsAg) deposition was similar to WHcAg deposition but was only present along capillaries in those animals with mixed nephritis. The remaining three animals had mesangial proliferation. WHsAg and host immunoglobulin deposition were predominately mesangial; WHcAg was not detected. Transmission electron microscopy showed thickening of the capillary loop basement membranes and subepithelial electron-dense deposits in animal one, and deposits in the mesangium in animal six.

Petersen J., Dandri M., Gupta S. & Rogler C.E. 1998. Liver repopulation with xenogenic hepatocytes in B and T cell-deficient mice leads to chronic hepadnavirus infection and clonal growth of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95(1): 310-5.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, virus.

To investigate host and viral mechanisms determining hepadnaviral persistence and hepatocarcinogenesis, we developed a mouse model by transplanting woodchuck hepatocytes into the liver of mice that contain the urokinase-type plasminogen activator transgene (uPA) and lack mature B and T lymphocytes due to a recombination activation gene 2 (RAG-2) gene knockout. The woodchuck hepatocytes were transplanted via intrasplenic injection and were found to integrate into the recipient mouse liver cord structure. Normal adult woodchuck hepatocytes proliferated and reconstituted up to 90% of the uPA/RAG-2 mouse liver. uPA/RAG-2 mice containing woodchuck hepatocytes were infectable with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and showed WHV replication for at least 10 months with titers up to 1 x 10(11) virions per ml in the peripheral blood. WHV-infected hepatocytes from chronic carrier woodchucks also established a persistent infection in uPA/RAG-2 mice after an 8- to 12-week lag period of viremia. Although WHV envelope, core, and X proteins were produced in the uPA/RAG-2 mice, no inflammatory host immune response was observed in the liver of WHV-replicating mice. A first antiviral test demonstrated a greater than four orders of magnitude drop in WHV titer in response to interferon alpha treatment. WHV replication was up-regulated by dexamethasone treatment. Comparison of precancerous lesions in donor woodchucks versus recipient uPA/RAG-2 mice revealed an enrichment of dysplastic precancerous hepatocytes in transplanted mice. Clonal amplification of hepatocytes from a woodchuck with hepatocellular carcinomas was demonstrated by the detection of unique WHV DNA integration patterns in hepatocellular carcinomas that arose in uPA/RAG-2 mice. In the absence of B or T cell-mediated immune responses, WHV establishes a persistent noncytotoxic infection of woodchuck hepatocytes in uPA/RAG-2 chimeric mouse livers. Further studies of the kinetics of hepadnavirus infection and replication in quiescent and proliferating hepatocytes should increase our understanding of hepadnavirus spread and aid in the design of therapies to block or cure persistent infection.

Peterson R.L. 1966. The mammals of eastern Canada [Les mammifères du Canada oriental]. Oxford, Press.
En anglais, in English.
(Marmota monax) : Canada.

Petit D. 1983. Contribution à l'étude cytogénétique, systématique et biogéograhique des Sciuridés [Contribution to the cytogenetic, systematic and biogeographic study of Sciuridae]. Thèse 3ème cycle : génétique. Paris 11.
En français, in French.
(Rodentia) : Sciuridés : Génétique.

Évolution des Sciuridés. Analyse chromosomique de 7 espèces appartenant à autant de tribus permettant de proposer une phylogénie non-dichotomique et un ordre dans la succession des isolements des différentes lignées par rapport à une population ancestrale. A l'aide des données de la littérature et de la paléontologie, une histoire biogéographique de ectte famille est présentée.

Petit D. & Dutrillaux B. 1985. Phylogenie chromosomique de sept espèces de sciurines [Chromosomic phylogeny of seven species of Sciurinea]. Ann. Génet., 28 (1) : 13-18.
(Rodentia) : Sciuridés : Génétique.

Petitot Émile Fortuné Stanislas Joseph 1876. Dictionnaire de la langue dènè-dindjié: dialectes montagnais ou chippewayan, peaux de lièvre et loucheux, renfermant en outre un grand nombre de termes propres à sept autres dialectes de la même langue ; précédé d'une monographie des Dènè- Dindjié, d'une grammaire et de tableaux synoptiques des conjugaisons. Paris, E. Leroux, San Francisco, A.-L. Bancroft.
Arctomys pruinosus, siffleur, marmotte monax, Dictionnaire, Dictionary, Tinne Indians, Langues Athapascan, Athapascan languages, Petitot Émile 1838-1917.
Texte complet/Full text ICMH (Institut Canadien de Microreproductions historiques)/CIHM

Petitot Émile Fortuné Stanislas Joseph 1876. Vocabulaire français-esquimau: dialecte des Tchiglit des bouches du Mackenzie et de l'Anderson, précédé d'une monographie de cette tribu et de notes grammaticales. Paris, E. Leroux, San Francisco, A.L. Bancroft, 76 p.
En français et esquimau, in French and in Eskimo.
Dictionnaire, dictionary, Inuit, Inuktitut, Esquimaux, Groenlendais, Labradorien, Tchuktchis, Kadia, tçik-tçik (marmotte) p.VII, siffleur p.63, marmotte p.43, marmotte des sapins (mulot) p. 47, Petitot Émile 1838-1917.
Extrait pdf Extract Texte complet/Full text ICMH (Institut Canadien de Microreproductions historiques)/CIHM

Petter F. 1963. Les Mammifères [Mammals]. PUF, Paris, 1-126. (en français, in French)
(Mammifères).

Petrosian F.K., L'vov S.I. & Levchenko G.I. 1999. [The methods of traditional medicine in the treatment of tuberculosis]. Voen. Med. Zh., 320(10): 45-8, 96.
En russe, in Russian.
Médecine traditionnelle, traditional medecine, tuberculose, tuberculosis, Marmota, graisse, fat.

The authors sum up the results of phyto-, aromatherapy and marmot fat complex treatment of 64 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. In a two-month treatment course in 81.8-95.6% of patients the symptoms of tuberculosis intoxication had disappeared, the body mass increased and the bacteria discharge stopped. It proves that traditional medicine means and methods can be recommended for the rehabilitation periods of tuberculosis patients.

Petrov B.M. 1960. K ekologii sourka Menzbira [On ecology of Menzbier's marmot]. Ouzb. biol. J., 3 : 42-47.
En russe, in Russian.
(Marmota menzbieri) : Ecologie.

Petrov B.M. 1961a. K sistematike i vozarastnoï izmentchivosti sourka Menzbira [Systématique et âge chez M. menzbieri. On the systematics and age variability of Menzbier's marmot]. Zool. J., 40 (1): 93-105.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, taxonomie, taxonomy.

Petrov B.M. 1961b. Ekologiya gryzounov zapadnoï tchasti Tchatkalikogo khrebta i ikh zanatchenie na vysokogornykh pastbishakh [Ecologie des rongeurs de la partie occidentale de la chaîne du Chatkal et leur importance dans les hautes prairies de montagne. The ecology of rodents in the western part of the Chatkal Ridge and their importance on high-mountain pastures]. Avtoref. kand. diss. Tachkent.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, écologie, ecolog, Tchatkal, Chatkal.

Petrov B.M. 1961c. [Caractéristiques géographiques de la partie occidentale du nord Tien Shan (partie occidentale de la chaîne de Chatkal). On the zoogeographical characteristic of western part of N Tian Shan (Western part of the Chatkal Ridge)]. Transactions of Uzbek Branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR, 5: 145- 146.
En russe, in Russian.
Géographie, geography, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Petrov B.M. 1962. Okhotntchie-promyslovye zveri i ptitsy zapadnykh otvetvlenii Tyani-Chane i nekotorye voprosy organizatsii okhotnitchiego khozyaïstva v etom raïone [Animaux et oiseaux de la partie ouest du Tien Shan soumis à la chasse professionnelle et quelques questions de son organisation économique . Animals and birds in the western part of Tien Shan, professional hunting and some questions of its economic organization]. Byul. okrouj. sobeta Vsearmeïskogo voenno-okhotn. ob-va Tourkestanskogo voennogo okrouga, 2(20), Tachkent.
En russe, in Russian.
Oiseaux, birds, gibier, game, économie, economy, chasse, hunting, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Petrov B.M. 1963a. Areal sourka menzbira i zapadanaya granitsa rasprostraneniya dlinnokhvostogo sourka v Severnom Tyani-Chane [Aire de distribution de la marmotte de Menzbier et frontière ouest de la distribution de la marmotte à longue queue dans le nord du Tien Chan. Menzbier's marmot range and western border of the range of the lon-tailed marmot in the northern Tien Shan] . Zool. J., 40 (1) : 93-105.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, répartition, distribution, Tien Chan, Tien shan.

Petrov B.M. 1963b. Areal sourka menzbira i rasprostranenie dlinnokhvostogo sourka v zapadnoï tchasti Severnogo Tyan'-Chan. Novyï podvid sourka Menzbira [Aire de la marmotte menzbieri et la limite occidentale de la distribution de la marmotte à longue-queue dans le Nord du Tien Shan. Nouvelle sous espèce de marmotte menzbieri. The range of Menzbier's marmot and distribution of long-tailed-marmot in the western part of N Tian Shan. A new subspecies of Menzbier's Marmot]. Zool. J., 42(5) : 743-751.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, répartition, distribution, Tien Chan, Tien shan.

Petrov B.M. 1963c. K sistematike i vozrastnoï izmentchivosti sourka Menzbira [Sur la systématique et les variations d'âge chez la marmotte de Menzbier. Systematic and age changes in the Menzbier's marmot]. Zool. J., 40 (1).
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, taxonomie, taxonomy, Marmota menzbieri zachidovi Petrov, 1963,Tchatkal, Chatkal Ridge, Tien Chan, Tien-Shan.

Petrov B.M. 1965a. Ekologiya i prakiteskoe znatchenie sourka Menzbira v zapadnoï tchasti Tchatkaliskogo okrouga [Écologie et importance pratique de la marmotte de Menzbier dans la partie occidentale de la chaîne de Tchatkal. Ecology and practical importance of Menzbier's marmot in the western part of the Chatkal Ridge]. Tr. Tchatkaliskogo gorno-lesnogo zapovednika, Tachkent, 2: 128-151.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, écologie, ecology, Tchatkal, Chatkal.

Petrov B.M. 1965b. Otcherk ekologii reliktovogo souslika v raïone Tchatkal'skogo gorno-lesnogo zapovednika [Essai d'écologie sur la marmotte relicte de la région de la r&ecute;serve de la maison forestière de Tchatkal'ski. Ecologic essay on the relict marmot of the region of the reserve of Tchatkal'ski forest house]. Tr. Tchatkal'skogo gorno-lesnogo zap-ka, 2 : 152-166.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, écologie, ecology, réserve, Tchatkal, Chatkal.

Petrov B.M. 1965c. Materialy po ekologii i praktitcheskomou znatcheniyu mychvidnykh gryzounov Tchatkal'skogo gorno-lesnogo zapovednika [Données écologiques et importance pratique des rongeurs de la réserve naturelle de montagne-forêt de Chatkal. Data on ecology and practical importance of mice rodents in the Chatkal mountain-forest nature reserve]. Tr. Tchatkal'skogo gorno-lesnogo zap-ka, 2 : 167-208.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, Marmota, écologie, ecology, réserve, reserve.

Petrov B.M. 1966. Ekologiya i praktitcheskoe znatchenie sourka Menzbira v zapadnoï tchasti Tchatkaliskogo khrebta [Écologie et importance pratique de la marmotte de Menzbier à l'ouest de la chaîne de Tchatkaliski. Ecology and practical importance of Menzbier's marmot in the western Chatkaliski range]. Tr. Tchatkalisk. gorno-lesnoto zapovednika, 2, Tashkent.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, écologie, ecology, économie, economy.

Petrov B.M. 1992. Mammals of Yugoslavia: insectivores and rodents [Mammiføres de Yougoslavie : insectivores et rongeurs]. Nat. Hist. Mus., Suppl. 37, Belgrade. 186 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Mammiføres, Mammalia, Mmmals, Yougoslavie, Yugoslavia.

Petrov V.S. 1959a. [Typologie des foyers naturels de peste en Eurasie. The types of natural plague foci of Eurasia]. Mater. 10 soveshch. po parasitol. probl. i prirodnoochag. boleznyam, Tez. dokl., M.-L., 1: 217-220 (In Russian).
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague.

Petrov V.S. 1959b. [Natural plague foci of Eurasia and their typification Foyers naturels de peste en Eurasie et leur caractérisation]. Transactions of Middle Asian Antiplague Res. Inst., Almaty, 6.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, peste, plague, Eurasie, Eurasia.

Petrov V.S. 1968. Prirodnye otchagi tchoumy SSSR (tipizatchiya, strouktoura, genezis) [Foyers naturels de peste en URSS (caractérisation, structure et génèse. Natural plague foci in USSR (type, characterization and genesis]. Avtoref. Dokt. dis., Alma-Ata. Peste : URSS.

En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, URSS, USSR.

Petrov V.S., Kasatkin B.M., Bibibkov D.I. & Chekalin V.B. 1956. [Étude de la répartition et du nombre de rongeurs à l'aide d'un avion. Studying of mechanisms of distribution and numbers of rodents by using the airplane]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivochum. in-ta, 3: 127-134.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, répartition, distribution.

Petrov V.S. & Shmuter M.F. 1957. [Caractéristiques de l'épizootie de peste dans les foyers naturels de différents types. The features of plague epizootic in natural foci of different types]. Mater. nauch. konf. po prirodnoi ochagov. i epidemiol. osobo opasn. infec. zabolevan, Tez. dokl., Saratov: 311-315.
En russe, in Russian.
Epizootie, epizooty, peste, plague.

Petrov V.S & M.F. Schmuter 1958. [Particularités de l'épizootie de peste dans les foyers naturels de différents types. Peculiarities of plague epizootics in the natural foci of different types. Trans. of Centr. Asian Res. Antiplague Inst., Alma-Ata, 4: 3-21]. (In Russian).
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, Carnivora, parasitologie, parasitology, peste.

Petrovskii V.L. 1934. [Conditions sanitaires et précautions au cours de la chasse aux marmottes. About the sanitary conditions and a precautions measures during the tarbagan's hunting in Transbaikalia]. Izv. Irkoutsk. protivotchoum. in-ta Sib. i Dal. Vost., Irkoutsk, 1.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, chasse, hunting.

Petrunina O.M. 1951. [Débats sur la peste chez les marmottes (Marmota baibacina centralis) en conditions expérimentales. Proceeding of plague in marmots (Marmota baibacina centralis) in experimental condition]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivochum. in-ta, 7: 151-158 (In Russian).
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, peste, plague.

Petrusevich K. & Grobzin'ski V. 1973. Znatchnie rastitel'noyadnykh jivotnykh v ekosistemakh [Importance des animaux herbivores dans l'écosystème. Importance of herbivory animals in the ecosystem]. Ekologiya, 6.
En russe, in Russian.
Herbivores, écologie, ecology.

Petryakova T.I. 1976. Ispol'zovanie zemel'nykh fondov [Utilisation des ressources terrestres. Terrestrial resources use]. V kn. Prirodnye resoursy Rousskoï ravniny v prochlom nastoyachtchem i boudouchtchem, M., Naouka.
En russe, in Russian.
Economie, economy.

Petterson J.R. 1992. Yellow-bellied marmot, Marmota flaviventris, predation on pikas, Ochotona princeps [Prédation de la marmotte à jaune sur des pikas]. Can. Field-Nat., 106: 130-131.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, Ochotona princeps, prédation, predation.

Pewe T.L. 1975. Quaternary geology of Alaska [Géologie du Quaternaire de l'Alaska]. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 835, 139 pp.
Géologie, geology, Quaternaire, Quaternary, Alaska, EUA, USA.

Pewe T.L. & Hopkins D.M. 1967. Mammals remains of pre-Wisconsin age in Alaska [Restes de mammifères du pré-Wisconsin de l'Alaska]. In The Bering land bridge, D.M. Hopkins ed., Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, 495 pp, 266-270.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, paléontologie, paleontology, États-Unis d’Amérique, USA, Alaska.

Peyrols Sylvaine 2003. La marmotte [Marmot]. Paris, Gallimard, 32 p.
En français, in French.
Marmotte, marmot, littérature enfantine, Juvenile literature.

Pfeffer P. 1961. Changements observés dans le peuplement animal des régions naturelles de l'URSS, du XIII siècle à nos jours [Observed changes in the animal poplations of the nature regions od USSR, from XIII century till today]. Terre et la Vie, 4 : 44-455.
En français, in French.
Marmota bobac, histoire, history, répartition, distribution, Russie, Russia, steppe.

Pfister Otto 2002. Ornithology along the Silk road. En ligne/On line, accès/accessed Jan 18-2007 à/at http://www.osme.org/osmetrip/kaztrip7.html
En anglais, in English.
Marmota bobac, Marmota baibacina.
Marmota bobac, Bobac / Steppe Marmot
11.5. > 10 in Tengiz Reserve
Marmota baibacina Altai Marmot
22-24.5. fairly common, around and above AlmatySkoje up to Almaty Pik.

Phillips J.C 1923. A swimming woodchuck [Une marmotte nageuse]. J. Mammal., 4(4): 256.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology.

Phillips J.M. 1939. Save the woodchuck [Sauver la marmotte des bois]. Pennsylvania Game News, 10(2): 12.
Marmota monax, conservation, États-Unis d’Amérique, Pennsylvanie.

Phillips M., C.G. Forshey, G.B. White & M.E. Richmond 1987. The economic impact of wildlife damage on Hudson Valley orchards [L'impact énomique des dommages de la faune sur les vergers de la vallée de l'Hudson]. Proc. Eastern Wildl. Damage Control Conf. , 3: 66-82.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Gestion.

Apple growers in New York estimated that 3,56% of young trees and 1,2% of older trees incurred woodchuck damage each year.

Phillips P.K. & Heath J.E. 2001. An infrared thermographic study of surface temperature in the euthermic woodchuck (Marmota monax) [Etude thermographique à l'infra-rouge de la température de surface de la marmotte commune d'Amérique (Marmota monax) ]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol., 129(2-3):557-62
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, température corporelle, thermographie, infra-rouge.

Surface temperatures were measured in euthermic woodchucks (Marmota monax) using infrared thermography across a range of ambient temperatures from -10 degrees C to 32 degrees C. The woodchuck keeps surface temperature of the peripalpebral region uniformly high, while head and body surfaces change proportionally with ambient temperature. When ambient temperature was below 0 degrees C, all surface temperatures increased which prevents freezing. At no point did the animals appear to be unable to regulate heat exchange. This species appears to be especially well adapted to the higher temperatures it encounters in its range. Vasomotion in the feet and to a lesser extent in the pinnae was used to regulate heat loss. At ambient temperature of 32 degrees C, mean temperatures of nose surfaces were 0.2 degrees C and 0.3 degrees C less than ambient temperature suggesting a type of counter current cooling mechanism may be present.

Phillips P.K. & Heath J.E. 2004. Comparison of surface temperature in 13-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecimlineatus) and yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) during arousal from hibernation. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology (Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.), 138(4): 451-457.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, Spermophilus tridecimlineatus, 13-lined ground squirrel, température, temperature, thermographie , thermography.
Surface temperatures (Ts) of eight 13-lined ground squirrels and seven yellow-bellied marmots were measured during arousal from hibernation using infrared thermography (IRT) and recorded on videotape. Animals aroused normally in 5 degrees C cold rooms. Body temperatures were recorded during arousal using both cheek pouch and interscapular temperature probes. Warming rate in arousal was exponential. Mean mass specific warming rates show the squirrels warm faster (69.76 degrees C/h/kg) than the marmots (4.49 degrees C/h/kg). Surface temperatures (Ts) for 11 regions were measured every few minutes during arousal. The smaller ground squirrel shows the ability to perfuse distal regions without compromising rise in deep body temperature (Tb). All squirrel Ts's remained low as Tb rose to 18 degrees C, at which point, eyes opened, squirrels became more active and all Ts's rose parallel to Tb. Marmot Ts remained low as Tb rose initially. Each marmot showed a plateau phase where Tb remained constant (mean Tb 20.3+/-1.0 degrees C, duration 9.4+/-4.1 min) during which time all Ts's rose, and then remained relatively constant as Tb again began to rise. An anterior to posterior Ts gradient was evident in the ground squirrel, both body and feet. This gradient was only evident in the feet of the marmots.

Phoebus G. 1507 Deduiz de la chasse des bestes sauvages et des oiseaulx de proye, 1507 [Entertainment of hunting of wild beasts and birds of prey].
En français, in French.
Gibier, game, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, chasse, hunting.

Gaston III Phoebus Comte de Foix 1510. Des deduiz de la chasse des bestes sauvaiges et des oyseaux de proye. Paris, Antoine Vérard, Num. BNF.

En français, in French.
Faune, fauna, chasse, hunting, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

Pichot P.-A. 1873. Le jardin d'acclimatation illustrée [The acclimatization Garden illustrated]. Hachette, Paris, 336 pp. (en français, in French)
Conservation.

Picot de Lapeyrouse P. 1799. Notes méthodiques des mammifères et des oiseaux de la Haute-Garonne [Methodic notes on mammals and birds of Haute-Garonne. Toulouse an VII.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, faunistique, fauna, France, Haute-Garonne,43 espèces, 43 species, 5 variétés, 5 varieties, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.
Extrait pdf extract.

Pictet F.J. 1844. Traité élémentaire de paléontologie ou histoire naturelle des animaux fossiles considérés dans leurs rapports zoologiques et géologiques [Elementary treatise of paleontology or natural history of fossil animals with their zoological and geological relationships]. Langlois et Leclerq, Paris.
En français, in French.
Arctomys superciliaris, tertiaire.

Pictet François Jules 1853. Traité de Paléontologie ou histoire des animaux fossiles considérés dans leurs rapports zoologiques et géologiques [Paleontology or history of fossil animals and their zoological and geological relationships]. Baillières, Paris, 236-237.
En français, in French.
Marmota, Arctomys arvernensis, Arctomys primigenia, Arctomys marmotta, paléontologie, paleontology, Auvergne.
pdf

Pictet F.J. 1854. Matériaux pour la Paléontologie Suisse ou recueil de monographie sur les fossiles du Jura et des Alpes [Material for the switzerland paleontology or monograph compilation on the fossils of the Jura and the Alps]. 11 livres, Genève, Kessmann, Paris, J.B. Baillière et fils.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Jura, Suisse, Switzerland.

