Bibliographia Marmotarum. Ramousse R., International Marmot Network, Lyon, 1997.
ISBN : 2-9509900-2-9

Copyright 1997. Édition Réseau International sur les marmottes/ International Marmot Network Publisher
Traduction anglais - français / English - French translation: R. Ramousse
Traduction russe - français / Russian - French translation: Y. Semenov

LETTRE Q-R LETTER


Mise à jour le 05/10/07 Updated

Si vous avez connaissances de références bibliographiques absentes de cette liste,
ou si vous avez une version pdf, ayez l'amabilité de me les communiquer.
If you know bibliographic references unlisted here,
or if a pdf version is available, please send them to me..

Quatrefages 1873. Détermination de la race du squelette de Nice [Race determination (Nice's skeleton)]. Annales de la Société des lettres, sciences et arts des Alpes-Maritimes, Nice, T 8 : 77.
En français, in French.
Archéologie, archeology, squelette, skeleton.

Quay W.B. 1965. Comparative survey of the sebaceous and sudoriferous glands of the oral lips and angle in rodents [Revue comparative des glands sébacées et sudoripares des lèvres chez les rongeurs]. J. Mammal., 46: 23-37.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, Rongeurs, Rodents, glande odorantes, smelling glands, lèvres, lips.

Quay W.B. 1980a. Greater pineal volume at higher latitudes in Rodentia: exponential relationship and its biological interpretation [Volume de la glande pinéale des rongeurs plus important aux hautes latitudes : relation exponentielle et son interprétation biologique]. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 41: 340-348.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, endocrinologie, endocrinology, système nerveux, nervous system, latitude.

Quay W.B. 1980b. Pineal volume and latitudinal and chronobiological characteristics : comparison of five mammalian orders [Volume pinéal et caractéristiques latitudinal et chronobiologique : Comparaison de cinq ordres mammaliens]. Amer. Zool., 20: 898.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, endocrinologie, endocrinology, système nerveux, latitude.

Quinton M.S. 1991. Island of life: wildlife of Greater Yellowstone [Îles de vie : vie sauvage du grand Yellowstone]. Northland Publishing, Flagstaff, Arizona. xvii, 126 p.
En anglais, in English.
Comportement, behavior, Marmota flaviventris, Yellowstone National Park, Montana, Wyoming.
Canis latrans, Vulpes vulpes, Felis concolor, Lynx rufus, Euarctos americanus, Ursus arctos horribilis, Martes americana, Mustela frenata, Lutra canadensis, comportement, behavior, Yellowstone National Park, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, Olor buccinator, Branta canadensis, Anas cyanoptera, Bucephala albeola, Histrionicus histrionicus, Cervus canadensis, Odocoileus virginianus, Odocoileus hemionus, Alces alces shiras, Antilocapra americana, Bison bison, Ovis canadensis, Oreamnos americanus, Lepus americanus, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, Eutamias minimus, Callospermophilus lateralis, Marmota flaviventris, Erethizon dorsatum, Gavia immer, Podiceps grisegena, Ardea herodias, Grus canadensis, Actitis macularia, Yellowstone national park, Montana, Dendragapus obscurus, Bonasa umbellus.

RabederA G. 1991. Die Höhlenbären der Conturines. Athesia, Bozen: 1-124.
En allemand, in German.

RabederA G. & Mai K. 1985. Erste Grabungsergebnisse aus der Herdengel-höhle bei Lunz am See (Niederösterreich) [Premiers résultats des fouilles de la caverne d'Herdengel près de Lunz am See (Basse Autriche). First results of excavation in the Herdengel Cave bear Lunz am See (Lower Austria]. Die Höhle, 36: 35-41.
Paléontologie : Autriche.

Rabeil T., Méring C. & Ramousse R. 2002. Rating potential distribution of alpine marmot in Vanoise Massif using remote sensing and GIS. Estimation de la distribution potentielle de la marmotte alpine dans le massif de la Vanoise. Utilisation de la télédetection et d'un SIG. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 108-109.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota marmota, alpine marmot, marmotte alpine, distribution, rating, estimation, répartition, remote sensing, télédétection, Geographic Information System (GIS), Système d'Information Géographique (SIG).

Rabeil T., Méring C. & Ramousse R. 2003. Rating potential distribution of alpine marmot in Vanoise Massif using remote sensing and GIS. Estimation de la distribution potentielle de la marmotte alpine dans le massif de la Vanoise. Utilisation de la télédetection et d'un SIG. Оценка потенциального распредудения альптйского сурка в массиве вануаз использование теледетектирования и сги. In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 253-258.
Anglais, français et résumé russe; English, French and Russian abstract
PDF disponible/available
Marmota marmota, alpine marmot, marmotte alpine, distribution, répartition, remote sensing, télédétection, Geographic Information System (GIS), Système d'Information Géographique (SIG).
Les caractéristiques d'implantation de la marmotte alpine peuvent être mises en évidence à l'aide des outils de la Géographie. La Télédétection fournissant une information brute sur les paysages permet en effet de cartographier les habitats favorables à l'espèce sur un espace important, comme le massif de la Vanoise (Alpes, France). D'autre part, un Système d'Information Géographique (SIG) permet de compiler et de croiser tous les facteurs influençant l'installation des marmottes (altitude, végétation, pente et exposition). Ces facteurs, ainsi que les données relatives aux effectifs recensés sur le terrain ont été traités cartographiquement. L'analyse de l'environnement écologique des marmottes s'effectue à un niveau local (sites de comptage), et à une échelle plus globale (massif de la Vanoise), pour pouvoir intégrer le rôle des activités anthropiques dans la répartition des marmottes. Les facteurs écologiques d'implantation sont quantifiés et cartographiés sur l'ensemble de la zone d'étude, et des densités sont calculées pour chacun de ces facteurs déterminants sur des sites pilotes. En prenant ces derniers comme modèles de références, nous avons pu évaluer précisément le nombre d’individus potentiels sur l’ensemble du massif étudié.

Rabotnov T.A. 1973. Vliyanie mineral'nykh oudobreniï na louovye rasteniya i lougovye fitotsenosy [Influence des engrais minéraux sur la végétation des champs et la phytocnose. Influence of mineral fertilizeron field vegetation and phytocenosis] . M., Naouka.
En russe, in Russian.
Écologie, ecology, végétation, vegetation..

Radaeva S. & Bannasch P. 1996. Changes in catalase and glucose-6-phosphatase distribution patterns within oval cell compartment as possible differentiation markers during viral hepatocarcinogenesis in woodchucks. Differentiation, 60(3):169-78.
En anglai, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, cancer.

Cytochemical analysis at the ultrastructural level was performed to characterize expression of catalase and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity as possible differentiation markers in oval cells proliferating during hepatocarcinogenesis induced in woodchucks by chronic infection with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and additional treatment with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Oval cells from WHV-carriers treated with AFB1 showed two types of catalase-positive organelles: 1) microperoxisomes appearing as small strongly osmiophilic bodies corresponding to those present in biliary cells from control woodchucks, 2) peroxisomes with a hepatic staining pattern resembling those of mature hepatocytes but lacking a nucleoid. While in oval cells penetrating into the parenchyma a catalase-positive reaction product was restricted to rare microperoxisomes, in close vicinity to the portal tract about 30% of the oval cells produced peroxisomes with a hepatic staining pattern, indicating the existence of two different populations within the oval cell compartment. Peroxisomes with a hepatic staining pattern formed clusters and exhibited pleomorphism with marked variation in shape and size, the size sometimes coming up to that of normal hepatocellular peroxisomes. Serial sections revealed the complex organization of these peroxisomes. They consisted of several interconnected segments forming a peroxisomal reticulum. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a subpopulation of oval cells represents committed precursor cells capable of differentiating into hepatocytes. Activity of G6Pase was not demonstrable in this subpopulation of oval cells and became positive only in transitional cells. Differential expression of catalase and G6Pase activity in a stepwise fashion within the oval cell compartment appear to mark differentiation of oval cells into hepatocytes. Thus, elevated expression of catalase may be a useful early marker for the distinction of different subpopulations of oval cells committed to hepatic cell lineages before definitely changing their phenotype, whereas expression of G6Pase activity seems to begin later, accompanying morphological changes towards the phenotype of mature hepatocytes.

Radaeva S., Li Y., Hacker H.J., Burger V., Kopp-Schneider A. & Bannasch P. 2000. Hepadnaviral hepatocarcinogenesis: in situ visualization of viral antigens, cytoplasmic compartmentation, enzymic patterns, and cellular proliferation in preneoplastic hepatocellular lineages in woodchucks. J. Hepatol., 33(4):580-600.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite, hepatitis.

Hepadnaviral hepatocarcinogenesis induced in woodchucks with and without dietary aflatoxin B1 has been established as an appropriate animal model for studying the pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma in high-risk areas. Our aim in this study was the elucidation of phenotypic cellular changes in early stages of this process. Woodchucks were inoculated as newborns with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), and partly also exposed to aflatoxin B1. Sequential hepatocellular changes in the expression of viral antigens, ultrastructural organization, cellular proliferation and apoptosis were studied in situ by electron microscopy, enzyme and immunohistochemistry. A characteristic finding in WHV-infected animals (with and without aflatoxin B1) was proliferative areas of minimal structural deviation, which predominated periportally, comprised glycogen-rich, amphophilic, and ground-glass hepatocytes, and expressed the woodchuck hepatitis core and surface antigens. Two main types of proliferative foci emerged from minimal deviation areas, glycogenotic clear cell foci and amphophilic cell foci (being poor in glycogen but rich in mitochondria), giving rise to the glycogenotic-basophilic and the amphophilic preneoplastic hepatocellular lineages. A gradual loss in the expression of viral antigens appeared in both lineages, particularly early in the glycogenotic-basophilic cell lineage. Whereas glycogenosis was associated with an enzymic pattern suggesting an early activation of the insulin-signaling pathway, amphophilic cells showed changes in enzyme activities mimicking a response of the hepatocytes to thyroid hormone, which may also result from early changes in signal transduction. Preneoplastic hepatocellular lineages in hepadnaviral and chemical hepatocarcinognesis show strikingphenotypic similarities, indicating concordant and possibly synergistic early changes in signaling.

Radde Gustav Ferdinand Richard 1857. Ueber Arctomys bobac, dessen Wintershlaf u. Temperatur seine baue [Sur Arctomys bobac, de l'hibernation et de la température de son terrier. About A. bobac, hibernation and burrow remperature]. Bull. phys. math. Acad. St-Petersb., 15 : 317-318.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota bobac, thermorégulation, thermoregulation, terrier, burrow.

Radde G. 1858. Mélanges biologiques. II (6) : 572-574.
En français, in French.
Marmota bobac.

Radde G. 1863. Reisen im Süden von Ost-Sibirienin der Jahren 1855-1859 [Voyages dans le sud de l'est de la Sibérie. Travel in the south-eastern Siberia].
En allemand, in German.
Marmota sibirica (Radde, 1862) p. 159, terrier, burrow, Sibérie, Siberia, Gustav Ferdinand Richard Radde (1831 - 1903), naturaliste, naturalist, explorateur, explorer, ethnologiste; ethnologist.

La première de couverture présente une importante colonie de Marmota bobac sibirica. En premier plan, on peut voir les plantes caratéristiques des buttes des terriers : Rheum sp. et Urtica cannabina, qui selon Radde, dorment de tels groupes brillamment verts que dans sa légende de ce frontispice il a donné un nom spécial : jardin des marmottes. The frontispiece presents an exensive colony of Marmota bobac sibirica. In the foreground one sees the characteristics plants of these mounds: Rheum sp. and Urtica cannabina, which according to Radde's description, form such brilliantly green groups that in his explanation of the frontispiece he has given a special name: "marmot garden" (Murmelthiergärten).

Radúch (Raduch) J. 1992. Aby kamzíky a svište neprehrali. Tatry, 6: 24-27.
Marmota marmota latirostris, Tatras, Tatra mountains.

Radulesco C. & Kovacs A. 1970. Contribution à la connaissance de la marmotte fossile (Marmota cf. bobac Müller) au bassin de Sf. Gheoghe (dépression de Brasov) [Contribution to the knowledge of the fossil marmot (Marmota cf. bobac Müller) in the Sf. Gheoghe Basin (Brasov hollow)]. Trav. Inst. De Spéologie, Emile Racovitza, 13: 55-62.
En français, in French.
Marmota bobac, Marmota cf. bobak Müller (55), paléontologie, paleontology, Roumanie, Rumania.

Rafinesque 1833. Description d’une ville ancienne du Kentucky occidental sur la rivière Cumberland (Fragments des voyages du professeur Rafinesque, de 1815-1833) [Description of an ancient town of the western Kentucky on the Cumberland River (Extracts of the professor Rafinesque's travels)]. Bulletin de la société de Géographie, 20 : 236-Paris, chez Arthus- Bertrand.
En français, in French.
Archéologie, amerindiens, pas de marmottes.

Ragni B. & Vuerich C. 1989. Una preda speciale. Lince e marmota, un documento straordinario per l'Italia [Une proie spéciale. Le lynx et la marmotte, un document extraordinaire pour l'Italie. A special prey. Lynx and marmot, an extraordinary document for Italy]. Oasis, Quart., Anno V, 11: 100-101.
En italien, in Italian.
Lynx lynx, Marmota marmota, prédation, predation, Italie, Italia.

Raïskiï A.P. 1951. Jhivotnykh mir Tchkalovskoï oblasti. [Le monde animal de la région de Tchkalovski. Animal kingdom in the Chkalovski region]. Otcherki fizitcheskoï geografii, Tchkalov.
En russe, in Russian.
Faune, fauna, Russie, Russia.

Raïskiï A.O. 1956. Jivotnykh Tchkalovskoï oblasti [Le monde animal de la région de Tchkalovski. Animal kingdom in the Chkalovski region]. V kn. Po rodnomou krayou.
En russe, in Russian.
Faune, fauna, Tchkalovsk, Chkalovsk, Russie, Russia.

Rajagopalan Prabhu, Boudinot F.Douglas, Chu Chung K., Tennant Bud C., Baldwin Betty H. & Schinazi Raymond F. 1996. Pharmacokinetics of (-)-beta-D-2,6-diaminopurine dioxolane and its metabolite, dioxolane guanosine, in woodchucks (Marmot monax) [Pharmacocinétique du (-)-beta-D-2,6-diaminopurine dioxolane et de son métabolite, le dioxolane guanosine, chez la marmotte américaine]. Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy, 7(2): 65-70.
Marmota monax, Pharamacocinétique, Virus, Hépatite, hepatitis.

The woodchuck (Marmota monax) is a useful animal model for evaluating the in-vivo efficacy of antiviral agents against hepatitis B viral infection (HBV). The pharmacokinetics of a newly synthesized antiviral agent (-)-beta-D-2,6-diaminopurine dioxolane (DAPD) in woodchucks Is reported. DAPD is a nucleoside analogue, having potent and selective activity against human immunodeficiency virus and HBV in vitro. DAPD is susceptible to deamination in vivo by the ubiquitously present enzyme adenosine deaminase yielding the active metabolite dioxolane guanosine (DXG). The pharmacokinetics of DAPD and DXG were characterized following intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration of 20 mg kg-1 of DAPD to woodchucks. Plasma and urine samples were collected, and nucleoside concentrations were determined by HPLC. Following Intravenous administration, the half-life of DAPD averaged 6.7 +- 4.3 h, and that of DXG averaged 17.6 +- 14.5 h. The mean total clearance and steady state volume of distribution of DAPD were 0.33 +- 0.14 L h kg-1 and 1.76 +- 0.65 L kg-1, respectively. The oral bioavailability of DAPD ranged from 3.7-8.2%; however, the apparent availability of DXG following oral administration of DAPD was 10.5-53%.
Available pdf disponible

Rakhimov K.R. 1995. [Caractéristiques particulières de l'enzootie de peste dans le foyer naturel du sud du Kazakhstan sous l'influence d'une variété biochimique des population des gerbilles. géantes Peculiar characteristics of plague enzooty in natural foci of South Kazakhstan under the influence of biochemical variety of great gerbil populations]. Synopsis of thesis Cand. Sc., Medecine, Almaty, 26 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Rhombomys, épizootie, epizooty, peste, plague, Kazakhstan.

Rakovec Ivan 1935. Über diluviale Murmeltiere aus den Südostalpen. Prirod. Razprav., 2 : 245-292, 3 pls.
En Slovène avec résumé allemand, in Slovenian with German sum.]
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Alpes, Alps.

Rakovec Ivan 1949. [Nouvelles découvertes de marmotts du Pléistocène en Slovénie. New finds of Pleistocene marmots in Slovenia]. Raz. Mat. Prir. Raz. Akad. Znanosti, Prirod., Od. 4 : 205-228, 1 pl.
En Slovène avec résumé anglais, in Slovenian, English summary.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Europe, Slovénie.

Rakovec I. 1961. The new marmot remains from Slovenia [Nouveaux fossiles de marmottes de Slovénie]. Razprave VI. Razreda Slov. Akad. Znan. Umet, 23: 353-365.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Europe, Slovenie, Slovenia.

Ralls K. 1971. Mammalian scent marking [Le marquage odorant chez les mammifères]. Science, 171: 443-449.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, marquage, marking.

Rall' Yu.M. 1945a. Tipy poselenii i dinamitcheskaya plotnosti sourkov, kak faktor otchagovosti tchoumy v Tsentralinom Tyan'-Chane [Populations types et densité dynamique des marmottes comme facteur des foyers de peste du Tien Chan central. Population types and dynamic density of marmots as factor in plague foci in Central Tien Shan]. Tr. Rostovsk, n:d protivotchoumnogo in-ta, 4.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Rall' Yu.M. 1945b. [La densité dynamique des rongeurs et quelques méthodes de leur étude. The dynamic density of rodents and some methods of studying it]. Byulletin Mosk. Obshchestva Ispitatcle Prorodi, Sect. Zool., 50: 62-64.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, Rongeurs, Rodents, Marmota, dénombrement, census.

Rall' Yu.M. 1958. Lektsii po epizootologii tchoumy [Cours sur l'épizootologie de la peste. Lectures on plague epizootology]. Stavropol', Kn. izd-vo, 244pp.
Épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Rall' Yu.M. 1960. Gryzouny i irirodnye otchagi tchoumy [Les rongeurs et les foyers naturels de peste. Rodents and natural foci of plague]. M., Medgiz., 224p.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Transbaikal .

Rall' Yu.M. 1965. Prirodnaya otchagovost' i epizootologiya tchoumy [Foyers naturels et l'épizootologie de la peste. Natural foci and plague epizootology]. M., Meditsina. Épizootie, epizooty.

Rambert, Eugène 1869-1875. Les Alpes suisses. Bâle, H. Georg, 4 vol. in-8. T. I. Les Plaisirs d'un grimpeur. Linththal et les Clarides. Les Cerises du vallon de Gueuroz. Les Plantes alpines. À propos de l'accident de Cervin. Origine des plantes alpines ; T. II. Les Alpes et la liberté. Deux jours de chasse sur les Alpes vaudoises. Le Chevrier de Praz-de-Fort. La Dent du Midi. Une chanson en patois. Situation géographique de la Dent du Midi ; T. III. Une course manquée. Une bibliothèque à la montagne. Le Voyage du glacier. Notre forteresse. Interlaken. Appendice ; T. V. La Marmotte au collier. Les « Landsgemeindes » de la Suisse.
>En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Suisse, Switzeland.

Rambert Eugène 1889. Études de la littérature alpestre. F. Rouge.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Alpes, Alps.

Rambert E. 1889. La marmotte au collier. F. Rouge. 
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota.

Ramenskii S.E., Bibikov D.I., Kapitonov V.I., Pole S.B., Formozov N.A., Smirin Yu.M. 1988. Geograficheskaya izmenchivost' zvoukovogo signala tchernoshapochnogo sourka. [Variabilité géographique de la taille des marmottes de Mongolie et du Touva. Geographic variability of the body size of marmots from Mongolia and Tuva]. Mater. VII Vsesoyusn. sovesh. po gryzounam. Sverdlovsk, 1: 41-43.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, morphologie, morphology, Mongolie, Mongolia, Touva.

Ramond de Carbonnières Louis 1781. Lettres de M. William Coxe à M. W. Helmoth sur l'Ètat politique, civil et naturel de la Suisse [trad.] Paris, Belin.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, Ethnozoologie, ethnozoology, Marmota marmota.

Ramos C.N. 1999. Great Basin Naturalist, 59(2): 151-159.
En anblais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota flaviventris, Irvingtonian, Badger locality, Colorado, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Ramousse R. 1993. Fichier bibliographique Marmottes [Bibliographic file on marmots]. 125 pp., 2000 références avec résumés.
Marmota, bibliographie, bibliography.

Ramousse R. 1997. Bibliographia Marmotarum. International Marmot Network, 350 p.
Marmota, bibliographie, bibliography. Ramousse R. & Giboulet O. 1997. Some aspects of the present socio-economic value of the Alpine marmot in France [Quelques aspects de la valeur socio-économique actuelle de la marmotte alpine en France]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya [Holarctic marmots as a factor of iodiversity], III Mejdnarodnaya Konferentsiya po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov [III International Conference on marmots, Abstracts], 81 (Russian), 182 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English)
Marmota marmota, économie, economy, France.

Ramousse R., & Giboulet O. 1997b. Space structuration in Alpine marmots in ancient habitats and new colonization sites [Structuration de l'espace chez la marmotte alpine dans les habitats anciens et les nouveaux sites de colonisation]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya [Holarctic marmots as a factor of iodiversity], III Mejdnarodnaya Konferentsiya po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov [III International Conference on marmots, Abstracts], 82 (Russian), 182 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota marmota, domaine vital, home range, colonisation, colonization.

Ramousse R. & Giboulet O. (;Рамюсс Р. & Жибуле ; О.) 2002a. In the name of marmot and chamois: value of trade use of their names. Сурки и серны в фймилиях и названиях : оценка их роли в хозяйственной деятельности дюдей. [Sourki i serny v amiliyakh i nazvaniyakh: otsenka ikh poli v khozyaïstvennoï deyatel'nosti liudeï. Au nom de la marmotte et du chamois : l'utilisation commerciale de leurs noms]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF, Moscow, 323-328.
En anglais et en russe, résumé en français ; in English and in Russian, French abstract).
Marmota marmota, socio-économie, socio-economy.
L’étude comparative de l’utilisation des noms de marmotte, chamois et isard dans les enseignes commerciales des différents départements français, à partir de l’annuaire téléphonique électronique de France, montre l’importance de l’image de la marmotte et de son nom comme support économique.
Available pdf disponible

Ramousse R., Giboulet O. & Le Berre M. (;Рамюсс Р., Жибуле ; О. & Ле Бэр М.) 2002b. Marmot presence signs and space structure of alpine marmot habitats. Признаки присутствия сурков т пространственная структура местообитаний альпийского сурка. [Priznaki prisoutstviya sourkov i prostranstvennaya strouktoura mestoobitaniï al'piïskogo sourka. Indices de présence et structuration de l'espace des habitats de la marmotte alpine]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF, Moscow, 329-337.
En anglais et en russe, résumé en français ; in English and in Russian, French abtract).
Marmota marmota, habitat historique, historic habitat, colonisation, colonization.
Est-il possible de caractériser l’organisation spatiale de différentes populations de marmottes dans différents habitats ? Nous proposons une méthode basée sur l’échantillonnage des indices de présence dans trois sites historiques et un site d’introduction récente (30 ans). Des quadrats (5Ox50 m) ont été localisés, tous les 100 m, le long d’un transect. La fréquence et la position des indices de présence (Terriers, abris, latrines externes, fèces isolées et grattages) ont été déterminés dans chaque quadrat. La fréquence de tous les indices est plus élevée dans les habitats anciens. Cependant, les habitats soumis à une pression touristique ou agricole présentent un nombre plus faible de latrines et de fèces et un nombre de grattage plus élevé. Les habitats nouvellement colonisés sont caractérisés par une fréquence faible de terriers et de grattages et l’absence de latrines et de fèces. La méthode d ‘échantillonnage testée donne une image globale caractéristique de chaque habitat, mais ne permet pas une analyse détaillée de leurs différences. Cependant, après une discussion des fonctions des différents indices de présence, nous suggérons que l’organisation spatiale des marmottes introduites est le résultat d’une faible colonisation des prairies et d’un faible niveau de compétition sociale et spatiale.
Available pdf disponible

Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre eds. 1992. Journée d'étude sur la marmotte alpine [Study day on alpine marmot]. Actes séminaire national sur la marmotte alpine, 1-98.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, France.

Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre 1993a. Fifty years of management of alpine marmots in France [Cinquante ans de gestion des marmottes alpines en France]. Abstr. Sixth Intern. Theriological Cong., ed. M.L. Augee, 250.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, histoire, history, gestion, management, France.

Until World War II Alpine marmots were considered as game animals and constituted an important natural resource for mountain people in France supplying food and skin for handcraft. Intensive exploitation led to a preoccupant decline of the populations. The first data concerning management appeared with the onset of Nature reserves in theAlpine mountains. Nowadays marmots are considered as game animals. But their status has evolved : according to the geographic area, they are either strictly protected or considered as game animals. Marmots are no longer thought an interesting game. Only a few traditional hunters kill them for winter consumption and hunting is authorized two or three weeks only before marmots hibernate. The main aspect of management is the translocation of marmots. It began in 1948 with introductions in areas where marmots became extinct during pre-historical times : Pyrenees, Central Massif, Vosges (7% of captured animals). Translocation of marmots permitted also reintroduction in places where these animals had recently disappeared (Prealps or Alps) or to re-inforce populations in other places (86% of translocated animals). In such a way, marmot is the only medium sized mammal, in France, showing an extension of its range since the last quarter of century. The demographic increase has beneficial aspects on energetic network of Alpine ecosystems: it allows the development of predators such as Golden eagle or Red foxes and increases the biodiversity of the ecosystem (reducing the predation pressure on other frail species). Causes of translocations are various : complaints of farmers; balancing or increasing of frail island populations ; translocations into safer areas following large-scale engineering works. But the main motive supporting reintroduction is socio-economics linked to summer tourism and recreation development. Most of relases were successful, with the exception of acclimatizations attempted in Jura and in Vosges, though few had any formal planning or evaluation and low number of animals were involved. They may explain the present increase of the marmot range. But, at the same time marmots are still disappearing in some places and most of the marmot populations outside protected areas are precarious. Re-introductions were realized without or few any formal planning or evaluation. It is important to develop criteria for measuring the success of different rehabilitation schemes taking into account the socio-economic backgrounds.

Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre 1993b. Réflexions sur les procédures de transfert de la marmotte Alpine [Thoughts on translocation rules of the alpine marmots]. Ibex, J.M.E., 1:1-5.
En français, in French.
Available pdf disponible Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, France, Drôme.

Viene delineato un breve quadro delle operazioni di reintroduzione di Marmotta effettuate in Europa. Negli anni 1973-74 marmotte provenienti dalla Vanoise sono state reintrodotte nei Carpazi rumeni. Viene esposto il programma di una nuova reintroduzione di marmotte (seguita fino dai suoi primi passi), effettuata nelle prealpi della Drôme. l principali problemi legati alla reintroduzione di marmotte sono l'assenza di controllo scientifico e la mancanza di un esame dei costi reali di tali operazioni.

Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre 1993c. Management of Alpine marmot populations [Gestion des populations de marmottes alpines]. Oecologia Montana, 2: 23-29.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, gestion, management, conservation, réintroduction, re-introduction.

Phylogenetic and geological aspects of marmot settlement in Europe are considered. Historical relations between people and marmot populations are examined explaining the current settlement of Alpine marmots. At the end of the XXth century, Alpine marmot populations are in expansion. This fact is related to changes in anthropogenic pressure and to the creation of protected areas in mountain. Technical, biological, ethical and legal aspects of translocation of marmots in Europe are examined.
Recommandations are made in order to define a modern way of management of marmot populations.
Available pdf disponible

Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre 1993d. Structuration de l'espace par les marmottes dans les Alpes et les Pyrénées [Marmot space organization in the Alps and the Pyrenees]. VIIe Incontro du Studi sulla Marmotta, Sestola (Modena) 16-17 settembre 1993.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, spatial, space, France, Alpes, Alps, Pyrénées, Pyrenees..

Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre eds. 1993e. 2ème Journée d'étude sur la marmotte alpine [Second study day on alpine marmot]. Actes séminaire national sur la marmotte alpine, 1-102.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, France.

Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre eds. 1995. 3ème Journée d'étude sur la marmotte alpine [Third study day on alpine marmot]. Actes séminaire national sur la marmotte alpine, 1-96.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, France.

Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre 1996b. Pour un projet de charte de réintroduction de la marmotte Alpine en France. Towards a charter project to Alpine Marmot re-introduction in France. In 3ème Journée d'Etude sur la marmotte alpine, Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre eds., Réseau International sur la Marmotte, Lyon, 81-88.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, charte, charter.

A partir des résultats de 7 années de recherche sur les interactions entre populations de marmottes, milieu naturel alpin et populations humaines, ce travail représente une participation à la réalisation d'une charte pour la réintroduction de la marmotte alpine en France.
From the results of seven years of research on the interactions between marmot populations - Alpine natural environment and human populations, this work is a participation in view of the accomplishment of an Alpine marmot reintroduction charter.

Ramousse R. & M. Le Berre eds. 1997. 4ème Journée d'étude sur la marmotte alpine [Third study day on alpine marmot]. Actes séminaire national sur la marmotte alpine, 1-100.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, France.

Ramousse Raymond & Le Berre Michel 2003. La Marmotte des Alpes : Marmota marmota (Linné, 1758) [Alpine marmot]. In Évolution holocène de la faune de Vertébrés de France : invasions et disparitions [Holocene evolution of the vertebrate fauna in France]. 9.6. Annexe F : notes relatives aux espèces allochtones pour au moins une entité biogéographique de France et aux espèces autochtones temporairement disparues de France puis de retour (n = 154 invasions biologiques), Pascal M., Lorvelec O., Vigne J.-D., Keith P. & Clergeau P. (coordonnateurs), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Rapport au Ministère de l'Écologie et du Développement Durable (Direction de la Nature et des Paysages), Paris, France, 309-311.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, Holocène, Holocene.
pdf

Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. 2005. From Mus alpinus to alpine marmot, a tentaive hitory. Ot Mus alpinus k al’piiskomou sourkou, eksperimental’naya istoriya. [De Mus alpinus à la marmotte alpine, histoire provisoire]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 100-101.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota marmota, Mus alpinus, marmontaine, marmotaine, marmotan, marmontane, histoire, history, philologie, philology.
Bestiaries, treatises of zoology, old dictionaries or encyclopaedias named and described animaIs which hold the attention of people at their time. The oldest bestiaries, written in Greek, did not have information about animals of the western countries. The first known quotation of a mountain rat was made by Pliny the elder in his Natural Histories (1rst century). But the description is short and vague. After re-reading of the early treatises of zoology and dictionaries, Estienne (1539), Gesner (1551), Munster (1575), Holland (1601), Nicot (1606), Cotgrave and Florio (1611), Ray (1693), the Académie fran°aise's Dictionary (1694), Buffon (1765), Brehm (1891) and Bonnier (1922), we will discuss of the evolution of the vernacular names of this animal and of its range during historic time as well as of the description of making hay-litter.
Russian PDF russe

Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. 2006. Introduction to the zoohistory of alpine marmots [Introduction à la zoohistoire des marmottes alpines]. In Marmots in anthropogenic landscapes of Eurasia, 9th International Meeting on Marmots.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, zoohistoire, zoohistory, paléontologie, paleontology, archéozoologie, archeozoology.
Russian PDF russe

Ramousse R., Le Berre M. & O. Giboulet 1999. La Marmotte alpine. Le Courrier de l'environnement de l'INRA,36 : 39-52.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, conservation, France.

Ramousse R., M. Le Berre & S. Massemin 1993a. Le paradoxe des réintroductions de la marmotte en France [Re-introduction paradox of the alpine marmot in France]. Bull. Soc. zool. Fr., 118 (3) : 287-294.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introductiion, France.

Ramousse R., M. Le Berre & S. Massemin 1993b. Selective foraging of alpine marmots in alpine meadows [Affouragement sélectif des marmottes alpines dans les prairies alpines]. Abstr. Sixth Intern. Theriological Cong., ed. M.L. Augee, 250-251.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, alimentation, foraging, France, Savoie.

Foraging of a familial group of Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) was studied in an Alpine meadow (2,400 m) in Savoie (France) during the summer 1991. The aim of the study was to describe the type of food use in relation to the time in year through a microhistological examination of fecal pellets collected in the study area during three months and a vegetation sampling in the home range of the group. Plant fragments and plant items were classified to species only for dicotyledons. Alpine marmots prefer forb species (88%) over graminoids (10%). They prefer flowers and inflorescences (respectively 52 et 6%) than leaves and stems. The proportion of graminoids and of inflorescences in fecal samples decreased significantly from July to September, when proportion of seeds increased, even if their abundance was still low. Licking of schist surfaces was observed. This behaviour was attributed to mineral deficiency. The most commonly occuring plant fragment over the three months (28, 19, 24% of all items) was an unidentified dicotyledon flower. The two other most common plant fragments were leguminous : vegetative parts of Astragalus montanus, (12, 14 et 14%) and flowers of Oxytropis gaudini (2, 11 et 14%). Graminoids were more abundant than forbs during the three months. Marmots do not feed on all items in proportion to their abundance. Among the 49 forb species found on this home range, only 9 were identified in fecal analysis. With the exception of Astragalus, the eight other species had low or very low covering rate and were situated far from the main burrow. Results indicated that Alpine marmots choose their food plants and select mostly forb flowers. Forbs, especially leguminous, have a higher mineral content and a higher protein content than grasses. Food selectivity is affected by phenology of the plant species, diet superiority and avoidance of plant secondary compounds. This selectivity would explain that marmots spend a great proportion of their foraging time in searching and that cohesion of the members of the familial group is low during foraging. Similar results have been found with Marmota caligata, Marmota flaviventris and Marmota monax.

Ramousse R., M. Le Berre, Nebel D. & Le Guelte L. 1994. Introduction de la marmotte alpine dans la réserve du Mont Valier : premier bilan [Introduction of the alpine marmot in the Mount Valier Reserve: first evaluation]. In 2ème Journée d'étude sur la marmotte alpine, Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. eds. 49-54.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, France, Ariège.

Ramousse R., M. Le Berre & Traversier J.L. 1992. Un exemple de réintroduction [A re-introduction exemple]. Actes Journée d'étude de la marmotte Alpine, 27-32.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, France, Drôme..

Ramousse R., Martinot J.P. & M. Le Berre 1992. Vent'anni di politica di reintroduzione della marmotta alpina nel parco Nazionale della Vanoise (Alpi francesi). Twenty Years of re-introduction policy of alpine marmots in the national park of La Vanoise (French Alps) [Vingt ans de politique de réintroduction de la marmotte alpine dans le Parc National de la Vanoise (Alpes françaises)]. Proc. 1st Int. Symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. Marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi, Macchi, eds., Torino, 171-177.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, France, Savoie.

Ramousse R., Métral J. & Giboulet O. 2002. An introduction of alpine marmots in the Central Massif (France): twenty years of survey. Une introduction de marmottes alpines dans le Massif Central (France) : vingt-ans de suivi. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds., International Marmot Network, Lyon, 110-111.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota marmota, alpine marmot, marmotte alpine, introduction, subalpine level, étage subalpin.

Ramousse R., Métral J. & Giboulet O. 2003. Alpine marmot introduction in the Mézenc Massif (France): twenty years monitoring. Introduction de marmottes alpines dans le Massif du Mézenc (France) : vingt-ans de suivi. Введение альпийского сурка в массив Мезенк (Франциа): двадцать лет мониторига. In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 259-268.
Anglais, français et résumé russe; English, French and Russian abstract
PDF disponible/available
Marmota marmota, alpine marmot, marmotte alpine, introduction, colonization, colonisation, subalpine level, étage subalpin.
Malgré l'absence historique de marmotte alpine dans le massif du Mézenc (France), cette dernière a été relâchée dans les étages montagnard et subalpin du massif dans les années 1980. Des suivis annuels ont été réalisés depuis 1988. La taille de cette population a régulièrement augmenté. Elle comprend actuellement 57 groupes familiaux. Les paramètres caractéristiques de chacun de ces groupes ont été mesurés et analysés à l'aide d'une Analyse de Correspondance Multiple pour décrire le processus de colonisation. Les groupes familiaux se sont installés d'abord à proximité du site du premier lâcher, à faible distance les uns des autres. Ils ont ensuite colonisé les niveaux altitudinaux supérieurs, jusqu'à 1700 m, situés sur le versant sud du massif. Puis, les installations de marmottes se sont éloignées de plus en plus du premier site de lâcher et se sont déplacées vers le plateau du versant Atlantique. Les dernières installations se sont réalisées principalement, à basse altitude (<1300 m), dans les pâturages à proximité de ruines. ce processus de colonisation dans le massif central est comparé à celui qui a été suivi dans les pyrénées.

Ramousse R., Nebel D. & Le Guelte L. 1994. Cartographie des facteurs écologiques et de la population de marmottes dans la réserve du Mont Vallier (Ariège). Mapping ecological factors and marmot population in Mont Valier Nature Reserve, Pyrenees, France. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 116-117.
En français, et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, cartographie, cartography, France, Ariège.
The aim of this programme, written in BASIC, is to draw symbolic representation of data on previously drawn maps. The original map, obtained by use of a drawing progamme (such as Mac Draw or Canvas), is in a Pict file, with maximal dimensions of 240x240 mm. Data, which represent an array having n1 columms (variables or presence-absence of some characteristics) and n2 rows (longitudes for instance), are stored in a text file. Each cell of the array corresponds, for instance, to a 200 x 200 meter quadrat in the field, which could be represented as a 4x4mm square on the map (scale: 1/50,000). The square could be black or white or inbetween, according to the value of the variable corresponding to the column. Three predefined scales for the squares are available and one other scales can be defined. Presentation of data can be realized in black and white or in colors, under each option either with variation of intensity or symbols. Eight different densities of points can be used in black and white presentation and two tints, a background colour and a forecolour, with 8 possible colour (white, black, red, blue, yellow, magenta and cyan) and with 5 possible gradations of the background colour, in coloured presentation. In both cases (black and white or colours), presence-absence can be represented with symbols (a marmot for instance in the quadrat where marmots are found. The symbol must be in a Pict file. The map is drawn on the screen and can be printed and/or saved in a Pict file and can be modify using Mac Draw for instance. This programme has been run to study the characteristic parameters of the spatial distribution of the marmot population of Mont Valier.

Ramousse R., D. Nebel & L. Le Guelte 1996. Cartographie des facteurs écologiques et de la population de marmotte dans la réserve du Mont Valier (Ariège). Mapping ecological factors and marmot population in Mount Valier Nature reserve (French Pyrenees). In Biodiversité chez les marmottes/Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 247-248.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota marmota, écologie, ecology, cartographie, cartography, France, Ariège.

Un système d'informations géographiques (GIS) est en cours de réalisation pour la réserve naturelle du Mont Valier (Pyrénées), avec une maille de 200x200m. Un programme permet d'obtenir une représentation des données numériques, recueillies pour une maille donnée, sur une carte sous forme de carrés avec une coloration graduée et une échelle donnée et les données de présence/absence sous forme de symboles. Les caractéristiques de la distribution des marmottes de cette réserve ont été cartographiées. Ce système rendra possible la modélisation de la distribution spatiale des paramètres écologiques et de la faune et flore sauvages et permettra ainsi le contrôle de la distribution et de l'abondance et la prédiction de leurs modifications futures.
A geographic information system (GIS) is in process for the Mount Valier Nature reserve (Pyrenees) with a 200x200 m field mesh size. The aim of this project is to draw symbolic representation of data on a previously drawn map. Data collected for each mesh are represented as a black or white or in-between square on the map, according to its value with a given scale. Presentation of data can be realized in black and white or in colours. Presence/absence data can be represented with symbols. Characteristic parameters of marmot distribution in the Mount Valier reserve were mapped. This system will allow modelling of the spatial distribution of the variables, then an efficient monitoring of distribution and abundance and a prediction of their future changes.

Ramuz Charles-Ferdinand, 1934. Derborence. Lausanne: Mermod (Aujourd'hui), p. 235.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, Marmota marmota.
... c'est qu'il y en a, par là-haut dans les lapiés, et je les ai vues. Elles ont leurs trous entre les pierres, ces marmottes, c'est malin, disait-il, mais moi!... il y en a une qui est assise en avant des autres pour surveiller ce qui se passe. Quand elle vous voit venir, elle siffle...

Ramuz Charles-Ferdinand 1936. Le garçon savoyard. Aujourd'hui, Lausanne, Mermod.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, Marmota marmota.

Ramuz C. F. 1941. Le garçon savoyard. Si le soleil ne revenait pas. Oeuvres complètes, Tome 18, Lausanne, Mermod.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, Marmota marmota.

Ramuz C.F. 1940-1941, 1954. Œuvres complètes. Lausanne: H.L. Mermod,. 23 tomes. Tome 17: Adam et Eve - Derborence.
Littérature française, French literature, Marmota marmota.

Ramuz C.F. 1951-1958. Collection C.F. Ramuz. Lausanne: Rencontre / Mermod,. 40 volumes. Tome 28: Derborence.
Littérature française, French literature, Marmota marmota.

Ramuz Charles-Ferdinand 1951. Le garçon savoyard. Lausanne, Rencontre, 179 p.
Littérature française, French literature, Marmota marmota.

Ramuz C.F. 1967-1968. Œuvres complètes. Lausanne: Editions Rencontre, 20 tomes. Tome 14: Littérature française, French literature, Marmota marmota, Farinet - Derborence.

Ranconnet Aimar de & Nicot Jean 1606. Thresor de la langue françoise tant ancienne que moderne auquel entre autres choses sont les noms propres de marine, vénerie & faulconnerie cy-devant ramassez par Aimar de Ranconnet ; reveu et augmenté en cette dernière impression de plus de la moitié par Jean Nicot...avec une grammaire françoise et latine & le recueil des vieux proverbes de la France, ensemble le Nomenclator de Junius mis par ordre alphabétic, & creu d'une table particulière de toutes les dictions. Paris, D. Douceur, 966 p., Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Dictionnaire, dictionary, Langue, language, Français, French. Ranconnet Aimar de (14..-1559), Nicot Jean (1530?-1600?).
pdf

Rand A.L. 1943. Alaska Highway field notes-microfiche [Microfiches des notes de terrain de l’autoroute d’Alaska]. Canadian Museum of Nature.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Alaska, États-Unis d’Amérique, USA.

Rand A.L. 1944. The southern half of the Alaska highway and its mammals [La moitié sud de l'autoroute de l'Alaska et ses mammifères]. National Museum of Canada Bulletin, 98: 2-50.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caligata, marmotte givrée, hoary marmot, Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, woodchuck, Liard Crossing, British Columbia, Canada.

Rand 1945.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax ochracea, Marmota caligata caligata, Marmota caligata oxytona, Canada, Yukon.

Rand 1948.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax canadensis, Canada, Alberta.

Rand A.L. 1954. The ice age and mammal speciation in North America [La période glaciaire et la spéciation des mammifères en Amérique du Nord]. Arctic, 7: 31-35.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, géologie, gology, évolution, evolution, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Randik A. 1972. Svist vrchovsky (Marmota marmota). Ochrana fauny, 6 : 1.
En Polonais, in Polish.
Marmota marmota.

Ranganathan P.N. & Feitelson M.A. 1997.Direct synthesis of full length p53 cDNA from frozen liver. Biochem. Mol. Bio.l Int., 41(5): 861-867.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, foie, liver, ARN, RNA.

RNA secondary structures can inhibit efficient first strand synthesis in the construction of cDNA clones. Here we report a procedure that incorporates an initial computer analysis of potential secondary structures in related mRNAs. Then a modified, direct reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedure optimized for obtaining a full length cDNA starting from a small amount of frozen tissue, without the need for a library construction, is performed. This modified approach is compared to the gene-specific first strand primer method. In addition, the first strand obtained by each of these methods is amplified using two different types of PCR. The utility of this procedure is demonstrated by the successful synthesis of a full length 1.2 kb p53 cDNA by both methods of PCR, from total RNA isolated from woodchuck liver.

Ransom, W.H. 1932. Autumn Record for Marmot in Western Montana [Trace automnale de marmottes dans le Montana occidentale]. The Murrelet, 13(2): 56.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, yellow-bellied marmot, marmotte à ventre jaune, États-Unis, Montana.

Rapoport L.P. 1961. [Données sur la faune des mammifères des pentes nord de la chaîne du Turkestan. Materials on fauna of mammals on North slopes of Turkestan ridge]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivotch. in-ta., Alma-Ata-Frounze, 7: 345-352.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, Turkestan.

Rapoport L.P., Berendyaeva E.L., Kul`kova N.A., Mikhailiuta A.A. 1969. [Marquage des puce avec des isotopes radio-actifs et transport des insectes par les marmottes dans différentes conditions. Tagging of fleas by radioactive isotopes and carrying of insects by marmots in different conditions]. Probl. osobo opasn. infec., Saratov, 3: 156-160.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, puces, fleas, Pulex, transport, radio-activité, radioactivity.

Rapoport T L.P., Subbotin YU.I., Kukin V.M. & Putyatin V.V. 1974. O landchaftnom raspredelenii i tchislennosti gryzounov na khrebtakh Yujnogo Kazakhstana [Répartition des paysages et dénombrement des rongeurs sur les chaînes du sud du Kazakhstan Landscape distribution and counting of rodents in the mountain ranges of the south of Kazakhstan]. Materialy VIII naoutchn. konferentsii protivotchoumnykh outchrejdeniï Sr. Azii i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata, 36-38.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, répartition, distribution, paysages, landscapes, Kazakhstan.

Rapoport L.P., Putyatin V.V. & Subbotin Yu.I. 1977. Rasprostranenie i tchislennost' sourka Menzbira v gorakh Yujnogo Kazakhstana [Répartition et nombre de marmotte de Menzbier dans les montagnes du sud du Kazakhstan. Distribution and number of Menzbier's marmots in the mountain range of the south Kazakhstan]. Redkie vidy mlekopitayuchtchikh i ikh okhrana, Materialy II Vsesoyuzn. sovechtchaniya, M. Naouka, 88-89.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, répartition, distribution, dénombrement, census, Kazakhstan..

Rasberry D.A. 1982. A checklist of mammals in Virginia [Liste des mammifères de Virginie].UNPB. Dep. Fish. and Wildl. Sci. Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va:7.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte commune ou américaine, É,tats-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Virginia, Tennessee.

Rashek V.A. 1980. [La réserve naturelle de Tchatkal. The Chatkal State Nature Reserve]. Nature Reserves in the USSR, Moscow: Lesnaya Promyshlennost' Publishers, 157- 159.
En russe, in Russian.
Réserve, reserve, Russie, Russia.

Rashid K.A., Babish J.G. & Mumma R.O. 1984. Potential of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid conjugates as promutagens in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test. J. Environ. Sci. Health B., 19(8-9): 689-701.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Salmonella typhimurium, hépatite, hepatitis.

Hepatic S9 preparations from Aroclor 1254 induced rats and 3-methylcholanthrene induced woodchucks were used to investigate, in vitro, the mutagenic potential of five amino acid conjugates of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (alanine, aspartic acid, leucine, methionine and tryptophan). Five strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1538) were utilized for this purpose. Dose-response effects producing a two-fold increase of revertants over spontaneous levels were not observed with either S9 preparation indicating that the amino acid conjugates are not promutagens in these assays.