Pidoplichka I.G. 1931. Zum Studium ausgestorbener und Relikten-Nagetiere der Waldsteppe und Polesiens. Acad. Sci. Ukraine, Cl. Sci. Nat. Tech., 1930, 10 : 153-166.
En ukrainien avec allemand, in Ukrainian with German.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.

Pidoplichka I.G. 1933. Quartäres Murmeltier aus dem Löss des Reservats "Tschapli.".Acad. Sci. Ukraine, Cl. Sci. Nat. Tech. 1933, Quartärperiod 115-118, 4 figs.; En ukrainien avec allemand, in Ukrainian with German.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.

Pidoplichko Ivan G. 1930. Rodentia et Carnivora qui proviennent de fouilles au village de Uravka du département de Pryluka. Antrop. Ann., 3 133-147, 2 pls. [in (Ukrainian, French s]. Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.

Pidoplichko Ivan G. 1933. Tchetvertinniï baïbak z lisou zapovidnika "Tchapli" [Marmotte bobac du quaternaire dans les forêts de la réserve de Tchapli. Quaternary bobac marmot in the forests of Tchapli reserve]. Tchetvertinniï period, 6.
Marmota bobac, paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, Quaternary, réserve, reserve.

Pidoplichko I.G. 1936. Soutchasniï kharakter i pokhojdennya faouny ssavtsiv OuRSR. Tr. In-tou zool. ta biol. AN OuRSR, 13. Zbirnik prats' Zool. mouzeyu, 18.
Faunistique.

Pidoplichko I.G. 1938. [Données pour l'étude de la faune fossile de l'Ukraine. Materials for the study of the fossil fauna of the Ukrainian SSR]. Akad. Sc. Ukr. SSR Inst. Zool. et Biol., Kiev, 1 : 173 pp.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Ukraine.

Pidoplichko I.G. 1946. O lednikovom period [Sur la période glaciaire]. In t. 1, Vozniknoveniye i razvitiye oucheniya o lednikovom periode [In Apparition et développement de la période glaciaire]. Kiev.
Paléontologie, paleontology, géologie, geology.

Pidoplichko I.G. 1951. O lednikovom periode [Sur la période glaciaire], Vol. (2), biologitchesknie i geografitcheskie osobennosti evropeïskikh predstaviteleï tchetvertitchnoï faouny. Sourki, kroupnye sousliki, malye sousliki, Kiev, Izd-vo AN USSR.
Marmota, Souslik, paléontologie, paleontology.

Pidoplichko I.G. 1955. Nowye damye o faoune posvonstschnych anthropogenowych otloscheniï Ternopolskoï oblasti [Nouvelles données sur la faune des vertébrés de la couche anthropogène de la région de Ternopol. New data on the fauna of the anthropogenic layer of the Ternopol region]. Dokl. Akad. Naouk. SSR, 100, M., L., 989-991.
Paléontologie, paleontology .

Pidoplichko I.G. 1956a. Materialy do vivtchennya minoulikh faouny OuRSR, 1938. Kiev: Vid-vo AN OuRSR, 1938; 1, 2.
Faunistique, fauna.

Pidoplichko I.G. 1956b. Uber die Faunen des Anthropogens in gebirge des gebietes Tarnopol [Sur la faune des anthropogènes des monts de la région de Ternopol. On the fauna of anthropogen in the range of the Ternopol region]. Naukovi Sapiski prirod. Mus. Wovk, Fil. Akad. Naouk. SSSR, 5 : 45-52.
En allemand, in German.
Paléontologie, paleontology.

Pidoplichko I.G. 1969. Pozdnepaleo-lititcheskie jilichtcha iz kosteï mamonta na Ouktanie. Kiev, Naoukova Doumka.

Piero L. 1934. Resti di marmotta della Grota "Mala Peci" nei dintorni di Cividale [Restes de Marmottes dans la grotte Mala Peci des environs de Cividale. Marmota remains in the MalaPeci Cave near Cividale]. Atti Accad. Sci. Padova, 24 49-53.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Europe, Italie.

Pierce II Robert A. & McNeely Ron 2001. Managing woodchucks problems in Missouri [Gestion des problèmes de marmottes communes d'Amérique au Missouri]. MU extension, University of Missouri-Columbia. Accessed January 04, 2007, http://muextension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/wildlife/g09452.htm
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, piège, trap, terrier, burrow, fumigation.
pdf.

Piette Édouard 1871. Découverte d'une caverne de l'âge du Renne aux environs de Montrejeau [Discovery of a cave of reindeer age near Montrejeau]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 73 : 350-351.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, caverne, cave, Homme, Man, silex, flints, outils, tools, Haute-Garonne, France.
pdf

Piette E. 1873. Sur une grotte de l’âge du renne, située à Lortet (Hautes-Pyrénées). Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 77 : 431-432.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Grotte d’Aurenson, grotte de Lortet, renne, reindeer, cerf élaphe, Ursus arctos, chamois, bouquetin, bœuf, cheval, coq de bruyère, Hautes-Pyrénées.

Piette E. 1893. Phases successives de la civilisation pendant l'âge du renne, dans le midi de la France, et notamment sur la rive gauche de l'Ariège (grotte du Mas-d'Azil) [Successive civilisation phases during reindeer age, in the south of France, et particularly on the Ariège left shore (Mas-d'Azil Cave)]. Assoc. franç. Avanc. Sc., 21e session, Pau, 2 : 649-654.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie : France : Ariège.

Piette E. 1895. Hiatus et lacune. Vestiges de la période de transition dans la grotte du Mas-s'Azil [Hiatus and gap. Remains of the transional period in the Mas-d'Azil Cave]. Bull. Soc. d'Anthropol., Paris, 6 : 235-237. En français, in French.
Paléontologie : France : Ariège.

Piette E. 1903. Sur une gravure du Mas d'Azil [About a Mas-d’Azil engraving]. Comptes rendus hebdomadairse des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 136 : 262.
En français, in French.
Pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, gravures, engraving, homme, man, Mas-d’Azil, Ariège, France.

Pigozzi G. 1984. The den system of the Alpine marmot (Marmota m.m.) in the National Park of Stelvio, northern Italy [Le système de terriers de la marmotte alpine (M. m. marmota) du Parc National de Stelvio, Italie du nord]. Z. Säugetierk., 49 (1) : 13-21.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, population, Italie, Italy.
Studied the den system of the Alpine marmot which consisted of a variable number of chambers, the principal one being lined with thick litter, with opening and tunnels that linked them wich the outer surroundings. Opening were divided into four types which differed in their use and location within the animal's home range. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the den system showed a positive correlation between the slope and the opening's orientation; the gradient of the first 30 cm of the tunnel differed between the principal and secondary openings. Exposure to wind was suggested as the main factor affecting the non -random arrangement of the openings.

Pigozzi G. 1985. Scavo di un sistema di tane di marmotta alpina (Marmota m. marmota) in Val di Peder (Parco Nazionale dello Stelvio) [fouille d'un système de terrier de marmotte alpine (M. marmota) du Val di Peder (Parc National du Stelvio). Excavating of burrow system of Alpine marmot in Val di Peder (Stelvio National Park)]. Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat., Mus. civ. St. nat. Milano, 12 (1-2): 59-62.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, terrier, burrow, Italie, Italy.

Pigozzi G. 1989. Predation on Alpine marmot, Marmota marmota L., by golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos L. [Prédation de marmotte alpine, M. marmota, par l'aigle royal A. Chrysaetos L.]. Atti Soc. It. Sc. Nat. e del Museo Civ. St. Nat. Milano, 130 (5) : 93-96.
Marmota marmota, Aquila chrysaetos, prédation, predation.

Pigozzi G. & Janeau G. 1992. Eco-etologia della marmotta alpina : quali prosoettive? Etho-ecology of the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota L.): where do we go from here? [Eco-éthologie de la marmotte alpine (M. marmota L.) : où allons nous à d'aujourd'hui?]. Proc. 1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. Marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 85-87. (en italien et en anglais, in Italian and in English)
(Marmota marmota) : Ecologie.

Piis Augustin de 1792. Les deux panthéons ou l'inauguration du théatre du Vaudeville [The two pantheons or the opening of the Vaudeville theater]. Paris, Num. Google.
En français, in French.
Vaudeville, chant, song, marmotte, marmot, marmotta, p.51-52, Piis Augustin de (1755-1832).
a href="BibpdfP/2951.pdf"> Extrait pdf extract

Pike Warburton 1896. Through the subarctic forest: a record of a canoe journey from Fort Wrangel to the Pelley lakes and down to the Yukon River to the Behring Sea [De part en part la forêt subarctique : relation d'un voyage en canoé de Fort Wrangel aux lacs Pelley et le long du Yukon jusqu'à la mer de Berhing].
London, New York, E. Arnold.
En anglais, in English.
Exploration, siffleur, whistler, Territoires du Nord-Ouest, Northwest Territories, Alaska, Pike Warburton 1861-1915.
Texte complet/Full text ICMH (Institut Canadien de Microreproductions historiques)/CIHM

Pil’nikov Alexandr 2000. [History of destruction marmots in Transbaikalia in XX century. Histoire de la destruction des marmottes au XX siècle en Transbaïkalie]. World of animals, 11-12 : 28-29.
En russe, In Russian, Traduction électronique/Computer translation in PDF.
Marmota sibirica, tarbagan, Mongolina marmot, conservation.

Pil’nikov A.E. 2005. Radon in the marmot burrows. Radon Norakh sourkov. [Le radon dans les terriers d’animaux]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 92-93.
En russe et en fran∞ais, in Russian and in French.
Marmota sibirica, marmotte de Mongolie, Mongolian marmot, peste, plague, Yersinia pestis, radioactivitTM, radioactivity, radon.

The biogeochemical research of the territories of the Soviet Union where the plague Yersinia pestis is known to be present has established the anomalous concentration of heavy metals. High concentrations of heavy metals in combination with other factors can favor the propagation of epizooty among mammal's populations. It has been shown previously that the anomalous presence of the transitional d-elements of the fourth period of periodic system (titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc) correlates with epizooty among mammals (Rothschild 1994, 2000). The heavy metals very often accompany ore of uranium-thorium deposits and other radioactive elements. The subsequent geological analysis of enzootic territories of the Asian part of Russia and Caucasus has confirmed the prediction that the presence of small foci of plague correlate with uranium-thorium anomalies (Pil'nikov 2004). Logically, I've suspected, that in some burrows of the gnawers there can be a high level of concentration of radioactive gases, for example of radon. With this view, I measured radon concentration in 2000-2004 years at the burrow entrances of the Mongolian marmot (Marmota sibirica Radde, 1862) in Southeast Transbaikalia on the Chindachi's fault. The findings have confirmed the presence of high concentrations of radon in some burrows. To tests whether microclimate in the hibernating burrows of the rodents affects the concentration of radioactive gases, I measured radon concentration in various seasons. The concentrations of radioactive gas increase, when temperature of the air near a ground layer is lower than temperature of air in a burrow. This is observed during spring when marmots emerge from hibernation and during fall before animals go into hibernation. During winter months the radon concentration is expected to be even higher due to soil freezing and limited convection. The radon concentrations in the burrows of the rodents are more then ten times greater then the established norms for people working at the uranium mines suggesting that these burrowing animals have special adaptations to cope with radioactive environment.

Russian PDF russe

Pillard B. 1972. La faune des grands mammifères du Würmien II. Etudes Quaternaires, Mémoire n°1.

Ping Wang, Walter R. D., Ganesh Bhat B., Florant G. & Coleman R. A. 1997. Seasonal Changes in Enzymes of Lipogenesis and Triacylglycerol Synthesis in the Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 118(2): 261-267.
En anglais, in English.
Acyltransferase, tissu adipeux brun, brown adipose tissue, hibernation, lipid metabolism, métabolisme lipidique, squirrel, écureuils, white adipose tissue, tissu adipeux blanc.

In order to determine whether critical enzyme activities of glycerolipid synthesis change seasonally in the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis), we collected summer and winter samples of liver, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and white adipose tissue (WAT). Compared with fatty acid synthase activity during hibernation, summer activities were 2.5- to 8-fold higher in adipose tissue and liver. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity was 2.6-fold higher in WAT during the summer, consistent with increased seasonal triacylglycerol storage, but the activity did not change in liver or BAT, suggesting that in these tissues, triacylglycerol synthesis is equally active in summer and winter. Lack of change in acyl-CoA synthetase in liver and BAT may reflect high synthetic rates for acyl-CoAs that are destined in the summer for glycerolipid synthesis and in the winter for -oxidation. Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) activity increased significantly in both liver and WAT during the summer but decreased in BAT. Although the changes were consistent with active year-round triacylglycerol synthesis, the higher summer MGAT activity observed in the squirrel liver and WAT suggest that MGATs function may not be limited to conserving essential fatty acids during physiological states of lipolysis. Seasonal changes observed in the ground squirrel were similar to those previously reported in the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris), confirming that important adjustments occur in energy metabolism necessitated by long seasonal hibernation.

Pion G. et al. 1990. L'abri de La Fru à St. Christophe (Savoie). Gallia Préhistoire, 32 : 65-123.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Savoie, France.

Pion G. 2000. Le Magdalénien des deux Savoie et du Jura méridional: synthèse préliminaire des données accessibles; proposition d'une chronologie pour les principaux gisements. Mémoire de la Soc. Préhist. française, 28 : 147-164.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, magdalénien, magdalenian, Savoie, Savoy, Jura.

Piraud V. 1911. Sur la répartition de la marmotte dans les Alpes dauphinoises au quaternaire et à l'époque actuelle [Marmot distribution in the Dauphiné's Alps in the quaternary and now]. Bulletin de la société dauphinoise d'études biologiques (et de protection de la nature), 3 (7-12) : 83-88.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, France, Alpes, Alps.

Piroutet 1903. Coup d'oeil sommaire sur le préhistorique en Franche-Comté [Succinct view on prehistory in Franche-Comté]. L'Anthropologie, 14. (en français, in French)
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, France, Franche-Comté.

Piroutet 1927. Sur la découverte d'ossements de marmottes à la Châtelaine (Jura) [Discovery of marmot bones of the Châtelaine (Jura). C.R.B.S.G.F., 207pp.
En français, in French.
Arctomys marmota, Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology, Jura.

Piroutet 1932. Essai sur les connaissances actuelles relatives au Préhistorique de Franche-Comté [Essay on the present knowlege related to Prehistory in Franche-Comté]. Bull. Arch., 517-570. p. 517.
En français, in French.
Arctomys marmota, Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology, Franche-Comté.

Pisemki N.N. 1912. Dve ekspeditsii vratcha, zavedouyuchtchego jeleznodorojnoï bol'nitseï na st. Man'tchjouriya doktora Pisemskogo. V kn. Tchoumy epidemii na Dal'nem Vostoke i protivotchoumnye meropriyatiya ouravleniya KVJD, Kharbin.
Épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Pitti Cesare & Tozzi Carlo 1971. La Grotta del Capriolo e la Buca della Iena presso Mommio (Camaiore, Lucca). [La grotte de Capriolo et de la Buca della Iena près de Mommio (Camaiore, Luccea). The Capriolo Cave and the Iena Cavern near Mommio (Camaiore, Lucca).] 26 : 213-258.
En italien avec résumés en français et en anglais, in Italian with French, English summ.
Marmota marmota, arizonae, paléontologie, paleontology, Europe, Italie, Italy.

Piveteau J. 1957-1961. Traité de paléontologie. Mammifères [Paleontology Handbook]. (TVI). Masson, Paris.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology.

Pizzimenti J.J. 1971. List of karyotypes of mammals from the Northern Plains region (USA) [Liste des caryotypes des mammifères de la région des plaines septentrionales (USA)]. Kansas Academy of Science Transactions, 74(1): 67-75.
En anglais, in English.
Chromosomes, Marmota monax, Marmota flaviventris.
Chromosomes, Lutra canadensis, Taxidea taxus, Myotis evotis, Myotis velifer, Myotis volans, Myotis thysanodes, Myotis grisescens, Myotis keenii, Myotis leibii, Lasionycterus noctivagans, Eptesicus fuscus, Pipistrellus subflavus, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus, Nycticeius humeralis, Plecotus townsendii, Antrozous pallidus, Tadarida brasiliensis, Tadarida macrotis, Euarctos americanus, Canis latrans, Canis lupus, Canis niger, Canis rufus, Vulpes vulpes (fulva), Vulpes velox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Ursus americanus, Ursus arctos, Ursus horribilis, Procyon lotor, Martes pennanti, Martes americana, Mustela erminea, Mustela rixosa, Mustela nivalis, Mustela frenata, Mustela vison, Gulo gulo, Gulo luscus, Mephitis mephitis, Spilogale putorius, Felis concolor, Lynx canadensis, Lynx rufus, Sylvilagus floridanus, Sylvilagus audubonii, Sylvilagus aquaticus, Lepus americanus, Lepus californicus, Lepus townsendii, Marmota monax, Marmota flaviventris, Cynomys ludovicianus, Sciurus carolenensis, Glaucomys volans, Glaucomys sabrinus, Sciurus niger, Tamisciurus hudsonicus, Castor canadensis, Ondatra zibethicus, Erethizon dorsatum.

Placidi L., Faraj A., Loi A.G., Pierra C., Egron D., Cretton-Scott E., Gosseli G., Perigaud C., Martin L.T., Schinazi R.F., Imbach J.L., el Kouni M.H., Bryant M.L. & Sommadossi J.P. 2001. Antiviral activity and intracellular metabolism of bis(tButylSATE) phosphotriester of beta-L-2',3'dideoxyadenosine, a potent inhibitor of HIV and HBV replication. Antivir. Chem. Chemother., 12(2):99-108.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte communde d'Amérique, virus, hépatite, hepatitis.
The beta-L-nucleoside analogue beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy adenosine (beta-L-ddA) has been shown to exhibit limited antiviral activities. This was attributed to its rapid catabolism through cleavage of the glycosidic bond and poor phosphorylation to the nucleotide beta-L-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine-5'-mono phosphate (beta-L-ddAMP) (Placidi et al., 2000). However, the nucleotide beta-L-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (beta-L-ddATP) inhibited the activity of both HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and viral DNA polymerase isolated from woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected serum (a model of hepatitis B) with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2.0 microM without inhibiting human DNA polymerases alpha, beta, or gamma up to a concentration of 100 microM. These results suggested that prodrugs of beta-L-ddAMP may bypass the poor metabolic activation of beta-L-ddA and lead to more potent and selective antiviral activity. Therefore, the mononucleoside phosphotriester derivative of beta-L-ddAMP incorporating the S-pivaloyl-2-thioethyl (tButylSATE) groups, beta-L-ddAMP-bis(tButylSATE) was synthesized. Beta-L-ddAMP-bis(tButylSATE) inhibited HIV replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and HBV replication in 2.2.15 cells with effective concentrations (EC50s) of 2 and 80 nM, respectively. Intracellular metabolism of beta-L-ddAMP-bis(tButylSATE) demonstrated that beta-L-ddATP was the predominant intracellular metabolite in PBMC and liver cells. The intracellular half-life of beta-L-ddATP was 5.4 and 9.2 h in HepG2 and PBMCs, respectively. The intracellular concentrations of beta-L-ddATP were maintained above the EC50 for the inhibition of HIV RT and hepatitis B virus (HBV) for as long as 24 h after removal of the drug.

Plakhov K.N. 1994. État réel de la population de Marmota menzbieri au Kazakhstan. Real state of Marmota menzbieri population in Kazakhstan. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 102-103.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota menzbieri, densité, Kazakhstan.
M. menzbieri Kasch. is an endemic of Western Tien Shan and has been included in the Kazakhstan Red Data Book (3-rd category status). Its range in Kazakhstan embraces the Ugamsky and Karzhantau mountain ridges and covers 400 sq. km. Because of intensive hunting taking place in those years the numbers of M. menzbieri decreased already in the middle the forties to 40-50 thousands specimens, with an average density of 100-120 animals per 1 sq. km (Yanushko, 1951). This level also remained in the sixties, but ten years later it was restricted by one third (Kapitonov, Lobachov, 1977). In 1990 the almost complete disappearance of the species was reported: with an average density of 4 marmots per 1 sq.km, only 1.5-2.0 thousands specimens would have remained in Kazakhstan (Vyrypaev, Obidina, 1990). Our investigations were carried out in 1990-1992 in the western, central and eastern parts of Karzhantau (total registered area 44 sq. km). It was ascertained that the marmot density equalled 54-94 (average 70) specimens per 1 sq.km, with a maximum in western part (upper reaches of Badam River). A reduction of the marmot range was registered everywhere. Therefore the present numbers of this species in Kazakhstan (20-25 thousands specimens) amounts to no more than a half of the level of the forties. The main causes of this phenomenon are overgrazing and poaching. Thus, the state of M. menzbieri population in Kazakhstan is not so disastrous now as it had been supposed before, although it is either not very optimistic.

Plakhov K.N. 2002. Menzbier's marmot (Marmota menzbieri) in Kazakhstan. La marmotte de Menzbier (Marmota menzbieri) au Kazakhstan. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 98-99.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota menzbieri menzbieri, conservation, Kazakhstan.

Plakhov K.N. & Kovshar A.F. 1991. [Sur le statut des populations de marmottes de Menzbier au Kazakhstan. On the state of Menzbier's marmot population in Kazakhstan]. In Rare and disappearing birds and animals in Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata.
En russe, in Russian.
.

Plan national de rétablissement de la marmotte de l'île Vancouver : édition 2000. Rapport RENEW 19.
(en français, in French, pdf)
(en anglais, in English, pdf)

Planche H. 1973. Chambéry. SAEP, Colmar -Ingersheim, 107p.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology.

Плечов Г.Н.. (Plechov, Pletchov G.N.), Димитриев А.В. (Dimitriev A.V.) & Плечова Э.Н. (Plechova, Pletchova Z.N.) 1996. Sourki v sotsiokoul'tournoï sisteme [Les marmottes dans un système socio-culturel. Marmots in socio-cultural system]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 64-65.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, écologie, ecology.

Плечов Г.Н.. (Plechov, Pletchov G.N.), Димитриев А.В. (Dimitriev A.V.) & Плечова Э.Н. (Plechova, Pletchova Z.N.) 1997. Сурки в Чувашской мифологии. Marmots in the Chuvash mythology [Sourki v Tchouvachtchkoï mifologii. Les marmottes dans la mythologie Tchouvache]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 73 (Rousskie, Russian), 175 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota, ethnobiologie, ethnology, mythologie, République Tchouvache, Chuvash Republic, Russie, Russia.

Плечов Г.Н.. (Plechov, Pletchov G.N.), Димитриев А.В. (Dimitriev A.V.) & Плечова Э.Н. (Plechova, Pletchova Z.N.) 1997. Чувашские народные знания о сурках. The Chuvash folk knowledge about marmots [Tchouvashskie narodnye znaniya o sourkakh. Les connaissances populaires Tchouvaches sur les marmottes]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 74 (Rousskie, Russian), 176 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota, ethnobiologie, ethnology, République Tchouvache, Chuvash Republik, Russie, Russia.

Плечова Э.Н. (Plechova, Pletchova Z.N.) & Димитриев А.В. (Dimitriev A.V.) [La marmotte bobac européenne de la République chouvache. On the European bobak marmot in the Chuvash ASSR]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 75- 78.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Répulique Tchouvache, Chuvash Republic.

Pleshchev V.S. 1979. [Les helminthes des rongeurs des zones de steppe et de forêt-steppe du nord Kazakhstan. Helminths of rodents in steppe and forest-steppe zones of North Kazakhstan]. Avtoref. kand. diss., Alma-Ata.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, Helminthes, parasitologie, parasitology, Kazakhstan.

Pline l'Ancien, Pliny the Elder, Caius Plinius Secundus : 23-79.
Biographie.
Biography.

Pline L'ancien Caius 1952. Historia naturalis. Histoire naturelle (recherche sur la création). Texte latin accompagné de sa traduction française par A. Ernout, Les Belles Lettres, Livre VIII. Des animaux terrestres, p. 182, Paris. En latin et en français, in Latin and in French.
Mus alpinus, Marmota marmota.
Les Grecs ne connaissaient probablement pas la Marmotte, car c'est Pline qui en parle le premier ; il la désigne sous le nom de Mus Alpinus et la compare au Rat d'Egypte. Appendice Dubois, 1996a.

Plinius Secundus G. 1469. Naturalis Historia. [Precede:] Svetonius, De Plinio. Venezia, Giovanni da Spira, [prima del 18 IX]
En latin, in Latin.

Plinius Secundus Caius. Historia naturalis. Liber VIII., lv 132. Conduntur hieme et Pontici mures
En latin, in Latin.
Conduntur hieme et Pontici mures, dumtaxat albi, quorum palatum in gustu sagacissimum auctores quonam modo intellexerint miror. Conduntur et Alpini, quibus magnitudo melium est, sed hi pabulo ante in specus convecto, cum quidem narrant alternos marem ac feminam subrosae conplexos fascem herbae supinos, cauda mordicus adprehensa, invicem detrahi ad specum ideoque illo tempore detrito esse dorso. sunt his pares et in Aegypto similiterque resident in clunes et binis pedibus gradiuntur prioribusque ut manibus utuntur.

Plinius Secundus Caius (Holland Philemon, traducteur) 1601. The Historie of the World. The eigth booke of the historie of nature, written by C. Plinius secundus. Book VIII. The natures of land beasts that goe on foot. Pages 192-234. CHAP. XXXVII. Of the Rats of Pontus, and the Alpes: also of Urchins and Hedgehogs.
En anglais, in English.
THE Rats of Pontus, which be onely white, come not abroad all winter: they have a most fine and exquisite tast in their feeding; but I wonder how the Authours that have written this, should come to the knowledge of so much. Those of the Alpes likewise, i. Marmottanes, which are as bigge as Brockes or Badgers, keepe in, during winter: but they are provided of victuals before-hand which they gather together and carrie into their holes. And some say, when the male or female is loden with grasse and hearbs, as much as it can comprehend within all the foure legges, it lieth upon the backe with the said provision upon their bellies, and then commeth the other, and taketh hold by the taile with the mouth, and draweth the fellow into the earth: thus doe they one by the other in turnes: and hereupon it is, that all that time their backs are bare, and the haire worne off. Such like Marmotanes there by in Ægypt; & in the same manner they sit ordinarily upon their buttocks, and upon their two hinder feet they goe, using their fore-feet in stead of hands.

Плотников И.А. (Plotnikov I.A.) 1996. Morfologitcheskie i biokhimitcheskie pokazateli krovi sourkov v zavisimosti ot faktorov sredy i fiziologitcheskogo sostoyaniya [Paramètres sanguins morphologiques et biochimiques en relation aux dépenses des facteurs de milieu et état physiologique. Morphologic and biochemical blood values in connection with environmental factors costs and physiologic status]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 66-67.
En russe, in Russian.
Physiologie, physiology, sang, blood, biochimie, biochemy.

Плотников И.А. (Plotnikov I.A.) 1997. О каннибализме степных сурков. On cannibalism of steppe marmots [O kannibalizme stepnykh sourkov. Sur le cannibalisme des marmottes des steppes]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 75-76 (Rousskie, Russian), 177 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobac, cannibalisme, cannibalism.

Плотников И.А. (Plotnikov I.A.) 1997. Эффекты пищевых адаптаций сурков в эависимости от среды обитания. The effects of food adaptations of marmots depending on their habitat. [Effekty pichtchevykh adaptatsiï sourkov v zavisimosti ot sredy obitaniya. Effets des adaptations alimentaires des marmottes en fonction de leur habitat]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 75-76 (Rousskie, Russian), 177-178 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobac, Marmota camtschatica, alimentation, feeding, habitat.

Плотников И.А. (Plotnikov I.A.) 1999. Sokrachtchenie i otsoutstvie zimneï gibernatsii sourkov v eksperimente. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 74-75.
En russe, in Russian.

Плотников И.А. (Plotnikov I.A.) & Mamaeva R.D. 1999. Estral'nyï tsikl ou sourkov. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 75-77.
En russe, in Russian.

Плотников И.А. (Plotnikov I.A.) & Zabolotskih Yu.S. 1991. Klormenie stepnikh i tchernochtchapotchnikh sourkov v adaptatsionnyï period kletotchnogo soderjaniya. Feeding of bobaks and Kamchtka marmots during the adaptation period of cage maintenance [Alimentation des marmottes bobacs et Kamtchatka pendant la période d'adaptation à la captivité]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 78-82.
Traduction française (Y. Semenov. & M. Le Berre)
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Marmota camtschatica, élevage, breeding.

Плотников И.А. (Plotnikov I.A.) & Zabolotskikh Yu.S. 2000. Peculiarities of Keeping, Feeding and Breeding of Steppe Marmots (Marmota bobak Mull.) and Blackcapped Marmots (M. camtschatica Pall.) [Particularités de l'élevage, de l'alimentation et de la reproduction de la marmotte des steppes et de la marmotte à tête noire] . Scientifur, Contributed papers B: Behaviour and Welfare, Vol. 24, No. 4, 136-138.
En anglais, in English.

Плотников И.А. (Plotnikov I.A.), YU. S. Zabolotskih & O. Svheleschuk 1993. Vzyatie semeni u surkov metodom elektrozyakulgatsii. [Prise de graines chez les marmottes par la méthode d'électro...]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 24-25.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, alimentation, foraging.

Pocock R.J. 1922. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., (4): 1200.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, Genus, Genre, Mus monax, Linnaeus, Genus: Marmotops

Pocok 1923. The classification of the Sciuridae [Classification des Sciuridae]. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 209-246.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, Marmota, Marmota, taxonomie, taxonomy.

Podarevski V.B. 1936. Problemy okhotkhozyaïstevennoï akklimatizatsii v Vostotchnoï Sibiri [Problème de l'adaptation de la chasse économique à l'est de la Sibérie. Adaptation problem of the economical hunting in the east of Siberia]. Irkoutsk, Vost.-sib. kraevoe izd-vo.
Chasse : Economie : Sibérie.

Podbelisky A.I. 1901. Nabliudeniya nad tarbaganom v Mongolii [Observations sur la marmotte tarbagan en Mongolie. Observations on the tarbagan marmot in Mongolia]. Russ. arkhiv patologii, klinitcheckoï meditsiny i bakteriologii, 12 (3).
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Podbelisky A.I. 1902. Nekotorye nabliudeniya nad sourkom Severnoï Mongolii [Quelques observations sur la marmotte en Mongolie du nord. Some observations on marmot in northern Mongolia]. Protokoly zased. o-va estestvoispytateleï pri Kazanskom un-te, 1901-1902 gg.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Podell M., Pokras M., Gerlach P. & Jakowski R. 1988. Meningioma in a woodchuck exhibiting central vestibular deficits. J. Wildl. Dis., 24(4): 695-699.
En anlais, in English.

An 11-yr-old captive-raised male woodchuck (Marmota monax) presented with ataxia, poor balance, left-sided weakness, circling to the left and nystagmus with the fast-phase directed towards the left. The clinical signs were compatible with a central vestibular deficit syndrome. Necropsy and histologic findings revealed a meningotheliomatous meningioma centered over the ventrolateral left pons and medulla along with acute bronchopneumonia, chronic glomerulopathy, interstitial nephritis, and phthisis bulbi.

Podobinski L. 1960. Stan zwierzyny w Tatrach w rokou 1959 i w latach poprzednich [Dénombrement du gibier dans les Tatras en 1959 et le passé. Numbers of game animals in the Tatra mountains during 1959 and in the past]. Wierchy., 29: 137-155.
En Polonais, in Polish.
Gibier, game, Marmota marmota, Tatra, Pologne, Poland.

Podobinski L. 1968. Zwierzeta Tatrranskiego Parku Narodowego w 1966, 1937 i wiosna 1968 roku [Faune sauvage dans la Parc National des Tatras en 1966, 1967, et au printemps 1968. Wildlife in the Tatra National Park in 1966, 1967 and in the spring 1968]. Wierchy., 37: 260-270.
En Polonais, in Polish.
Gibier, game, Marmota marmota, Tatras, Pologne, Poland.

Podobinski L. 1971. Zwierzeta Tatrzanskiego Parku Narodowego w roku 1970 i wiosna 1971 roku [Faune sauvage dans la Parc National des Tatras en 1970 et au printemps 1971. Wildlife in the Tatra National Park in 1970 and in the spring 1971]. Wierchy., 37: 260-270.
En Polonais, in Polish.
Gibier, game, Marmota marmota, Tatras, Pologne, Poland.

Podobinski L. 1973. Zwierzeta Tatrzanskie w roku 1972 roku [Faune sauvage dans les Tatras en 1972. Wildlife of the Tatra in 1972]. Wierchy., 42: 289-296.
En Polonais, in Polish.
Gibier, game, Marmota marmota, Tatras, Pologne, Poland.

Podobinski L. 1975. Zwierzeta Tatrzanskie w roku 1975 roku [Faune sauvage dans les Tatras en 1975. Wildlife of the Tatra in 1975]. Wierchy., 42: 289-296.
En Polonais, in Polish.
Gibier, game, Marmota marmota, Tatras, Pologne, Poland.

Poganin G.N. 1948. Otcherki Severo-Zapalnoï Mongolii [Essai sur la Mongolie du nord. Essay on Northern Mongolia]. M., Geografgiz.
En russe, in Russian.
Mongolie, Mongolia.

Poglayen G. 1983. Considerazioni sui Coccidi dei mammiferi selvatici [Considérations sur les Coccodies des mammifères sauvages. Considerations on the Coccidies in wild mammals] . Parassitologia, 25: 185-188.
En italien, in Italian.
Mammifères, mammals, parasitologie, parasitology, Protozoaires, Protoza.

Pohar V. 1976. Marovska zijalka. [La grotte de Marovska. Marovska Cave.]. Geol., Razprave Porocila, 19 p. 107-123. [in Slovenian with French summ.].
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Europe, Slovénie.

Pohar Vida 1981. Pleistocenska favna iz Jame pod Herkovimi pecmi. [La faune pléistocène de la grotte de Pod Herkovimi Pecmi. The Pleistocene fauna from Pod Herkovimi Pecmi Cave]. Geol., Razprave Porocila, 24 : 241-284.
En slovénien et résumé français, in Slovenian with French summ.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Europe, Slovénie, Slovenia.

Pohar V. 1983. Poznoglacialna favna iz Lukenjske jame. [Faune de la fin du glaciaire de la grotte de Lukenj. Late Glacial fauna from Lukenj Cave]. Geol., Razprave Porocila, 26 : 71-107.
En slovénien et résumé français, in Slovenian with French summ.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Europe, Slovénie, Slovenia.

Pohar V. 1997. Late Glacial mammal macrofauna in Slovenia [Macrofaune de mammifères du glaciaire final en Slovénie]. Quartär, 47/48 : 149-158, Saarbrücken.

Pohar Vida. P otocka zijalka - Important cultural and natural monument in Slovenia.
On line.
Prehistoric sites, particularly those being some ten thousands years old, appeal to numerous amateurs, yet, unfortunately, also do tempt various "collectors" and "profiteers" dealing with everything one might still find on these localities. In Slovenia, 40 sites of that kind have been discovered and among them, Potocka zijalka is regarded as one of the most outstanding high mountain sites of the Aurignacian hunters. Along the Slovene-Austrian border a 2000m high ridge of the Olseva mountain, built of Dachstein limestone, stretches over a distance of 10 km in the east- west direction. The Paleolithic station Potocka zijalka lies on its southern slope, at 1700 m above sea level (fig.1). The cave is 115 m long, 20-40 m wide and, at some places, even 10 m high. Previously to the diggings, the cave entrance was 17 m wide and 6,20 m high. Systematic excavations carried out by S. Brodar (1939) showed that the walls in the depth shift apart producing, thus, a much greater size of the cave. As a subterranean cave Potocka zijalka has been known for ages. As an Pleistocene man habitation, however, it was discovered by Srecko Brodar, in 1928. By the year 1935 he had been systematicly searching in its front and back back part having explored no more than 1/4 of the cavity space. The excavations revealed 10 layers with three cultural horizons belonging to the Aurignacian. The major part of the sediments must have been - judging by the cultural assembly (Aurignacian), bits of charcoal (Picea excelsa, Pinus cembra) and fauna (such as cave bear, wolf, lynx, alpine marmot, bovidae, red dear) - deposited in the warm intermission (WI/II) when a colder thrust (WII + WIII) was still to follow (S. and M. Brodar 1983, 96). Due to its great lot of bone points (130 pieces) Potocka zijalka is today regarded as one of the wealthiest Aurignacian findings in Europe. In 1928, however, the discovery of the cave stirred up several polemics aroused by the fact that the Aurignacian used to be, following the French pattern, attributed to Würm glacial, at the time. Namely in France the Aurignacian cultural assemblage appeared together with the cold phase fauna. Thus, Potocka zijalka located at 1700 m above the sea presented an unsolved puzzle. It was only some time later, through the studies of Soergel (cf. S. and M. Brodar 1983, 164), that the division of the Würm hlacial into three stadials and two interstadials was put forward. According to this theory in vigour, S. Brodar (1960, 117) classified Potocka zijalka in the most warm interstadial WI/WII, while the West-European Aurignacian was set in the second Würm glacial (WII and WIII, respectively), according to the West-European division of the Würm glacial (F. Bordes 1968, 158). Nowadays the conceptions about the course of the Wurm glacial are again being modified, Potocka zijalka and Mokriska jama lying only 200m lower, with numerous hearths and fossil remains of cave bears demonstrate, on the other hand, that there must have been a forest in the vicinity and, therefore, a climate, at least as warm as it is today. On these grounds, therefore, testing excavations should be carried out in the cave, as soon as possible, and charcoal items assembled for the determination of the absolute age of this site. As a palaentological and archaelogical locality and according to the Slovene law on natural and cultural heritage, Potocka zijalka has been proclaimed a cultural monument, it has moreover been proposed a natural monument. However, considering the fact that unauthorized excavations are being effectuated in the cave, it should be protected, arranged and given the status, similar to the one enjoyed by other Palaeolithic stations all over Europe.
Literature
Bordes, F. 1968. Le Paléolithique dans le monde. Hachette, Paris: 1-256.
Brodar, S. 1938. O stratigrafiji Potocka zijalka. (Über Stratigraphie der Höle Potocka zijalka). Glasnik muzejskega drustva 20, Ljubljana: 4-33.
Brodar, S. 1960. Die enormen Kiesvorkommen in den Kulturschichten der Potocka zijalka. Festschrift f. L. Zotz, Steinzeitfragen der Alten und Neuen Welt, Bonn: 117-124.
Brodar, S.& Brodar, M. 1983. Potocka zijalka - viskogorska postaja aurignacienskih lovcev (Potocka zijalka, eine hochalpine Aurignacienjager station). Dela 1 in 4. razr. SAZU 24, Lubljana: 1-213.

Pohar V. & Kotnik J. 1993. Alpski svizec iz Matjaevih kamer. [La marmotte alpine de la grotte de Matjaevih kamer. The Alpine marmot from the cave Matjaeve kamre]. Geologija, 36 : 95-117.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, Slovénie.

Pohl C., Baroudy B.M., Bergmann K.F., Cote P.J., Purcell R.H., Hoofnagle J. & Gerin J.L. 1987. A human monoclonal antibody that recognizes viral polypeptides and in vitro translation products of the genome of the hepatitis D virus. J. Infect. Dis., 156(4): 622-629.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, virus d’Epstein-Barr, Epstein-Barr virus, sang, blood.
Peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient chronically infected with hepatitis D virus (HDV) were immortalized by Epstein-Barr virus transformation. Two stable monoclonal cell lines, derived from the same parent culture, were established and produced antibodies of the IgG isotype that were specific for the hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg). Both monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) recognized the major HDAg polypeptides of 24 kilodaltons and 27 kilodaltons that were previously detected by polyclonal antibodies to HDAg in both liver and serum from HDV-infected humans, chimpanzees, and woodchucks. This result indicates that the major polypeptides of HDAg share common epitopes. The MAbs also reacted with minor polypeptides of lower molecular weight, which were present in infected liver. In vitro translation products of HDV-specific RNA from infected liver were also detected by the MAbs; these polypeptides were 24 kilodaltons and 27 kilodaltons, respectively, and comigrated with liver- or serum-derived HDAg. In contrast, HDV RNA isolated from virions in serum was not translated into HDAg polypeptides in the in vitro system.

Pohl C.J., Cote P.J., Purcell R.H. & Gerin J.L. 1986. Failure to detect polyalbumin-binding sites on the woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen: implications for the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus in humans. J.Virol., 60(3): 943-949.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Binding sites for polymerized albumin on hepatitis B virus components were reported in human hepatitis B virus chronic carriers predominantly with active viral replication (HB e antigen positive). The presence of comparable albumin-binding sites in the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) model was examined on WHV components obtained from woodchucks with active viral replication (DNA polymerase positive). Binding sites for polymerized woodchuck serum albumin were not detected on the intact WHV virion, on 22-nm woodchuck hepatitis surface antigen (WHsAg), or on WHsAg polypeptides. Woodchuck albumin was not detected in purified 22-nm WHsAg, and anti-albumin antibodies were not detected in WHV chronic-carrier woodchucks. Our results in the WHV model argue against a role for viral polyalbumin-binding sites in tissue- and host-specific virus infectivity.

Pohl L. 1938. Scéance générale du 7 novembre. Bull. Soc. Nat. Accl. de Fr., 85 : 473-475.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, conservation, France, Savoie.

Pois V. 2000. Habitats préhistoriques au Paléolithique inférieur : étude de l'ensemble stratigraphique II de la Caune de l'Arago (Tautavel, Pyrénées-Orientales, France). Approche informatique du mode de vie de l'Homme de Tautavel [Prehistoric habitat of lower paleolithic. Study of II stratigraphic unit at Arago cave (Tautavel, Eastern Pyrenees) ]. Quaternaire, 11(3/4) : 187-196.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pyrénées-Orientales, Eastern Pyrenees, France.