Rashid K.A., Babish J.G., Johnson B.E. & Mumma R.O. 1985. Comparative mutagenicity tests in the Salmonella/microsome assay with rat and woodchuck S9 preparations. Toxicology, 36(2-3): 139-146.
Marmota monax, Salmonella typhimurium, hépatite, hepatitis.

The Salmonella mutagenicity assay was utilized to compare the hepatic S9 fractions from untreated and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) induced woodchucks with Aroclor 1254 induced rats. Three known promutagens, benzo[a]pyrene (BP), 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), and 2-aminofluorene (AF) were tested at 5 concentrations with the strain TA100 against 3 levels of S9 fraction. Both woodchuck S9 fractions were as effective as the rat S9 in activating BP and both were more effective than the rat S9 in activating DMBA. Untreated woodchuck S9 was also as effective as rat S9 in activating AF. The protein content of the S9 fraction did not differ significantly between rats and woodchucks, but the P-450 content of the rat S9 was approximately 3.5 times that of woodchuck.

Rashid K.A., Babish J.G. & Mumma R.O. 1988. In vitro activation assays with hepatic S9 preparation from wild and laboratory reared woodchucks in the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Toxicology, 48(1): 53-59.
Marmota monax, Salmonella typhimurium, hépatite, hepatitis.

The Salmonella mutagenicity assay was utilized to compare hepatic S9 fractions derived from wild and laboratory reared woodchucks (Marmota monax). Two promutagens, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracence (DMBA) and 2-amino-fluorene (AF) were tested at 5 concentrations with the tester strains TA98 and TA100, against 2 levels of S9 fraction. AF produced similar number of revertants with the S9 fraction from wild and laboratory-reared animals. DMBA produced 2-4 times more revertant colonies at 50 microliter S9/plate with wild woodchuck S9 than with S9 from the laboratory-reared animals with both tester strains. It was concluded that natural inducers in the wild woodchuck diet may have contributed to the increased reversion frequency over laboratory reared woodchucks. Dose-response parameters for the activation of DMBA by S9 fraction from woodchucks and rats were compared with TA100. Woodchuck S9 had 3-40 more revertants/nmol and a 100-fold lower threshold of response than S9 from Aroclor 1254-induced rats.

Rashid K.A., Baldwin I.T., Babish J.G., Schultz J.C. & Mumma R.O. 1985. Mutagenicity tests with gallic and tannic acid in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay. J. Environ. Sci. Health B., 20(2): 153-165.
Marmota monax, Salmonella typhimurium, hépatite, hepatitis.

Gallic acid, tannic acid mixture and a purified fraction of tannic acid were evaluated for possible mutagenic activity in three strains of Salmonella typhimurium, TA98, TA100, and TA1535. These chemicals were not mutagenic either before or after activation with rat and woodchuck microsomal and cytosolic enzymes. However, tannic acid mixture and tannic acid fraction both gave a significantly (p = 0.05) dose-related reduction in the number of the revertant colonies, compared to the normal spontaneous revertants with no apparent toxic effects in the background lawn. With an agar diffusion assay, the chemicals exhibited toxic effects at 5000 micrograms/disc.

Rasin B.V. 1993. Nekotorye osobennosti uslovii suschestvovanya sovrenneogo rasprostraneniya i tchislennosti serogo surka na severnikh Djungarskogo Alatau [Quelques particularités des conditions d'existence, de répartition contemporaine et d'effectif de la baibacina sur les versants septentrionnaux de l'Alataou Djungarski. Some peculiarities of life conditions, actual distribution and number of the baibacina marmots on the western slopes of the Alatau Dzhungarski]]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 29.
En russe, in Russian. Marmota baibacina, population, faunistique, fauna, Russie, Russia, Sibérie, Siberia.

Rasmussen A.T. 1915. The oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood during hibernation in the woodchuck (Marmota monax) [L'oxygène et le dioxyde de carbone du sang pendant l'hibernation de la marmotte (M. monax)]. Am. J. Physiol., 39(1): 20-30.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, hibernation, respiration, sang, blood.

Rasmussen A.T. 1916a. A further study of the blood gases during hibernation in the woodchucks (Marmota monax), the respiratory capacity of the blood [Étude complémentaire des gaz sanguins durant l'hibernation chez les marmottes (M. monax), capacité respiratoire et sanguine]. Am. J. Physiol., 41 : 162-172.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, hibernation, respiration, sang, blood.

A determination of the blood gases after treating woodchucks with chloretone, indicates that the use of ether in the previous series of experiments on blood gases during hibernation decreased somewhat the amount of CO2 in the venous blood of the active animal. 2. All other figures in the series agree with those obtained in the first series as closely as could be expected, and hence show the same general condition - that there is a relatively high CO2 content in the blood of the woodchuck even when awake and active, that there is a marked increase in the amount of CO2 in the blood during hibernation and especially during the latter part of this torpid state, and that the difference in the amount of gases in the venous and in the arterial blood is greater during winter-sleep than during the active state. 3. A single case was found in which during hibernation the venous blood could not be distinguished from the arterial by its general appearance. This venous blood upon analysis contained only 0.81 volumetric per cent less oxygen than did the arterial. This conditions, which has been reported as being the general rule in the dormant state of hibernating animals by a number of observers, is only rarely found in the woodchuck. 4. The oxygen absorbing power of the blood for CO2 decreases during hibernation. This may be ascribed to a probable decrease in the alkalinity of the blood.

Rasmussen A.T. 1916. Blood changes in the woodchuck (Marmota monax) during hibernation [Variations sanguins chez les marmottes (Marmota monax) au cours de l'hibernation]. Thesis (Ph. D.), Cornell university.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hibernation.

Rasmussen A.T. 1916b. The corpuscules, hemoglobin content and specific gravity of the blood during hibernation on the woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Les corpuscules, les hémoglobines et la gravité spécifique du sang pendant l'hibernation des marmottes (M. monax)]. Am. J. Physiol., 41 : 464-482.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, sang, blood.

Rasmussen A.T. 1917a. Seasonal changes in the interstitial cells of the testis in Woodchuck (Marmota monax) [Variations saisonnières des cellules interstitielles des testicules de la marmotte (Marmota monax) ]. Amer. J. Anat., 22 : 475-515.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, endocrinologie, endocrinology, rythme, rhythm, sexe, sex, testicules, testis.

Rasmussen A.T. 1918. Cyclic changes in the interstitial cells of the ovary and testis in the woodchuck (Marmota monax) [Variations cycliques des cellules interstitielles de l'ovaire et du testicule chez les marmottes (Marmota monax)]. Endocrinology, 2 : 353-404.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, endocrinologie, endocrinology, rythme, rhythm, sexe, sex, ovaire, ovary

Rasmussen A.T. 1919. The mitochondria in nerve cells during hibernation and inanition in the woodchuck (Marmota monax) [Les mitochondries dans les cellules nerveuses durant l’hibernation et le jeune chez la marmotte commune d’Amérique (Marmota monax)]. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 31(1) : 37 - 49.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, nerf, nerve, hibernation.

Rasmussen A.T. 1921. The hypophysis cerebri of the woodchuck (Marmota monax) with special reference to hibernation and inanition [L'hypophyse de la marmotte (Marmota monax) avec une référence spéciale à l'hibernation et l'iaanition]. Endocrinol., 5: 33-65.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, système nerveux, nervous system, hibernation.

Rasmussen A.T. 1923. The so-called hibernating gland [La soi-disante glande d'hibernation]. J. Morphol., 38: 147-205.
En anglais, in English.
Hibernation, endocrinologie, endocrinology, glandes, glands.

Rasmussen A.T. & Myers J.A. 1916. Absence of chromatolytic change in the central nervous system of the woodchuck (Marmota monax) during hibernation [Absence de modification chromatolytique dans le système nerveux central chez la marmotte commune d’Amérique (Marmota monax)]. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 26(4): 391-401.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, système nerveux central, central nervous system, hibernation.

Rasmussen A.T. & Rasmussen G.B. 1917. The volume of the blood during hibernation and other periods of the year in the woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Le volume sanguin durant l'hibernation et les autres périodes de l'année chez la marmotte (Marmota monax)]. Am. J. physiol., 44 : 132-148.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, sang, blood, hibernation.
Blood volume determinations in forty-four woodchucks (seventeen males and twenty-seven females), weighing from 813 grams to 3116 grams, showed a variation from 8.6 per cent to 4.4 per cent of the reduced body weight. 2- The percentage of blood is high in midsummer and decreases greatly (nearly 30 per cent) before dormancy sets in. 3- The percentage of blood is lowest just before hibernation begins, at a time when the animals contain a maximum amount of fat. 4- With the progress of hibernation the percentage of blood increases until toward the end of dormancy it is nearly as high as in midsummer. 5- After waking up and becoming active and before food is available, the percentage of blood is again high, though there are great individual variations. The animals are usually greatly emaciated at this time and the poorer ones have the highest percentage of blood. 6- After feeding three to six weeks the relative blood volume is probaby not quite as high as before food was available, though there is again, as in the preceding period, so much individual variation that it is somewhat hazardous to make a definite generalization. The red corpuscle count, percentage of hemoglobin and specific gravity being much lower than at any other time, it appears that the erythrocytes and some other solids of the blood do not increase as rapidly as the blood volume during this period of restoration. 7- There is no marked sex difference in the blood volume of woodchucks. 8- Data obtained from a separate series of woodchucks which were kept in the artificial burrows used for the most part in this study, show an average daily loss in body weight of 3.25 grams per kilogram during a hibernating period of one hundred and ten days. The animals were not dormant, however, during the entire time.

Rasmussen J. 2003. Marmota broweri (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed March 28, 2006 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_broweri.html
En anglais, in English.
Marmota broweri, espèce menacée, threatened species.

Rasputin P.H. 1946. Primenenie tsianplava v boribe s tarbaganom [Utilisation du cyanure dans la lutte contre la marmotte tarbagan]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 6, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, poison, Russie, Russia, Sibérie, Siberia.

Rassmann K., Arnold W. & Tautz D. 1994. Low genetic variability in a wild alpine marmot population (Marmota marmota, Sciuridae) revealed by DNA-fingerprint, repeated bottle necks or inbreeding [Faible variabilité génétique dans une population sauvage de marmottes alpines (Marmota marmota, Sciuridae) révélée par les empreintes d'ADN, des goulots d'étranglements ou inbreed]. Molecular Ecology, 3: 347-353.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, génétique, genetics, ADN, DNA, Allemagne, Germany, Bavière, Baviara.

Genetic heterogeneity is usually considered an important factor for the viability of a population, yet there are cases in which populations sustain themselves despite virtual homozygosity. A prior step to studying the effects of such low levels of genetic variability can be the analysis of its causes. We analysed a population of the highly social alpine marmot (Marmota marmota, Sciuridae) by multilocus DNA fingerprinting. The fingerprint patterns revealed a very low degree of polymorphism in our main study population. We show that this lack of hyper-variability is caused by a low effective population size, rather than by an unusual low mutation rate of the fingerprint loci studied. However, the current number of breeding pairs was found to be about an order of magnitude larger than the one that would be expected to lead to such a low degree of heterozygosity. We conclude that there must have been bottlenecks in the history of the Berchtesgaden marmot population that have severely affected its genetic heterozygosity.

Rat P. 1951. Aperçu des faunes quaternaires de mammifères en Côte-d'Or. [Outline of quaternary faunas in mammals in Côte-d'or]. Assoc. Bourg. Soc. Savantes 22ème Congrès, Beaune, 10-12.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, Quaternary, Côte-d'Or, France.

Ratti P. 1970. Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Alpenmurmeltiere (Marmota marmota L.) [Contribution à la connaissance de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota L.). Contribution to he knowledge of alpine marmot (Marmota marmota L.)]. Schweiz. Arch. Tierbeilkde, 112 : 283-295.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, reproduction.

Les individus peuvent être sexuellement matures à deux ans, mais ne se reproduisent habituellement pas avant l'âge de trois ans.

Raufuss I. GIS und Datenbank gestützte Analyse Pleistozäner Säugetierfaunen. Mathematische Geologie, Berlin.
En allemand, in German.
Paléontologie, Paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, SIG, GIS, Mammifères, Mammals, Méthode, Method.

Raufuss I. & Koenigswald W.v. 2000. GIS based analysis of Upper Pleistocene mammal communities. Workshop on Plio- Pleistocene Ungulates; Avignon / France.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, Paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, SIG, GIS, Mammifères, Mammals, Méthode, Method.

Rausch R. 1951.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota broweri, États-Unis, Alaska.

Rausch R. 1953a. On the status of some arctic mammals [Sur le statut de certains mammifères arctiques]. J. arctic. Inst. Noth Amer., 6 (2) : 28.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammals, Marmota broweri, &Ecute;tats-Unis d'Amérique, Alaska.

Rausch R. 1953b. On the status of some arctic mammals [Sur le statut de certains mammifères arctiques]. J. Arctic Inst. North Amer., 6: 91-148.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammals, Marmota marmota, États-Unis d'Amérique, Alaska.
Marmota marmota, Spermophilus parryi, Citellus undulatus, crâne, skulls, biométrie, biometrics, Alaska, Arctic Canada, Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes alascensis, Ursus arctos, Gulo gulo luscus, Martes americana acutosa, skulls, Rangifer tarandus stonei, skulls.

Rausch R. 1963. A review of the distribution of Holarctic Recent mammals [Revue de la répartition de mammifères arctiques actuels]. In Pacific Basin Biogeography, J.L. Gressitt ed., Bishop Mus. Press, Honolulu, 29-43.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, biogéographie, biogeography, holarctique, holarctic.

Rausch R. L. 1969. Origin of the Terrestrial Mammalian Fauna of the Kodiak Archipelago [Origine des mammifères de terrestres de l'archipel Kodiak]. In The Kodiak Island Refugium: its Geology, Flora, Fauna and History (T. N. V. Karlstrom and G. E. Ball, Eds.), pp. 216-234. Boreal Institute, University of Alberta, Ryerson Press.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology.

Rausch R.L. 1970. On the zoogeography of some parasites of sciurids [Zoogéographie de certains parasites des Sciuridae]. The journal of Parasitology, vol.56, N 4, section 2: 461-462.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, parasitologie, parasitology.

Rausch R.L. 1977a. The specific distintion of Taenia twitchelli, Schwartz, 1924, from T. martis [Distinction spécifique de Taenia twitchelli, Schwartz, 1924, de T. marti Excerta]. Parasitologica en Memoria del Doc. E. Caballero y Caballero, Universitad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico: 357-366.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, parasitologie, paeasitology, Plathelminthes, plathelminths.

Rausch R.L. 1977b. O zoogeografii nekotoryèkh Beringiiskikh mlekopitayushchikh. In Ouspekhi Sovremennoi Teriologii, V.E. Sokolov ed., Naouka, Moscow, 162-177.
En russe, in Russian
Mammifères, mamals, biogéographie, biogeography.

Rausch R.L. 1980. Redescription of Diandrya composita Darrah, 1930 (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from neartic marmots (Rodentia: Sciuridae) [Redescription de Diandrya composita Darrah, 1930 (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) des marmottes néarctiques]. Proc. of the Helminthological Soc. Washington, 47(2): 157-164.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Plathelminthes, Platheminths, Néarctique, Nearctic.

Rausch Robert L. 1994. The evolutionary expansion of parasites. Transberingian dispersal of cestodes in mammals [L'expansion évolutive des parasites. Dispersion évolutive transbéringienne des cestodes des mammifères]. International Journal for Parasitology, 24(8) :1203-1212.
En anglais, in English.
Glaciations pléistocène, pleistocene glaciations, Beringia, cestodes, host-specific cestodes, mammifères holarctiques, holarctic mammals, dispersions trans-bérigiennes, trans-Beringian dispersals.
During Pleistocene glaciations, eustatic lowering of sea-level exposed the continental shelf between northeastern Eurasia and northwestern North America. That land in combination with unglaciated areas on the adjacent continents formed a vast region open to the west but bounded on the east by continental ice. Organisms from Eurasia spread into the unglaciated Beringian refugium, which was biotically an eastward extension of the Palaearctic. With rising sea-levels following glacial periods, the Bering Strait was formed and organisms of Eurasian origin were left within the nearctic sector of Beringia. As the continental ice disappeared, plants and animals spread eastward and southward from Beringia, while organisms from beyond the southern margins of the ice extended their ranges northward. The significance of Beringia is discussed with reference to the dispersal of host-specific cestodes in mammals that attained holarctic status during the late Pleistocene.

Rausch R.L. & J.G. Bridgens 1989. Structure and function of sudoriferous facial glands in Nearctic marmots, Marmota spp. (Rodentia: Sciuridae) [Structure et fonction des glandes faciales sudoripares chez les marmottes arctiques, Marmota spp. (Rodentia: Sciuridae)]. Zool. Anz., 223: 265-282.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, glandes, glands, olfaction.

Rausch R.L. & Rausch V.R. 1965. Cytogenetic evidence for the specific distinction of an Alaskan marmot, Marmota broweri Hall and Gilmore (Mammalia: Sciuridae) [Preuves cytognétiques de reconnaissance spécifique de la marmotte d'alaska, Marmota broweri Hall et Gilmore]. Chromosoma, 16: 618-623.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota broweri , genétique, genetics, Alaska.

Rausch R.L. & Rausch V.R. 1971. The somatic chromosomes of some North American marmots (Sciuridae), with remarks on the relationships of Marmota broweri Hall & Gilmore [Les chromosomes somatiques de quelques marmottes nord américaines, avec des remarques sur les relations de Marmota broweri Hall & Gilmore]. Mammalia, 35 : 85-101.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, Marmota broweri, genétique, genetics, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Les auteurs définissent les caryotypes de deux espèces néarctiques de marmottes, Marmota olympus (2n=40) et M. vancouverensis (2n=42), et donnent des précisions sur les caryotypes de M. flaviventris, M. monax ochracea et M. marmota. Les six espèces de Marmota (NF=66) d'Amérique du Nord forment un groupe distinct des espèces d'Asie centrale (NF=70) dont le caryoptype est connu. Les données caryologiques et les preuves zoogéographiques basées sur la répartition des deux espèces néarctiques de cestodes spécifiques de l'hôte démontrent que M. broweri, dans l'Alaska septentrional, est une relicte du pré-Würm. Elle semble avoir plus d'affinités avec le groupe nord américain de caligata qu'avec M. camtschatica du nord de la Sibérie. La présence sur M. broweri de la puce asiatique, Oropsylla silantiewi, n'est pas expliquée. Quelques caractértistiques écologiques et éthologiques de M. broweri sont décrites brièvement et comparées avec celles d'autres espèces. Les groupes familiaux de M. broweri hibernent dans un même terrier dont l'entrée est bouchée ; la copulation a lieu avant que les animaux sortent de leur abri hivernal, à la mi-mai ; ils se servent de leurs glandes faciales pour marquer leur territoire.
Fleas (Thrassis pristinus Stark) and cestodes (Diandrya composita Darrah and Catenotaenia reggiae Rausch) occur on hoary marmots.

Rausch R. & Tiner J.D. 1946. Obeliscoides cuniculi from the woodchuck in Ohio and Michigan. [Obeliscoides cuniculi de la marmotte en Ohio et au Michigan]. J. Mammal., 27(2): 177-178.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, parasitologie, parsitology, États-Unis, Michigan, Ohio.

Ravdonikas I.O., VoronovA G.A., Yakuba V.I. & M.P. Maevskii 1975. [La marmotte tarbagan, source possible d'infection de la peste dans les foyers naturels de RSS de Touva. The Tarbagan as a possible source of plague infection in natural foci in the Tuva ASSR]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh, 1(41): 28-30].
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Russie, Russia, Touva.

Raverat A. 1872a. Savoie. Promenades historiques, pittoresques et artistiques en Maurienne, Tarentaise, Savoie-Propre et Chautagne [Savoy. Historic, colourful and artistic walks in Maurienne, Tarentaise, Savoie-Propre et Chautagne]. Chez l'auteur, Lyon, pp. 695.
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Marmota marmota, France, Savoie.

Raverat A. 1872b. Haute-Savoie. Promenades historiques, pittoresques et artistiques en Genevois, Sémine, Faucigny et Chablais [Upper-Savoy. Historic, colourful and artistic walks in Genevois, Sémine, Faucigny et Chablais]. Chez l'auteur, Lyon.
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Marmota marmota, France, Haute-Savoie.

Raverty S. & Black S. 2001. Causes of death in captive Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) including presumptive pulmonary mycoplasmosis [Causes de mortalité de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver captive, incluant une mycoplasmose pulmonaire préssumée]. Can. Vet. J., 42(5):386-7.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, marmotte de l'île de Vancouver.
Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3.

Ravinski 1809. Khozyaïstvennoe opisanie Astrakhanskoï i Kavkazskoï gouberniï po grajdanskomou i estestvennomou ikh sostoyaniyu [Description économique des gouvernorats d'Astrakan et du Caucase, leur état civil et naturel. Economic description of the Astrakan and the Caucasus governates, their civil and natural status]. SPB. Astratkan.
En russe, in Russian.
Économie, economy, Astrakan, Caucase.

RavskiI E.I., Aleksandrova L.P., Vangenge M E.A. et al. 1964. Anthropogenovye otlojeniya yuga Vostotchnoï Sibiri [Les couches anthropogènes du sud-est de la Sibérie. The anthropegenic layers of the sout-east of Siberia]. M., Naouka. (Tr. Geol. in-ta AN SSSR, 105).
En russe, in Russian.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Sibérie, Siberia.

Rawson R.E., Concannon P. , Roberts J. & Tennant B.C. 1998. Seasonal differences in resting oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient, and free thyroxine in woodchucks [Différences saisonnières de la consommation d'oxygène au repos, du quotient respiratoire, et de la thyroxine libre chez les marmottes]. American Journal of Physiology, 274(4): R963-R969.
Marmota monax, respiration, métabolisme, metabolism, oxygène, oxygen, thyroxine, photopériode, photoperiod, hormone thyroïdienne, thyroid hormone, prise de nourriture, food intake, masse corporelle, body weight.

The relationships among seasonal differences in body weight, food intake, metabolism, and thyroid hormone in woodchucks were investigated in 12 woodchucks. Six woodchucks had been maintained on a photoperiod simulating that found at 42°N (boreal woodchucks). The other group of six animals had been maintained similarly in all respects except that the light simulated that found at 42°S (austral woodchucks). An open-flow respirometer, calibrated using the N2-dilution method, was used to determine metabolism twice in a 2-wk period near the September equinox, while at the same time food intake, body weight, and free thyroxine concentrations (fT4) were measured. Body weight was the same for both groups of woodchucks. However, compared with boreal animals near their autumnal equinox, austral woodchucks near their vernal equinox had significantly higher (P < 0.01) daily food intake (5 ± 2 vs. 35 ± 2 g kg1 day1), oxygen consumption (4.4 ± 0.3 vs. 7.3 ± 0.3 ml min1 kg1), carbon dioxide production (2.8 ± 0.2 vs. 6.0 ± 0.2 ml min1 kg1), respiratory quotient (0.65 ± 0.01 vs. 0.82 ± 0.02), and fT4 (0.21 ± 0.01 vs. 0.65 ± 0.05 ng/dl). It was concluded that photoperiod has a strong effect on resting metabolism in the woodchuck and that there is an association between fT4 and changes in food intake and metabolic rate.
Extrait Pdf extract

Ray J. 1693. Synopsis methodica Animalium Quadrupedum et Serpenti Generis., p. 221-223.
En latin, in Latin.
Taxonomie, taxonomy, Mus alpinus, Marmota.

Ray W.J. & Zatzman M.L. 1983. Factors that alter the plasma renin activity in the marmot [Facteurs altérant l'activité de la rénine plasmatique chez la marmotte]. Am. J. Physiol., 244: 823-831.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, physiologie, physiology, sang, blood.