Poland H. 1892. Fur-bearing animals in nature and in commerce [Les animaux à fourrure dans la nature et dans le commerce]. Gurney & Jackson, London.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota bobac, fourrure, brun-rouge, fauve.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 2002. Restoration of number fleas after disinsection of grey marmot holes in Kokpak mezofocus of plague. Reconstitution de l'effectif des puces des terriers de marmottes grises après destruction des insectes dans le mésofoyer de peste du Kokpak. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds International Marmot Network, Lyon, 102-103.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota baibacina, plague, peste, fleas, puce, Tien Shan, Tien Chan.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 2003. Restoration of flea number after disinfection of grey marmot burrows in the Kokpak plague mezofocus. Reconstitution des effectifs de puces après désinfection des terriers de marmottes grises du mésofoyer de peste du Kokpak. In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 19-22.
Anglais, français et résumé russe; English, French and Russian abstract
Marmota baibacina, Oropsylla silantiewi, Rhadinopsylla li ventricosa, Ceratophyllus garei, Megabotri rectangulatus, Pulex irritans, Frontopsylla protera, plague, peste, fleas, puce, Tien Shan, Tien Chan.
/marm/MARM/PUBNET/4thInternConf/6338.pdf

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1970. Plodovitssti serykh sourkov v populyatsiyakh s raznym ourovnem tchislennosti. Populyatsionnaya strouktoura vidau mlekopitayuchtchikh [Fertilité des marmottes grises de populations d'effectifs différents. Structure populationnelle des mammifères. Fertility of the grey marmots in population of different strength. Population structure of mammals]. Mater. konf. M., 135-138.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, reproduction, population.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1972a. O sravnitelinoï khrakteristike interiernykh otlitchii yalovykh i razmnozhaiutskhsya samok serogo sourka [Caractéristiques comparées des différences internes des femelles gestantes et non gestantes chez la marmotte grise. Compared characteristics of internal differences between pregnant and non-pregnant females in the grey marmot]. Materlialy USh Vses. kong. po prirodn. Otchagovosti, 2, Kirov, 110-111.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, reproduction.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1972b. O sootnoshenii vesovykh pokazateleï petcheni i polostnogo zhira ou serogo sourka [À propos de la corrélation des coefficients de balance hépatique et de la graisse cavitaire chez la marmotte grise]. Ekologya, 6 : 87-89.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, physiologie, physiology, foie, liver, hibernation.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1974a. Ekologitcheskaya i morfologitcheskaya kharakteiristika serogo sourka v popoulyatsiyakh s raslitchno plotnostyu naseleniya v Srodneasiatskom gornom otchage tchoumi [Ecological and morphophysiological status of the gray marmot in populations with different densities in Middle Asian mountain foci of plague]. Avtoref. kand. diss., Sverdlovsk, pp. 24.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, écologie, ecology, morphologie, morphology, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1974b. Kharakteristika interienikh priznakov yalovykh i razmnozhavshikhsya samok serogo sourka [Caractéristiques des signes internes de grossesse chez les femelles de la marmotte grise. Characteristics of internal signs of pregnant and non-pregnant females]. Mater. Naoutch. konf. Protiv. outchre. Sredneï Azii i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata, 273-275.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, physiologie, physiology, reproduction.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.)1974c. [Dispersion chez Marmota baibacina Kast. (Rodentia) au cours de la restauration démographique d'une population expérimentallement réduite. The dispersal of Marmota baibacina Kast. (Rodentia) in the period of restoration of its numbers in an artifically thinned population]. Mater. First Intern. Theriol. Congres,. M., 2: 76-77 .
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, dispersion, dispersal, population.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1977. [Sensibilité des marmottes aux myorelaxants. Sensitivity of marmots to myorelaxant]. V kn. Ecologiya, metody izuchen. i organiz. okhrany mlekopit. gornykh oblastei, Sverdlovsk: 46-48 .
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, pharmacologie, pharmacology, anesthésie, anaesthesia.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1980. Ekologitcheskie mekhanizmy vosstanovleniya popoulyatsionnoï strouktoura serogo sourka posle rezkogo sokrasheniya tchislennosti [Mécanismes écologiques de rétablissement de la structure populationnelle de la marmotte grise après une décroissance du nombre. Ecologic mechanism of restoration of the population structure in the grey marmot after a decrease of number]. Tr. Mater. ou Vsesoiuzh. sovesh. Saratov : Naouka, 438-440.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, écologie, ecology, population.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1981a. O vozmozhnom vliyanii dusta DDT na organizm serykh sourkov v prirode [Influence de la poudre de DDT sur la marmotte grise dans le milieu. Influence of insecticide powder DDT on grey marmots in nature]. Sovremen. Napravl. meditsin. dezinsekts. i deratizats., M., 127-128.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, poison, insecticide.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1981b. [Méthodes de détermination de l'âge et du sexe des populations de marmottes grises. To the methods of determine age and sex structure of grey marmot populations]. V kn. Prophyl. osobo opasn. infec., Alma-Ata: 92-96.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, méthodologie, methodology, sexe, sex, âge, age.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1982. [Perfectionnement des méthodes de surveillance épizootologiques des foyers naturels de peste du type marmotte. To perfection of the methods of epizootological surveying of natural plague foci of marmot type]. V kn. Mlekop. SSSR, Tez. dokl. 3 s'ezda Vsesoyuzn. Teriol. Obshch. M., 2: 289-290.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1986. Popoulyatsionniye adaptatsiyi sourkov k ekstremalim ousloviyam [Les adaptations populationnelles des marmottes dans des conditions extrêmes. Adaptations of marmot populations in extremal conditions]. Mater. sovesh. Organizmi, popoulyatsiyi, soobshtchestva v ekstremalnikh usloviyakh, M.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, population.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1990. [Évolution des concepts sur la structure spatiale et biocénotique des foyers de peste du Tien Chan et de l'Alaï. Evolution of views on the spatial and biocoenotic structure of plague foci in Tien Shan and Alai]. Mater. V s'ezda Vsesoyuzn, Teriol. Obshch., M., 3: 212-213.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste ; Tien Shan ; Alaï.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.) 1992. Struttura e dinamica di popolazione della Marmotta grigia e mecanismi di riaffermazione della specie in un focolaio naturale di peste. Dynamics of the grey marmot population structure and size and the mechanisms of their restoration in the Tien-Shan natural plague focus [Dynamique de la population de marmottes grises et mécanisme de sa restauration dans le foyer naturel e peste du Tien Chan]. Proc. 1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. Marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 129-133.
En italien et en anglais, in Italian and in English.
Marmota baibacina, écologie, ecology, population, réintroduction, re-introduction, Tien Shan.
The dynamics of the stucture and size of the population forms the basis of the numerous biological characteristics of populations and, in the run, influences the microevolution processes as well.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1993a. Dinamika sezonnoï tchouvotvitel'nosti sourka k ditilinou [Dynamique de la sensibilité saisonnière des marmottes ....]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 25-26.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, population.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1993b. Sravnitel'noe izoutchenie morfofiziologitcheskikh parametrov serogo sourka v raznikh vysotnikh poyasakh tchentral'nogo Tyan-Chan. [Etude comparative des paramètres morphophysiologiques de la baibacina à différentes altitudes au Tien-Shan. Compartive study of morphophysiological parameters of M. baibacina at different altitudes in Tien Shan]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 26.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, morphologie, morphology, population, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1994. Hétéronégéité écologique et morphophysiologique des populations de marmottes grises dans le Tien Shan central. Ecological and morphophysiological heterogeneity of grey marmot populations in central Tien Shan. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 104-105.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, écologie, ecology, morphologie, morphology, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Grey marmot (Marmota baibacina) in Central Tien Shan lives in altitudes from 1200 to 4500 m occupies meadow-forest-steppe, in subalpine and Alpine belts. There are wide diversity of ecological (climatic and biotic) factors within the range of local populations. It is one of the main reasons of high level heterogeneity marmot populations maintaining on different ecological and morphophysiological signs. Ecological signs of marmot population heterogeneity are showed as a features of spatial and age structure, changes a dates of awakening and hibernating, as two strategies of reproduction and some other signs. Morphophysiological signs of marmot population heterogeneity was noted in marmots of different sex and age groups and from different parts of areas and altitude belts, and correlated with density level of population (Pole, 1974, 1993). Inherited diversity of population was found as polymorphism of blood groups and epigenetic signs of cranium and baculum (Aikimbaev et al., 1981; Pole, Bibikov, 1991; 1992; Pole, Zverev, 1993). This must be taken into account when comparing data secured in different altitude zones and from various parts of marmot area.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1994. [Les mammifères. Porteurs de peste des foyers naturels du Kazakhstan. Mammals - plague carriers in natural foci of this infection in Kazakhstan]. Mater. mezhgosud. nauch. konf. "Prophylakt. i mery bor'by s tchoumoi", posv. 100-letiyu otkrytiya vozboud. tchoumy, Almaty: 218-219.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, peste, plague, Kazakhstan.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1996. Hétérogénéité de la population de Marmota baibacina dans le Tien Chan. Population heterogeneity in Tien Shan Marmota baibacina. In Biodiversité /Biodiversity, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 199-202.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota baibacina, écologie, ecology, population, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

M. baibacina du Tien Shan central vit dans les prairies-forêts-steppes des ceintures subalpine et alpine (1200 et 4500 m). La diversité écologique de cette aire est l'une des principales raisons de la forte hétérogénéité écologique et morphophysiologique des populations. La première se traduit par différentes structures spatiales et d'âge, des variations d'émergence et d'hibernation, deux stratégies de reproduction et quelques autres traits. La seconde a été notée chez des marmottes de différentes classes d'âge et sexe et différentes zones altitudinales en corrélation avec la densité de la population. La diversité génétique de la population se manifeste dans le polymorphisme des groupes sanguins et des signes épigénétiques portent sur le crâne et le baculum. Lors de la comparaison des données, l'altitude et l'origine des marmottes doivent être prises en compte.
Marmota baibacina in Central Tien Shan lives in meadow-forest-steppe, in subalpine and Alpine belts, 1200 to 4500 m. A wide ecological diversity within this is one of the main reasons of high heterogeneity level of marmot populations through ecological and morphophysiological signs. Ecological signs are showed as features of spatial and age structures, changes of awakening and hibernating dates, two strategies of reproduction and some other signs. Morphophysiological signs were noted in marmots of different sex and age groups and from different parts of areas and altitude belts, and correlated with density of population. Inherited diversity of population was found as polymorphism of blood groups and epigenetic signs of cranium and baculum. This must be taken into account when comparing data secured at different altitude and from various parts of marmot area.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 1997. Подвидовая и межпопуляционная изменчивость бакулюма сероно сурка. [Différences sous-spécifiques et populationnelles du baculum de la marmotte grise. The subspecies and interpopulation differences of the grey marmot baculum]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 76-77 (Rousskie, Russian), 178-179 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 2002. Marmots and zoonotic infections in CIS. Les marmottes et les zoonoses dans la CEI. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 100-101.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota, plague, peste, history, histoire, Communauty of independant States (CIS), Communauté des Etats Indépendants (CEI).

Поле С.Б. (Pole S.B.) 2003. Marmots and zoonotic infections in CIS. Les marmottes et les zoonoses dans la CEI. Сурки и зоонозные инфекции в снг. In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 13-18.
Anglais, français et résumé russe; English, French and Russian abstract
PDF disponible/available
Marmota baibacina, Marmota caudata, Marmota sibirica, Marmota bobak, Citellus dauricus, plague, peste, history, histoire, Communauty of independant States (CIS), Communauté des Etats Indépendants (CEI).
L'information la plus complète concernant la morbidité de différentes zoonoses liées à Marmota baibacina, M. caudata, M. sibirica et M. bobac a été compilée. Ces espèces de marmottes sont porteuses, d'après la littérature, de dix-sept infections : charbon, brucellose, dicrocéliose, encéphalite transmise par les tiques, érysipèle, leptospirose, listériose, pasteurellose, peste, pseudotuberculose, fièvre Q, rickettsiose, salmonellose, toxoplasmose, tularémie, virus de l'hépatite et de la yersinose. De toutes ces maladies citées, le principal danger pour l'homme est représenté par la peste. Une chronologie détaillée des épidémies de peste liées aux marmottes existe : 190 pour la Mongolie entre 1866-1957 et 84 pour la Transbaïkalie et les régions adjacentes entre 1863 et 1930. La plus terrible d'entre elles, l'épidémie de peste de 1910-1911 de Mandchourie fit entre 60 et 100.000 victimes. Dans les régions du Tien Chan et du Pamir-Alaï, les épidémies de peste de 1888-90, 1905, 1907, 1908, 1910-13, 1914, 1923, 1928, 1929, ont entraîné la mort d'environ un millier de personnes. Les premiers laboratoires anti-peste pour l'étude des épidémies dans les foyers de marmottes se sont mis en place en 1897 en Kirghizie et en 1913 en Transbaïkalie ; les services modernes anti-peste dans les foyers de peste liés à la marmotte en Asie Centrale, au Kazakhstan et en Russie ont été créés entre 1921-1956. Parallèlement, l'étude des lois de circulation du microbe de la peste dans les foyers à marmottes a été menée en parallèle avec le développement des méthodes d'éradication de l'infection épizootique. Mots clés : marmottes, Marmota baibacina, M. caudata, M. sibirica, M. bobac, Citellus dauricus, peste, histoire, Communauté des Etats Indépendants (CEI).

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.), Аракелянц В.С. (Arakelyanz, Arakelïants V.S.), Klassovskii N.L., Сапожников В.И. (Sapozhnikov, Sapojnikov V.I.) 1997. Динамика возрастной и половой структуры кокпакской популяции серого сурка Dynamics of age and sex structure in the Kokpak grey marmot population [Variations des structure d'âge et de sexe dans la population de marmotte grise du Kokpak]. In Сурки голартики как фактор биоразнообразия, Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya, Holarctic marmot as a factor of biodiversity, Rumiantsev V.Yu., Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsia po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov, III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts, 77-79 (Rousskie, Russian), 179-180 (Angliïskie, English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota baibacina, âge, age, sexe, sex.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.) & D.I. Bibikov 1991. Dinamika struktura i mekhanizmy podderzhaniya optimlinoï plotnosti populyatsii serogo surka [Dynamique de la structure et du mécanisme de soutien optimal de la densité de la marmotte grise. Dynamics of structure and mechanisms of supporting optimum density in populations of the gray marmot]. Vses. Teriol. obts., M., 148-171.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, écologie, ecology, population, réintroduction, re-introduction.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.) & D.I. Bibikov 1992. Variabilità intraspecifica del baculum nella Marmotta grigia. Intraspecific baculum variability in gray marmots [Variabilité intraspécifique du baculum chez les marmottes grises]. Proc. 1st Int. Symp. on Alpine Marmot, Bassano B, Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 213-214.
En italien et en anglais, in Italia and in English.
Marmota baibacina, morphologie, morphology.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.) & Bibikov D.I. 1988. [Variabilité intraspécifique du baculum chez les marmottes grises. Intraspecific variability of gray marmots baculum]. Mater. VII Vsesoyuzn. Sov. po gryzounam, Sverdlovsk, 1: 40-41.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, morphologie, morphology.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.), Bibikov D.I. & Kuzin I.P. 1971. Territorialinoe razmeshenie i podvizhnosti sourkov pri narastanii ikh tchislennosti [Répartition territoriale et mobilité des marmottes selon l'accroissement de leur nombre. Territorial distribution and movement of marmots in populations with decreasing numbers]. Mater. UP nautchn. konf. protivotchumi. utchrezhd. Sr. Azii i Kazakhstana, alma-Ata, 329-332.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, écologie, ecology, population, réintroduction, re-introduction.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.), Brandler A.A., Nikol'skii A.A. & Rumiantsev V.Yu. 2002. To the memory of Dmitry Ivanovich Bibikov [En mémoire de dimitri Ivanovitch Bibikov]. In Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity, Armitage K. & Rumiantsev V., Eds., ABF P.H., Moscow, 5-8.
En russe, in Russian.

Pole D.S., Davydova V.N., Агеев В.С. (Ageev V.S.) & Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.) 2002. [Rétablissement du nombre de puces après désinfection des terriers de marmottes grises dans un foyer de peste. Restoration of number of fleas after disinfestation of gray marmot's barrow in Kokpak mezo-focality of plague]. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 41.
En russe, in Russian.

Pole D.S., Davydova V.N., Агеев В.С. (Ageev V.S.) & Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.) 2003. Restoration of flea numbers after disinfection of grey marmot burrows in the Kokpak plague mesofocus. Reconstitution des effectifs de puces après désinfection des terriers de marmottes grises dans le foyer de peste du Kokpak. Восстановление численности блох в норах серых сурков после проведения ликвид ачии насекомых в кокпакском очаге чумы. In Adaptative strategies and diversity in marmots/Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R, Allainé D. & Le Berre M., Eds., International Network on marmots, 19-22.
En français et en anglais, avec résumé russe, in French and English and Russian abstract.
Marmota baibacina, marmotte grise, grey marmot, Oropsylla silantiewi, Rhadinopsylla li ventricosa, Ceratophyllus garei, Megabotris rectangulatus, Pulex irritans, Frontopsylla protera, peste, puce, histoire.
pdf
Le foyer de peste du Kokpak est apparu en 1940. Dans cette zone, entre 1940 et 1984, plus de 560 souches de microbes de la peste ont été isolées. En vue de supprimer l'épizootie de peste en 1985-1986, la destruction des insectes des terriers de marmottes grises avec du DDT a été entreprise sur ce territoire de 82 milliers d'ha. Ce processus a entraîné une diminution de plusieurs centaines de fois du nombre de puces. Ainsi, dans cette zone, l'abondance de la puce spécifique des marmottes grises O. silantiewi s’est reconstituée complètement en 15 ans et a même augmenté au-delà de la valeur initiale. Mais le processus de restauration de la parasitocénose n'est pas terminé. Au cours de ces 15 années, une seule épizootie de peste s'est manifestée, en 1993. Mots clés : marmotte grise, Marmota baibacina, Oropsylla silantiewi, Rhadinopsylla li ventricosa, Ceratophyllus garei, Megabotris rectangulatus, Pulex irritans, Frontopsylla protera, peste, puce, histoire.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.), Ibraimov A.I. & Kuzin I.P. 1971. [Influence de la réduction du nombre des marmottes sur la condition de la population. To question about influence of the numbers reduction on condition of marmot population]. Mater. VII nauch. konf. protivochoum. ouchrezhd. Sred. Az. i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata: 332-334.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, population.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.), & G.A. Korniev 1974. Vozmozhnosti ispolzovaniya morfofilziologtcheskikh pokazateleï dlya izutcheniya nekotorykh voprosov ekologii gryzounov v otchagakh tchoumy [Possibilité d'utilisation des coefficients morpho-physiologiques pour l'étude de certaines questions d'écologie des rongeurs dans les foyers de peste. The possibility of using of morphophysiologic indices for study of some questions of rodent ecology in plague foci]. Mater. Nautch. konf. Protiv. outchre. Sredneï Azii i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata, 275-278.
En russe, in Russian.
(Marmota baibacina) : Ecologie.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.) & N.P. Kravchenko 1974. Sezonnye izmeneniya belkovoï formuly krovi serogo sourka [Variation saisonnière de corrélation des fractions albuminiques du sérum sanguin de marmotte grise. Seasonal changes in correlation of albuminic fractions of grey marmot blood serum]. Mater. USh naoutchn. konf. protivotchoumi. outchrezhdenii Sr. Azii i Kazakhstanan, Alma-Ata, 278-280.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, physiologie, physiology, sang, blood, rythme, rhythm.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.)& Lobanova M.A. 1983. [Caractéristiques comparatives des indices internes de Marmota baibacina et M. sibirica. Comparative characteristics of the interier indices of Marmota baibacina and M.sibirica]. V kn. Okhrana, ratzion. ispolzov. i ecologiya surkov, Mater. Vsesoyuzn. soveshch. M.: 82-86.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, Marmota sibirica, morphologie, morphology.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.) & Levanof 1971. Belkovaya formula syvorotski krovi ou sourkov raznogo pola vozracta [Formule albuminique du sérum du sang des marmottes d'âge et de sexe différents. Albumin formula of blood serum in different age and sex marmot]. Mater. UP nautchn. konf. protivotchoumi. outchrezhd. Sr. Azii i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata, 335-336.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, physiologie, physiology, sang, blood.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.) & Makushin E.I. 1988. Osobennosti energetitcheskogo balansa ou sourkov v ousloviyakh vysokogorii Tyani-Chanya [Les particularités de l'équilibre énergétique chez les marmottes dans les hautes montagnes du Tien Shan. Peculiarities of energetic balance in marmots of Tien Shan]. Ekol. energ. jiv. kn. Vses. sovesh., Suzdali, 31 okt.-3 noyab., 1988, Tez. dokl.-Pushino, 139-141.
En russe, in Russian.
(Marmota) : Energétique.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.), Mukhambetov K.G. & Rogatin A.B. 1994a. [Répartition des marmottes et la chasse au Kazakhstan. Distribution, numbers and hunting of marmots in Kazakhstan]. Mater. mezhgosud. nauch. konf. Profilakt. i mery bor'by s chumoi, posv. 100-letiyu otkrytiya vozbud. chumy. Almaty: 219-220.
En russe, in Russian.
(Marmota) ; Répartition ; Chasse.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.), Mukhambetov, K.O. & Rogatin, A.B. 1994b. Répartition, nombre, protection et chasse des marmottes au Kazakhstan. Spreading, numbers, protection and hunting of marmots in kazakhstan. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 106-107.
En français et en anglais.
Marmota baibacina, Marmota bobac, Marmota caudata, Marmota menzbieri, chasse, hunting, gestion, management, Kazakhstan.

Four species of marmots are found in Kazakhstan: Marmota bobac, M. baibacina, M. caudata and M. menzbieri. Forty years ago total resources of marmots were more than 3 millions of individuals but this quantity was graduallydecreased. In 1990 in Kazakhstan the project "Marmot" was accepted. This plan includ a measures for strengthening protection, yearly calculation, settling and the most efficient use of marmots resources. As showed the calculation in 1990-1993 a total resources of marmots in Kazakhstan are fluctuated during this period from 1,450 to 1,887 thousand individuals (84% M. bobac, 15% M. baibacina and about 1% M. caudata and M. menzbieri). Accordance with the project in 199l-1993 were settled 1,837 marmots in 6 regions of Republic. During 196l-1976 in Kazakhstan average laid in about 125 thousands marmots a year (Sludskii, 1980), in 1990-1993 - 61 thousands a year. Besides skin, in 1966-1968 yearly of marmot fat was laid in from 12 to 28 ton, considerable part of which was exported in France and Australi (Sludskii, 1980). On condition of right organization, the hunting and trapping quantity of marmots may be twice increased without prejudice to populations.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.), D. Myagmarzhav, D.I. Bibikov et al. 1983. [Répartition et localisation des marmottes du Hangaï et du Hantei. Distribution and location of marmots in Hangai and Hantei]. Ochrana, razionaln. ispolzovanie sourkov, Vses. Teriol. obschestvo, Akad. Naouk, Moscow: 86-89.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, répartition, distribution, Russie, Russia, Hangai.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.) & Pezahkhis A.L. 1979. Opyt izoutcheniya epigenetitcheskogo polimorfizma popoulyatsii serogo sourka [Recherche du polymorphisme épigénétique d'une population de marmotte grise. Epigenetic polymorphism research in a grey marmot population]. Mater. Kh Vsesoiuzh. konf. po prirodnoï otchagovosti bolezneï, Douchanbe, 2, 164-165.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, morphologie, morphology, population.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.), Sapzhnikov V.I., Bezverkhni A.V., Korbaev E.Sch. & Mosko V.A. 1994. Perspectives de découverte de foyers de peste composés (marmotte-spermophiles et marmotte-campagnols) dans la zone périphérique du Tien Shan. Perspective of discovery of compound of plague foci (marmot-ground squirrel and marmot-vole) on peripherial areas of Tien Shan. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 108-109.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Rodentia, peste, plague, Alaï, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

The first serious ground for revision the traditional views on the extremely Alpine dependence, primitive biocenotic structure of the Tien Shan and Alai plague foci was discovery in 1975-1980 of the plague epizootics zone at the altitude of 1500 to 2800 m on the northern slopes of Alai and Talas Mountain ridges. The plague microbe in population red marmot, wood mouse, Royle's mountain vole, grey hamsters and their flees were found. These facts proved to be the ground for the supposition of the existence of compound plague foci in the mid-altitude zone of the Tien Shan and Alai (Tulembaev et al., 1982). In the western (mid-altitude) part of the Alai Valley in 1988-1989 discoveried plague epizootic in Royle's mountain vole, wood mouse, red marmot and their ectoparasites (Serjakov et al., 1992). After a long period of time reconnaissances on Dzhungar mountain range in 1990-1991 first were found specific antibodies to capsular and somatic antigen of plague microbe from 5 species of rodents (Bezverkhni et al., 1992). Thus, the investigation of the last 17 years makes us come to the conclusion of possible discovery of new plague foci in Kirgiz, Ketmen, Kungei and Transili peripherial ranges of Tien Shan.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.), Сапожников В.И. (Sapozhnikov, Sapojnikov V.I.), A.V. Bezverkhni, E.S. Kopbaev & V.A. Mosko 1996. Perspective de découverte de foyers de peste mixtes (Marmotte-Spermophile et Marmotte-campagnol) à la périphérie du Tien Shan. Perspective of discovery of coumpound of plague foci (Marmot-Ground Squirrel and Marmot-Vole) on periphery areas of Tien Shan. In Biodiversité /Biodiversity, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 109-110.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

L'hypothèse d'un lien étroit entre foyers naturels de peste du Tien Shan et de l'Alaï et les zones de forte altitude, les marmottes et l'existence d'un porteur unique, prévalante dans les années 1940-70, a été remise en question à la suite à la mise en évidence de foyers de peste dans les zones d'altitude moyenne, impliquant une grande variété de porteurs. La découverte possible de nouveaux foyers de peste dans les zones périphériques du Tien Chan est suggérée.
Hypothesis that natural plague foci in the Tian Shan and Alai were associated with the Alpin landscape, marmots and monohostality, prevailing between 1940-70ties, was questioned after the discovery of natural plague foci in mid-altitude areas, involving a great variety of carriers. Possible discovery of new plague foci in the periphery ranges of Tian Shan is suggested.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.), Schwartz A.V., Klassovskii N.L. & Аракелянц В.С. (Arakelyanz, Arakelïants V.S.) 1993. Sovremennoe rasprelenie i tchislennosti serogo sourka na potentsial'nostchagovoï po tchouke territorki Tyan-Chan [Répartition comtemporaine et effectif de la baibaicina dans les foyers potentiels de peste du territoire du Tien Chan. Present distribution and number of the baibacina marmot in potential plague foci in Tien Shan]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 27-28.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, faunistique, fauna, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Поле С.В. (Pole S.B.) & Zverev M.V. 1993. Feneticheskaya izmentchivosti bakoulska serogo sourka Tyan-Chan [Variabilité phénétique du baculum de la baibacina du Tien-Chan. Phenetic variability of the baculum of gray marmots in Tien-Shan]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 26-27.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, morphologie, morphology.