The effects of low doses of norepinephrine (NE) and furosemide and a volume load (nonhibernators only) on plasma renin activity (PRA), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), left renal (RBF) and right iliac (IBF) blood flow, cardiac index (CI), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were determined in euthermic and hibernating marmots. In nonhibernating marmots NE produced an increase in CI and TPR and a decrease in RBF. In hibernators this dose of NE caused an increase in MAP, HR, and renal resistance, whereas it decreased PRA and did not alter iliac resistance. Furosemide infusions led to an increase in PRA in both groups and an increase in TPR in nonhibernators. The volume load in nonhibernators produced only a decrease in PRA. A comparison of control data from the two groups indicated that the renal and iliac beds contribute only a small portion to the increase in TPR that occurs during hibernation.

Raymond François 1836. Supplément au "Dictionnaire de l'Académie française" : 6e édition publiée en 1835, complément de tous les dictionnaires français anciens et modernes. Paris, G. barba, XII-861 p.
En français, in French.
Marmotte, rat des Alpes, Raymond François (1769-18..). Extrait Pdf extract

Raymond Xavier 1848. Afghanistan. Paris, Firmin-Didot frères, Num. BNF, 79p.
En français, in French.
Marmotte absente, no marmot. Voyage, travel, ethnologie, ethnology, faune, fauna, Asie centrale, Central Asia, Raymond Xavier (1812-....).
Extrait Pdf extract

Raynal Jean-Paul 0. Le peuplement de la montagne [settlement in mountain]. In De Lascaux au Grand Louvre, manuscrit.
En français, in French.
Quaternaire, Quaternary, Pyrénées, Pyrenees, Alpes, Alps, massif Central Central Massif , peuplement, settlement.
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Raynal Jean-Paul 1986. Paléoenvironnements et chronostratigraphie du paléolithique moyen dans le massif central français. Implications culturelles. Chronostratigraphy and paleoenvironments of Middle Palaeolithic in the Massif Central (France). In L'Homme de Néandertal, Liège.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, paléolithique, paleolithic, Marmota marmota primigenia, marmotte, marmot, Würm, Wurm, massif Central, Central Massif, France.
Les recherches menées depuis 1974 dans le Massif Central français (Basse-Auvergne et Velay) ont interressé différents types de formations superficielles quaternaires, certaines caractéristiques de milieux particuliers de sédimentation : abris sous-basaltiques, grottes en contexte basanitique, paléo-lacs de maars, etc. Ces dépôts sont en relation directe ou indirecte avec la préhistoire. L'intrication constante avec les phénomènes volcaniques en Basse-Auvergne a permis l'acquisition de datations absolues, en particulier par thermoluminescence, des calages paléomagnétiques, donc des comparaisons fructueuses avec d'autres séquences régionales et le cadre plus global des données isotopiques des océans pour les 160 derniers millénaires. Dans ce cadre précisé, la caractérisation des industries préhistoriques s'insère et permet des observations de comportement vis à vis des milieux physiques et biotiques : à un acheuléen diversifié antérieur au dernier interglaciaire, succède, dès 85 ka BP, un moustérien charentien proche du type "Ferrassie oriental". Pendant le pléniglaciaire du Würm ancien, les moustériens de tradition acheuléenne sont cantonnés à basse altitude où ils demeurent jusqu'à la fin de l'interstade würmien, vers 34 ka BP.
Since 1974, different types of quaternary deposits in french Massif Central (Basse-Auvergne and Velay) have been explored and studied. Some of them belong to peculiar sedimentary environments : basaltic rock-shelters, caves in surtseyan tephra, maar paleo-lakes... These deposits are directly - or indirectly - linkek with prehistory. During the last 160 ky, one can observe a constant volcanic activity in part of the area (Basse-Auvergne). Thus, absolute datings, specially by thermoluminescence, and paleomagnetic datas allow fruitful comparisons with other regional sequences and with the global deep-sea isotopic frame. Characterization of stone tools assemblages takes place in this precised frame and allows a better knowledge about relationships between man and his surrounding physical and biological environnement. A diversified Acheulean is known before last interglacial, followed, since 85 ky BP by a charentian mousterian close to the eastern Ferrassie type. During the lower Würm pleniglacial, mousterians of acheulean type settle at low height where they stay till the end of würmian interstadial, about 34 ky BP.
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Raynal Jean-Paul & Daugas Jean-Pierre 1984. Volcanisme et occupation humaine préhistorique dans le massif Central français : quelques observations [Vulcanism and prehistorical human occupation in the Central Massif]. Revue Archéologique du Centre, 23(1) : 7-20, manuscrit.
En français, in French.
Climat, climate, volcanisme, vulcanism, Paléolithique, Paleolithic, Mésolithique, Mesolithic, Néolithique, Neolithic, Massif Central, Central Massif, France.
En regard des profondes transformations du milieu commandées par l'histoire paléoclimatique, l'intense activité volcanique pléistocène du Massif Central français semble avoir eu peu d'effets immédiats sur les comportements humains préhistoriques. Certaines lacunes d'occupation en Basse-Auvergne pourraient cependant en résulter. Dans un second temps, les effets et produits du volcanisme jouent un rôle important en créant des structures d'accueil favorables à l'implantation humaine : lacs de cratères, abris sous coulées basaltiques, sols fertiles.
Some observations about volcanic activity and prehistoric !human settlement in the french Massif Central. By comparison with the deep transformation of environment induced by paleoclimatic history, the pleistocene volcanic activity in the french Massif Central seems to have had little effects upon prehistoric human behaviour. However, some lacks of occupation could result from it. In a second time, effects and products of volcanism favour human settlement : crater lakes, rock-shelters under lava flows, fertile soils.
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Raynal Jean-Paul & Daugas J.P. 1989. Le peuplement paléolithique d'Auvergne [Paleolithic settlement in Auvergne]. La Recherche, 210(20) : 690-691.
Paléolithique, paleolitic, Auvergne, France.

Raynal Jean-Paul & Daugas J.P. 1991. L’homme et les volcans : occupation de l’espace régional à la fin des temps glaciaires dans le massif Central français [Man and volcanos: regional space occupation at the end of ice time in the Central Massif in France]. In Le peuplement magdalénien. Paléogéographie physique et humaine, Actes du Colloque de Chancelade, CTHS eds., 11-120.
En français, in French.
Massif Central, Central Massif, France.

Raynal J.P., Daugas J.P., Paquereau M.M., Guadelli J.L., Marchanti D., Miallier D., Fain & Sanzelle 1984. Le maar de Saint-Hippolyte (Puy-de-Dôme, France). Datation par thermoluminescence, flores et faunes fossiles, présence humaine, climatochronologie et dynamique du système paléo-lacustre. [The saint-Hippolyte maar (Puy-de-Dôme, France)]. Revue des sciences naturelles d'Auvergne, 50 (1-4) : 97-114.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Puy-de-Dôme, massif central, Central Massif, France. L'explosion du maar de Saint-Hyppolyte (Puy-de-Dôme, France) se produit à la fin d'une phase tempérée du début du Würm ancien, vers 94.000 ans B.P. Un système lacustre s'installe alors dans la dépression cratérique : la sédimentation y est commandée par les fluctuations climatiques comme l'attestent les résultats de l'étude sédimentologique, palynologique et paléontologique des dépôts. Trois phases principales sont définies et caractérisent l'évolution du paléo-lac : une phase pro-lacustre (comblement progressif et remontée du plan d'eau), une phase pléni-lacustre (plan d'eau au maximum et création d'un exutoire) et une phase tardi-lacustre (abaissement progressif du plan d'eau, érosion des dépôts antérieurs, étagement de plages). Pendant la phase pro-lacustre, l'homme paléolithique (Moustérien) occupe les berges du lac à deux reprises (activités de chasse) en périodes froides et sèches.
The phreatomagmatic eruption of Saint-Hyppolyte (Puy-de-Dôme, France) takes place at the end of a temperate phase of the Early Würm, 94,000 years B.P. Then, a lake setlled in the maar crater. Sedimentological, palynological and paleontological results attest that sedimentation is dependant of climatic changes. Three main phases characterize the paleo-lake evolution: a pro-lacustrine phase (with progressive filling up and upraise of water level), a pleni-lacustrine phase (water level at its maximum and creation of an exsurgence) and a tardi-lacustrine phase (fall of the water level, ersoion of former deposits, stepped beaches). During the pro-lacustrine phase, paleolithic man (Mousterian) settles twice on the lake banks for hunting, during cold and dry periods.
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Raynal Jean-Paul, Le Corre-Le Beux Muriel, Santagata Carmen, Fernandes Paul, Guadelli Jean-Luc, Fiore Ivana, Tagliacozzo Antonio, Lemorini Cristina, Rhodes Edward J., Bertran Pascal, Kieffer Guy, Vivent Dominique 2003. Paléolitithique moyen dans le sud du massif central : les données du Velay (Haute-Loire, France). [Middle Palaeolithic in the Massif Central (France): data from Velay (Haute-Loire, France)]. Données récentes sur les modalités de peuplement et sur le cadre chronostratigraphique,géologique et paléogéographique des industries du Paléolithique inférieur et moyen en Europe - Rennes, 22-25 septembre 2003, 173-201.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Grotte Sainte-Anne 1 (790m), Polignac, Abri Baume-Vallée (abri Laborde, 870 m), Pléistocène supérieur, upper Pleistocene, absence de marmotte, marmot absent.
Différentes études de terrain - dont notamment un inventaire de plusieurs centaines de ressources minérales entre les Causses de l\'Ouest et les rives du Rhône - l\'exploitation des matériaux issus des fouilles conduites de 1974 à 1996 en Velay dans des milieux clos et la révision de séries anciennes ou inédites sont la matière de ce bilan collectif. Les résultats présentés concernent principalement le Paléolithique moyen à partir de l\'étude de deux sites-clés de Haute-Loire, la grotte de Sainte-Anne 1 à Polignac et l'abri-sous-roche de Baume-Vallée à Solignac-sur-Loire, replacés in fine dans un cadre régional plus vaste. D\'un point de vue technologique, le recours aux deux concepts de débitage Levallois et Discoïde est le plus fréquent dans les différentes séries étudiées et l\’on observe, hormis les séries de Baume-Vallée, une présence ténue du concept de débitage Quina. Il semble même que l’on puisse envisager dans certains cas une mixité de la chaîne opératoire de débitage. Cet usage simultané de différents concepts va à l’encontre d\’une interprétation culturelle de la variabilité des chaînes opératoire de débitage au Paléolithique moyen.
Numerous field surveys, including an inventory of several hundreds of raw material sources between western Causses and the Rhône valley, a revision of old or unpublished series and the data provided by excavations undertaken from 1974 to 1996 form the matter of this collective update. Results are focused on Middle Palaeolithic after excavations in key-sites from Haute-Loire, Sainte-Anne 1 cave at Polignac and Baume-Vallée rock-shelter at Solignac-sur-Loire and finally replaced in a regional frame. From a technological point of view, Levallois and discoid debitage are mainly used along with a discrete Quina type flaking, except for the Baume-Vallée series. A combined operative chain is even possible. The simultaneous use of different debitage concepts does not support a cultural interpretation of operative chains in Middle Palaeolithic.
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Raynal J.P., Guadelli J.L., Paquereau M.M. & Daugas J.P. 1989. À propos de l’interstade Wurmien dans le massif Central : le gisement de Theillat à Sanssat, Allier. [About the würmian interstage in the Massif Central : the site of Theillat at Sanssat (Allier, France)]. Manuscrit de l’article publié dans l’Anthropologie (paris), Tome 93 (176) : 293-298.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, gisement Theillat, Theillat deposit, Würm, phase tempéré, temperate phase, absence marmotte, marmot absent, massif Central, central Massif, France.
Le gisement de Theillat a livré une association faunique originale : composite, elle comporte d'une part des éléments à caractères arctiques et des espèces d'espaces découverts, d'autre part des formes forestières ou témoignant d'une certaine humidité. Elle est associée à une industrie lithique très pauvre comportant des pièces à dos. La palynologie situe ces éléments dans une phase tempérée, troisième terme de l'interstade würmien ("Les Cottés"), datée ici par le radiocarbone de 34 à 33 ka BP. Ces données, comparées à celles d'autres sites du Massif Central (Royat, Les Rivaux, Châtelperron), permettent de proposer une succession chronoclimatique pour la transition du Würm ancien au Würm récent.
The site of Theillat has yielded a peculiar fauna in which are associated on one hand, arctic elements and species of uncovered areas, on the other hand, forest forms or species which indicate some humidity. Very few lithic artefacts, including backed pieces, where discovered. Pollen analysis reveals a temperate phase, third term of the würmian interstage ("Les Cottés"), here dated by radiocarbon of 34 to 33 ky BP. These datas, compared to others from the Massif Central (Royat, Les Rivaux, Châtelperron), allow to propound a chronoclimatic succession for the transition between Lower and Upper Würm.
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Raynal Jean-Paul, Vernet Gérard & Vivent Dominique 1998. Des volcans et des hommes depuis le dernier interglaciaire en Basse Auvergne (Massif Central, France) [Volcanoes and Humans since the Last Interglacial]. In Basse Auvergne (Massif Central, France).
En français, in French.
Massif Central, Central Massif, volcanisme, volcanism, Maars, Dômes, domes.
La perception de ce que furent les comportements humains en zone volcanique active aux temps préhistoriques reste encore très floue. On examine ici l'enregistrement de l'activité de la Chaîne des Puys dans la plaine adjacente de la Limagne au Pléistocène récent et à l'Holocène. Les impacts environnementaux sont discutés et des perspectives archéologiques sont esquissées.
The impact of volcanic eruptions needs to be considered more closely from the point of view of human behaviour in an area of volcanic activity. In the Massif Central, selected casestudies allow us to discuss the effect of local volcanism on the vegetal cover and the patterns of human settlement.
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Raynal Jean-Paul & Seguy R. 1984. Les problèmes du peuplement humain du Massif Central français au Paléolithique ancien et moyen [The problems of the human populating of the French Massif Central during late and middle paleolithic]. Archéologia.
En français, in French.
Paléolithique, paleolithic, homme, human, Massif Central, France.

Rayor L.S & K.B. Armitage 1991. Social behavior and space-use of young of ground-dwelling squirrel species with different levels of sociality [Comportement social et utilisation de l'espace des jeunes écureuils terrestres avec différents niveaux de socialité]. Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 3 : 185 -205.
En anglais, in English.
Cynomys gunnisoni, Spermophilus columbianus, Marmota flaviventris, éthologie, ethology, population, social, spatial.
Comparisons among young of ground-dwelling squirrels species with diffrent adult sociality indicate patterns of interaction during development that may influence the evolution of complex sociality. Social behavior nd spatial overlap of weaned young with their mothers, littermates, non-littermate young, and adult conspecifics were compared among Gunnison's prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni), Yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris), Columbian ground squirrels (Spermophilus columbianus), and thirteen-lined ground squirrels (S. tridecemlineatus). The adult social organiszation of these species differs markedly: Gunnison's prairie dogs are highly social, yellow-bellied marmots and Columbian ground squirrels are relatively less social, and thirteen -lined ground squirrels are asocial. In youg Gunnison's prairie dogs, social cohesion and spatial overlap were high not only with the mother and littermates, but with all members of the harem. In yellow-bellied marmots, social cohesion occured with all members of the matriline, but spatial overlap was less extensive than in prairie dogs. In Columbian ground squirrels, amicable social interactions of young were confined to the mother and mittermates, and occured less frequently than among the prairie dogs. Young of thirteen-lined ground squirrels interacted little and overlapped only briefly with their mothers; cohesive interactions were limited o littermates. Thus, in the more social ground-dwelling squirrels species, cohesive behaviors between mother and offspring oassociated with prolonged spatil overlap probably is the mechanism that establish es social groups and represents post-weaning parental reproductive investment in nonreproductive offspring. However, the tokerance and amicability of adults toward young other than their own offspring is likely a crucial step in the evolution of complex sociality.

Razoumowsky (Razumovskii) Grégoire (Grigory Kirillovic) de 1789. Histoire naturelle du Jorat et de ses environs; Et celle des trois lacs de Neufchatel, Morat et Bienne. Précédées d'un Essai sur le climat, les productions, le commerce, les animaux de la partie du Pays de Vaud ou de la Suisse Romande, qui entre dans le plan de cet ouvrage [Natural history of the Jorat and its neighbourings]. Tome premier. Mourer, Lausanne, 322, Pl. 1-3.
En français, in French.
Faune, fauna, Vaud, Suisse, Switzerland, Grigorii Kirillovic Razumovskii (1759-1837).

Razoumowsky G.K. 1789. Les Quadrupèdes du Pays de Vaud [Quadrupeds of the Vaud country]. In Histoire naturelle du Jorat et de ses environs et celle des trois lacs de Neuchâtel, Morat et Bienne : 22-23.
En français, in French.
Faune, fauna, Vaud, Suisse, Switzerland, Grigorii Kirillovic Razumovskii (1759-1837).

Reagan A.B. 1909. Animals of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington [Animaux de la Péninsule Olympic]. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences (1908), 22: 193-199.
En anglais, in English.
Fauna, fauna, Washington, EUA, USA.

Reading Richard P., Mix Henry, Lhagvasuren Badamjavin, Tseveenmyadag Natsagdorjin 1998. The commercial harvest of wildlife in Dornod Aimag, Mongolia [Moisson commerciale de la faune sauvage à Dornod Aimag, Mongolie]. Journal of Wildlife Management, 62 (1): 59-71.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota sibirica, gestion, management, Mongolie, Mongolia.
We analyzed commercial harvest data from 1932 to 1993 for Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa), gray wolves (Canis lupus), corsac foxes (Vulpes corsac), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), Siberian polecats (Mustela eversmanni), Siberian marmots (Marmota sibirica), and Tolai rabbits (Lepus tolai) from Dornod Aimag, Mongolia. Analyses were post hoc and harvests were probably biased by State-imposed harvest quotas; therefore, statistically significant harvest trends may or may not reflect population trends. Gazelle, wolf, marmot, and fox harvests demonstrated significant decreasing trends, while polecats and rabbits displayed no significant trends. Analyses suggest that government-imposed harvest quotas influenced actual harvests of marmots and foxes. The effect of year on actual harvests was important for gazelle, wolves, and marmots, and may reflect population changes. Reports suggest that poaching is an important source of mortality for gazelle and marmots. Several other studies report declines in numbers of Mongolian gazelle, which once migrated in the millions across most of Mongolia. Wolves are strongly disliked and heavily persecuted by local nomads, officials, and biologists at all levels of government. All species harvested commercially in Dornod Aimag require more careful conservation management to ensure the continued existence of viable populations. Currently, little management or monitoring is occurring.
Rearden Jim Ed. 1981. Alaska mammals [Mammifères de l'Alaska]. Alaska Geographic, 8 : 1-184.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna, mammifères, mammals, Alaska, EUA, USA.

Rebel H. 1933. Die freilebenden Säugertiere Österreichs [Les mammifères sauvages d'Autriche. Wild mammals of Autria]. österreicher Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst, Wien-Leipzig.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Autriche, Austria.

Rebeyrol Y. 1991. L'homme de Néandertal était un pur carnivore [Neandertal Man was a plain carnivore]. Le Monde, 2 oct. 1991.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, France, Charentes.

Récamier Étienne 1877. Note sur la station préhistorique de Solutré (Saône-et-Loire) [Note on the prehistoric station of Solutré (Saône-et-Loire)]. 71e Congrès scientifique, Autun, 411.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Saône-et-Loire, France.

Rechtchetnikov A.P. 1895. O tchoume tarbaganov, perenesennoï na lyudeï. Vestn. obchtch. gig., soud. i prakt. med., 26. [Über die auf Menschen übertragbare Pest der Sttenmurmeltiere. Sur la peste des marmottes tarbagan et sa transmission à l'homme. On the plague of tarbagan marmots and transmission to man]. Vestn. obscej. gigieny, 26 : 1.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Rechtchetnikov A.P. 1908. K voprosou o tarbaganieï tchoume [Sur la question de la peste des marmottes tarbagan. On plague in tarbagan marmots]. Vratchebnaya gazeta, 7.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Rechtchetnikov M.A. 1954. Stepi i louga yujnykh aïmakov Bouryat-Mongol'skoï ASSR [Les steppes et les champs des régions sud de la RASS de Bouriatie-Mongolie. Steppes and lands of the [Les steppes et les champs des régions sud de la RASS de Bouriatie-Mongolie. Steppes and lands of the south regions of AASR]. Materialy po izoutcheniyu proizvod. sil Bouryat-Mong. ASSR, 1, Oulan-Oude.
En russe, in Russian.
Agriculture, Mongolie, Mongolia, Bouriatie, Buratia.

Red data book of Russian Federation 1997. List of animals. En ligne/On line accès/accessed Jan 17-2007, à/at http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/russia/state/00440.htm
En anglais, in English.
Marmota sibirica (Mongolia), Marmota camtschatica doppelmayeri (Baikal region).

Redfield A.M. 1858. Zoölogical science or, Nature in Living Forms [Science zoologique ou nature vivante]. E.B. & E.C. Kellogg, New York.
En anglais, in English.
Spermophilus, marmot squirrels, Arctomys alpinus, Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, Arctomys monax, Marmota monax, woodchuck, ground hog, Maryland marmot.
Extrait pdf extract

Redi Francesco 1685. Etimologie italiane [Étymologie italienne. Italian etymology]. Antonio Chouët, Genève, num. Google, In Opere, Napoli, Raffaele Gessari 1741.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmotta.
Extrait pdf extract

Reed Irwing 1932. Report on the placer deposits of the Squirrel River Gold fields [Rapport sur les dépôts de placers des champs aurifères de Squirrel River]. Territory of Alaska, Department of mines.
En anglais, in English.
Available pdf disponible
Siksikpuk, marmot, Alaska.

Reeder D.M. & Kramer K.M. 2005. Stress in free-ranging mammals: integrating physiology, ecology, and natural history [Le stress chez les mammifères sauvages : physiologie, écologie et histoire naturelle]. J. Mammal. 86: 225-2235.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, stress, physiologie, physiology, écologie, ecology.