Polemius Silvius (Vème siècle) 448. Laterculus 49 (Chron. Min. I.522).
Partie III , enumeratio spirantium : quadrupedum, volatilium, natantium (Nomina cunctorum spirantium), inter. Mart. et Ap. (les noms d'animaux pour mars-avril). En latin , in Latin.

LATERCULUS, III, (11-12)
NOMINA CUNCTARUM SPIRANCIUM ATQUE QUADRIPEDDUM
"[...] arcoleon. furmellaris. mus mustela. mus montanis. mus eraneus. talpa. darpus. scirus. glir. vulpis. cuniculus. lepus. furo. fungalis. noctua. nerdis. cacoplepa. rana. [...]"
TABLATURE, III, (11-12)
NOMS COMMUNS SIGNALES COMME QUADRUPEDES
"[...] arcoleon?. furmellaris?. mus mustela?. marmotte. mus eraneus?. taupe. darpus?. ecureuil. loir. renard. lapin. lièvre. furet. fungalis?. noctua?. nerdis?. cacoplepa?. grenouille. [...]"

Polevaya ZH. A. 1983. [Méthode cartographique d'&reacute;tude des marmottes. Cartographic method of studying marmots. In Conservation, rational utilization and ecology of marmots, D. I. Bibikov & R. P. Zimina (eds.), Material from the All-Union Conf., 3-5 Febr. 1983, Moscow. Acad. Sci. USSR Moscow, 89-92.
(Marmota) : Cartographie.

Politov Y.A. 1975. [Foyers naturels de dictyocauliase du mouton dans le Kazakhstan central. Natural foci of dictyocauliasis of sheep in central Kazakhstan]. Contribution to the natural nidality of disease, Alma-Ata, 7: 90-93.
(Marmota) : Parasitologie : Kazakhstan.

Polichtchouk I.K. 1997. Reaktsiya stepnogo sourka na vygoranie travostoya [Réaction de la marmotte des steppes à l'incendie]. In Vozrojdenie stepnogo sourka, Tokarsky V.A. & Roumiantsev V.Iu., Izdatel'stvo ABF, Moskva, 27-28.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Incendie, fire.

Polichtchouk I.K. & Veden'kov E.P. 1997. Sovremennoe sostoyanie Askaniïskoï popoulyatsii baïbka [État de la population de bobac d'Askanie]. In Vozrojdenie stepnogo sourka, Tokarsky V.A. & Roumiantsev V.Iu., Izdatel'stvo ABF, Moskva, 28-29.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Askanie, Askania.

Polkoshnikov E.V. & Revishchin A.V. 1998. [Functional characteristics of the binocular sector neurones of the squirrel Sciurus vulgaris striate cortex]. J. Evol. Biokhim. Fiziol., 34(5): 598-610.

Pollack E.M. 1951. Food habits of the bobcat in the New England states [Habitudes alimentaires du lynx dans les états de Nouvelle Angleterre]. J. Wildl. Manag., 15: 209-213.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Lynx rufus, prédation, predation, États-Unis d’Amérique.

Pollitzer R. 1954. La peste. Monographie O.M.S. Genève, 737 p.
En français, in French.
Marmota, médecine, medecine, peste, plague.

Pollitzer R. 1954. Plague [Peste]. Genève, 968 p.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, médecine, medecine, peste, plague..

Pollitzer R. 1966. Plague and plague control in the Soviet Union: History and bibliography through 1964 1964 [Peste et contrôle de la peste en Union soviétique : histoire et bibliographie de 1964. New York, Institute of Contemporary Russian Studies, Fordham University.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, médecine, medcine, peste, plague, Union Soviétique, Soviet Union.

Polly P. David 2001. Research Statement, Paleophylogeography. Electronic publication. En anglais, in English.
Sorex, Marmot, intra and interpopulation variation, dental morphology, morphologie dentaire, paléontologie, paleontology.
pdf

Polly P.D. 2003. Paleophylogeography : the tempo of geographic differentiation in Marmots (Marmota) [Paléophylogeographie: le rythme de la variation géographique chez les marmottes]. Journal of Mammalogy, 84 (2) : 369-384.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, Paleogeography, Paléogeographie, Phylogeny, Phylogénese, Molar tooth, Molaire, Morphometry, Morphométrie, Quantitative analysis,Analyse quantitative, Glaciation, Interspecific comparison, Comparaison interspecifique, Geographic distribution, Répartition géographique.

Quantitative analysis of molar shape may provide a metric for paleontological phylogeography, or the study of intraspecific relationships in the fossil record. In this study, outlines of the lower 3rd molars (m3) of North American Marmota were analyzed as between-shape distances after ordination with Eigenshape analysis. Based on comparisons with cytochrome-b, quantitative divergence in molar shape appears to be a reasonable proxy for phylogenetic reconstruction at the level of populations, subspecies, and the most closely related species of marmots. Phylogeographic analysis of living North American marmots and middle Pleistocene fossils from Porcupine Cave, Colorado, revealed that the latter were more closely related to extant Marmota monax than they are to M. flaviventris, which currently inhabits the Porcupine Cave area, suggesting that the origin of living species occurred in different regions than they inhabit today. Change in molar shape was significant from level-to-level through the Porcupine Cave section, which spans a glacial-interglacial cycle, but was not correlated with environmental change. The amount of morphological difference among conspecific populations of living M. monax suggested that they differentiated over many glacial cycles, while morphological differences among M. caligata and M. flaviventris were smaller and may have evolved over fewer cycles.

Polly P. David & Head Jason J. 2004. Maximum-likelihood identification of fossils : taxonomic identification of Quaternary marmots (Rodentia, Mammalia) and identification of vertebral position in the pipesnake Cylindrophis (Serpentes, Reptilia) [Identification par maximum de vraisemblance des fossiles : identification taxonomique des marmottes quaternaires (Rodentia, Mammalia) et identifictation de la position des vertèbres chez le serpent-tuyau Cylindrophis (Serpentes, Reptilia). In Morphometrics. Applications in Biology and Paleontology, Elewa A.M.T. ed., 197-222.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, Quaternary, morphométrie, morphometry, Rodentia, Serpentes.

Polulyakh P.A. 1961. [Caractéristiques des souches de microbe de la peste isolées dans les foyers de peste des montagnes d'asie centrale. On characteristics of plague microbe strains isolated in Middle-Asian Mountain plague focus]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivotchoum. in-ta, 7: 193-198.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Asie centrale, Central Asia.

Polulyakh P.A. 1965. [On question about nitrifying and denitrifying strains of plague microbe isolated in Middle-Asian Mountain plague focus]. Mater. IV Nauch. konf. po prirodn. ochagov. chumy, Alma-Ata: 198.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague.

Polyakov A.D. 2002a. Grey forest-steppe marmot habitat in Kemerovo oblast. Habitat de la marmotte grise des forêts-steppes dans le district de Kemerovo. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 104-105.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota baibacina, poaching, braconnage, predation, prédation, conservation.

Polyakov A.D. 2002b. DENAS therapeutics in prophylaxis and treatment of the marmots kept in captivity. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 43-44.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, élevage, breeding.

Polyakov A.D., Borovikova N.A., Islent'ev S.V., Kobylets P.G., Mouradyan E.V., Prokhorov O.N. & Shevelev K.N. 1999. K ekologii sourka v kemerovskoï oblasti. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 77-78.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, écologie, ecology, Kemerovsk, Russie, Russia.

Polyakov A.D. 2005. Forest-steppe marmot in Kuzbass. Lesostepno‘ sourkov v Kouzbasse. [Marmotte des for’ts-steppes du Kouzbass]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 94-95.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota kastchenko, marmotte des steppes-for’ts, forest-steppe marmot, Ixodes persulcatus, Ixodes crenulatus, tique, tick, TMcologie, ecology.

At present it is suggested to define forest-steppe marmot Kastschenko as a species (Brandler, 2003). This changes the question of it's protection fundamentally as the number of these marmots in Kuzbass is about 3000.The main colonies of the marmots are in three regions of oblast. The marmot is found only in the forest-steppe of Kuznetsk basin. The habitats of the marmots are on the south slopes of ravines with three types of burrows: winter, summer, feed jr safe. The entrance to the burrow is orientated towards the south or south-east. Winter burrows are situated more often on the hills and have many paths (3-5). There is no vegetation on the hills in the places of grazing and hayfield. The main entrance has a ground (lookout post) up to 1 metre diameter. The slopes are cut up with longitudinal paths. The paths are almost straight; their width is 8-12 sm. Summer burrows are not far from winter ones (5-10 rn) and they may have no hills. In summer burrows we often watch females with cubs. Safe burrows are located in 100 metres far from winter burrows, in the places of feeding. One family has up to 10 such burrows without hills with one entrance and excellent disquise. Young prefer such burrows in the case of danger. Anthropogenic transformation will promote interchange of ectoparasites between marmots and domestic animal. Marmot contact with the ticks Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes crenulatus may cause the outbreaks of naturally focal diseases. Significant differences in biology of two marmot populations (Topkinskij and Krapivinskij regions) confirm the presence of two marmot species in Kuzbass. Many Russian and foreign specialists are needed to carry out an integrated research in more detailed determination of the marmot habitat boundary.

Russian PDF russe

Polyakov A.D. 2005. Electrotherapy in marmots treatment. Elektroterapiya v letchenii bolezne‘ sourkov. [Electroth-arapie dans le traitement des marmottes]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 96-97.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota.
5-year testing of DENAS (two diapason electroneuroadaptive stimulator) and SCENAR (self-controling energoneuroadaptive regulator) was conducted on fur farm "Style" (Kuzbass). They are intended for electroneurostimulation and neurosimilar impulse formation. Influencing various cutaneous receptors it achieves excellent results in treatment of nervous system, respiratory, cardiovascular and urino-genital systems. It mobilizes the latent powerful reserves off the organism itself. The impulse producing by the apparatuses are similar with an electric needle but have no hurting effect on cutis because of the absence of extra current constitutive and a short time of influence - up to 25 msec. Unlike medicine it doesn't evoke of getting accustomed, overdose poisoning doesn't occur and there are no limitations. When marmots breeding in captivity one has to come across critical problems not only of technological plan but of various diseases occurring as well. The methods of no medicine treatment of fur-bearing animals have been worked out. With the apparatuses treatment the period cure off female endometritis and mastitis was reduced to a significant degree. The area being in contact with the device electrodes was moisten by a physiological solution for better impulse conducting. The evacuation of purulent exsudat of uterus more intensive, physiological status of animal patients improved, the appetite and milk productivity raised. The use of therapy on the new-born marmots for the purpose of raising organism resistance also showed considerable positive effect. On the second day dyspepsia was disappearing. Before hibernation the one-year old marmots had the weight of 150-200 grammes. The results obtained with electrotherapy are quite optimisticand perhaps it is one of the problem solutions of preservation of marmot healthy population and their settling in natural conditions.

Russian PDF russe

Polyakov A.D. 2006. [Biologie de la marmotte de la steppe-forêt dans le Kouzbass. Biology of forest-steppe marmot in Kuzbass]. In Marmots in anthropogenic landscapes of Eurasia, 9th International Meeting on Marmots.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota katshenkoi, marmotte de la steppe-forêt, Kouzbass, Kuzbass, Russie, Russia.

Polyakov A.D., Buzmakov G.T. & Gren' D.A. 2002. Preliminary results of study of colonies of gray forest-steppe marmot on Khorosheborsk representative areas in Kemerovskaya oblast. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 45-46.
En russe, in Russian).
Marmota baibacina, Kemerovsk, Russie, Russia.

Polyakov A.D. & Kalyagin YU.S. 1996. Materialy k rasprostraneniyu serogo sourka v kouzbasse v proshlom i nastoyachtchem [Matériaux sur la répartition passée et actuelle des marmottes grises dans le Kouzbass. Material on the past and present distribution of the grey marmot in the Kouzbass]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 67-68.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacinan répartition, distribution, histoire, history, Kouzbass, Kuzbass, Russie, Russia.

Polyakov A.D. & Kondratov E.A. 2002. Ions heavy metals in anthropocoenosis with colonies of gray forest-steppe marmot on the territory of Kemerovskaya oblast. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 47.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, métaux lourds, heavy metals, Kemerovsk, Russie, Russia.

Polyakov A.D. & Kalyagin Iu.S. 1999. Morfo-fiziologitcheskie osobennosti parazitirovaniya nimf Ixodes crenulatus na cerom sourke. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 79-80.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, Ixodes crenulatus, parasitisme, parasitism.

Polyakov I.S. 1873. Geografitcheskoe rasprostranenie jivotnykh v yugo-vostotchnoï tchasti Lenskogo basseïna [Distribution géographique des animaux dans le sud-est du bassin de la Léna. Geographic distribution of animals in the south-west of the Lena Basin]. Zap. Roussk. geogr. ob-va po obchtcheï geogr. t. 3, SPB.
En russe, in Russian.
Biogéographie, biogeography, répartition, distribution, Sibérie, Siberia, Yakoutie, Yakutia.

Polyakova R.S. 1965. Postkranial'nyï skelet [Squelette post-cranial. Post-cranial skeleton]. Glava v kn. I. M. gromova i dr. Nazemnye belitch'i (Marmotinae).V kn. Faouna SSSR, Meklopitayuchtchie T. 3, 2, M., L., Naouka.
Marmota, os, bone.

Pomel A. Extrait d’une lettre de M. A Pomel à M. Elie de Beaumont. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 463-466.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology.
pdf

Pomel A. 1843. Nouvelles observations sur la paléontologie des terrains meubles de la Limagne d’Auvergne [New observations on the paleontology of the light soil of Limagne from Auvergne]. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France (B.S.G.F.), 206-216.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota, basalte, basalt, Auvergne, Massif Central, Central Massif, France.
pdf

Pomel A. 1843. Catalogue méthodique et descriptif.... Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France (B.S.G.F.),.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Nescher, Magdalénien, Magdalenian, Massif Central, Central Massif, France.

Pomel A. 1844. Description géologique et paléontologique des collines de la Tour de Boulade et du Puy du Teiller (P. de D.) [Geologic and paleontologic description of the hills of Tour de Boulade and Puy du Teiller (P. de D.)]. Bull. Soc. géol. de France, 2ème série, 1 : 579-596. p. 594.
En français, in French.
Marmota primigenia, Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Puy-de-Dôme, Massif Central, Central Massif, France.

Pomel A. 1844b. Quelques nouvelles considérations sur la paléontologie de l'Auvergne [New remarks on the paleontology of Auvergne]. Bulletin de la société archéologique de France, 3 : 198-223.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Auvergne, France.

Pomel A. 1846. Quelques nouvelles considérations sur la paléontologie de l'Auvergne [Some new considerations on the Auvergne paleontology]. B.S.G.F., 3 : 198-231. p. 198.
En français, in French.
Arctomys marmota, Marmota marmota, Paléontologie, paleontology, Auvergne, Massif Central, Central Massif, France.

Pomel A. 1846. Mémoire sur la géologie paléontologique du département de l’Allier [Memoir on the paleontological geology of the Allier department]. Bull. Soc. géol. de France, 2ème sér., tom. 3, 353-373.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Allier, Massif Central, Central Massif, France.

Pomel A. 1847. Mémoire sur la géologie paléontologique du département de l’Allier [Memoir on the paleontological geology of the Allier department]. Bull. Soc. géol. de France, 2ème sér., tom. 4, 378-385.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Allier, Massif Central, Central Massif, France.

Pomel A. 1852. Catalogue méthodique et descriptif des vertébrés fossiles découverts dans les bassins hydrographique supérieur de la Loire et surtout dans la vallée de son affluent principal, l’Allier [Methodic and descriptive check-list of fossil vertebrates found in the upper hydrographic basin of the River Loire and especially in the valley of its main tributary valley, Allier river]. Annales scientifiques, littéraires et industrielles de l'Auvergne, 25: 337- 380.
En français, in French.
Arctomys lecoq, Arctomys primigenia, Arctomys fischeri, arctomys gastaldi, Arctomys antiqua, paléontologie, paleontology.
pdf

Pomel A. 1853. Catalogue méthodique et descriptif des Vertébrés fossiles découverts dans le bassin hydrographique supérieur de la Loire [Methodic and descriptive check-list of fossil vertebrates found in the upper hydrographic basin of the River Loire]. Paris, J.B. Baillère, n°8, 193 pp.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie . France.

Pommerol 1889. Découverte d'un abri magdaléen à Blanzat (Puy-de-Dôme) [Discovery of magdalean rock-shelter in Blanzat (Puy-de-Dôme). Assoc. Franç. pour l’avancement des sciences, Compte rendu de la 17e session, Oran, 1888, 1e partie : 205. In Revue des travaux scientifiques, 1889 : 854.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, boeuf, cheval, renne, chèvre, renard, rongeurs, oiseaux, Puy-de-Dôme, France.

Ponel P. 1995. Difficultés d'interprétation des assemblages de Coléoptères fossiles quaternaires en milieu d'altitude [Interpretation difficulties of assembling quaternary fossil beetles in high altitude]. Colloque CNRS "Contraintes et Instabilité de l'Environnement : stratégies adaptatives des organismes récents et fossiles", Lyon I, Soc. Géol. France Edit., p.49.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Insectes, Insects, Quaternaire, Quaternary.
L'étude de sites d'altitude situés dans les Alpes et dans les Appennins a montré que l'enregistrement sédimentaire des communautés passées de Coléoptères pouvait être fortement biaisé et conduire à la formation d'assemblages fossiles complexes, difficiles à interpréter du point de vue paléoécologique. Ce biais de l'enregistrement sédimentaire des communautés de Coléoptères n'est pas propre aux milieux de dépôt d'altitude mais il y est ressenti avec netteté en raison des caractéristiques particulières du milieu montagnard et des Coléoptères qui y vivent. Ces assemblages fossiles présentent souvent en effet la particularité de comporter des taxons dont la présence simultanée dans la même communauté vivante de Coléoptères est difficilement explicable, en raison de leurs exigences écologiques incompatibles. L'origine de ces assemblages fossiles composites est le plus souvent la conséquence d'un transport passif ou actif de certains des taxons présents. Ce transport est lié à l'action du vent, dans une moindre mesure à celle du ruissellement, agents particulièrement actifs en milieu d'altitude. De plus la complexité du milieu naturel en montagne (juxtaposition d'habitats soumis à des conditions climatiques très variées) est aussi un facteur favorable à la constitution d'assemblages fossiles hétérogènes. L'écologie particulière de certains Coléoptères alticoles peut également favoriser la constitution d'assemblages de Coléoptères fossiles fortement biaisés : le mode de vie original du Scarabaeidae Aphodius (Agolius) abdominalis BONELLI [= A. (Agolius) mixtus VILLA] explique par exemple l'importance numérique de ses effectifs dans certains assemblages fossiles déposés en haute montagne. L'analyse de deux cas concrets, celui de Prato Spilla (1280 m) dans les Appennins parmesans (Ponel & Lowe, 1992 ; Ponel, à paraître) et celui du Taillefer (2100 m) (Ponel et al., 1992 ; Ponel et al., à paraître) dans les Alpes françaises met en lumière ces problèmes et suggère quelques précautions à prendre dans l'interprétation de tels assemblages. Il est en effet nécessaire de tenir compte des conditions climatiques et géomorphologiques des sites (températures, précipitations, régime des vents, hydrologie, principaux traits du relief, etc.), ainsi que d'indices simples tirés de l'analyse numérique des effectifs des différents taxons qui constituent ces assemblages fossiles.

Ponomarenko Sergei 2001. Kazakh steppe [La steppe Kazakh]. World Wildlife Fund, document non critiqué/unreviewed document presented.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota bobac, Kazakhstan.
Extrait Pdf extract

Pont A.C. & Ackland D.M. 1995. Fanniidae, Muscidae and Anthomyiidae associated with burrows of the Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota Linnaeus) in the Upper Otz Valley (Tyrol, Austria) (Insecta, Diptera). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 82(0): 319-324.
Marmota marmota, terrier, burrow, fèces, commensalisme, commensalism, entomologie, entomology, Muscidae, Anthomyiidae, Autriche, Austria.
One species of Fanniidae, 15 of Muscidae and 5 of Anthomyiidae are recorded as associated with the burrows of the Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota LINNAEUS). Mydaea rufinervis (POKORNY) and Phaonia tenuiseta (POKORNY) (Muscidae) are considered to be obligate commensals, probably breeding in excrement. Fannia sp. (Fanniidae), Helina cinerella (WULP) and Myospila alpina HENDEL (Muscidae), and Botanophila bompadrei (BEZZI) and Eutrichota paratunicata (HENNIG) (Anthomyiidae), are considered to be facultative commensals, probably breeding in excrement and debris in the burrows.