Reeve H. 1809. An essay on the torpidity of animals [Essai sur la torpeur des animaux]. London.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, hibernation.
Reeve a publié sur la torpeur des animaux un long mémoire dans lequel les citations des travaux de ses devanciers tiennent la plus grande place. Il envisage l'hivernation à la fois chez les Vertébrés et chez les Invertébrés, compare ce phénomène au sommeil naturel et discute les interprétations que l'on donnait autrefois de ce dernier. Dans la torpeur, la circulation se ralentit et la respiration s'arrête presque complètement, et même complètement si l'engourdissement est absolu : la digestion cesse et les puissances musculaires et nerveuses sont supprimées. Il a vérifié l'exactitude des expériences de Hunter sur la température des hivernants. L'influence du froid diminue l'action du coeur et des artères. Ainsi le Hamster n'a que 15 pulsations par minute quand il est engourdi, au lieu de 150 ; la Chauve-souris en a souvent 200 à l'état de veille et seulement 14 en torpeur, quand on peut les compter. Reeve croit que si les Marmottes sont maigres au printemps cela tient à ce qu'elles ne trouvent pas assez de nourriture à leur réveil. Il dit que Carnish a constaté que les Chauves-souris et le Muscardin perdaient quelques grains de leur poids pendant le sommeil, mais il attribue ce fait signalé aussi par Spallanzani, à des interruptions accidentelles de sommeil. L'irritabilité des hivernants est affectée de même que la température ; elle suit les mêmes lois, dans la perte graduelle de son énergie. Il parle d'une Souris Sauteuse (Dipus Canadensis) que l'on trouva complètement enveloppée dans une balle d'argile de presque 1 pouce d'épaisseur, très unie en dedans et située à 20 pouces au-dessous de la surface du sol (Trans. Soc. Linn.; v.IV, p.115). Reeve fait remarquer que certains hivernants sont plus sensibles au froid que d'autres : le Muscardin et la Marmotte le sont moins que le Mus sylvaticus qui, en Italie, s'engourdit en novembre. Le Hérisson peut rester trois mois sans boire ni manger et l'Ours blanc polaire, au gros de l'hiver, resterait engourdi ou inactif pendant six semaines, sans provisions. Reeve combat énergiquement l'opinion accréditée de son temps, que les Hirondelles s'engourdissent pendant l'hiver. Pour cet auteur, la diminution de la respiration est le premier de la série des actes accompagnant la torpeur : celle-ci est favorisée, à l'état de nature, par l'air confiné du terrier et par l'occlusion partielle des narines, bouchées par la fourrure, qui prédisposent au sommeil. La diminution de la respiration et de la circulation ne sont pas les seules causes de l'hivernation : il faut surtout tenir compte de la perte du mouvement, de la sensibilité et de l'action du froid sur l'irritabilité des muscles. En outre, les capillaires du système vasculaire semblent contractés par la perte de la chaleur animale : la diminution de la circulation, qui en résulte, commence toujours à la surface du corps, pour s'étendre graduellement jusqu'au centre. Le système nerveux paraît d'abord affecté et l'équilibre entre celui-ci et le système musculaire est très rapidement détruit. Il n'y a entre les liquides et les solides aucun changement de rapports, bien que le Dr Sponer, dans sa thèse sur l'ascite abdominale, prouve que l'exposition au froid a pour effet de produire l'anasarque et de diminuer la force du pouls. Reeve fait remarquer que beaucoup d'animaux qui hivernent dans leur pays, ne le font plus dans un autre : ceux qui s'endorment dans la Pennsylvanie, n'hivernent plus dans la Caroline. Il a observé qu'il existe des périodes pendant lesquelles les Marmottes peuvent alternativement manger et se refroidir. Les Loirs et les Hérissons se réveillent aussi pour se nourrir et retombent ensuite en torpeur. Si on réveille trop souvent les Marmottes en les transportant d'une chambre froide dans une chaude, elles finissent par mourir. Il croit que l'hibernation n'est pas une question d'habitude, mais que les hivernants ont une organisation spécial, et s'il se peut qu'ils n'hivernent pas toujours, cela tient à ce que certaines actions ne se produisent que lorsque les sensations voulues les provoquent. Il s'étend longuement sur l'action du froid sur l'homme, et en conclut que l'on n'a pas observé de phénomènes véritable comparables à l'hivernation dans l'espèce humaine. En résumé, Reeve adopte les conclusions suivantes : 1 La température des animaux est essentiellement liée avec la fonction respiratoire ; 2 la température interne peut varier, par suite de variations correspondantes dans la respiration, sans mal pour la vie, mais moins chez les animaux perfectionnés que chez les animaux à sang froid ; 3 la température est plus uniforme chez l'Homme et chez les animaux qui consomment le plus d'oxygène ; 4 la torpeur est naturelle à quelques animaux et c'est pour eux un moyen de préservation. En somme, dans ce long mémoire, Reeve apporte bien peu de faits nouveaux et originaux. Appendice, Dubois, 1896.

Reeves W.K., Nelder M.P. & Korecki J.A. 2005. Bartonella and rickettsia in fleas and lice from mammals in South Carolina, U.S.A. [Bartonella et rickettsia chez les puces et les poux des mammifères de Caroline du Sud, EUA]. Journal Vector Ecology, 30(2): 310-315.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, Didelphis virginiana, Virginia opossum, Sciurus carolinensis, écureuil gris, grey squirrel, bactérie, bacteria, Bartonella henselae, Orchopeas howardi, Rickettsia typhi, Insecte, Insect, Enderleinellus marmotae, Ctenocephalides felis.
Species in the genera Bartonella and Rickettsia are vector-borne pathogens of humans and domestic animals. The natural reservoirs and enzootic transmission cycles of these bacteria are poorly known in South Carolina. Thirteen species of lice and fleas were collected from urban animals and screened for the presence of Bartonella and Rickettsia by PCR amplification using genus-specific primers. Bartonella henselae was present in cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) from Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) and a novel genotype of Bartonella was detected in Orchopeas howardi from an eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). We detected R. typhi and three novel genotypes Rickettsia in other species of fleas and lice. Rickettsia typhi, the causative agent of murine typhus, was detected in two pools of lice (Enderleinellus marmotae) from the woodchuck (Marmota monax). Cat fleas harbored one of two novel genotypes of Rickettsia. A third novel Rickettsia was detected in Orchopeas howardi from an eastern gray squirrel.
Pdf.

Regazzoni I. 1879. Le marmotte fossili dei dintorni di Como [La marmotte fossile des alentours de Come]. Atti Soc. It. Sc. Nat. Milano, 22 : 22-26.
En italien , in Italian.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, pléistocène, Pleistocene, Lombardie, Lombardy, Italie, Italy.

Régnault Félix 1873. Fouilles dans la grotte de Gargas (Hautes-Pyrénées) [Excavations in the Gargas cave (Hautes-Pyrénées)]. 65e Congrès scientifique, Pau, 369.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Hautes-Pyrénées, France.

Régnault Félix 1892. Les abris préhistoriques de la Taurasse (Haute-Garonne) et de Montfort (Ariège) [The prehistorical shelters of La Taurasse (Haute-Garonne) and of Montfort (Ariège)]. Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire naturelle de Toulouse, Séance du 20 janvier 1892, IV-VI.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, dernière période de l'époque du renne,last period of the reindeer epoch, Haute-Garonne, Ariège, France.
Pdf.

Regnault & Reiset 1849. Recherches chimiques sur la respiration des animaux [Chemical studies on the perspiration in animals]. Ann. de chim. et de phys., 3ème série, 26 : 429.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, chimie : chemistry, respiration, hibernation.
Regnault et Reiset disent que les expériences qu'ils ont faites sur la respiration des Marmottes donnent l'explication très simple du fait observé par Sacc, à savoir que souvent les Marmottes en torpeur augmentent sensiblement de poid, bien qu'elles ne prennent aucune nourriture. En effet, sur une Marmotte engourdie et froide, on a trouvé que le poids de l'oxygène consommé était de 13 gr 088, tandis que le poids de l'acide carbonique exhalé ne s'élevait qu'à 7gr174. Or, l'animal n'avait rendu ni excréments, ni urines ; si donc, il n'avait pas, d'un autre côté, perdu de l'eau par la transpiration, son poids se serait augmenté de 5 gr 914 par la respiration seule, pendant les cinq jours qu'il est resté dans l'appareil. Il a certainement perdu une parttie de cette eau par la transpiration, mais cette perte a pu être beaucoup moindre que 5gr9, parce que la température de l'animal était basse et supérieure seulement de 4 degrés à celle du milieu ambiant.
Voici maintenant les conclusions de ces auteurs relatives aux mammifères hivernants : la respiration des Marmottes, complètement éveillées et se nourrissant bien, ne présente rien de particulier ; elle est semblable à celle des autres Mammifères qui prennent la même nourriture, mais celle des Marmottes, complétement assoupies, est très différente : souvent il y a absorption d'azote et le rapport de la quantité d'oxygène contenu dans l'acide carbonique à celle de l'oxygène consommé est beaucoup plus faible, car il ne s'élève quelquefois qu'à 0,4. D'une part, le poids de l'oxygène qui entre dans des combinaisons non gazeuse étant plus grand que celui de l'acide carbonique dégagé et d'un autre côté, l'animal perdant peu d'eau par la transpiration, parce que sa température n'est pas très supérieure à celle du milieu ambiant, il en résulte que la Marmotte augmente sensiblement de poids par sa seule respiration. Cette phrase est soulignée dans le texte même. Mais cette augmentation n'est pas indéfinie parce que, de temps en temps, l'animal rend des urines. La consommation d'oxygène par les Marmottes engourdies est très faible ; elle ne s'élève souvent qu'à 1/30 de celle qu'exigent les Marmottes éveillées, et il est possible que cette consom-mation soit bien plus petite lorsque ces animaux sont exposés à une température beaucoup plus basse que celle qu'ils ont eue dans leurs expériences. Au moment où les Marmottes sortent de leur léthargie, la respiration devient extrêmement active et, pendant la période de réveil, elles consomment beaucoup plus d'oxygène que lorsqu'elles sont complètement éveillées ; leur température s'élève rapide-ment et leurs membres sortent successivement de leur engourdissement. Les Marmottes engourdies peuvent séjour-ner longtemps, sans en éprouver d'effets fâcheux, dans un air pauvre en oxygène, qui asphyxie une Marmotte éveillée en quelques instants. Ces animaux ne paraissent pas pouvoir passer, par leur seule volonté, de l'état de réveil à l'état de torpeur. Ces auteurs expriment le regret de n'avoir pas pu faire des expériences autrement que vers la fin de l'hiver et à des températures qui n'étaient pas assez basses. Appendice, Dubois, 1896.

Reichel J.D. 1986. Habitat use by alpine mammals in the Pacific northwest, USA [Utilisation de l'habitat chez les mammifères alpins dans le Pacifique du nord-ouest, EUA]. Arctic and Alpine Res., 18: 111-119.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, habitat, États-Unis d'Amérique, United States of America.

Reichholf J. 1984. Les mammifères [Mammals]. Solar, Paris.
En français, in French.
Faune, fauna, Mammalia.

Reichman F. 1942. Groundhog day [Le jour de la marmotte]. Amer. Germ. Rev. Feb., 8 : 11-43.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Reichman O.J. & Smith S. 1990. Burrows and burrowing behavior by mammals [Terriers et comportement de constuction des terriers chez les mammifères]. Current Mammalogy, 2:197-244.
Ethologie, ethology, terrier, burrow.

Reid M.S., Kilduff T.S., Romero L.M., Florant G.L., Dement W.C., Heller H.C. 1992. Monoamine and metabolite levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hibernating and euthermic marmots [Niveaux des monoamines et des métabolites dans le fluide cérébrospinal des marmottes hibernantes et éveillées]. J. Sleep. Res., 1(1): 45-50.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, hibernation, monoamines cérébrales, cerebral monoamines.
Cerebrospinal fluid from yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris, was analysed for monoamine and monoamine metabolite content during euthermia and deep hibernation. Dopamine (DA) levels were decreased, while DA metabolite levels, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), were dramatically increased in hibernating marmots. Serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) levels were also greatly enhanced during hibernation while norepinephrine (NE) levels were only moderately increased. These findings demonstrate that cerebrospinal monoamine levels are dynamically altered during hibernation, such that DA versus 5-HT and NE levels undergo opposite changes. Therefore, these data indicate that DA, 5-HT and NE neuronal systems are differentially altered during hibernation in mammals.

Reidy Shannon Patricia 2000. The effects of prolonged fasting, hibernation and leptin on in vivo lipid metabolism in mammals [Effets du jeûne prolongé, de l'hibernation et de la leptine sur le métabolisme in vivo des mammifères]. PhD University of ottawa (Canada), 179 pages.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte commune ou américaine, lipide, lipid, jeûne, fasting, hibernation.
The main purpose of this thesis was to identify the changes that occur in m vim mammalian lipid metabolism during long-term fasting, arousal from hibernation, and following leptin treatment. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and woodchucks (Marmota monax) were fasted for one and two weeks, respectively, at room temperature and during different seasons. Woodchucks fasted in the summer lowered their energy expenditure and protein oxidation as soon as the fast was initiated. The woodchucks fasting in the spring did not, as their metabolic rate and protein utilization were already low, probably because in the wild they fast for extended periods of time following their final arousal from hibernation in the spring. The rabbits also exhibited metabolic depression and protein sparing with fasting although they used more protein and less lipid than the woodchucks. Using the continuous infusion method rates of triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolysis (lipolysis), fatty acid (FA) mobilization and FA reesterification were measured on woodchucks that had just aroused from three months of hibernation. The contribution of TAGIFA substrate cycling to their total energy expenditure was extremely high (17%) Also, thermogenesis by this substrate cycle decreased the longer an animal had been aroused from hibernation, suggesting that this substrate cycle may be an important source of beat during arousal. Due to the high TAGIFA cycling rates, their lipolytic rate was also extremely high. Using the same methods, temporal changes in the rates of FA reesterification, lipolysis and lipid mobilization were measured in fasting rabbits. Their rates of lipolysis and FA mobilization initially doubled however, in the fix was prolonged, those rates decreased to pre-fasting levels. The metabolic depression induced by fasting probably accounted for the changes as less substrate was required for β-oxidation. Reduced TAG/FA substrate cycling with long-term fasting accounted for a small amount of this metabolic depression (3%). The effects of leptin on TAG/FA recycling, lipolysis and FA mobilization were also investigated. In vivo leptin treatment caused significant increases in lipolytic rates and FA mobilization, and increased the relative contribution of lipid to the rabbit's total energy expenditure. The cycling rate of the TAG/FA substrate cycle was stimulated by leptin, contributing to 15% of the leptin-induced increase in energy expenditure. This showed that substrate cycling activation is a potent mechanism by which leptin can increase, metabolic thermogenesis.

Reidy Shannon P. & Weber J.M. 2004. Metabolism of normothermic woodchucks during prolonged fasting [Métabolisme des marmottes communes normothermiques au cours d’un jeûne prolongé]. The journal of experimental (J. Exp. Biol.), 207(Pt 26): 4525-4533.
En anglais, in English
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, jeûne, fasting.
The energy metabolism of hibernators has not been characterized for normothermic fasting, and our goal was to quantify oxidative fuel selection of non-hibernating woodchucks Marmota monax during prolonged food deprivation. Indirect calorimetry and nitrogen excretion measurements were used to assess changes in metabolic rate (VO2), fuel selection and composition of nitrogen wastes, as well as seasonal differences. For reference, matching experiments were also performed on rabbits. The results show that woodchucks have a higher metabolic rate in summer (271 micromol O2 kg(-1) min(-1)) than in spring (200 micromol O2 kg(-1) min(-1)) and that fasting-induced metabolic depression is only possible in summer (-25% in 14 days). The metabolic rate of rabbits is high at all times (383 micromol O2 kg(-1) min(-1)), but they show a more rapid depression in response to fasting (-32% in 7 days). Woodchucks have a naturally low reliance on proteins in the fed state (accounting for 8% VO2) in spring; 17% VO2 in summer; vs 28% VO2 in rabbits) and are able to decrease it even further during fasting (spring, 5% VO2); summer, 6% VO2; vs 20% VO2 in rabbits). This study shows that, apart from their notorious capacity for hibernation, woodchucks are particularly well adapted for normothermic fasting. Their ability to cope with prolonged food deprivation is based on a series of integrated responses eliciting deep metabolic depression and a rapid change in fuel selection to spare limited protein reserves. Information presently available on prolonged fasting suggests that such an ability for metabolic depression, possibly down to minimal levels still compatible with normothermic life, may be common among mammals. In contrast, the extreme protein sparing demonstrated in woodchucks is a unique metabolic feature of fasting champions.
Pdf.

Reinach Salomon 1903. Observations sur les animaux représentés dans les peintures rupestres de l'âge du Renne [Observations on animals of the roxk drawings of the Reindeer Age]. Comptes rendus hebdomadairse des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 136 : 1536-1537.
En français, in French.
Pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, quaternary, peintures rupestres, rock drawings.

Reitter E. 1900. Aphodius (Orodaliscus) rotundangulus nov. sp. Deutsch. Ent. Z., 84.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota bobac, terrier, burrow, entomologie, microcavernicole.

Rekovets L. 2001. The conditions of existence of Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach in the periglacial zone of Eastern Europe [Conditions d'existence de Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach dans la zone périglaciale de l'Europe de l'Est]. In The World of Elephants, International Congress, Rome 2001.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, Mammuthus primigenius, Pléistocène, Pleistocene Europe orientale, Eastern Europe.
This paper presents some material characterizing the conditions of existence of Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach in the periglacial zone of Eastern Europe in the Late Pleistocene. On the basis of data, mainly about small mammals, it has been shown that there were tundra-steppe ecosystems in which mammoths lived.

Rekovets Leonid 2003. Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) in the periglacial faunas of Ukraine [Le mammouth (Mammuthus primigenius) dans la faune périglaciale de l'Ukraine]. Third Mammoth Conference.
En anglais, in English.
Mammuthus primigenius, paléontology, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Ukraine.
Mammoth faunas of the second half of the Pleistocene of Ukraine have been studied thoroughly on the basis of numerous discoveries of the remains of the typical genera in various taphonomic types of burials. These faunas are practically always characterized by the presence of Mammuthus primigenius. In localities connected with camps (stands) of ancient man (Mezin, Mazhirich, Pushkari, Zhuravka, Gontsy, Dobranichevka, Lypa IV, Molodova and others), this species almost always dominates in its number of remains. In river-bed deposits of the Dnieper River this genus is also predominant. There is a smaller quantity (number) of its remains in loesses, fossilized soils and cave grotto deposits.
The qualitative composition of attendant genera is very consistent for certain landscape-climate zones of Ukraine and contiguous territories. For example, in the northern part of Ukraine (the central part of the Russian Plain), the periglacial zone with ecologically mixed theriofauna (mammal fauna) is considered today to be a natural-historical association. At that time specific conditions prevailed, with a particular set of species. Those conditions differed morphologically and therefore supported a taxonomically different mammal fauna than in other areas where we find closely related forms. Mammuthus primigenius, Dicrostonyx gulielmi, and Microtus gregalis prevailed there; Alopex lagopus, Rangifer tarandus, Ovibos moschatus, and Lemmus sibiricus were less consistently represented. Other species including Spermophilus, Lagurus lagurus, Allactaga jaculus, Ochotona spelaeus, and Equus latipes were predominant among the inhabitants of the steppe. Polyzonal species, mostly Carnivora, were not very representative.
The central part of Ukraine, including its western regions, made up a special ecological zone (cold forest-steppe) during the late Pleistocene, which bordered on the periglacial zone. As before, Mammuthus primigenius, Rangifer tarandus, Spermophilus, and Lagurini were dominant. The peculiarity of the theriofauna of this zone is that species of polyzonal ecological landscapes appeared: many Carnivora, Cervidae, Muridae, Microtus arvalis and forest forms. In this case the qualitative composition of the mammoth theriofauna changed to include fewer northern forms and an increased role of polyzonal species (species with wide ecological plasticity). Such a fauna is to some degree transitional between the more northern typical periglacial mammoth fauna and the more southern steppe fauna where remains of Bison priscus prevail.
At that time in the southern part of Ukraine open steppe predominated. The number Mammuthus primigenius was small (insignificant). The species Bison priscus, Rangifer tarandus, Equus latipes, Microtus arvalis - socialis groups, Marmota bobac, and Spermophilus dominated. The qualitative composition o the mammoth fauna noticeably changed at the expense of the predominance of steppe species, as well as abundance of the remains of Rangifer tarandus, especially in the western part of Ukraine. Conditions for the existence of this species were probably optimal; which is also indicated by the palynological data. There are no Dicrostonyx or Lemmus and very few Mammuthus primigenius, Microtus gregalis, Alopex lagopus, Gulo gulo, or Lagopus lagopus in this landscape zone.
A peculiar composition of theriofauna was characteristic of the territory of the Crimea. Here Saiga tatarica, Alopex lagopus, Vulpes corsac, and Cervidae prevailed. Other species including Mammuthus primigenius, Coelodonta antiquitatis, and Capreolus were absent.
Coelodonta antiquitatis, Megaloceros giganteus, Equus latipes, and Arvicola terrestris as well as Carnivora were poorly presented in the mammoth theriofauna of all landscape-climatic zones of Ukraine.
Changes in the qualitative composition of the mammoth fauna, generally progressing from north to south, were accompanied by an increase in the role of arid steppe species and weakening of the role of arctic forms. In the meridional direction (from east to the west) there was a noticeable increase of the number of polyzonal, forest and near-water species of the theriofauna.
The number of remains of Mammuthus primigenius in the north was almost invariable, while in southern Ukraine they are nearly absent. Progressing from east to west, the role and importance in the biocenose of typical steppe species (Spermophilus, Spalacidae, Lagurini, Saiga) are considerably diminished. Such dynamic trends in the quantity (number) of mammoth, were caused by the landscape-climatic zone character that existed in the late Pleistocene. It showed itself in the fact that in the southern outlying part of the Valdai glacier (near glacial zone) there existed periglacial tundra-steppe with an evolutionarily formed complex of species where Mammuthus primigenius, Dicrostonyx and Lagurus dominated. These (and other) species had special morphological adaptations to these special conditions, which have no equivalent today. All the theriofauna was quite different taxonomically from previous and contemporary associations, as well as from that from the more southern landscape zones - a cold forest-steppe with polyzonal species, and a steppe with predominant xerophytic species, as demonstrated by data on the dynamics of the vegetation which made up (served as) the main forage reserve for mammoths and other herbivorous animals (Velichko, 1973; Bibikova, Belan, 1999; Rekovets, 1985; Puchkov, 1989; and others).

Renard M-A. 1997. Le comportement de surveillance chez la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) [Watchfulness behaviour in Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota)]. Rapport technique, DEA Analyse et modélisation des systèmes biologiques, Lyon, 26 pp.
En français, in French.

Marmotte alpine, Marmota marmota, marmots, surveillance, watchfulness, durée et fréquence des relevés de tête, prédation, stratégie comportementale, behavioural strategy, social, facteurs éthologiques, ethologic factors, facteursécologiques, ecologic factors, Analyse des Correspondances Multiples (ACM),Multiple Correspondance Analysis (MCA).

Renard M-A. 1997. Le comportement de surveillance chez les mammifères terrestres.[Watchfulness behaviour in terrestrial mammals]. Rapport bibliographique, DEA Analyse et modélisation des systèmes biologiques, Lyon, 31 pp.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Mammalia, terrestrial mammals, surveillance, watchfulness, prédation, predation, stratégie comportementale, behavioural strategy, social, facteurs éthologiques, ethologic factors, facteurs écologiques, ecologic factors, modélisation. models.

Renault-Miskovsky J. 1976. La végétation quaternaire. La végétation au Pléistocène moyen en Languedoc méditerranéen [Quaternary vegetation. Vegetation during the median Pleistocene in mediterranean Languedoc]. In La préhistoire française; les civilisations paléolithiques et mésolithiques de la France, t.I, 1, p.486-488. Editions du CNRS.
En français, in French.
Végétation vegetation, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Languedoc, France.

Renault-Miskovsky J. 1980. Le paléoenvironnement de l'Homme de Tautavel (Caune de l'Arago, Tautavel, Pyrénées -Orientales) : la faune et la flore en Roussillon au Pléistocène moyen [The Tautavel Man paleoenvironment: fauna and flora in the Roussillon during median Pleistocene]. C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris, t. 290, série D, p.747-750.
En français, in French.
Faune, fauna, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Pyrénées -Orientales, France.

Reno N.V. 1985. The use of foraging areas by yellow-bellied marmots [L'utilisation des aires d'alimentation par les marmottes à ventre jaune]. Oikos, 44 : 273-279.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, écologie, ecology, éthologie, ethology, spatial.

Repenning C.A. 1967. Palearctic-Nearctic mammalian dispersal in the late Cenozoic [Dispersion des mammifères paléarctique-Néarctique au cours de la fin du Cénozoïque]. In The Bering Land bridge, Hopkins D.M. ed., Palo Alto, Stamford Univ. Press, 289-311.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Pliocène, Pliocene, Russie, Russia, Sibérie, Siberia.

Première référence de Marmottes et écureuils terrestres en Eurasie et Paléarctique à la fin du Pliocène. Faune de Tologoi en Sibérie.

Repenning C.A. 1982. Pleistocene mammalian faunas: climate and evolution [Faunes mammaliennes du Pléistocène : climat et évolution]. 3rd Intern. Theriol. Congr., Helsinski.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Mammifères, mammals, climat, climate, évolution, evolution.