Ponugaeva A.G. 1953. Reflektornaya regulatsia gazoonmena pri gruppovykh skopleniyakh grysounov [Régulation homéostatique des échanges gazeux dans des groupes abondants de rongeurs. Homeostatic regulation of gas exchange in crowded groups of rodents]. Trudy Instituta fiziologii AN SSSR, 2, Moskva-Leningrad.
Rongeurs, rodents, physiologie, physiology, gaz.

Ponza Michele 1832. Vocabolario piemontese-italaiano [Vocabulaire piémontais-italien. Vocabulary Piedmontese-Italian]. Stamperia reale, Torino.
En piémontais et en italien, in Piedmontese and in Italian.
Marmota, marmotta, marmotina, marmoton.
Extrait Pdf extract

Ponzetto A., Cote P.J., Ford E.C., Engle R., Cicmanec J., Shapiro M., Purcell R.H. & Gerin J.L. 1985. Radioimmunoassay and characterization of woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen and antibody. Virus Res., 2(4): 301-315.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, virus.
Solid-phase radioimmunoassays for woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen (WHcAg) and antibody (anti-WHc) were developed. WHcAg in woodchuck liver homogenates was characterized by ultracentrifugation in CsCl gradients; both heavy (1.35 g/cm3) and light (1.31 g/cm3) cores were obtained from the liver of an animal during acute WHV infection, which is consistent with observations in hepatitis B virus infection in man. Endpoint titers of anti-WHc were higher in chronic WHV carriers than in animals recovered from acute infections. Both IgM and IgG anti-WHc antibodies were produced by infected woodchucks. A survey of colony woodchucks demonstrated that 88/89 animals having one or more markers of past or ongoing WHV infection were positive for anti-WHc. Thus, serum anti-WHc appears to be a sensitive marker of WHV infection.

Ponzetto A., Cote P.J., Ford E.C., Purcell R.H. & Gerin J.L. 1984. Core antigen and antibody in woodchucks (Marmota monax) after infection with woodchuck hepatitis virus. J. Virol., 52: 70-76.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, virus.

The woodchuck hepatitis virus is a naturally occurring hepatitis B-like virus that infects the eastern woodchuck. Direct immunofluorescence staining for woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen in liver biopsies demonstrated the presence of this antigen in 14 of 17 chronically infected woodchucks, and in 8 of 10 woodchucks undergoing acute infections. Fluorescent localization of woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen was typically cytoplasmic, and this was confirmed further by electron microscopy. Experimental infection with woodchuck hepatitis virus was achieved in four of four woodchucks inoculated with serum from chronic carrier woodchucks. All infected animals developed a self-limited disease characterized by seroconversion to antibodies against the major viral antigens (core and surface antigens); naturally acquired acute infection demonstrated a similar course. A chimpanzee seronegative for all markers of hepatitis B virus developed a subclinical infection after inoculation with woodchuck hepatitis virus.

Ponzetto A., Cote P.J., Popper H., Hoyer B.H., London W.T., Ford E.C., Bonino F., Purcell R.H. & Gerin J.L. 1984. Transmission of the hepatitis B virus-associated delta agent to the eastern woodchuck. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A., 81(7): 2208-22012.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, virus.

delta agent of human origin was inoculated into four woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). The animals developed delta infections with serologic patterns similar to those previously observed in human and chimpanzee infections. delta antigen was detected transiently in serum and liver and was followed by seroconversion to anti-delta antibody. Analogous to the chimpanzee model of delta infection, serum and hepatocyte markers of WHV were suppressed in the woodchuck during acute delta infection. The suppression of WHV DNA in serum was evident only during the time of delta-antigen positivity, while the inhibition of other WHV markers was more protracted. The delta antigen in woodchuck sera circulated as an internal component of a particle similar in size to the human delta particle (36-nm diameter) and was encapsidated by the woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen; delta antigen from infected woodchuck and chimpanzee livers had similar biophysical properties. Histologic analysis showed that experimental delta infection is associated with a transient acute hepatitis in woodchucks and loss of hepatocytes carrying WHV antigens. The lesions differed from the conspicuous hepatitis associated with reappearance of WHV replication. Hepatitis B-like viruses, therefore, appear to provide the requisite helper functions for delta replication and the woodchuck represents a useful model for study of the virology and pathology of the delta agent.

Ponzetto A. & Forzani B. 1991. Animal models of hepatocellular carcinoma: hepadnavirus-induced liver cancer in woodchucks. Ital. J. Gastroenterol., 23(8): 491-493.
En anglais, in English..
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, virus.

Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), a member of the Hepadnaviridae, is closely related to hepatitis-B virus (HBV) in its virus structure, genetic organization, and mechanism of replication. As with HBV in man, persistent WHV infection is common in natural woodchuck populations and is associated with chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Experimental studies have established that WHV causes HCC in woodchucks. Chronic WHV carriage as an outcome of experimental infection is a function of animal age at time of exposure, virus dose, and, possibly, virus strain. Almost all (97%) chronic carriers developed histologically confirmed HCC within 3 years while no HCC developed in uninfected animals held concurrently in the same laboratory setting. The model has application in the study of underlying mechanisms of hepadnavirus-induced hepatocarcinogenesis and to the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies of disease control.

Ponzetto A., Forzani B., Smedile A., Hele C., Avanzini L., Novara R. & Canese M.G. 1987. Acute and chronic delta infection in the woodchuck. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 234: 37-46. No abstract available.

Ponzetto A., Purcell R.H. & Gerin J.L. 1983. Experimental transmission of the delta agent to the eastern woodchuck (Marmota monax). Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 143: 107-112. No abstract available.

Poole D.A. 1950. Report on Marmota flaviventer[Rapport sur Marmota flaviventer]. Unpubl. MS (typescript), ii+14pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris.

Popa, Ileana 2001. Transport receptors mediating the nuclear export of intronless messages. PhD University of California, San Diego, 2001, 59 pages.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, B hepatitis virus, hépatite B, virus.

The hepatitis B virus and the woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory elements (HPRE and WPRE, respectively) are cis-acting RNA sequences that allow the efficient expression of intronless viral messages. The exact mechanism by which PREs facilitate the cytoplasmic localization of unspliced RNAs is unknown. Recent data indicated that HPRE could affect many steps in mRNA processing, including inhibition of splicing and the enhancement of both polyadenylation and mRNA export. In addition, both can increase the amount of intronless cytoplasmic RNA of a normally intron-dependent β-globin cDNA, consistent with the idea that they functionally replace an intron during RNA processing. Although the function of the PREs is unclear, their ability to work in a Rev-dependent assay and their requirement for RNA cytoplasmic accumulation has been suggestive of a role in export. Mapping studies have demonstrated that HPRE and WPRE contain two homologous cis-acting sub-elements, designated PREα and PREβ. However, there are significant functional differences between HPRE and WPRE. WPRE is significantly more active than HPRE and also has the unique ability to stimulate the expression of heterologous cDNAs. The increased activity correlates with the presence of an additional sub-element, PREγ, which is not found in HPRE. Thus, WPRE, compared to HPRE, has an additional posttranscriptional activity. The activity of the PREs is independent of any viral-encoded proteins, suggesting that they require trans-acting factors for function. Using a combination of CAT and HBV surface antigen assays, as well as Northern blot analysis, we demonstrate that the cellular export factor Tap mediates HPRE function. We also demonstrate that WPRE posttranscriptional activity has aspects that are both Tap-dependent and CRM1 dependent. Our results demonstrate that PREs function, at least in part, to mediate nuclear export of intronless mRNAs. Moreover, the results identify WPRE as the first example of an RNA element whose activity is mediated by several alternative pathways that are not mutually exclusive, but instead cooperative.

Popescu A. & Murariu D. 2001. Fauna Romaniei - Mamalia Rodentia [Faune de Roumanie. Mammifères, rongeurs]. Academiei Romane, Bucuresti.
En roumain, in Rumanian.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota marmota, Roumanie, Rumania.

Попов В.А. (Popov V.A.) 1960. Mlekopitayuchtchie Voljsko-Kamskogo kraya [Mammifères de la région de la Volga-Kama. Mammals of the Volga-Kama Area] Kazan', Izd-vo Kazan. filiala AN SSSR.. USSR Acad. of Sci. Kazan Branch, Kazan, 210-222.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota bobac, Russie, Russia, République du Tatarstan, Tatarstan Republic, Volga.

Popov V.K. 1961. [Sur la question de la relation entre la répartition spatiale des marmottes grises et de la végétation au Tien Chan. To question about connection a spatial distribution of grey marmots and a plants vegetation in Tien Shan]. Mater. nauch. konf. posv. 40-letiyu Kaz. SSR, Alma-Ata.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, répartition, distribution, végétation, vegetation, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Попов В.А. (Popov V.A.) 1973. Rezoul'taty opytno-proizvodstennykh rabot po bor'be s blokhami sourkov v Verkhnenarynskom avtonomnom otchage tchoumy [Résultats des travaux expérimentaux et industriels sur la lutte contre les puces des marmottes dans le foyer autonome de la peste de Verkhnenarynsk. Results of experimental and industrial in the struggle against marmot fleas in the autonomous plague foci in Verkhnenarynsky]. V kn. Profilaktika tchoumy v prirodnikh otchagakh, Materialy Conf. Saratov.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, épidémiologie, epidemiolog, Verkhnenarynsk.

Попов В.А. (Popov V.A.) 1977. [Mammifères rares du territoire de Volga-Kama et et leur protection. Rare specimen of mammals in Volga-Kama territory and tasks of their protection]. In Nature protection and biogeocenologiy, Vol. 2, Kazan, Kazan Univ. publish. House, 94-109].
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Marmota bobac, conservation, Russie, Russia, Volga.

Попов В.А. (Popov V.A.) 1978. [Animaux rares et en disparition en Tatarie (Vertébrés). Rare and disappearing kinds of animals in Tataria (Vertebrates). Kazan, Tatar Publish. House, 96 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
(Mammifères) : (Marmota bobac) : Conservation : République des Tatars : Russie.

Попов В.А. (Popov V.A.) & Лукин А.В. (Lukin, Loukin A.V.) 1988. [Le royaume animal de Tatarie. Vertébrés. Animal Kingdom of Tataria, Vertebrates]. Kazan, Tatar Publish.House, 248 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota bobac, conservation, République des Tatars, Tatar Republic, Russie, Russia.

Popov V.K., Borovinskaya A.A., Kiselev G.I. & Kudyacheva K.F. 1961. Nekotorye rezoul'taty eksperimental'no-proizvodstvennoï dezinsektsii nor serykh sourkov v Tyan'-Chane [Caractéristiques de l'épizootie de peste dans la population de marmottes, deux ans après l'extermination des rongeurs. To characterictics of plague epizootic in marmot's population 2 years after extermination of rodents]. V kn. Materialy V naoutchnoï konf. protivotchoumnykh outchrejdeniï Kazakhstana i Sredneï Azii, Alma-Ata.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, Tien Chan, Tien Shan, Insectes, Insects.

Popov V.K., Korotkova V.S. & Demina A.A. 1967. [Résultats de l'extermination des insectes des terriers de marmottes grises au Tien Chan. Some results of the experimental desinsection of grey marmot's burrows in Tien Shan]. Mater. V nauch. konf., Alma-Ata: 122-124.
En russe, in Russian.
Mamota baibacina, Insectes, Insects, terriers, burrow.

Popov V.V. 1993a. Op't razrabotki kriteriya poiska epizootitcheskikh outchastkov tchoumi na primere Khourkhinskya mzootchaga, Mongoliya [Expérimentation du critère de recherche des secteurs épizootiques de peste à partir de l'exemple du mésofoyer du Kourkinsk et de la Mongolie. Experimentation on the criterium of research of plague epizootic sectors from the exemple of the Kurkinsk and Mongolia mesofocus ]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 28.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, épidémiologie, epidemiology, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Popov V.V. 1993b. Prostranstvennoe raspreledenie tarbagana v doline p. Khourkhin-gol (Khentei, Mongoliay) [Répartition spatiale de la sibirica dans la vallée Khourkhin-gol (Kentei, Mongolie). Spatial distribution of the sibirica marmot in the Khurkhin-gol Valley]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 28-29.
En tusse, in Russian.
Peste, plague, épidémiologie, epidemiology, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Popov V.V. 2002. Blackcapped marmot on the South area border: population aspect. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 48.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, population.

Popov V.V., Zonov G. B. & Popkov A.F. 1991. Signs of Mongolian bobak burrows in natural plague foci in Mongolia [Traces de terriers de marmotte de Mongolie dans les foyers naturels de la peste en Mongolie. Signs of Mongolian bobak burrows in natural plague foci in Mongolia]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Suzdal, Moscow, 82-85.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, terrier, burrow, peste, plague, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Popov Yu.K. 1990. Akklimatizatsiya sourka v Udmurtii [Acclimatation de la marmotte en Oudmourtii]. 5 siezd Vses. teriol. ob-va AN SSSR (29 yanv.-2fevr. 1990 g; M.), 111-112.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, Oudmourtie.

Popov Yu.K., Kul'kova I.A. & Berendyaev S.A. 1964. Vliyanie pogodnykh uslovii na ekologo-fiziologitcheskoe sostoyanie sourkov i tetchenie Epizootii v Sredneaziatskom gornom otchage tchumy [Influence des conditions temporelles sur l'état éco-physiologique des marmottes et le processus d'épizootie dans le foyer de la peste de montagne en Asie centrale. Effect of temporal conditions on the eco-physiologic status of marmots and the epizootic process in the plague focus in middle Asia]. Sb. Prirodnaya otchagovosti bolezneï i voprosy parazitologii, frunze.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology.

Popova A.S. 1968. Flea fauna of the Moyynkum desert [Puces du désert de Moyynkoum]. In Fenyuk B.K. (ed), Rodents and their ectoparasites, Saratov, University Press, Saratov, USSR, 402-406.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces, fleas.

Popper H. 1988. Viral versus chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. J. Hepatol., 6(2): 229-238.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis, revue, review.
Almost all experimental studies on hepatocarcinogenesis have been performed on models induced by chemicals. The human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly malignant tumor, particularly frequent in the Far East and in Africa, is overwhelmingly associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections and only very rarely is it caused by chemicals. This raises the question as to what degree observations on the preferentially studied chemical carcinogenesis apply to human HCC. This question is timely, since a woodchuck model has been developed in which laboratory infection with a hepadna virus, biologically and genomically similar to HBV, regularly produces HCC in prolonged surface antigen carrier woodchucks. Permanent surface antigen carriage by itself may also be a risk factor. A comparison, based on available observations of chemical and hepadna viral carcinogenesis, was attempted on four aspects: (1) histologic features, (2) growth patterns, (3) growth factors, and (4) molecular biological observations. At this time, only few conclusions can be drawn, mainly on a morphological and molecular biological basis. In the initial stage, chemicals cause mutations of very few bases, while in hepadna viral infections long sequences are inserted into both strands of chromosomal DNA. Additional studies appear to be indicated, to the greatest degree with existing methods and primarily on hepadna viral carcinogenesis. A key question is whether the active necroinflammation, preceding or observed at the time the HCC is recognized, in woodchuck and also in human chronic HBV infections is a promoting event or a secondary reaction. Additional therapeutic strategies, specific for hepadna viral carcinogenesis, can be considered, particularly elimination of hepatocytes carrying integrated viral sequences and prevention or suppression of the promoting necroinflammation. Success in HCC may be applicable to cancers related to papilloma virus in other organs, for instance, the female genital tract.

Popper H., Roth L., Purcell R.H., Tennant B.C. & Gerin J.L. 1987. Hepatocarcinogenicity of the woodchuck hepatitis virus [Hépato-cancérogénicité du virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte commune d'Amérique]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A., 84(3): 866-870.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hépatite, cancer.

During investigations of the evolution of experimental laboratory infections of woodchucks (Marmota monax) with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), eight hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) were observed, six in newborns and two in young adult animals, all within 17-36 months after infection. The absence of an external cocarcinogenic effect in the well-monitored woodchucks indicates the carcinogenicity of WHV and suggests the same for the genetically and biologically similar human hepatitis B virus (HBV). Laboratory infections of woodchucks with two strains of WHV, not reported here in detail, resembled human and chimpanzee HBV infections histologically and serologically. In these studies, eight woodchucks became carriers of surface antigen of WHV for greater than 1 year. All eight woodchucks developed HCC, indicating a 100% risk of HCC in experimentally infected chronic WHV antigen carriers, which is analogous to the high risk of HCC in human hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. Histologically, the absence of cirrhosis in the examined pericarcinomatous tissue permits recognition of gradual transition from normal parenchyma to neoplastic nodules to HCC of rising anaplasia, indicating a continuum of increasingly more malignant neoplastic stages, as known for chemical carcinogenesis. The HCC developed in carrier woodchucks infected as newborns with only minor, if any, hepatitic changes but is associated with antigen-carrying hepatocytes and sometimes with hyperplastic nodules. This stage was preceded in infected adults by an early, acute, weeks-long hepatitis coinciding with the appearance of surface antigen. These findings are also analogous to typical HBV infection in human newborns and young adults, respectively. At the time of HCC development in all animals with adequate histologic material, an acute recent necroinflammation appeared around the tumor, associated with abnormal hematopoietic cells around and within the tumor. A promoting role in carcinogenesis of this necroinflammation of yet unestablished pathogenesis is being postulated, to be confirmed by determination of the status of the WHV DNA in the HCC and by prospective histologic study of the inflammatory reaction.

Popper H., Shafritz D.A. & Hoofnagle J.H. 1987. Relation of the hepatitis B virus carrier state to hepatocellular carcinoma [Relation de l’état de porteur du virus de l’hépatite B au cancer hépatocellulaire]. Hepatology, 7(4): 764-772.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hépatite, cancer, revue, review.

The attempt to divide the large group of chronic HBsAg carriers into "healthy" vs. those with chronic hepatitis of various intensities is sometimes difficult. The major problems are overlap in clinical manifestations, hepatic test results and histologic as well as virologic features. Nevertheless, this separation is not only conceptually important, but may also be useful in patient management, particularly because of the risk of transition to cirrhosis and HCC. Although at least 75% of patients with HCC associated with HBV have cirrhosis, the time point at which the cirrhosis developed is not established, particularly since the vast majority of chronic HBsAg carriers fall into the "healthy" category. Important unanswered questions are, therefore: how often do "healthy" carriers develop cirrhosis and/or HCC, including the time relations between the two? Does the transformation to HCC result from one or several identifiable acute events in the "healthy" carrier (or in mild CPH) or is it a gradual process of progressing chronic hepatitis B in which intercurrent exacerbations may still play a role? Do the quantitative observations as to the relation between persistent HBV infections and HCC in the East apply to Western countries? Our hypothesis concerning pathogenesis is based on pathologic, molecular, clinical and epidemiologic observations and concepts, and is supported by studies of hepadna virus-infected animals. This thesis proposes that integration of HBV DNA into host chromosomes in acute or chronic hepatitis or during the "healthy" carrier state corresponds to an initiation event similar to that described in chemical carcinogenesis.

Popper H., Shih J.W., Gerin J.L., Wong D.C., Hoyer B.T., London W.T., Sly D.L. & Purcell R.H. 1981. Woodchuck hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma : correlation of histologic with vitologic observations [L'hépatite de la marmotte et le carcinome hépatocellulaire : corrélation des observations histologique et virologique]. Hepatology, 1 : 91-98.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, cancer.

The livers of 33 captive woodchucks were examined histologically in 30 biopsy and 10 autopsy specimens and the findings were correlated with serum determinations for woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), surface antigen (WHsAg) and antibody (anti-WHs), and WHV DNA and DNA polymerase. The liver appeared normal in all 3 serum-negative animals, 7 of 16 with indeterminate WHV status, and 1 of 4 with anti-WHs, but not in 10 animals with WHsAg, WHV DNA, and DNA polymerase. Mild hepatic inflammation was found in 7 woodchucks with indeterminate status, 4 with anti-WHs, and 2 with each marker of WHV infection. Significant inflammation was found in 2 of indeterminate status and 4 with every marker, whereas more severe lesions (2 of chronic active type) occurred, almost always in autopsy specimens, in 8 animals with every marker. Eight of 10 animals with all markers had orcein-positive inclusions (Shikata's technique) and 6 had hepatocellular carcinoma associated with acute and chronic hepatic inflammation and, usually, neoplastic nodules in the noncarcinomatous parenchyma. Features distinguishing the woodchuck lesion from human hepatitis B disease were: association of carcinoma with acute hepatic inflammation (but not with cirrhosis) and DNA polymerase in the serum; transition to carcinoma from neoplastic nodules; conspicuous plasma-cellular reaction of hepatic inflammation, and hematopoietic cells in the tumor. Significant hepatic lesions in the woodchucks were regularly associated with serum WHsAg, WHV DNA, and DNA polymerase. In contrast to man, hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks was regularly associated with these markers of active viral replication. The nature of the orcein-positive inclusions requires elucidation, although they may assist in screening for similar viruses in other species. The woodchuck may help in the study of the relation between hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B, including the possibility of cocarcinogenic factors.

Porsild A.E. 1945. Mammals of the Mackensie delta [Les mammifères du delta du Mackensie]. Canad Field-Nat., 59: 4-22. En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Marmota caligata, Etats-Unis d’Amérique, united States of America, Mackenzie.

M. broweri may occur as far east as Ridcharson Mountains of the Mackenzie Rive. With the possible exception of this region, the ranges of M. broweri and M. caligata are disjunct.

Porteret C. 1992. Rôles de la communication chimique intraspecifique dans l'organisation socio-spaciale de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) [Roles of the intraspecific chemical communication in the socio-spatial organization in alpine marmota (M. marmota)]. DEA "Adaptation et survie en environnement naturel extrême", UCB-Lyon I & Aix-Marseille II, 1-40.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, alpine marmot, communication, olfaction, social.

La marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota L.) est un rongeur sédentaire hautement social, habitant les zones montagneuses de l'ouest européen. Elle possède aux commissures des lèvres des glandes excrétant des substances odorantes (KOENIG 1958) qu'elle dépose sur des supports tels que le sol ou des pierres par frottement bucco-jugal (marquage odorant).
Des observations de terrain réalisées sur dix-huit individus ainsi que des expérimentations (présentation de leurres portant des odeurs de congénères) ont montré que les adultes se servaient des odeurs comme signaux destinés à la défense de leur territoire. Le renouvellement des odeurs se fait au cours de déplacements consacrés au marquage.
La saturation par les odeurs sociales des zones contenant les terriers principaux, pourrait avoir une fonction de familiarisation et de sécurisation. Le marquage y est effectué par tous les membres du groupe.
Les observations ont également mis en évidence un lien entre la reproduction et le taux de marquage odorant des adultes sans différence significative entre les mâles et les femelles.

Porteret C. & Coulon J. 1992. Marquage et vie sociale chez la marmotte alpine [Marking and social life in alpine marmot]. Actes Journée d'étude de la marmotte Alpine, 69-74.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, social, marquage, marking.

Portenko A.A., Kichchinsi A.A. & Chernyavski F.B. 1963. Mlekopitayuchtchie Koryatskogo nagor'ya [Les mammifères du plateau Koriak. Mammals of the Koryak hills]. M., L., Izd-vo AN SSSR. Moscow-Lenigrad, 95-104.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota, Russie, Russia.

Portmann Adolf 1948. Einführung in die vergleichende Morphologie der Wirbeltiere [Introduction à la morphologie comparée des vertébrés. Introduction to compared morphology of vertebrates]. Basel, Benno Schwabe.
En allemand, in German.
Morphologie, morphology, Portmann 1897-1982.

Potagos 1885. Dix années de voyages dans l'Asie centrale et l'Afrique équatoriale. Trad. de MM. Adolphe Meyer, Jules Blancard, et Laur. Labadie, avec des notes et des observations par M. Emile Burnouf, et M. Alf. Maury, XII-416 p., tabl., cartes, Num. BNF, Paris, E. Leroux.
En franais, in French.
Marmota, chien de montagne, mountain dog, sac-nou, ntar, singe de l’Himalaya, Himalaya monkey, voyages, travels, Asie centrale, Central Asia, 19e siËcle, 19th century, Proche-orient, Near East, histoire, history.
Extrait Pdf extract

Potapov L.P. 1953. Otcherki po istorii altaïtsev [Essai sur l'histoire des altaïens. Essay on the altaian history] . 2-e izd. M., L., Izd-vp AN SSSR.
En russe, in Russian.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, histoire, hstory, Altaï, Altai.

Potapova E.G., Puzachenko A.Ju. & Bibikov D.I. 1997. Morphological differentiation of two forms (Marmota baibacina and M. sibirica) in southern Mongolia [Diddérenciation morphologique de deux marmottes (M. baibacina et M. sibirica) en Mongolie méridionale]. Abstracts of the 3d Conference on Marmots (Cheboksary, Russia, 25-30 August 1997), Holarctic Marmots as a factor of Biodiversity [Les marmottes holarctiques, facteurs de biodiversité], Rumiantsev V.Yu;, Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds., Moscow ABF 1997.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmotte grise, Marmota baibacina, Marmotte de Mongolie, Marmota sibirica, morphologie, morphology, variabilité interspécifique, interspecific variability, variabilité géographique, geographical variability, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Potapova E.G. & Puzachenko A.Y. 1998. Morphological differenciation of two marmot forms, Marmota baibacina and Marmota sibirica (Rodentia), in Southern Mongolia. Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 77(10): 1177-1190.
En russe, In Russian.
Marmota baibacina, Marmota sibirica, Morphologie, Mongolie.

A comparative analysis of Marmota baibacina and M. sibirica forms from Mongolia was performed on the basis of some dimensional and qualitative characters of their skull structure. Using methods of the cluster and discriminant analyses there were made classification of individuals in the aggregation of each form and classification of geographical samples. In the first case the inner structurization of variability, separately for baibacina and sibirica, was considered, in the second one a similarity of separate geographical samples was analyzed. These forms are shown to differ significantly both in dimensional and qualitative characters providing the impatibility to distinguish these two groups though not to determine their taxonomic position. The group centralis holds a separate position among baibacina; among sibirica only marmots from the Transbaikal region are distinguished. Other groups of marmots are unstable enough and should be investigated more extensively on the basisof geographical and morphological material. Hybridization between the forms at the contact zone leading to developing forms with intermediate characters was not observed.

Potapova E.G. & Puzachenko A.Yu. 1998Morphological Differentiation of the Altai Marmot (Marmota baibacina) and Mongolian Bobak (M. sibirica) in Southern Mongolia [Différentiation morphologique de la marmotte de l'Altaï et de la Bobak de Mongolie en Mongolie du Sud]. Russian Journal of Zoology, 2(4): 668-690.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota baibacina, Marmota sibirica, morphologie, morphology, crâne, skull, hybridation.

Based on a number of measurements and qualitative parameters, diversity in the skull structure was analyzed in the Altai marmot and Mongolian bobak from Mongolia, including the overlapping zone of their ranges. Using various methods of cluster and discriminant analysis, classifications were performed for (1) individuals of the total sample of each form and (2) geographic samples. In the first case, the diversity patterns of the Altai marmot and Mongolian bobak were considered; and in the second case, the similarity between individual geographic samples was analyzed. The forms baibacina and sibirica showed statistically significant differences both in measurements and in qualitative parameters; this corroborated that these two forms were valid species. The quantitative and qualitative parameters distinguishing M. baibacina from M. sibirica are described. As regards to the inner differentiation of these forms, only the centralis form can be distinguished with certainty among Altai marmots. Among Mongolian bobaks, the animals from Transbaikalia are distinguished. Other clusters of Mongolian bobak samples are not distinctly differentiated, and their separation requires further confirmation based on a wider range of geographical and morphological data. The study provided no evidence for introgressive hybridization between the forms in the contact zone, i.e., animals with intermediate phenotypes were not observed.

Potocki J. 1829. Voyage dans les steppes d'Astrakhan et du Caucase. Ouvrages publiés et accompagnés de notes et de tables par M. Klaproth [Travel in Astrakan and Caucasus steppes. Book published with the notes and tables by M. Klaproth]. Paris, T. 2.
En françaisn in French.
Marmota, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Caucase, Caucasus.

Pourtier L. 1986. La marmotte des Alpes : son adaptation au froid, l'hibernation [The alpine marmot: its cold adaptation, the hibernation]. Mémoire de maîtrise de biologie, Lyon I.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, physiologie, physiology, éthologie, ethology.

Poussielgue Achille 1866. Voyage en Chine et en Mongolie de M. de Bourboulon, ministre de France et de madame de Bourboulon, 1860-1861 [Travel in China and in Mongolia of Mr. de Bourboulon, French minister and of Mrs. de Bourboulon, 1860-1861]. Paris, L. Hachette, 447 p.
En français, in French.
Voyage, travel, Chine, China, Mongolie, Mongolia, Marmotte, marmot ? p. 337-338.
Extrait pdf extract

Pouye M. 1990. Aigles et marmottes[Eagles and marmots]. Glénat, Chambéry : les Amis du Parc de la national de la Vanoise, non paginé, 28p.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology.

Povoas L., Zilhao J., Chaline J. & Brunet-Lecompte P. 1992. La faune de rongeurs du Pléistocène supérieur de la grotte de Caldeirao (Tomar, Portugal) [Rodent fauna of the upper Pleistocenein the Caldeiro cave (Tomar, Portugal)]. Quaternaire, 3(1): 40-47.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, rongeurs, rodents, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Tomar, Portugal.

Powell J.W., ed. 1899. The Raven and the marmot (A woman's tale, from Norton Bay) [Le corbeau et la marmotte (Un conte de femme de Norton Bay)]. In Eighteenth annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1896-97, Washington, Government printing Office, 514-515.
En anglais, in English.
Ethnologie, amerindiens, indians, Amérique du Nord, North America.
Available pdf disponible.

Poznanski B. 1878. Sourkovyï promysel i vorontsovskie vintovki [Chasse professionnelle de la marmotte et les carabines de Vorontsovsk. Professional hunting of marmots and the Vorontsovsky rifles]. Priroda i okhota, 4.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, chasse, hunting.

Powel R. 1972. Predation on marmots [La prédation de marmotte]. Report to the Rocky Mtn Lab., 9pp.
Marmota, éthologie, ethology, prédation, predation.

Prat F., Laville & Thibault C. 1972. Un gisement à faune du Pléistocène moyen : la grotte de l’Eglise, à Cénac-et-Saint-Julien (Dordogne) [A fauna deposit of middle Pleistocene: the Eglise cave in Cénac-et-Saint-Julien (Dordogne)]. Quaternaria, Roma, XVI : 71-119.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Dordogne, France.

Prat F. & Thibault C. 1976. Le gisement de la Nautérie à la Romieu (Gers). Fouilles de 1967 à 1973. Nautérie I. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 35, Paris, 82 p.
En français, in French.

Prange A.J. Jr, Nemeroff C.B., Bissette G., Manberg P.J., Osbahr A.J. 3d, Burnett G.B., Loosen P.T. & Kraemer G.W. 1979. Neurotensin: distribution of hypothermic response in mammalian and submammalian vertebrates [Neurotensine : répartition de la réponse hypothermique chez les vertébrés mammaliens et submammaliens]. . Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 11(5):473-7.
En anglais, in English.
Hibernation, physiologie, physiology, neurotensine, neurotensin.

Pratt Daniel J. & University of the State of New York 1874. Report of the regents of the University, on the boundaries of the state of New York [Rapport des membres du conseil d’administration de l’université sur les frontières de l’état de New-York]. The Argus company, printers, Albany, 880 p., vol. 2.
En anglais, in English.
Histoire, history, frontières, boundaries, topographie, topography, ruisseau de la marmotte, wood chuck brook p. 795, Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, New York (State), États-Unis d’Amérique, United States of America.
Extrait pdf extract

Preble E.A. 1910. British Columbia: Stikine drainage. Telegraph Creek to head of Tsakadzoa river. Smithsonian Institution Archives Record Unit 7176, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 1860-1961 Field Reports, Box 119, Folder 7.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, éthnobiologie, ethnobiology, British Columbia.
In 1910, on an alpine meadow near Klappan Mountain on the upper Stikine drainage, he observed that "every slight elevation was occupied by a family of marmots and a party of Indians near had hundreds of snares set at the burrows and were catching large numbers. The skins are stretched and traded and the flesh dried for winter use".

Prechtl J.J. & Karmarch Karl 1841. Technologische Encyklopadie oder, alphabetisches Handbuch der Technologie, der technischen chemie und des maschinenmefens. J.G. Cotta, Stuttgart.
En allemand, in German.
Arctomys alpina, murmelthiere, Arctomys citillus, fourrure, fur.
pdf

Prejevalsky (Przhevalski, Przhevalsky, Przewalski) Nikolai M. 1890. The Orography of Northern Tibet . In A Winter’s Excursion from Gass, Supplementary Papers, Royal Geographical Society, 3(1) : 58-86. Traduction par E. Delmar Morgan.
En anglais, in English.
Expédition, Asie, Asia.
“The flora of the eastern half of the [Valley of the Winds], as far as the defile of the Zaisan-saitu generally, assimilates with that of Tsaidam; that of the western half, with northern Tibet. The fauna of this valley and adjacent tracts is poor. ?Near the pass leading to the Cherchen defile, we came across marmot burrows, and large numbers of a new species of alpine hare.”

Prewalsky (Prejevalski, Przhevalski, Przhevalsky, Przewalski) N.M. [La quatrième expédition de l'Asie centrale. Fourth expedition into central Asia].
Expédition, Asie, Asia.

Preleuthner M. 1989. Alpenmurmeltier [La marmotte des Alpes. The Alpine marmot]. In Gutachten zur Behandlung der Wildtiere im Bereich der Sonderschutzgebiete des Nationalparkes Hohe Tauern (Salburger Teil), H. Gossow & J. Dieberger, eds. Institut für Wildbiologie und Jagdwirtschaft, Universität für Bodenkultur, Eigenverlag, Wien: 125-128 & 254-247.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, réserve, reserve, Autriche, Austria.

Preleuthner M. 1992. Studio su distribuzione, genetica di popolazione e parassitologia della marmotta alpina in Austria : Stato di avanzamento. Studies on distribution, population genetics and parasitology of alpine marmots in Austria: A progress report [Etudes sur la répartition, la génétique de population et la parasitologie des marmottes en Autriche : état d'avancement des travaux]. Proc. 1st Int. Symp. on Alpine marmot, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E., Eds., 209-212.
En italien et en anglais, in Italian and in English.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Autriche, Austria.

Preleuthner M. 1993. Das Alpenmurmeltier (Marmota m. marmota, Linné 1758): Verbreitungsgeschichte und genetische Variation in Österreich [La marmotte alpine (M. m. marmota, Linné 1758) : histoire de la répartition et de la variation génétique en Autriche. The alpine marmot (M. m. marmota, Linné 1758): history of the distribution and genetic variation in Austria]. Dissertation, Universität Wien: 1-173
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, génétique, genetics, histoire, history, Autriche, Austria.

Preleuthner M. 1999. Die rezente Verbreitung des Alpenmurmeltieres (Marmota m. marmota) und ihre historischen Hintergründe [La récente extension des marmottes des alpes (marmota m. marmota) et son arrière-plan historique]. Stapfia, 63, 103-110.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, histoire, history.

Preleuthner M. 1999. Marmota marmota (Linnaeus, 1758). In Atlas of European Mammals [Atlas des mammifères européens], Mitchel-Jones A.J., Amori G., Bogdanowicz W., Kry tufek B., Reijnders P.J.H., Spitzenberger F., Stubbe M., Thissen J.B.M., Vohralík V. and Zima J.,. The Academic Press, London, 188-189.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, faune, fauna.

Preleuthner M. Murmeltiere: Ausbreitung - Ausrottung - Aussetzung [Marmottes : extension, extermination, abandon]. Zentralstelle Österreichischer Landesjagdverbände, Wien, Austria.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Preleuthner M. 1999. Die rezente Verbreitung des Alpenmurmeltieres (Marmota m. marmota) in Österreich und ihre historische Hintergründe. Stapfia, 63: 103-110.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, histoire, history, Autriche, Austria.

Preleuthner M. & Bauer K. 2001. Alpenmurmeltier Marmota marmota (Linné, 1758). In: Spitzenberger, F. (ed.), Die Säugetierfauna Österreichs, Graz: Grüne Reihe 13, Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, pp. 345-355.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Preleuthner, M., Calderola, S., Lanfranchi & P., Prosl, H. 1999. Parasiten des Alpenmurmeltieres (Marmota m. marmota); Systematik, Entwicklung, Verbreitung. Stapfia, 63: 77-92.
En allemand, in German.
; Marmota marmota, endoparasiten, parasitisme, parasitism, biologie, épidemiologie, epidemiology.

Preleuthner M., Gossow H., Gamauf A. & Rabeder G. 1994.Histoire de la colonisation récente des marmottes dans les Alpes orientales. History of the recent marmot colonization in the Eastern Alps. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 110-111.
(Marmota marmota) : Histoire : Autriche.

En français et en anglais.
The recent distribution of Marmota m. marmota in Austria was determined by a census carried out through 1990-9l. The occurrence or absence of marmots was recorded by local hunters. Almost all massifs of the alpine zone are inhabited by marmots except some of the isolated lime stone mountains at the northern and southern margins of the distribution range. The distribution of 38 excavation sites of fossil remains was also recorded. The majority of these sites is found along the margins of the present range. Most of the fossils stem from the Upper Pleistocene, 1 from the Middle Pleistocene and 1 (identified as M. primigena) from the Lower Pleistocene. After the last glaciation marmot populations colonized the entire region of the inner Alps. In the eastern part of Austria (east of Sill and Eisack) marmots got extinct, only the western part harbours autochthonous populations. From about 1860 attempts were made to reestablish marmot populations in these areas. 119 re-introduction efforts could be documented for the period between 1860 and 1990. Although the number of individuals released in particular areas was quite low (median = 5) most of the re-introductions proved successful and stable populations developed quickly.

Preleuthner M., Gossow H., Gamauf A. & Rabeder G. 1996. Histoire récente de la colonisation des marmottes dans les Alpes orientales. History of the recent marmot colonization in the Eastern Alps. In Biodiversité chez les marmotes/Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 49-50.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota marmota, histoire, history.

La distribution actuelle des marmottes en Autriche a été précisée. Leur aire de distribution au Pléistocène a été déduite des restes fossiles de 38 sites et les réintroductions réalisées depuis 1860 ont été étudiées. A partir de ces données, leur histoire a été reconstituée. Seules les parties occidentales de l'Autriche accueillent des populations de marmottes autochtones alors que celles des zones de l'est du Sill et d'Eisak disparues ont été depuis réintroduites par des chasseurs locaux.
The recent distribution of marmots in Austria was determined. In addition, the historical range during the Pleistocene was deduced from fossil remains at 38 excavation sites. Re-introductions carried out since 1860 were also documented. From these data the history of marmot populations was reconstructed. Only the western parts of Austria harbour autochthonous populations whereas in the area east of Sill and Eisack marmots became extinct but were later re-introduced by local hunters.

Preleuthner M. & Grinner M. 1990. McGIS. Geographisches Informations-system auf dem Apple MacIntosh [Mc SIG. Système d'Information Géographique sur le MacIntosch Apple]. Universität für Bodenkultur, Eigenverlag, Wien: 1-10.
En allemand, in German.
Géographie, geography.

Preleuthner M., Kruckenhauser L., Gamauf A., Pinsker W. 1995. Genetic variation in M. m. marmota: the impact of climate, humans and parasites [Variation génétique chez M. m. marmota: impact du climat, des hommes et des parasites]. 2nd European Congress of Mammalogy, Southampton, UK.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, génétique, genetics.

Preleuthner M., Kruckenhauser L., Miller W., & Prosl H. 1995. Alpine marmots in Austria: The present population structure as a result of postgalcial distribution history [Les marmottes alpines en Autriche : la structure actuelle de la population , résultat de la répartition historique post-glaciale]. In Ecological genetics in mammals II, Hartl G.B. & Markowski J. eds., Acta Theriol., 38(suppl. 3), 87-100.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, Autriche, Austria.

Preleuthner M. & Pinsker W. 1993. Depauperated gene pools in Marmota marmota are caused by an ancient bottle neck: electrophoretic analysis of wild population from Austria and Switzerland [Les réservoirs appauvris de gènes chez M. marmota sont dues à un ancien goulot d'étranglement : analyse électrophorétique de populations sauvages d'Autriche et de Suisse]. In Ecological genetics in mammals, G.B. Hartl & Markowski, eds., Acta Theriologica, 38, suppl. 2: 121-139.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, génétique, genetics, conservation, Autriche, Austria, Suisse, Switzerland.

Samples from 15 populations of the Alpine marmot Marmota m. marmota Linneus, 1758) were surveyed electrophoretically for allozyme variation. Only 2 out of 50 enzyme loci showed polymorphism. Average heterozygosity was found to be low with 1.2%. No rare alleles were detected among 8430 genes exmined. The geographic variation pattern of the allele frequencies indicates genetic differentiation between autochtonous and introduced populations. No striking deviations of the genotype distributions from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed. Thus the population structure is apparently not affected by inbreeding. The obviously diminished genetic variation and the geographic pattern of allele frequencies at the two variable loci can be best explained by assuming a severe bottleneck in the recent past.

Preleuthner M. & Pinsker W. 1996. Alpenmurmeltier in Gefahr? Verlust der genetischen Vielfalt [La marmotte alpine en danger ? Perte de la diversité génétique]. Österreichs Weidwerk JG96(2): 18-20.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, génétique, genetics, diversité génétique, genetics.

Preleuthner Monika & W. Pinker 1999. Genetische Verarmung des Alpenmurmeltieres (Marmota m. marmota) in Österreich: Befunde aus Isoenzymanalysen [Appauvrissement génétique des marmottes alpines (Marmota m. marmota) en Autriche : rapport des analyses des isoenzymes]. Stapfia, 63: 129- 138.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, génétique, genetics, Autriche, Austria.

Preleuthner M., Pinsker W., Grinner M. 1994. L'analyse électrophorétique de 15 populations sauvages (Marmota m. marmota) révèle un ancien goulot d'étranglement. Electrophoretic analysis of 15 wild marmot populations reveals an ancient bottle neck. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 112-113.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
(Marmota marmota) : Génétique : Autriche : Suisse.

Allozyme variation at 50 loci was studied in 15 populations of the alpine marmot (Marmota m. marmota). Four samples (1 from- Switzerland, 3 from the western part of Austria) represent autochthonous populations. The rest of the samples was taken from areas in the central and eastern part of Austria. These populations originale from repeated re-introduction efforts since 1860. Only 2 loci (Pep-1 and Sod-1) were found polymorphic. Average heterozygosity was 1.2%. No rare alleles could be detected. Autochthonous and re-introduced populations are genetically differentiated. Allele frequencies are more heterogenous among the non-autochthonous populations. At the Sod-1 locus there is a trend towards fixation of the fast allele. The polymorphisms at Pep-1 and Sod-1 are probably conserved by selective forces. In Pep-1 genotypes differ with respect to their degree of infestation by the endoparasites Citellina alpina and Ctenotaenia marmotae. No deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed. The population structure is not affected by inbreeding. Diminished genetic variation, the absence of rare alleles, and the geographic pattern of the allele frequencies at the two variable loci can be best explained by a bottleneck after the last glaciation.

Preleuthner M., W. Pinsker & M. Grinner 1996. L'analyse électrophorétique de quinze populations sauvages (Marmota marmota) révèle un ancien goulot d'étranglement. Electrophoretic analysis of 15 wild marmot populations (M. m. marmota) reveals an ancient bottle neck. In Biodiversité /Biodiversity, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 245-246.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, génétique, genetics.

La variation des allozymes de 15 populations de marmottes alpines de Suisse et d'Autriche a été étudiée. Seuls 2 des 50 loci (Pep-1 et Sod-1) sont polymorphes. Les génotypes Pep-1 se distinguent par leur degré d'infestation en endoparasites, suggérant que ce polymorphisme pourrait être maintenu par une sélection équilibrée. La faible variation génétique, l'absence d'allèles rares et le canevas géographique des fréquences allèliques peuvent s'expliquer en postulant un important goulot d'étranglement.
Allozyme variation was studied in 15 Alpine marmot populations from Switzerland and Austria. Only 2 out of 50 loci (Pep-1 and Sod-1) were polymorphic. The Pep-1 genotypes differ in their degree of infestation by endoparasites, suggesting that this polymorphism may be conserved by balancing selection. Diminished genetic variation, the absence of rare alleles, and the geographic pattern of the allele frequencies can be explained by the assumption of a severe bottle-neck.