Repenning C.A., Hopkins D.M. & M. Rubin 1964. Tundra rodents in a late Pleistocene fauna from the Toty placer district, central Alaska [Les rongeurs de la toundra d'une faune du Pléistocène tardif du district de Toty placer, Alaska central]. Arctic, 17: 177-197.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, Paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, EUA, USA, Alaska.

Repien P.G. 1950. Biologiya i akklimatizatsiya altaïskikh sourkov [Biologie et acclimatation de la marmotte de l'Altaï]. Avtoref. kand. diss. M.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, réintroduction, re-introduction, Russie, Russia.

Repien P.G. 1954. Akklimatizatsiya altaïskogo sourka v Dagestane [Acclimatation de la marmotte de l'Altaï au Daghestan]. Tr. Mosk. Poushno-Mekhovogo in-ta, 5.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, réintroduction, re-introduction, Russie, Russia, Daghestan.

Reacute;serve du Lauzannier 1950. Actes de la réserve du Lauzanier, n° 7, 1948-1949 [Proceedings of the Lauzanier Reserve n° 7, 1948-1949]. La Terre et la Vie, 5 : 302.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, conservation, réserve, France, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence.

Resseguier J. 2001. Inventaire des marmottes de la vallée d’Eyne [Inventory of the marmots in the Eyne Valley]. Naturalia eynensia, n°1.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.

Reshtnikov A.P. 1895. [La peste des marmottes tarbagans et sa transmission à l'homme. On the plague of tarbagan marmots and transmission to man.] Vestn. O-va gig., soud. i pract. med., 23, 1 : 6-10 .
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, peste, plague, Homme, Man.

Reshetnikova P.I. 1959(1960). [Les puces de la région de Kostanaï. To fauna of fleas in Kostanai oblast]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivotchoum. in-ta, Alma-Ata, 6: 261-265.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces, fleas, Kostanaï, Kostanai.

Resources Inventory Committee 2002. Vertebrates of BC: Scientific and English names [Vertébrés de CB : Noms scientifiques et anglais]. Standards for Components of BC’s Biodiversity N° 2, Version 3.0. Min. Environ. Lands and Parks, Resour. Inv. Br., Vixtoria, BC, 255p.
En anglais, in English.
Vertébrés, vertebrates, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia.

Reuss Jeremias David 1801. Repertorium commentationum a societatibus litterariis editorum. apud Henricum Dieterich.
En latin, in Latin.
Arctomys Marmota., Anatomie, anatomy.
Pdf.

Revil M. Guide de la Savoie [Guide of the Savoy].
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, France, Savoie.

Revin Yu.V. 1989. [Mammals of southern Yakoutia. Les mammifères du sud de la Yakoutie]. Naouka, Novosibirsk, 319p.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota camtschatica, faunistique, faune, Russie, Russia, Yakoutie, Yakutia.

Revin Yu.V. & Lyamkin V.F. 1986. O strouktoure areala tchernoshapotchnogo sourka v severnom Zabaïkalie i Yuzhnoï Yakoutii. V kn. Teriologiya, ornitologiya i okhrana prirody. Tez. dokl. II Vsesoiuzn. simpoziuma Biol. Problem Severa, 3, Yakoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, répartition, distribution, Russie, Russia, Yakoutie, Yakutia.

Revin Vu.V. & Lyamkin V.F. 1987. O strouktoure areala tchernoshapotchnogo sourka (Marmota camtschatica Pall.) Pribaïkal'ya, Zabaïkal'ya i yujnoï Yakoutii [Sur la structure de l''aire de répartition de la marmotte à tête noire (Marmota camtschatica Pall.) en Transbaïkalie du nord et au sud de la Yakoutie. On area structure of the black-capped marmot (Marmota camtschatica Pall.) in near Baikal, north part of Baikal and south Yakutia]. Ekologiya gornykh vidov mlekopitayuchtchikh, M. Naouka, 144-146. In Ecology and protection of mountains mammals species, Proceedings of 3rd All-Union Conference. Moscow: 144-146].
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, répartition, distribution, Russie, Russia, Transbaïklie, Transbaikalia, Yakoutie, Yakutia.

Reut Yu. A. 1983. Istoriya akklimatizatsii baïbaka v Askapii-Nova [Histoire de l'introduction de M. bobac dans la région d'Askhapi-Nova. History of bobac marmot in the Askhapi-Nova region]. Okhrana, ratsionalinoe ispolizovanie i ekologiya sourkov, M. : AN SSSR, 92-95.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, histoire, history, réintroduction, re-introduction.

Reut Yu. A. 1991. [Sur l'alimentation de la marmotte bobac en Askani-Nava. On the feeding of bobak in Askania-Nova]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 88-90.
Marmota bobac, alimentation, foraging.

Reymers N.F. & Yablokov A.V.1982. [Catalogue des vertébrés inclus dans le Livre Rouge d'URSS (1978). Checklist of vertebrates included with the Red Data Book of the USSR (1978)]. A Dictionary of Terms and Notions Connected with the Protection of Wild Life, Moscow: Nauka, 142.
En russe, in Russian.
Conservation.

Reynolds W.A. & G.Jr. Gavutis 1975. Capillaria hepatica in a groundhog (Marmota monax) [Capillaria hepatica chez une marmotte]. J. Wildlife Diseases, 11: 1-13.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota monax, parasitologie, parasitology.

Rhoads Samuel N. 1903. Fossil mammals of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. A faunal map [mammifères fossiles de Pennsylvanie et du New jersey. Une carte faunistique]. Philadelphia, 1-266 pages, 8 plates.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vetus, paléontologie, paleontology.

Rhodes R.S. & Semken H.A. Jr. 1986. Quaternary biostratigraphy and paleoecology of fossil mammals from the Loess Hills region of western Iowa [Biostatigraphie quaternaire et paléoécologie des mammifères fossiles de la région du Loess Hills de l'Iowa occidentale]. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 93: 94-130.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, paléoécologie, paleoecology, quaternaire, quaternary, loess, Iowa, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Riba L. & J. Tena 1999. La marmota alpina al Principat d'Andorra Estudi Polacional i Sanitari Dades preliminars. [La marmotte alpine en Principauté d'Andorre. Étude populationnelle et sanitaire. Donnés préliminaires].
Departament de Medi Ambient,Govern d'Andorra, [email protected]
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Marmota marmota, Andorre, Andorra.

L. Riba, J. Tena 2000. La marmotte (Marmota marmota) en principauté d'Andorre. Données démographiques et sanitaires [Alpine marmot in the Principality of Andorra. Demographic and sanitary status]. 5ème Journée d'Étude sur la Marmotte Alpine, Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. eds.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Alpine marmot, démographie, demography, statut sanitaire, sanitary status, Principauté d'Andorre, Principality of Andorra, Pyrénées orientales, Eastern Pyrenees.
The study of the alpine marmot, introduced in the princiality of Andorra (Eastern Pyrenees) in 1980, started in 1997 at the request of the Andorran Government. The first emigrant marmots came from Cerdagne (Catalonia). Group family size was 4.8 ± 1.7 individuals. Marmot density, 1.4 individual/ha, was similar to density oberved in Western Pyrenees, but lower than density in Central Pyenees. Two coccids of the Emeria genera, specific of the Marmota genera, but previously absent in Pyrenees, were found through coproscopic analysis. The survey of this marmot population will allow to use marmots as bio-indicator of High mountain ecosystems.

Ricankova V., Fric Z., Chlachula J., Faltynkova A. & Stastna P. 2005. Habitat selection of grey marmos, Marmota baibacina, in southern Altai mountains. V’bovmestoobitani‘ serym sourkom (Marmota baibacina) v gorakh iujnogo Altaya. [Sélection de l’habitat chez la marmotte grise, Marmota baibacina, dans les monts de l’Altaï méridional]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 102-103.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota baibacina, habitat, Alta‘, Altai, Russie, Russia.
Grey marmots (Marmota baibacina) occupy mountain steppe and meadow in the Altai (M. b. baibacina) and Tien Shan (M. b. centralis) but are also found in forest steppe in southern Siberia (M. b. kastschenkoi) and in the hills of Central Kazakhstan. Grey marmots display a patchy distribution in the Altai Mountains and their populations are declining. The aim of this study was to describe habitat selection of grey marmots in the southern part of the Altai Republic (Russia). The region represents complete sequence of altitudinal vegetation zones from steppe, forest-steppe, and forest, sub-alpine and alpine vegetation. The data from 306 quadrants, including type of phytocenose, amount of vegetation and stone cover were supported by environmental andgeological data such as data on altitude (1231- 2978 m a. s.1.), exposition, slope, proximity to water, surface geology, human disturbance, surface humidity, soil type and thickness. Our results suggest that Marmota baibacina prefer cragged habitat: steep slopes with large amount of stone cover, at least 250 m from the nearest water source and with only a thin layer of soil. Altitude and exposure to sun do not represent significant factors in habitat choice of grey marmots. The marmots prefer dry areas with a small amount of herbaceous cover. The species avoids forests. Amount of human disturbance was not a significant factor affecting marmot distribution. Therefore, the main threat to grey marmot populations probably is not the habitat loss and grazing by domestic livestock, but rather extensive hunting.
Russian PDF russe

Richard C. 1938. Gli scavi della Caverna dei "parmorari" (Verezzi) e il loro contributo al problema del Paleolitico e del Neolitico in Italia [Les fouilles de la caverne Parmorari (Verezzi) et leur contribution aux problèmes du Paléolithique et du Néolithique en Italia] . Rivista ingauna e Intemelia, 3(3-4) : 24-42.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Ligurie, Liguria, Italie, Italia.

Richard M.A. 1856.Oeuvres complètes de Buffon.T. V. Dufour, Mulat et Boulanger, Paris.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, image marmotte, image of marmot.

Richardson F.C., Tennant B.C., Meyer D.J., Richardson K.A., Mann P.C., McGinty G.R.,Wolf J.L., Zack P.M. & Bendele R.A. 1999. An evaluation of the toxicities of 2'-fluorouridine and 2'-fluorocytidine-HCl in F344 rats and woodchucks (Marmota monax). Toxicol Pathol., 27(6):607-617.
En angais, in English.
Marmota monax.
The toxicities of 2'-fluorouridine (2'-FU) and 2'-fluorocytidine-HCl (2'-FC) were separately evaluated in 2 species, male Fischer 344 (F334) rats and woodchucks. Particular attention was focused on the ability of these nucleosides to induce toxicities similar to those induced by the antiviral drug fialuridine (FIAU). 2'-FU or 2'-FC was administered to F344 male rats by intravenous injection at doses of 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg/day for 90 consecutive days and to male and female woodchucks at doses of 0.75 and 7.5 mg/kg/day for 90 consecutive days. Clinical chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis (woodchuck only) profiles were assessed during and at the termination of the study. At necropsy, organs were weighed and tissues collected for routine histologic analysis. Cytochrome c oxidase activity, citrate synthase activity, and mitochondrial DNA content were measured, and micronucleus formation in the bone marrow (rats only) was evaluated. No adverse clinical effects were observed in either species. Rats treated with high doses of either 2'-FU or 2'-FC had body weights that were 90% of those of controls. 2'-FU and 2'-FC both induced a moderate decrease in the median lymphocyte count, and 2'-FC and 2'-FU induced a mild increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume. Both compounds caused slight to moderate, reversible, histologic changes in the spleen and thymus. In the woodchuck, 2'-FC caused a slight increase in mean absolute lymphocytes, and 2'-FC and 2'-FU slightly increased hepatic periportal vacuolation and/or mononuclear cell infiltration. In summary, neither compound showed evidence of the toxicity induced by fialuridine in either species. Although compound effects were observed, none of these effects were considered to be adverse, and the no-observed adverse effect level was determined to be 500 mg/kg/day for both compounds in the male F344 rat and 7.5 mg/kg/day in the woodchuck.

Richardson F.C., Zhang C., Lehrman S.R., Koc H., Swenberg J.A., Richardson K.A., Bendele R.A. 2002. Quantification of 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine and 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine in DNA and RNA isolated from rats and woodchucks using LC/MS/MS. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 15(7):922-6.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite, hepatitis.
Apatmers are synthesized using 2'-fluoropyrimdines in place of normal pyrmidines to stabilize them against enzymatic degradation, and thereby improve their therapeutic efficacy. Despite this stabilizing effect, the apatmers can still be degraded by nucleases in the blood. Primer template extension studies have demonstrated that mammalian DNA polymerases can incorporate these 2'-fluoropyrimidines into growing strands of DNA. The toxicologic effects of these compounds have been examined in rats and woodchucks, animals known to be susceptible to the toxic effects of other modified pyrimidines. Whether these nucleosides can be incorporated into DNA in vivo has not been established. These studies report the development of methodologies and the results of studies designed to determine if and to what extent 2'-fluoropyrimidines are incorporated into tissue DNA following long-term treatment. Rats were dosed intravenously with either 2'-fluorouridine (2'-FU) or 2'-fluorocytidine (2'-FC) at doses of 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg/day for 90 days. Woodchucks were dosed intravenously with either 2'-FU or 2'-FC at doses of 0.75 or 7.5 mg/kg/day for 90 days. The amounts of 2'-FU or 2'-FC in DNA and RNA were quantified using newly developed LC/MS/MS methodologies. Administration of 2'-FU to rats and woodchucks resulted in incorporation of the compound into DNA from liver, spleen, testis, muscle, and kidney. Incorporation also occurred in RNA from rat liver (only tissue examined). Similarly, administration of 2'-FC to rats and woodchucks resulted in incorporation into liver DNA (only tissue examined). These data demonstrate that 2'-fluoropyrimidines are incorporated into DNA and RNA of various tissues of rats and woodchucks following long-term administration.

Richardson J. 1763. Abhandlung von dem Murmelthieren [Traité sur les mamottes. Marmotology]. Hamburg Magaz., 26 : 419-431.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota.

Richardson John Sir 1829-1831. Fauna Boreali Americana [Faune d'Amérique boréale] .Faune, fauna, Arctomys. Richelet Pierre 1680. Dictionnaire françois contenant les mots et les choses [French dictionary containing the words and the things]: plusieurs nouvelles remarques sur la langue françoise : ses expressions propres, figurées & burlesques, la prononciation des mots les plus difficiles, le genre des noms, le régime des verbes, avec les termes les plus connus des arts & des sciences. Genève, chez Jean Herman Widerhold, 555 p., Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Français (langue), French language, dictionnaire, dictionary, marmote : petite fille.
extrait/extract PDF

Richelet Pierre 1732. Dictionnaire de la langue françoise ancienne et moderne [Dictionary of the ancient and modern French language] : augmenté de plusieurs additions d'histoire, de grammaire, de critique, de jurisprudence, et d'une liste alphabétique des auteurs et des livres cités dans ce dictionnaire.Tome second, [I-Z]. Amsterdam, aux dépens de la Compagnie, 939 p., Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Français (langue), French langage, dictionnaire, dictionary, Mus montanus, marmota, marmote, p. 162.
extrait/extract PDF

Richmond & Roslund 1949.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax monax, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Ohio.

Richter C.B. & Kradel D.C. 1964. Cerebrospinal nematodosis in Pennsylvania groundhogs (Marmota monax) [Nématodose cérébrospinale chez la marmotte commune d'Amérique (Marmota monax)]. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 25 : 1230-1235.
En anglais, in English.
Parasitisme, parasitism, Marmota monax monax, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Pennsylvanie, Pennsylvania.

Richter 1879. Zeitschr. D. deutsch. Geolog. Ges.

Richter 1879. N. Jahrb. F. Miner.

Rideau J-P. 1994. La marmotte des alpes : Marmota marmota [The marmot of the Alps: Marmota marmota]. Thèse doctorat pharmacie, Toulouse 3.
En français, in French.

Rieben G. 1991. Marmotte. L'époux fidèle était bigame! [Marmot. The unfaithful husband was bigamous!]. Terre Sauvage, 55 : 56-63.
En français, in French.
Marmota olympus, éthologie, ethology.

Riha Susanne 1988. Nous dormons jusqu'au printemps [We sleep till spring]. Toulouse, É:ditions Milan, 25 p.
En français, in French.
Douze spécimens d'animaux: marmotte, blaireau, hérisson, loir, etc. Cet album nous dévoile comment ils se préparent au long sommeil de l'hiver.
Littérature enfantine, Juvenile literature, hibernation.

Riha Susanne 1989. La petite marmotte [The small marmot]. Toulouse, Éditions Milan, 29 p.
En français, in French.
Littérature enfantine, Juvenile literature.

Rinaudo J.A. & Gerin J.L. 2004. Cross-species hybridization: characterization of gene expression in woodchuck liver using human membrane arrays. Journal of medical virology (J. Med. Virol.), 74(2): 300-313.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmote commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, foie, liver, hybridation, hybridization.
Total RNA from normal adult woodchucks was analyzed using membrane arrays containing human cDNA clones, and the gene expression patterns were compared to human liver. Various hybridization and wash conditions were examined. In both the woodchuck and human livers, 352 genes were identified as highly expressed (Z-scores > or =1.96). These genes represented numerous liver functions: transcription, RNA processing, signal transduction, protein synthesis and degradation, as well as enzymes. Several genes were selected and expression was verified by Northern blots for woodchuck liver. There were no false positives but 29 genes were identified as false negatives, expressed only in human liver. Possible reasons for these false negatives were the length and percentage of homology between the two species, differences in the distribution and types of mismatches, and the sequence region spotted on the array. These were assessed by examining expression of the transferrin gene in both species. A 200-fold range of RNA concentration (0.1-20 microg total RNA) was also examined and the optimal RNA concentration was determined to be 5 microg. Membranes were capable of being hybridized and reprobed at least five times. The study demonstrates that cross-species hybridization is a valid method for identifying gene expression in woodchuck liver.

Ringeisen F. 1995. Rôle des facteurs de transcription hépatiques hnf1 et hnf4 dans l'hépatocarcinogenèse induite par le virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte. Thèse médecine, Paris 5 Necker.
En français, in French.
Virologie, cancer du foie, hépatocarcinoma, virus, hépatite, hepatitis, marmotte, Marmota monax, facteur transcription, hepatocyte, nuclear factor.

Ringeisen F. 1996. De la régulation de la transcription à l'hépatocarcinogenèse : les facteurs nucléres HNF et HNF4 . Thèse doctorale Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquées, psychologie, Paris5, Necker.
En français, in French.
Virus de l'héptite de la marmotte, Woodchuck hepatitis virus, Virus de l'hépatite des écureuils terrestres, Ground Squirrel Hepatitis Virus.
La famille des homéoprotéines HNF1 (Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1) et VHNF1 (Variant HNF1) compte de multiples isoformes identifiées dans différents organismes, qui sont susceptibles de fixer une même séquence d'ADN sous forme d'homo- ou d'hétérodimès. les protéines VHNF1 et VHNF1B diffèrent par une séquence de vingt-six acides aminés située en amont de l'homédomaine. Nous avons montré que cette région augmente l'affinité du facteur VHNF1A pour sa séquence cible. Les deux isoformes contiennent le même domaine transactivateur mais VHNF1A possède une capacité plus forte d'activation de la transcription. Une des difficultés de léétude de la fonction d'un facteur de transcription est la mise en évidence des gènes cibles. Connaissant la séquence des sites de fixation pour HNF1 d'une vingtaine de gèes, nous avons défini une matrice qui permet d'attribuer à toutes séquences de quinze nucléotides une valeur prédictive de sa capacité de fixation pour HNF1. A l'aide d'un algorihme, nous avons identifié dans les banques de séquences plusieurs centaines de nouveaux sites potentiels pour HNF1. Nous avons vérifié in vitro la capacité de fixation effective d'une cinquantaine de ces sites. l'infection chronique de marmottes par le virus WHV (Woodchuck hepatitis virus) est constamment suivie par le développement d'hépatocarcinomes. L'activation de l'oncogène N-MYC2 par l'intégration de séquences virales constitue un événement clef dans la transformation tumorale. Nous avons identifié un élément régulateur du virus WHV, dénomé WE2. Il contient des sites de fixation pour les facteurs de transcription hépatiques HNF1 et HNF4 qui sont les principaux déterminants de son activité. WE2 contrôle l'expression de l'ARN prégénomique viral. Il est également capable d'activer le promoteur hétérologue du gène N-MYC2. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence dans la région centrale de WE2 des différences entre le virus WHV et le virtus homologue GSHV (Ground Squirrel Hepatitis Virus).

Ripley George & Dana Charles Anderson 1863. The New American Cyclopaedia- A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge [La nouvelle cyclopédie américaine. Dictionnaire populaire de connaisance générale]. VolumeXVI, V-Zwirner, D. Appleton and Co, New York.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, woodchuck.

Risso A. 1826. Histoire Naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes-Maritimes. Mammifères [Natural history of the main production of southern Europe and particularly those of the neighbouring of Nice and in the Alpes-Maritimes]. tome III, Paris.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, France, Alpes-Maritimes.

Rivière Émile 1871. Sur les cavernes à ossements des Baoussé-Roussé [On the bone caves of Baoussé-Roussé]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 73 : 351-353, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology.
pdf

Rivière E. 1873a. Station préhistorique du Cap Roux [The prehistoric station of the Roux Cape]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 76 : 449-453.
En français, in French.
Pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Lepus cuniculus, absence de marmota, no marmota, Alpes-Maritimes, France.

Rivière E. 1873b. Découverte d’un nouveau squelette humain de l’époque paléolithique dans les cavernes de Baoussé-Roussé (Italie), dites grottes de Menton [Discovery of a new human skeleton of the paleolotihic epoch in the .Baoussé-Roussé caves (Italy), called Menton caves]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 76 : 1027-1031, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf
Arctomys primigenia, Homme, Man.

Rivière Emile 1873c. Notes extraites d’un mémoire sur les cavernes des baoussé-Roussé, dites grottes de Menton, et sur un squelette humain fossile [Extracts from a paper on the Baoussé-Roussé's caves, so-called Menton caves, and on human fossil skeleton]. Mémoires de la Société des sciences naturelles, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Cannes et de l’arrondissement de Grasse, T 3 : 99.
En français, in French.
Archéologie, archeology, homme, human.

Rivière E. 1874. Sur trois nouveaux squelettes humains, découverts dans les grottes de Menton, et sur la disparition des silex taillés et leur remplacement par des instruments en grès et en calcaire. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 78 : 569.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontyology, France.

Rivière E. 1875. Faune quaternaire des cavernes des Baoussé-Roussé, en Italie, dites grottes de Menton [Quaternary fauna o the caves of Baoussé-Roussé, in Italy, so-called Menton caves]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 82 : 346-348, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Arctomys primigenia, Arctomys autre, Alpes-Maritime, France.

Rivière E. 1875. Sur le dépôt quaternaire, supérieur à la brèche osseuse de Nice proprement dite, ou brèche supérieure de Cuvier. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 82 : 438-440, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.

Rivière Em. 1880. Note sur la grotte de Grimaldi [Note on the Grimaldi cave]. Bull. Soc. Géol. De France, 3e série, VI : 621, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontyology, France.
pdf

Rivière E. 1881. Notes sur la grotte de Grimaldi [Notes on the Grimaldi Cave]. Bull. Soc. Géol. De France, 6 : 621.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, quaternary.

Rivière E. 1882. Grotte Lympia [The Lympia Cave]. Comptes rend. Assoc. Franç. Pour l’avancement des sciences, Alger, p 575.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, quaternary.

Rivière E. 1882. La grotte Lympia [The Lympia Cave]. Comptes rendus Acad. sciences, 94 : 1263.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, quaternary.

Rivière E. 1883a. Grotte Lympia [The Lympia Cave]. Revue des travaux scientifiques, publ. sous la dir. du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, Ministère de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts, 12 fasc., 3 : 575, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, quaternary.
pdf

Rivière E. 1883b. Le gisement quaternaire de Billancourt [The quaternary deposit of Billancourt]. Revue des travaux scientifiques, publ. sous la dir. du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, Ministère de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts, 12 fasc., 3 : 652, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, quaternary.
pdf

Rivière E. 1887a. Sur une station humaine de l’âge de la pierre, découverte à Chaville. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 104 : 1117-1119. In Revue des Travaux scientifiques, 1888, 8 : 710, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Rivière E 1887b. La station moustérienne de la Quina (Charente) [The Mousterian station of La Quina]. Congrès de l’Assco. franç. Pour l’avancemùent des sciences, Toulouse, p. 501.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, quaternary.

Rivière E. 1887c. La grotte des Gerbai [The Gerbai cave]. Assoc. franç. pour l’avancement des sciences, compte rendu de la 45è session, Nancy, 476. In Revue des travaux scientifiques, 1888, 8 : 718, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pie, Pyrrhocorax primigenius, étourneau vulgaire, pigeon ramier, Lagopède blanc, bartavelle, ouirs des cavernes, ours commun, loup, renard, Canis aureus, fouine, marte, Lutra antiqua, hyènes des cavernes, Felis speloea, lynx, taupe, Arctomys primigenia, lapin, lièvre, mulot, schermaus, campagnol amphibie, rhinocéros, cheval, sanglier fossile, élan, cerf élaphe, Capra primigenia, Bos primigenius, Menton, France.

Rivière E. 1887d. L'antiquité de l'homme dans les Alpes-Maritimes [The antiquity of Man in the Alpes-Maritimes]. Paris, J.-B. Baillière.

En français, in French.
Homme, Man, Alpes-Maritimes, Italie, Italy.

Rivière 1888a. Sur une nouvelle station humaine de l’âge de la pierre, découverte dans les bois de Fausses-Reposes (Seine-et-Oise). Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 104 : 151.
En français, in French.
pdf.

Rivière 1888b. Sur la station quaternaire de la Quina (Charente) [On the Quaternary station of La Quina]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 104 : 556, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.

Rivière E. 1888b1. La station quaternaire ou moustérienne de la Quina (Charente) [The Quaternary or Mousterian station of La Quina]. Association franç. pour l’avancement des sciences, compte rendu de la 16e session, Toulouse, 2e partie, 501 et Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences, 106 : 556. In Revue des travaux scientifiques, 1888 : 677, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.

Rivière 1888c. L’époque néolithique à Champigny (Seine) [The neolithic epoch in Champigny (Seine)]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 104 : 579, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, cheval, horse, cochon domestique, domestic pig, cerf, stag, chevreuil, roe deer, bœuf, ox, Seine, France.

Rivière E. 1888d. Sur la faune et les ossements humains des Baumas de Bails et de la grotte Saint-Martin (Alpes-Maritimes) [On the fauna and the human bones of the Baumas de Bails and in the Saint-Martin cave (Alpes-Maritimes)]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 108 : 763-764, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Arctomys primigenia, Arctomys marmotta, Ursus arctos, Canis vulpes, Felis catus ferus, Lepus cuniculus, Lepus timidus, Sus scrofa, Cervus elaphus, Cervus capreolus, Cervus dama, Capra primigenia, Bos longifrons, Circus cyaneus, Turdus merula, Corvus corone, Corvus pica, Alpes-Maritimes, France.

Rivière E. 1888e. Grottes dites les Baumas de Bails, dans les Alpes-Maritimes [The caves so-called Baumas de Bails, in the Alpes-Maritimes]. Association franç. Pour l’avancement des sciences, compte rendu de la 17e session, Oran, 1e partie, p. 201 et 2e partie, p. 388. In Revue des travaux scientifiques, 1889, 413-414, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.

Rivière E. 1888f. Découverte d’un nouveau gisement quaternaire sur les bords de la Vézère : l’abri Pageyral [Discovery of a new quaternary deposit on the side of the River Vézère: the Pageyral shelter]. Association franç. pour l’avancement des sciences, compte rendu de la 17e session, Oran, 1e et 2e parties, 175 et 239. In Revue des travaux scientifiques, 1889, 805, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.

Rivière 1889a. Sur la faune de la grotte des Deux-Goules [On the fauna of the Deux-Goules cave]. Comptes rendus hebdomadairse des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 107 : 330-331, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Cervus elaphus, Capra primigenia, Felis catus ferus, Cervus capreolus, Arctomys marmotta, Lepus cuniculus, absence homme, no human, Alpes-Maritimes, France. Rivière E. 1889b. La grotte Saint-Martin [The Saint-Martin cave]. Association franç. pour l’avancement des sciences, compte rendu de la 17e session, Oran, 1e partie, 202 et 2e partie, 395. In Revue des travaux scientifiques, 1889, 444, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, homme, man, Sus scrofa, Myoxus priscus, Arvicola amphibius, Capra, Ovis, Bos, Cervus elaphus, Predrix graeca, Hyalina cellaria, Pomatius patulum, Alpes-Maritimes, France.

Rivière E. 1891a. Note sur les gisements quaternaires d’Eragny et de Cergy (Seine-et-Oise) [Note on the quaternary deposits of Eragny and Cergy (Seine-et-Oise)]. Comptes rendus Acad sciences, 62(18) : 1024-1027, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, quaternary, Marmota, sablières, sand-pits, Seine-et-Oise, France.
pdf

Rivière Émile 1891b. L'abri sous roche de Pageyral ; nouvelles recherches dans l'Hérault ; découverte d'ossements quaternaires dans une sablière de Draveil. Ass. Franç. Pour l’avancement des sciences, compte rendu de la 20° session, Marseille, 1e partie, 200, 203 et 209.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, os gravé, carved bones, Homme, Man, marmotte, marmot.

Rivière E. 1991. Note sur les gisements quaternaires d'Eragny et de Cergy (Seine-et-Oise) [Note on the quaternary deposits of Eragny and Cergy (Seine-et-Oise)]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 112 : 1024-1027, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontoologie, paleontology, sablière, sandpit, Elephas primigenius, Equus caballus fossilis, Bos primigenius, Seine-et-Oise, France.

Rivière E. 1892a. L'abri sous roche de Pageyral ; nouvelles recherches dans l'Hérault ; découverte d'ossements quaternaires dans une sablière de Draveil [The Pageyral rock shelter: new researches in Hérault; discovery of quaternary bones in the Draveil sandpit]. Ass. Franç. Pour l’avancement des sciences, compte rendu de la 20° session, Marseille, 2e partie, 372, 396 et 411.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, os gravé, carved bones, Homme, Man, marmotte, marmot.

Rivière E 1892b. Sur trois squelettes humains fossiles, découverts dans la grotte des Bouassé-Roussé, en Italie [About three human fossil skeletons discovered in Bouassé-Roussé cave, in Italy]. Comptes-Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, 114 : 1236-1237, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Homme, Man, Italie, Italy.
pdf disponible/available

Rivière E. 1893. L'abri sous roche de Pageyral ; nouvelles recherches dans l'Hérault ; découverte d'ossements quaternaires dans une sablière de Draveil [The Pageyral rock shelter: new researches in Hérault; discovery of quaternary bones in the Draveil sandpit]. Revue des travaux scientifiques, publ. sous la dir. du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, Ministère de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts, 12 fasc., 13 : 837, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, os gravé, carved bones, Homme, Man, marmotte, marmot.
pdf

Rivière E 1894. Sur quelques grottes quaternaires de la Dordogne et quelques monuments mégalithiques de l'Orne et de la Manche [About some quaternary caves of the Dordogne and some megalithic monuments of Orne and Manche]. Comptes-Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, 119 : 761-763, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, France.
pdf disponible/available

Rivière E 1896a. La grotte des Spéluges [The Spéluges cave]. Comptes-Rendus des séances de l'Académie des Sciences, 122 : 1563-1565, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, néolithique, robenhausien.
Pdf disponible/Available

Rivière E 1896b. L'abri sous-roche de la Source [The La Source rock shelter]. Comptes-Rendus des séances de l'Académie des Sciences, 123 : 714-715, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, magdalénien.
Pdf disponible/Available

Rivière E. 1897. Les gravures sur roche de la grotte de La Mouthe (Dordogne) [The rock carvings of the La Mouthe cave]. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 124 : 731-734, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, tarandus, Hyoena speloea, Ursus speloeus, silex, flints, gravures, engravings, Dordogne, France.

Rivière E. 1901. Sur les dessins gravés et peints à l'époque paléolithique, sur les parois de la grotte de La Mouthe (Dordogne) [The carved drawings and paintings at the Paleolithic epoch on the walls of La Mouthe cave (Dordogne)]. Compte rendu hebdomadaire des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 133 : 505-507, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, gravures, engravings, peintures, paintings, Moustérien et chelléen, Tarandus rangifer, Hyoena speloea, Ursus speloeus, grotte La Mouthe, La Mouthe cave, magdalénien, hutte, mammouth, anas, La Mouthe, Bison, Antilope, bouquetin, équidés, renne, Dordogne, France.

Rivière Émile 1903. Les parois gravées et peintes de la grotte de La Mouthe, formant de véritables panneaux décoratifs [The carved and painted walls of the La Mouthe cave, true decorative panels]. Comptes rendus hebdomadairse des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 136 : 142-144, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Peintures, paitings, gravures, engravings, Magdalénien, La Mouthe, Dordogne, France.

Rivière Émile 1905. Grotte de Liveyre [Liveyre cave]. Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique du Périgord, 32: 209-211, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, abri sous-roche, rock shelter, magdalénien, Magdalenian, Tarandus, renne, reindeer, Solutréen, Elephas primigenia, cheval, horse, renne, reindeer, Dordogne, France. pdf.

Rivière Émile 1906. Trente sept années de fouilles préhistoriques et archéologiques en France et en Italie [Thirty seven years of prehistorical and archeological excavations in France and in Italy]. Comptes Rendus de l'Association Française de l'avancement des Sciences, 773-798.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, quaternary, Alpes-Maritimes, Dordogne, France, Italie.

Rivière E. 1908. Découverte d’un squelette humain quaternaire, chelléo-moustérien [Discovery of a quaternary skeketon from Chellean-Mousterian]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 147 : 869-872, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Rhinoceros tichorhinus, Rhinoceros Merckii, Bos primgenius, Cervus elaphus, Lepus, Homme, Man, abri-sous-roche de Moustier-de-Peyzac, Dordogne, France.

Rivkina M., Cote J., Robinson S., Tennant B.C. & Marion P.L. 1996. Absence of mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in woodchuck hepatocellular carcinomas associated with hepadnavirus infection and intake of aflatoxin b1. Carcinogenesis, New York, 17(12): 2689-1694.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, maladie, desease, cancer, hépatite, hepatitis.
Infection with hepadnaviruses and exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are considered major risk factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans and in animals. A high rate of mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in hepatocellular carcinomas of predominantly hepatitis B virus (HBV) carrier patients has been recently related to dietary aflatoxin. Another member of the hepadnavirus family, the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), infects woodchucks in a manner similar to that of HBV in humans. Therefore, it was of particular interest to determine whether the p53 gene in woodchuck HCCs associated with hepadnavirus infection and with exposure to AFB1 is affected in the same manner as in human HCCs. By direct PCR-sequencing, we analyzed exons 4-9 of the p53 gene in 13 HCCs from 12 woodchucks (two uninfected, ten WHV carriers). Six WHV carrier and two uninfected woodchucks were treated with AFB1. None of the analyzed HCC samples exhibited mutations, either in p53 gene exons 4-9, or in splicing donor-acceptor sites. The present data are consistent with our previous study that indicated a low rate of p53 mutations in HCCs of AFB1-treated ground squirrels, either infected or not infected with ground squirrel hepatitis virus, and in WHV carrier woodchucks not exposed to AFB1. Overall, our findings indicate that in woodchucks and in ground squirrels exposure to aflatoxin may affect the development of p53 mutations less than in humans.

Rivkina M.B., Cullen J.M., Robinson W.S. & Marion P.L. 1994.State of the p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinomas of ground squirrels and woodchucks with past and ongoing infection with hepadnaviruses. Cancer Res., 54(20): 5430-5437.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, cancer, hépatite, hepatitis.

Infection with hepadnaviruses and exposure to dietary aflatoxin are considered major risk factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) both in humans and in animals. Recently, a broad range of mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene has been reported in human HCCs, predominantly from hepatitis B virus carriers in areas with either high or low levels of exposure to dietary aflatoxin. To determine whether p53 mutations are common to HCCs of hosts infected with related hepadnaviruses with and without treatment with aflatoxin, we studied the occurrence of mutations in the p53 gene in HCCs of ground squirrels and woodchucks with history of infection with ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV) and woodchuck hepatitis virus, respectively. Sequencing of wild type p53 genes from ground squirrels and woodchucks revealed remarkable homology between the two species with only a few amino acid differences in exons 4, 8, and 9. Using direct polymerase chain reaction sequencing, we analyzed the state of the p53 gene (exons 4-9) in 20 HCCs from ground squirrels (2 uninfected, 7 with past, and 11 with ongoing infection with GSHV) and in 11 HCCs from woodchucks persistently infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus. Five GSHV carrier and two uninfected ground squirrels received i.p. administration of aflatoxin B1. We detected only one mutation in the p53 gene of the tested animals. This mutation was located in codon 176 of exon 5 in the HCC of a GSHV-positive ground squirrel treated with aflatoxin. Mutation was caused by a G to T transversion in the second position of the codon, resulting in the replacement of cysteine with phenylalanine, and was accompanied by a tumor-specific loss of heterozygosity. p53 allelic amino acid variation with sequences coding for aspartic acid or asparagine was present in codon 61 in the variable region of exon 4 in both HCCs and nonneoplastic tissues of ground squirrels. In view of the considerably lower apparent rate of mutations in comparison to human HCCs, we suggest a less important role for aflatoxin in the induction of p53 mutations in HCCs of ground squirrels. Alternatively, etiological factors other than p53 mutations may be of greater significance in the development of HCC in ground squirrels and woodchucks.

Rivkus Yu. Z. Khot'ko N.I., Naumov A.V., Gel'dyev A. 1992. [Épidémiologie et prévention de la peste. Epidemiology and prevention of Plague]. Ashgabad: Magaryr, 17-19; 21- 22; 24- 25.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague.

Rivkus Yu. Z. & Mitropolskii O.V. 1984. [La peste. Une page noire ou un problème d'aujourd'hui? Plague - A black page or a problem of today?]. Hunting and Nature Protection in Uzbekistan, Tashkent : Uzbekistan Publishers, 1984. P. 71- 77.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague.

Rizzetto M., Ponzetto A., Bonino F. & Purcell R.H. 1986. Superimposed hepatitis and the effect on viral replication in chronic hepatitis B. J. Hepatol., 3 Suppl 2: S35-41.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis, revue, review.

Rjabov N.J. 1948. [Matériaux sur la biologie de la marmotte du Transbaïkal (Marmota sibirica, Radde) pendant l'hiver. Material on the biology of the Transbaikal-marmot (Marmota sibirica, Radde) during winter]. Zool. J., 27: 245-256.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, Transbaïkal.

Robb W.H. 1926. Another tree-climbing woodchuck [Une autre marmotte des bois grimpeuse]. J. Mammal., 7(2): 133.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology.

Robert E. 1876. Sur les gisements d’ossements fossiles de Pargny-Filain et de Sézanne [About the deposits of fossil bones in Pargny-Filain and Sézanne]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 83 : 1250-1251, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
pdf
Paléontologie, paleontology, Aisne, Marne, France.

Robert Jean-Denis. Les marmottes [The marmots]. Téléfilm.
En français, in French.
Movie, quatre épisodes, acteurs, actors, Daniel Gélin, Marie-José Nat, Jean-Pierre Bouvier, Wadek Stanczack, Bruno Madinier, Serge Hazanavicius, Eva Darlan, Amélie Pick, Marie-France Pisier, Stéphane Guérin-Tuillié. Scénario et dialogue, Zahia & Didier Fisherman.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology.

Roberts T.J. 1977. The mammals of Pakistan [Les mammifères du Pakistan]. Ernest Benn Ltd. London, pp.361.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Marmota caudata, Pakistan.

Robineau-Desvoidy J.-B. 1853. Sur la caverne ossifère d’Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne) [About the bone cave of d'Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne)]. Comptes rendushebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 37 : 453-455, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Yonne, France.

pdf

Robinson Marc, Catzefils-Francois, Briolay Jerome & Mouchiroud Dominique 1997. Molecular phylogeny of rodents, with special emphasis on murids: Evidence from nuclear gene LCAT. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 8 (3): 423-434.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, phylogénie, phylogeny.
Phylogenetic relationships among 19 extant species of rodents, with special emphasis on rats, mice, and allied Muroidea, were studied using sequences of the nuclear protein-coding gene LCAT (lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase), an enzyme of cholesterol metabolism. Analysis of 705 base pairs from the exonic regions of LCAT confirmed known groupings in and around Muroidea. Strong support was found for the families Sciuridae (squirrel and marmot) and Gliridae (dormice) and for suprafamilial taxa Muroidea and Caviomorpha (guinea pig and allies). Within Muroidea, the first branching leads to the fossorial mole rats Spalacinae and bamboo rats Rhizomyinae. The other Muroidea appear as a polytomy from which are issued Gerbillinae (gerbils), Murinae (rats and mice), Sigmodontinae (New World cricetids), Cricetinae (hamsters), and Arvicollinae (voles). Evidence from LCAT sequences agrees with that from a number of previous molecular and morphological studies, both concerning branching orders inside Muroidea and the bush-like radiation of rodent suprafamilial taxa (caviomorphs, sciurids, glirids, muroids), thus suggesting that this nuclear gene is an appropriate candidate for addressing questions of rodents relationships.

Robinson S.S. & Lee D.S. 1980. Recent range expansion of the woodchuck, Marmota monax, on the South-East [Expansion acuelle de l'aire de répartition de la marmotte commune Marmota monax, au Sud-Est]. Brimleyana, 3: 43-48.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, répartition, distribution, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Robinson W. 1923. Woodchucks and Chipmunks [Marmottes et Tamias]. Journal of Morphology, 38: 147-205.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, répartition, distribution.

Robinson W.S. 1980. Genetic variation among hepatitis B and related viruses. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 354: 371-378.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis, cancer, revue, review.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) of man has several characteristics that distinguish it from viruses of other groups. These include its ultrastructure, viral DNA size and structure, a virion DNA polymerase which repairs a single-stranded region in the viral DNA, liver tropism, character of persistent infection, and association with hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently three other viruses have been found in other animal species that appear to share these characteristics although the viruses are not identical. HBV, Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV), and duck hepatitis virus (DHV) appear to be members of a new virus group that might be designated the Hepadna virus group. Genetic variation among hepatitis B viruses includes the antigenic variation in the surface antigen (HBsAg) which constitutes the known HBsAg subtypes. There is also frequent variation in DNA base sequence among HBVs isolated from different patients.

Robinson W.S., Miller R.H. & Marion P.L. 1987. Hepadnaviruses and retroviruses share genome homology and features of replication. Hepatology, 1987 7(1 Suppl): 64S-73S.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, cancer.

The hepadnavirus family includes hepatitis B virus (HBV), woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV) and duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV). These viruses share unique ultrastructural, molecular and biological features. HBV has great medical importance in many parts of the world. More important numerically than acute hepatitis B in high prevalence geographic regions is the liver disease associated with chronic infection. There appear to be more than 200 million chronically infected humans in the world, and these HBV infections appear to be the single most common cause of chronic liver disease and liver cancer in man. All hepadnaviruses share the propensity for silent infection in early life leading to persistence of the virus, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is clearly associated with long-standing persistent infection in man, woodchucks and ground squirrels. Although the viral DNA has been found to be integrated in cellular DNA of many HCC in man, woodchucks and ground squirrels, the precise role of the virus in tumor formation has not been defined. Hepadna viruses have an interesting molecular structure and mechanisms of replication, and they appear to share certain important features with retroviruses as reviewed here. It is of interest to define similarities and differences between hepadnaviruses and retroviruses in order to understand their evolutionary relationship and to determine whether they share a common oncogenic mechanism, since infection with members of both virus families is associated with neoplastic disease.

Rocha E.M., Pereira L.H., do Rosario V.E. & Krettli A.U. 1988. Refractoriness of Callithrix penicillata red blood cells to Plasmodium falciparum in vivo and in vitro [Résistance des cellules sanguines rouges de Callithrix penicillata au Plasmodium falciparum in vivo et vitro]. J. Parasitol., 74(3): 514-515.
En anglais, in English.
Callithrix penicillata, Plasmodium falciparum, parasitisme, parasitism, sang, blood.

Attempts to infect the New World marmot Callithrix penicillata with Plasmodium falciparum were unsuccessful. Attempts were also made to infect red blood cells of C. penicillata and Saimiri sciureus with P. falciparum in vitro, and these too were unsuccessful due to a high rate of hemolysis produced by apparently adverse culture conditions. It is concluded that modifications to the existing culture conditions will need to be made before successful parasitemia can be induced in vitro in simian erythrocytes.

Roche J. 1965. La grotte du Placard [The Placard Cave]. Bull. Ass. Fr. Et. Quatern., 2(4-5) : 245-250.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, France : Charente.

Roche J.M. 1995. Les gisements mésolithiques et épipaléolithiques du Val de Lans [Mesolithic and epipaleolithic of Val de lans]. In Epipaléolithique et Mésolithique en Europe, Ve congrès international UISPP (commission XII), 1 : 70-72.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, palontology, abri sous blocs du Salève, block shelters of the Salève, Haute-Savoie, France.

Rochefort César de 1667. Histoire naturelle des îles Antilles de l'Amérique [Natural history of the west Indies Islands of America]. Lyon, chez Christophe Fourmy, Num. BNF, Tome premier, 566 p.
En français, in French.
Marmotte non citée, no marmot quotation, amerindien, indian, chasse, hunting, Castor, beaver, orignac, orignal, American moose, élan, moose, martre, marten, porc-épic, porcupine, renard, fox, caribou, lièvre, hare, loup, wolf, ours, bear, cerf, écureuil, squirrel, kinjajou.
Extrait pdf extract

Rochon-Duvigneaud A. 1955. L'oeil et la vision [Eye and vision]. In Traité zoologie, P.P. Grasse ed., Paris, Tome 16, vol. 4 : 607-703.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, physiologie, physiology, vision.

Rode P. & Didier R. 1946. Atlas des mammifèes de France [Atlas of the mammals of France]. N. Boubée & Cie, Paris. .
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, Marmota marmota p., 77, France.

Rodgers Holly I. & Maher Christine R. 2001. Effects of human activity on woodchuck flight response [Effet de l'activité humaine sur la réponse de fuite chez la marmotte américaine]. Animal Behavior Society ABS 2001 Meeting.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, dérangerment, disturbance, réponse de fuite, flight response.
Research indicates that when exposed to high levels of human activity, many species become tolerant of people. We compared two populations of woodchucks, Marmota monax, exposed to different levels of human activity to see if the two populations reacted differently when we approached them. We predicted woodchucks exposed to higher levels of human activity would be more tolerant of an approaching human than woodchucks exposed to lower levels of human activity. We approached individual woodchucks and measured the distance between the woodchuck and the walker when the animal showed certain behaviors. We measured alert, vigilant, run and submerge distances. We also measured the time that individuals remained completely submerged within a burrow. Woodchucks exposed to lower levels of human activity had greater alert distances and longer re-emerge times than woodchucks exposed to higher levels of human activity. These findings supported our prediction and indicate that woodchucks habituate to human activity. Animals with the ability to habituate to humans may survive more successfully in today's increasingly human-dominated landscape.

Rodhain J. & Hendrix H. 1948. Un cas d'infection spontané par toxoplasme chez la marmotte [A case of spontaneous toxoplamis infection in marmot]. Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 142 : 1583-1585.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, toxoplamose, toxoplasmosis, Protozoaire, Protozoa.