Preleuthner M., Pinsker W., Kruckenhauser L., Miller W.J. & Prosl H. 1995. Alpine marmots in Austria: The present population structure as a result of postglacial distribution history [Les marmottes alpine en Autriche : la structure actuelle de la population est le résultat de la distribution historique postglaciaire]. In Ecological genetics in mammals II, G.B. Hartl and J. Markowski, eds., Acta Theriol., Suppl. 3: 87-100.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Autriche, Austria.

The present distribution of the Alpine marmot Marmota m. marmota (Linneaus, 1758) in Austria, the historical range during the Pleistocene, and recent efforts of re-introduction were documented. Autochthonous populations inhabit a continuous range extending over the western part of the Austrian Alps. Non-autochthonous populations occur in a more fragmented area of partly isolated massifs in the east. The non-autochthonous populations were generated by the release of only a few founder individuals (median = 5). The impact of founder effects and migration barriers on the structure of the disjunct non-autochthonous populations is confirmed by the genetic analysis of allozymes and VNTR-loci. Whereas autochthonous populations are characterized by high genetic similarity and common polymorphism, the non-autochthonous populations exhibit a more patchy pattern of variation caused by founder effects and subsequent drift. From the relationship indicated by the VNTR-patterns it appears possible to infer the putative origin of the founder individuals. In previous allozyme studies the genetic variability was found to be reduced with the exception of two widespread polymorphisms at the loci Pep-1 and Sod-1. A parasitological survey shows that Pep-1 genotypes differ in their degree of infestation by endoparasites (Citellina alpina and Ctenotaenia marmotae) indicating that this polymorphism may be maintained by selective foces.

Preleuthner M., Prosl H., Bergmann A. & Pinsker W. 1994. Infestation par les endoparasites dans différentes populations de M. marmota. Infestation by endoparasites in different Austrian populations of M. marmota. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 114-115.
En anglais, in English.
(Marmota marmota) : Reintroduction : Parasitologie : Autriche.

The gastrointestinal tracts of 162 marmots from 13 different locations were examined for endoparasites. Three populations are autochthonous, the rest has been re-introduced. The locations are arranged along a west-east gradient through the alpine region of Austria. The most common parasites were the cestode Ctenotaenia marmotae (90.1% infested) and the nematode Citellina alpina (62.3%). Beside these marmot specific parasites there was a number of different nematodes, e.g. Ascaris laevis (10.5%), Trichuris spp. (24.1%), and Trichostrongylus spp. (20.4%). There is a clear differentiation in the west-east direction. The marmot specific parasites Ctenotaenia marmotae and Citellina alpina are most abundant in the autochthonous populations. In the re-introduced populations the frequency decreases gradually to the east. The same is true for A. laevis and the genus Trichuris. Infestation with A. laevis is rather common in the autochthonous populations, but almost absent in the re-introduced populations. With Trichuris there is also a slight decrease from the west to the east. Founder events could explain the trends towards a loss of parasite species. An opposite trend is observed for the genus Trichostrongylus.

Preleuthner M., H. Prosl, A. Bergmann & W. Pinsker 1996. Infestation par les endoparasites de différentes populations Autrichiennes de M. marmota. Infestation by endoparasites in different Austrian populations of M. marmota. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes /Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 111-112.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
(Marmota marmota) : Autriche: Réintroduction. Parasitologie : Helminthes; Ctenotaenia marmotae, Citellina alpina, Ascaris laevis.

Les endoparasites des marmottes de 13 sites géographiques différents ont été recherchés. Les parasites les plus communs sont la cestode Ctenotaenia marmotae et le nématode Citellina alpina. Tous les parasites, à l'exception de Trichostrongylus, sont abondants dans les populations autochtones de la partie occidentale de l'Autriche et de la Suisse. Chez les populations réintroduites, les fréquences d'infestation décroissent vers l'est.
Marmots taken from 13 different geographic locations were examined for endoparasites. The most common parasites were the cestode Ctenotaenia marmotae and the nematode Citellina alpina. All parasites except Trichostrongylus were found to be most abundant in the autochthonous populations in the western part of Austria and Switzerland. In the re-introduced populations the infestation frequencies decrease towards the east.


Premuda G. 1975. Le marmotte del Lago Nero [La marmotte du lac Nero. The marmot of the Nero Lake]. Diana, 11 : 28-31.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota.

Preobrazhenski V.S., Fadeeva N.V., Mukhina L.I. & Tomilov G.M. 1959. Tipy mestnosti i prirodnoe raïonirovanie Bouryatskoï ASSR [Typologie des contrées et découpage en régions naturelles de la RSSA de Bouriatie. Land typology and natural region cutting out in SSRA of Buriatia]. ; M., Izd-vo AN SSSR.; Géographie, geography, écologie, ecology, Bouriatie, Buriatia.

Prescott J. & P. Richard 1982. Mammifères du Québec et de l'est du Canada [Mammals of Quebec and western Canada]. Tome 1. France-Amérique, Montréal.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, Québec.

Prince A.M. 1996. Severe toxicity of fialuridine (FIAU) (letter, comment). N. Engl. J. Med., 334(17): 1136; discussion 1137-8.

Printtch A. 1865. Torgovlya rousskikh s kitaïtsamin po r. Tchoue i poezdka v g. Khobdo [Commerce Russo-Chinois sur la rivière Tchoue et voyage jusqu'à la ville de Khobdo. Russian-Chinese trade i-on the Choue River and travel to Khobdo town]. Izv. Roussk. geogr. ob-va, 1, 2?
En russe, in Russian. Excursion, économie, economy, Chine, China, Russie, Russia.

Progulske D.R. 1955. Game animals utilized as food by the bobcat in the soutern Appalachians [Gibiers consommés par le lynx dans les Appalches du Sud]. J. Wildl. Manag., 19: 249-253.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Lynx rufus, prédation, predation, États-Unis d’Amérique, United States of America.

Prokop'ev V.N. 1957. [Méthodes de détermination de l'âge physiologique des femelles Oropsylla silantievi et les variations saisonnières de la structure d'âge des populations de puces. Methods for determine of the physiological age of females Oropsylla silantievi and seasonal changes of fleas population age structure]. Tez. dokl. nauch. konf. po prirodn. ochagov. i epidemiol. osobo opasn. infectzionnykh zabolev, Saratov: 323-324.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces, fleas, méthodologie, methodology, âge, age.

Prokop'ev V.N. 1958. [Méthodes de détermination de l'âge physiologique des femelles Oropsylla silantievi et les variations saisonnières de la structure d'âge des populations de puces. Methods for determine of the physiological age of females Oropsylla silantievi and seasonal changes of fleas population age structure]. Izv. Irkoutsk. protivotchoum. in-ta Sib. i Dal. Vost., Oulan-Oude, 17: 91-108.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces, fleas, méthodologie, methodology, âge, age.

Prokop'ev V.N. 1960. [Variations saisonnières du nombre et remplacements des générations chez Oropsylla silantiewi. Seasonal changes of numbers and replace of generations Oropsylla silantiewi]. Sborn. nauch. troudov Chitinsk. meditz. in-ta, 2: 87-91.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces, fleas, dénombrement, census, saison, season..

Prokop'ev V.N. & Pechkov B.I. 1960. Gnezdo tarbagana kak sreda obita niya ego ektoparazitov [Le terrier de la marmotte tarbagan comme milieu des ectoparasites. The burrow of tarbagan marmot as ectoparasites environment]. Izv. Irkutskogo PTchI, 23, Irkutsk.
(Marmota sibirica) : Terrier.

Prokopov K.P. 2002. Materials on ecology of the grey marmot (Marmota baibacina Kastschenko) in East Altai. Eléments d'écologie de la marmotte grise (Marmota baibacina Kastschenko) dans l'Altaï oriental. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 106-107.
Anglais et français ; English and French.
Marmota baibacina, Altai grey marmot, marmotte grise de l'Altaï, distribution, répartition, density, densité, Kazakhstan.

Prokopov K. P. & Borisov A. I. 1991.Rasprostranenie i tchislennost' serogo sorka v vostochnom Kazakhstane [Dispersion et nombre des marmottes de l'Altaï dans l'est du Kazakhstan. Dispersal and numbers of the Altai marmot in the East Kazakhstan. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 85-88.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, Altai grey marmot, marmotte grise de l'Altaï, distribution, répartition, density, densité, Kazakhstan.

Prokopov K.P. & Zinchenko Yu.K. 2002a. Data on ecology of gray marmot Marmota baibacina Kastschenko, 1899 (Rodentia, Sciuridae) in South Altai. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 49-50.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, écology, ecology, Altaï , Altai.

Prokopov K.P. & Zinchenko Yu.K. 2002b. [Importance de l’élevage de la marmotte grise Marmota baibacina K. 1899 (Rodentia, Sciuridae) dans le sud de l’Alaï. Breeding and hunting importance of gray marmot Marmota baibacina Kastschenko, 1899 (Rodentia, Sciuridae) in South Altai]. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 51.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, élevage, breding, chasse, hunting.

Promitov A.N. 1956. Otcherki po probleme biologitchrskoï adaptatsii povedennya vorob'inykh ptits [Essai sur le problème de l'adaptation biologique des comportements de passereaux. Essay on the problem of behavioral adaptation in sparrows]. M., L., Izd-vo An SSSE.
En russe, in Russian.
Oiseaux, birds, éthologie, ethology.

Prompt Dr. 1885. Histoire d’un village des alpes pendant la Révolution française, d’après les archives de la Bollène [History of an alpine village during the French revolution, according the Bollène archives]. Bulletin de la Société niçoise des Sciences naturelles, historiques et géographiques, t3, années 1881-1883.
En français, in French.
Ethnologie, ethnology, histoire, history, Révolution française, French Revolution, Alpes, Alps.

Prosl H., Preleuthner M. & Bergmann A. 1992. Gli endoparassiti di Marmota marmota nelle alpi Tirolesi. Endoparasites of Marmota marmota in the Tyrols [Les endoparasites de M. marmota au Tyrol]. Proc. 1st International Symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota) and on Genus Marmota, Bassano et al., 215-216.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, entomologie, entomology, Tyrol.

Protection de la nature, parc des Cévènnes, marmotte 1996. Timbre. La poste, République française, émis le 20 avril 1996.

Pruitt W.O. 1966. Ecology of terrestrial mammal [Écologie des mammifères terrestres]. In Environment of the Cape Thompson region, Alaska, U.S. Atomic energy Comm., Oak Ridge: 519-164.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota broweri, Marmota caligata, écologie, ecology.
Occurrence of M. broweri (designated as M. caligata) in the Brooks Range.

Prunelle 1811. Recherches sur les phénomènes et les causes du sommeil hivernal de quelques mammifères [Research on the phenomemon and causes of hibernal sleep in mammals]. Ann. Mus., 18 : 20-56 et 302-322.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, hibernation.

Prunelle a constaté chez les Hérissons et les Chauves-souris beaucoup de faits déjà signalés par ses prédécesseurs : il y a ajouté un certain nombre de remarques originales et d'expériences intéressantes. Il a vu mourir des Chauves-souris après cinq coups de piston de la machine pneumatique, alors même qu'on leur rendait de l'air de suite. La graisse automnale des Lérots est insuffisante pour qu'ils puissent passer l'hiver: il faut qu'ils mangent de temps en temps. Prunelle remarque encore que les Marmottes n'ont pas toutes en même temps la même température. Il a noté qu'elles se dévoraient entre elles en captivité. Vers la fin de l'hiver, les périodes léthargiques deviennent de plus en plus courtes, surtout pour les petites Marmottes : toutes maigrissent beaucoup. Prunelle a trouvé le sang artériel plus rouge que le sang veineux, mais cependant moins rouge que le sang ordinaire. L'hémorragie semble ranimer l'animal : le sang coule d'abord très lentement ; dans une expérience, l'animal se réveilla au bout de trente-trois minutes et le sang artériel coula alors avec force. Dans une cloche, où il faisait dégager de l'acide carbonique, une Marmotte mourut en treize minutes, avec un léger mouvement convulsif. Il observe qu'il faut une excitation moins forte pour réveiller une Marmotte à la fin de son sommeil que dans les premiers temps. Appendice, Dubois, 1896.

Prunières 1878. Sur les cavernes de Beaumes-Cha udes, Lozère [About the Beaumes-Chaudes caves, Lozère]. Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 1 : 206-220.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, dolmen, Homme, Man, vallée du Tarn, Tarn Valley, Lozère, France.
pdf

Prewalsky (Prejalski, Przhevalski, Przhevalsky, Przewalski) N.M. [La quatrième expédition de l'Asie centrale. Fourth expedition into central Asia].
Expédition, expedition, Asie, Asia.

Psathi E. 1996. Étude paleontologique, paleoecologique et biotsratigraphique du site de laBaume-Bonne (Alpes de Haute Provence) [Paleontological, paleoecological, and biostratigraphical study of the site of La Baume-Bonne (Haute-Provence Alps)]. mem. DEA.
En français, in French.

Psenner Hans 1956a. Beobachtungen über die Fortpflanzungsbiologie des Murmeltieres [Observations sur la reproduction des marmottes]. Der Deutsche Jäger, 73 (21) : 378-379.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, reproduction.

Psenner H. 1956b. Neue Beobachtungen zur Fortpflanzungs-biologie des Murmeltieres [Nouvelles observations sur la reproduction des marmottes. New observations on breeding in marmot]. Zeitsch. für Jagdwissenschaft, 2 : 148-152.
En allemand, in German.
(Marmota marmota) : Reproduction.

Psenner H. 1957. Neues vom Murmeltier Marmota m. marmota Linnée 1758 [Nouveautés sur les marmottes M. m. marmota L. News on marmots M. m. marmota L.]. Säugetierkundl. Mitteilungen, 5(1) : 4-10.
En allemand, in German.
(Marmota marmota).

Psenner H. 1958. Weitere Murmeltier-beobachtungen [Autres observations sur la marmotte. Other observations on marmot]. Der Deutsche Jäger, München, 75 : 484-495.
En allemand, in German.
(Marmota marmota).

Psenner H. 1959. Das Leben der Murmeltiere [La vie des marmottes. The life of marmots]. Jahrb. d. Österr. Alpenver., Wien, und Jahrb. d. Deutschen Alpenver., München.
En allemand, in German.
(Marmota marmota).

Psenner H. 1960a. Das Verhalten der Murmeltiere (Marmota m. marmota) insbesondere von Mutter und Jungen im Bau [Le comportement de la mère et des jeunes marmottes dans le terrier. The behaviour of marmot mother and offspring in the burrow]. Saugetierk. Mitt., 8 : 144-148.
En allemand, in German.
(Marmota marmota) : Ethologie : Jeune : Comportement parental.

Psenner H. 1960b. Welche Erkenntnisse brachten die Murmeltierforschungen in den letzten Jahren [Quelles connaissances apportées par la recherche de ces dernières années. What knowledge brought by the last year researches]. Proc. Intern. Symp. Methods Mamm. Invest., pp 259-263.
En allemand, in German.
(Marmota marmota).

Psenner H. 1971. Tiere der Alpen [Les animaux des Alpes. Animals of the Alps]. Tyrolia-Verlag-Insbruck, 155p.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, faune, Alpes, Alps, Autriche, Austria.

Pucek Z. ed. 1981. Keys to vertebrates of Poland. Mammals [Clés des vertébrés de Pologne. Les mammifères]. Pol. Acad. Sci. Publ., Warsawa, 188pp.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Marmota, Cléf de détermination, determination key, Pologne, Poland.

Pucek Z. 1989. A preliminary report on threatened rodents in Europe [Rapport préliminaire sur les rongeurs menacés en Europe]. In Rodents. A world survey of species of Conservation Concern, Z. Lidiker Jr. Ed., Occasional papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, 26-32, IUCN, Gland.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, conservation, Europe. .

Pucek Z. & Raczynski J. Eds. 1983. Atlas rozmieszczenia ssaków w Polsce [Répartition des mammifères en Pologne. Distribution of mammals in Poland] [Atlas des mammifères polonais. Atlas of Polish mammals]. PWN Warsawa [Pol. Acad. Sci. Publ., Warsawa], 367 pp.
En polonais, in Polish.
Mammifères, Marmota, Pologne, Poland. .

Pudritz S. 1996. Die Zusammensetzung der Triglyceride des weißen Fettgewebes und deren Einfluß auf den Winterschlaf beim Alpenmurmeltier Marmota marmota. Diplomarbeit, Philipps-Universität Marburg.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, hibernation, acides gras, fatty acids.

Pudritz S., Frey-Roos A., Ruf T. & Arnold W. 1997. Die Zusammensetzung der Triglyceride des weißen Fettgewebes und deren Einfluß auf den Winterschlaf beim Alpenmurmeltier. 90. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, Mai 1997, Mainz, Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 90.1:139.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, hibernation.

Pujol R. & Carbone G. 1990. L'homme et l'animal [Man and animal]. In Histoire des moeurs, encyclopédie de la Pléiade, Gallimard, Paris, 1307-1388.
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology.

Puntsagdulam J., Enkhnasam D. & Altanchimeg D. 2005. The fleas (Siphonaptera) in tarbagan (Marmota bobak Radde) from Mongolia. Blokhi (Siphonatera) tarbagana (Marmota bobak Radde) iz Mongolii. [Les puces (Siphonaptera) chez la marmotte (Marmota bobak Radde) de Mongolie]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 98-99.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobak, marmotte des steppes, steppe marmot, Siphonaptera, puces, fleas, Mongolie, Mongolia.
The Mongolian fleas recorded in references by Zhovtyi I.F., Jordan K., Ioff F.G., Scalon O.I., Smith F.G. and Bavaasan A. The Mongolian fleas include 12 subspecies of 101 species representing 37 genera currently recognized in six farnilies from 67 species of host animals (53 species mammals, 14 species birds). Fifteen species of Hystrichopsyllidae, Ceratophyllidae, Leptopsyllidae, Vermipsyllidae and Pulicidae of them parasitize on tarbagan.
Checklist of fleas in tarbagan from Mongolia.
HystrichopsyIlidae LeptopsyIlidae
Neopsylla abagaitai Ioff, 1946 Ctenophyllus hirticrus (Jordan & Rothschild,1923)
Neopsylla mana Wagner, 1927 Frontopsylla hetera Wagner, 1928
Rhadinopsylla li transbaikalica Ioff & Tiflov, 1947 Frontopsylla wagneri Ioff, 1928
Frontopsylla luculenta parilis Jordan, 1929
CeratophyllidaeParadoxopsyllus dashidorzhii Scalon, 1953
Ceratophyllus borealis Rothschild, 1907
Citellophilus tesquorum altaicus (Ioff, 1936) VermipsyIlidae
Citellophilus tesquorum sungaris (Jordan, 1929) Chaetopsylla homoea Rothschild, 1906
Oropsylla alaskensis (Baker, 1904)
Oropsylla silantiewi (Wagner, 1898) Pu1icidae
Paramonopsyllus scalonae (Vovchinskaya, 1950)Pulex irritans Linnaeus, 1758

There are carrier of plague are Oropsylla silantiewi W, Ceratophyllus tesquorum sungaris Jord., Neopsylla pleskei orientalis Joff & Arg., Neopsylla mana W., Amphipsylla primaris mitis Jord. & Rothsch. Frontopsylla luculenta Jord. & Rotsch., Paradoxopsyllus daschidorzhi Scal., Paradoxopsyllus scorodumovi Scal. in Mongolia (Zhovtyi I.F., 1959).

Russian PDF russe

Puydt de Marcel & Lohest Max 1886. Sur les habitants de la grotte de la Bêche-aux-Roches [About the inhabitants of the Bêche-aux-Roches cave]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 103 : 893-894.
En français, in French.
pdf
Néanderthal, mammouth, mammoth, paléontologie, paleontology, Spy, Belgique.

Putzer B.M., Stiewe T., Rodicker F., Schildgen O., Ruhm S., Dirsch O., Fiedler M., Damen U., Tennant B., Scherer C., Graham F.L. & Roggendorf M. 2001. Large nontransplanted hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks: treatment with adenovirus-mediated delivery of interleukin 12/B7.1 genes. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 93(6):472-479.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite, hepatitis.
Cytokine-based gene therapy strategies efficiently stimulate immune responses against many established transplanted tumors, leading to rejection of the tumor. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of cancer immunotherapy in a clinically more relevant model, woodchucks with primary hepatocellular carcinomas induced by woodchuck hepatitis virus. Large (2-5 cm), established intrahepatic tumors were given an injection once with 1 x 10(9) plaque-forming units of AdIL-12/B7.1, an adenovirus vector carrying genes for murine interleukin 12 and B7.1, or of AdEGFP, the control virus, and regression of the tumors was then monitored. Five animals were used in total. Results : In four tumor-bearing animals, the antitumor response was assessed by autopsy and histologic analysis within 1-2 weeks after treatment. In all animals treated with AdIL-12/B7.1 therapy versus AdEGFP therapy, we observed substantial tumor regression (P =.006; two-sided unpaired Student's t test) accompanied by a massive infiltration of T lymphocytes. These tumors also contained increased levels of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and interferon gamma (IFN gamma). In continuously growing tumor nodules given an injection of the control virus or in nontumoral liver, no such effects (i.e., tumor regression and increased levels of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and IFN gamma) were detected. In the fifth animal, monitored for long-term antitumor efficacy by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after intratumoral vector administration by MRI guidance, the tumor was almost completely eliminated (> or = 95%) 7 weeks after treatment. Conclusion : Adenovirus vector-based immunotherapy appears to be an effective treatment of large nontransplanted (orthotopic) tumors that acquire malignant characteristics in a stepwise process, reflecting the real-world scenario of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans.

Pyke G.H. 1984. Optimal foraging theory: a critical review [Théorie de l'affouragement optimal : une revue critique]. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 15:523-575.
En anglais, in English.
Affouragement, foraging, alimentation.

Pyrénées nature et libertés 2000. La Marmotte éveillée: lettre d'information de l'association Pyrénées nature et libertés. Pyrénées nature et libertés, Egat (1 route de Cerdagne, 66120).
En français, in French.