Rodionov A.A. & Feoktistov A.Z. 1974. Sovremennoe sostoyanie Touvinskogo prirodnogo otchaga tchoumy. Dokl. Irkout. protivotchoumn. in-ta, 10.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Touva, Tuva.

Rodrigue I. 1992a. Étude de la stratégie d'occupation de l'espace par la marmotte des alpes (Marmota marmota) [Space occupation strategy in the Alpine marmot]. DEA Analyse et modélisation des systèmes biologiques, UCBLyon I.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, Alpine marmot, domaine vital, home range, &ecologie;, ecology, Savoie, Savoy, Alpes, Alps.

Rodrigue I. 1992b. Facteurs écologiques intervenant dans la sélection du domaine vital chez les vertébrés sédentaires [Ecological factors in home range selection in sedentary vertebrates]. Diplôme d'Etude Approfondie "Analyse et Modélisation des Systèmes Biologiques", Rapport bibliographique, UCB lyon1, 38 p.
En français, in French.
Vertébrés, Vertebrates, domaine vital, home range, écologie, ecology.

Rodrigue I., Allainé D., Le Berre M. & Ramousse R. 1992. Strategia di occupazione dello spazio cella marmotta alpina (Marmota marmota) in relazione a fattori ecologici. Space occupation by alpine marmots in the natural reserve of "La Grande Sassière" (Savoie, France) [Occupation de l'espace par les marmottes alpines dans la réserve naturelle de la Grande Sassière]. Proc. 1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. Marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 135-141.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, spatial, France, Savoie.

The strategy of space occupation by Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota) was studied at the population level in the Nature Reserve of La Grande Sassiere (Savoie, France). Along two main directions (a north-south axis and an east-west axis) 88 sampling areas of 0.25 hectare each (quadrats) were selected. Six ecological factors were recorded: sun-exposure, slope, plant cover, altitude, anthropic pressure and sun-shine duration. The occurence of marmots on quadrats was also recorded. Data were processed by use of a Logistic Linear Model. Results indicated that marmots were widely distributed in the reserve (67% of the quadrats). The ecological factors influencing the probability of settlement of marmots are sun-exposure, slope, plant cover and the interaction sun-exposure slope. The most propitious situation is represented by a southward exposure, a slope from 15 to 45 % and a rate of plant cover from 25 to 75%.

Roe K.E. & Frederick R.C. 1981. Dictionnary of Theoretical Concepts in Biology [Dictionnaire des concepts théoriques en biologie]. New York, Scarecrow.
En anglais, in English. Biologie, biology, dictionnaire, dictionnary.

Roger Otto 1896. Verzeichniss der bisher bekannten fossilen Säugethiere. Neu zusammengestellt von Dr. Otto Roger, kgl. Regierungs-und Kreis-Medizinrath in Augsburg [Liste des mammifères fossiles connus jusqu'ici]. Bericht naturwiss. Vereins f. Schwaben und Neuburg (a. V.), 32: 1-272.
En allemand, o, German.
Arctomys vetus, paléontologie, paleontology, Europe, Allemagne, Germany.

Roggendorf M., Pahlke C., Bohm B. & Rasshofer R. 1987. Characterization of proteins associated with hepatitis delta virus [Caractérisation des protéines associées au virus delta de l'hépatite]. J. Gen. Virol., 68 ( Pt 11): 2953-2959.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis, virus.

The number and size of proteins associated with hepatitis delta virus (HDV) from serum and liver (human, chimpanzee and woodchuck) in the acute and chronic stages of HDV infection were analysed by immunoblotting. HDV particles in serum were separated from serum proteins by gel filtration and peak fractions of HDV antigens were subjected to PAGE. Immunoblotting with human anti-HDV-positive sera and 125I-labelled Protein A revealed two bands of 27K and 29K. It was not possible to identify any core-like structure from liver homogenates by CsCl gradient centrifugation. HDV proteins from such gradients were degraded to a size of 14K as determined by immunoblotting. HDV RNA was found in fractions at a density of 1.5 g/ml. However, direct homogenization of liver tissue in gel electrophoresis sample buffer, followed by PAGE and immunoblotting resulted in identification of HDV-associated proteins of 27K and 29K, indicating that HDV proteins in liver tissue are the same size as those in serum, but that they degrade rapidly. There was no difference in size of HDV proteins in liver samples from humans, chimpanzees or woodchucks.

Roggendorf M. 1985. [Les virus ADN de l'hépatite et leur corrélation au cancer hépatocellulaire. Hepatitis DNA viruses and their correlation to hepatocellular cancer]. Internist (Berl)., 26(10): 621-627.
En allemand, in German.
Hépatite, heaptitis, cancer, ADN, DNA.

Roggendorf Michael & Lu Michael 2004. Woodchuck hepatitis virus. In Viral hepatitis, Hepatitis B virus and other hepadnaviridae, Thomas Howard C., Lemon Stanley & Zuckerman Arie J. eds., 210-224.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, hépatite, hepatitis.

Roggendorf M. & Tolle T.K. 1995. The woodchuck: an animal model for hepatitis B virus infection in man [La marmotte commune d'Amérique : modèle animal de l'infection de l'homme par le virus de l'hépatite B]. Intervirology, 38(1-2): 100-112.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, modèle, model, hépatite, hepatitis, revue, review.
Since the discovery of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) in 1978, the virus and its host, the American woodchuck, have been studied and used as the most suitable model for human hepatitis B virus infection. WHV is closely related to the human virus, having strong similarities in morphology, genome structure and gene products, replication, epidemiology, the course of infection and in the development of illness and hepatocellular carcinoma. Because of this high homology, the woodchuck model is used for many studies for the development of new vaccines, therapeutic vaccination and antiviral agents. In addition, the woodchuck system is used for investigation of molecular mechanisms of the viral life cycle, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and cell infection.

Rogler C.E., Hino O. & Su C.Y. 1987. Molecular aspects of persistent woodchuck hepatitis virus and hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma [Aspects moléculaires du virus permanent de la marmotte et l'infection du virus de l'hépatite B et du cancer hépatocellulaire]. Hepatology, 7(1 Suppl): 74S-78S.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis, cancer, virus.

It seems evident that the development of fully malignant HCC is a multistage process with many variables. One possible mechanism by which many of these variables may interact is as follows. During chronic active hepatitis, viral DNA integration occurs randomly and at a low frequency in hepatocytes. Integration may be stimulated by the increased rate of hepatocyte cell division resulting from liver necrosis and regeneration during chronic disease. The presence of viral integrations in the cellular genome provides focal points for the generation of chromosomal aberrations. One pathway by which these aberrations may be generated involves rearrangement of integrated viral and cellular sequences following viral DNA integration. The rearrangements which occur may include deletion, translocation, transposition or amplification of specific viral and cellular DNA sequences. We and others have directly demonstrated that all of these events are associated with different HBV integrations. The presence of viral integrations in chromosomes may also, by some unknown mechanism, destabilize those chromosomes such that whole chromosomes fail to segregate and are lost from particular cells. Preliminary studies we have conducted using restriction fragment length polymorphisms have revealed the loss of Chromosome 11 alleles in several HCC, indicating that chromosome loss may be a common occurrence in HCC. Our studies with restriction fragment length polymorphisms support such a mechanism involving Chromosome 11 in HCC. Specific chromosomal aberrations associated with all HCCs have not yet been identified.

Rogler C.E. & Summers J. 1982. Novel forms of woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA isolated from chronically infected woodchuck liver nuclei [Nouvelles formes de virus ADN de l'hépatite de la marmotte isolées des noyaux du foie de marmotte infectée chroniquement]. J. Virol., 44(3): 852-863.
En anglais, in Eglish.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

We cloned several unique forms of woodchuck hepatitis virus, a DNA virus closely related to hepatitis B virus, from a chronically infected woodchuck liver. Each of the three clones contained more than two genome equivalents of viral sequences with extensive rearrangements and no detectable cellular sequences. From the frequency by which they were isolated from a library of recombinant clones, we estimate that they are present in approximately one copy per cell. Of a total of 11 sites at which rearrangements were mapped in the clones, 10 occurred between segments of opposite polarity, and 1 occurred between segments of the same polarity. The possible significance of these findings to the persistence of virus production in infected cells is discussed.

Rogler C.E. & Summers J. 1984. Cloning and structural analysis of integrated woodchuck hepatitis virus sequences from a chronically infected liver. J. Virol., 50(3): 832-537.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

We have isolated and determined the structure of a recombinant clone in lambda phage Charon 30 which contains woodchuck hepatitis virus sequences integrated in woodchuck genomic DNA sequences. This clone, in contrast to previously reported clones (Ogston et al., Cell 29:385-394, 1982), was isolated from a chronically infected liver which never developed hepatocellular carcinoma. Southern blot analysis of viral sequences in the clone in conjunction with electron microscope heteroduplex analysis showed that the integrated viral sequences did not contain internal rearrangements, as have those from hepatomas, but were colinear with the cloned viral genome except for the deletion of approximately 500 base pairs of viral sequences (between positions 1,000 and 1,550 on the viral map). Therefore, the integration was probably a defective genome incapable of supporting viral replication. However, the complete open reading frames coding for the viral X, core, presurface , and surface antigen genes were present, indicating that the viral sequences could code for viral antigens. Southern blot analysis of the normal cellular flanking sequences, using flanking sequence probes from the clone, showed that no detectable rearrangements of cellular DNA (less than 50 base pairs) had occurred at the site of viral integration.

Rogovin K. 1992. Habitat use by two species of Mongolian marmots (Marmota sibirica and M. baibacina) in a zone of sympatry [Utilisation de l'espace par deux espèces de marmottes de Mongolie (Marmota sibirica and M. baibacina) dans une zone de sympatrie]. Acta Theriologica, 37 (4): 345-350.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota sibirica, Marmota baibacina, habitat, Mongolie, Mongolia.

The spatial segregation of Siberian marmots Marmota sibirica Radde, 1862 and grey marmots M. baibacina Katschenko, 1899 in the zone of contact in Mongolian Altai (47o 30' N, 90o 50'E) and habitat use by Siberian marmots at
Aj Bogd Uul mountain (44o 43'N, 95o 10'E), where only this species occurs, were studied with the use of discriminant function analysis. In the zone of sympatry the Siberian marmots inhabit productive highland valleys, whereas the grey marmots occupy only tops of ridges reach of alpine vegetation. Three of the four localities where marmots intermediate in coloration and call were observed are characterized by suboptimal conditions (unproductive slopes of ridges). A pronouced niche shift towards the habitat of ridge tops and a light expansion of niche breadth were found in the allopatric populations of Siberian marmots.

Rolland E. 1877. Faune populaire de la France. Tome I : Les Mammifères sauvages (noms vulgaires, dictons, proverbes, contes et superstitions) [Popular fauna in France. Wild mammals (Vernacular names, dictum, proverbs, tales and superstitions)]. Maisonneuve, Paris, pp. 179, Thèse doctorat Pharmacie, Aix-marseille 2.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, Marmota marmota, faunistique, faune, France.

Rolland E. 1877-1908. Faune populaire de la France [Popular fauna of France]. Maisonneuve et Larose, Paris.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, faunistique, fauna, France.

Rolland E. 1906. Faune populaire de la France. Tome VIII : Les Mammifères sauvages, complément [Popular fauna of France. VIII Tome. The mammals, complements]. Chez l'auteur, Paris, pp. 272.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, Marmota marmota, faunistique, fauna, France.

Rolland M. 1998. La marmotte des alpes : Marmota marmota (Linné, 1758) [The marmot of the Alps: Marmota marmota (Linné, 1758)].
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota.

Rollings C.T. 1945. Habits, foods and parasites of the bocat in Minnesota [Comportements, aliments et parasites du lynx dans le Minnesota]. J. Wildl. Manag., 9: 131-145.
Marmota monax, Lynx rufus, éthologie, ethology, prédation, predation États-Unis d'Amérique, Minnesota.

Roman Joseph 1884. Dictionnaire topographique du département des Hautes-Alpes : comprenant les noms de lieu anciens et modernes [Topographic dictionnary of the Hautes-Alpes department: with the names of ancient and modern localities]. Publ. par ordre du ministre de l'Instruction publique, et sous la dir. du Comité des travaux historiques, Paris, Impr. nationale, LXXI-200 p., Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Dictionnaire, dictionary, topographie, topography, dormilhouse 3222m, dormillouse, dormilliouse, dormillosa, France, Roman Joseph (1840-1924).
pdf

Romanov A.A. 1941. Pouchnye zvrei Lensko-Khatangskogo kraya i ikh promysel [Les animaux à fourrures de la région de Khatangsk et leur chasse professionnelle]. L., M., Izd-vo Glavsevmorpouti. (Tr. Naoutch.-issled. in-ta polyarnogo zemledeliya, jivotnovodstva i promyslovogo khoz-va, Seriya Promysl. khoz-vo, 17).
En russe, in Russian.
Fourrure, fur, chasse, hunting.

Romanovosky I.D. 1961. Materiali po zimnim raskopkam nor tarbaganov v Zapadnoï Mongolii [Matériaux sur le déterrage des marmottes tarbagan dans l'ouest de la Mongolie. Material on the digging up of the tarbagan marmot in western Mongolia]. Tr. SrAziatskogo PTchI, 7, Alma-Ata, Frounze.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, déterrage, digging, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Romita G. 1978. Caractéristiques histochimique et ultrastructurale de la "cellule à touffe" de la muqueuse gastrointestinale des animaux hibernants (Chiroptères et marmottes) et de l'homme [Histochemical and ultrastrucural characteristics of the "tuft cell" of the gastrointestinal mucous of hibernant animals (Bats and marmots) and of humans]. Arch. ital. Anat. Embiol., 83 (4) : 291-334.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, physiologie, physiology, histologie, histology, digestion.

Rongman Xu. 1997.Plague: Geographical foci situation in China [Peste : Situation géographique des foyers en Chine]. Vector Ecology Newsletter, 28(1):4OE5.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, peste, plague, Chine, China.

Ронкин в.и. (Ronkin V.I.) & Савченко Г.А. (Savchenko G.A.) 1993. Otsenka pitaniya stepnogo sourka v razlitchnykh po kormovyn ousloviyam mestakh obitniya [Évaluation de l'alimentation de la bobak dans des lieux d'habitation distincts, d'après les habitudes alimentaires. Feeding evaluation of the bobac marmot, in different settlements, according to their feeding habits]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 30.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, alimentation, foraging.

Ронкин в.и. (Ronkin V.I.) & Савченко Г.А. (Savchenko G.A.) 1994. Caractéristiques du régime alimentaire de Marmota bobac. Diet characteristic of Marmota bobac. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 118-119.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota bobac, alimentation, foraging, masse, mass, élevage, breeding.

The food selectivity in M. bobac while feeding on green grasses, even in a cage gives a gain in energy of 115-190 kJ per 100 g of dry substance of forage.
Succulent plants from the families Fabaceae and Asteraceae are the preferable green forage of bobac. To assess the consumption dependance on the body mass (age) of animals we expressed the daily food consumption of each individual in terms of relative values (%) assuming for each kind of food the specific consumption (g per l kg of body mass) of an adult animal weighing 4 kg as 100% (the relative specific consumption). This permitted to eliminate the fluctuations of absolute values of specific consumption pertinent to different kinds of food. The calculations showed that the dry substance consumption depend on the body mass of adult M. bobac can be expressed by an equation of regression: y= 207.4 -25.2 x (r=-0.7l, p=0.05) where x is the body mass of animal in kg and y is the relative (%) food consumption. In yearlings: y= 320.8 - 64.2 X (r=-0.827, p=0.05). This difference has a tendency to diminish when the young animal body mass approaches that of the adults.

Ронкин в.и. (Ronkin V.I.) & Савченко Г.А. (Savchenko G.A.) 1996. Izoutchenie pitaniya stepnogo sourka v estestvennykh mestoobitaniyakh [Étude de l'alimentation de la marmotte des steppes en milieu naturel. Feeding study in the steppe marmot in the field]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 68-69.
Marmota bobac, aimentation, foraging.

Ронкин в.и. (Ronkin V.I.) & Савченко Г.А. (Savchenko G.A.) 1999. Vliyanie vypasa na prigodnost' mestooobitaniï dlya stepnogo sourka (Marmota bobak Müll.) na severo-vostoke Oukrainy. Effect of cattle pasture on the suitability of habitats for the steppe marmot (Marmota bobak Müll.) in North-Eastern Ukraine [Effet du pâturage du bétail sur la convenance des habitats pour Marmota bobak Müll.) dans le nord-est de l'Ukraine]. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 81-82.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, alimentation, foraging, pâturage, pasture.

These investigations were made at a stationary site (about 90 km to northeast of Kharkov). The animal counting showed that the highest density of steppe marmot is observed on the territories occupied by pastures. Thus the maximum density of 1.9 ± 0.2 fam/ha (n=7) is characteristic for the territory of an intensive grazing and drops to a minimum of 0.3±0.1 fam/ha (n=7) in the area without any pastures. The density in the territory of moderate grazing equals 0.8±0.1 fam/ha (n=7). All the above data were obtained for the stationary site in the period of 1990-1996.
The mean value of total terraneous phytomass on the territory without pastures is more than 3 times that of the plots with intensive one. This difference is by 87% due to the fact that in the plots of the first type there is an abundance of Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae and dead plants (of the present and past years) that is, a phytomass, almost fully rejected by marmots. The comparison of the species phytomass used as fodder (preferred species and moderately eaten ones) showed that the difference in the mean terraneous phytomass values of forage species at the plots under study is insignificant. In habitats without pastures as well as in those with a high degree the phytomass of species used as fodder is considerably higher equaling 127 g/m2. At the same time the proportion of forage species in the total phytomass significantly varies for the plots compared (27, 86 and 73 % respectively) because of a considerable difference in the phytomass of species not eaten by animals.
Capture-bred animals (a male and a female) from the living collection of marmots at the Biological station of Kharkov State University wee used in experiments. The maximum intake rate measured during cage feeding a diet abundant in the preferred fodder was 7.3±0.2 g/min (n=5) for the female and 10.9±0.2 g/min (n=8) for the male. The observations on the foraging of the same animals in natural environment on the territories with different plant group proportions showed that the intake rate expressed in percent of the maximum one varies within one and the same period from 59% at the plots where Polygonum aviculare L. predominates (intensive grazing) to 9% with Fragaria viridis Duch. Domination (a territory without any grazing or haymaking).
Pasture availability leads to a diminishing in vegetation cover diversity and to the disappearance of the microgroups of low nourishing value for the steppe marmot. The vegetation cover of the territories with pasture availability is represented by two main microgroups, the best foraging quality possessing the mezophite group on the territory of moderate grazing (or hay-making) due to a high proportion of Fabaceae whereas on the intensive pasture territory vegetation of dry ecotope is a highest value as fodder (because of the predomination Artemisia austriaca Jacq., Achillea submillefolium Klok. et Krytzka, Plantago media L. and Taraxacum officinale Webb ex Wigg.).
The specificity in foraging behavior of marmots is connected with a relative plant accessibility which plays an important role and may be expressed in the proportion of the phytomass of forage species (or vise versa in that of dead plants and the species rejected by animals) in the total phytomass. The investigations performed permit to conclude that the high proportion of nor eaten species and dead plants (for similar mass of forage plants) diminishes the accessibility to forage plants and worsens forging conditions for marmots. Providing during the whole activity season a high accessibility of forage plants for the steppe marmot, cattle pasture improves foraging resources for them. Probably this fact, among others, explains a high marmot density in plots with pastures on their territory.

Ронкин в.и. (Ronkin V.I.) & Савченко Г.А. (Savchenko G.A.) 2000. [Adaptability of habitats for Marmota bobak (Rodentia, Sciuridae) related to plant cover structure. Adaptabilité des habitats pour marmota bobac en fonction de la couverture végétale]. Zoologitcheskii Journal, 79(10) : 1229-1234.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, végétation, vegetation.
The foraging behavior and diet of the steppe marmot (Marmota bobak Mull.) were studied in two hand-reared animals (male and female) in three habitats (northeastern part of Ukraine). The habitats differ in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the plant cover due to anthropogenic impact. The main plant species as well as the feeding preference of the steppe marmot were identified on the plots selected. The share of feeding species comprised from 27 to 86% of the total phytomass. The availability of food, related to the share of the plants which are not used as food, is of great importance for nutrition of the steppe marmot. The rate of food intake by animals was chosen as a main criterion for estimating the foraging quality of habitat. The dependence of the intake rate on the percentage of the species, which are not used as food, and the litter is approximated by the equation: y = -18.0051n(x) + 92.605; R-2 = 0.92. The intake rate (in natural pasture), expressed as percentage of the maximum one (obtained in the experiment) varied from 9 to 59%.

Ронкин в.и. (Ronkin V.I.) & Савченко Г.А. (Savchenko G.A.) 2002.Estimation of the suitability of habitats for Marmota bobak in North-eastern Ukraine. Évaluation des habitats potentiels chez Marmota bobak dans le nord-est de l'Ukraine. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 112-113.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota bobac, steppe marmot, marmotte des steppes, habitat, foraging, affouragement.

Ронкин в.и. (Ronkin V.I.) & Савченко Г.А. (Savchenko G.A.) 2004. Effect of cattle grazing on habitats for the steppe marmot (Marmota bobak) in North-Eastern Ukraine [Effet du paturage du bétail sur les habitats de la marmotte des steppes (Marmota bobac) dans le Nord-Est de l’Ukraine)]. Vestnik zoologii, 38(1): 55-60.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota bobac, marmotte des steppes, steppe marmot, écologie, ecology, patûrage, grazing, prise alimentaire, food intake rate.
Qualitative and quantitative composition of vegetation cover, foraging and diet of the steppe marmot (Marmota bobak Mu ll.) were studied in 1990-1997 at a stationary site in north-east of Kharkov region. The green food intake rate was chosen as a criterion for the foraging quality evaluation of different steppe marmot habitats. Cattle grazing leads to diminishing of the vegetation cover diversity and to disappearing of those patches where the green food intake rate by the steppe marmot is the least one. Accordingly the values of the food intake rate, the high proportion of dead plants together with species rejected or eaten in low quantities (for similar mass of forage plants) relative to total aboveground plant mass diminishes the accessibility to forage and worsens foraging conditions for marmots.

Ронкин в.и. (Ronkin V.I.) & Tokarsky V. A. 1991. K povedeniyu tchernochapotchnogo sourka v Kamtchatskoï oblasti [Sur le comportement de la marmotte bobac du kamtchatka. On the behaviour of kamchatka bobak in the Kamchatka Region]. In Biologiya, Ekologiya, okhrana i ratsional'noe ispol'zovanie sourkov [Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots], Seredneva T.A. ed., Materialy Vses. sovechtch. teriol. ob-va [Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1], Souzdal, Moscow, 90-93. Traduction française M. Le Berre & Y. Semenov.
En russe, in russian.
Marmota camtschatica, éthologie, ethology, Russie, Russia, Kamtchatka.

Ронкин в.и. (Ronkin V.I.) & V.A. Tokarsky 1993. Katchestvennaya i kolithtchestvennaya otsenka pitannya stepnogo i krasnogo sourkov v ousloviyakh nevoli. [Évaluation qualitative et quantitative des comportements alimentaires de Marmota bobac et de la marmotte à longue queue, Marmota caudata en captivité. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of feeding habits of bobak, Marmota boba, and long-tailed marmot, M. caudata (Rodentia, Sciuridae) in captivity]. Zool. J., 72 (2) : 93-100.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Marmota caudata, alimentation, foraging, élevage, breeding.
Succulent plants from the families Fabaceae and Asteraceae are the preferable green forage of bobak. The food selection while feeding on green grasses, even in a cage, gives the gain of 115-119 Kj per 100 g of dry substance of forage. However, feeding marmots with green forage only does not provide energy needed by an organism. Bobak and long-tailed marmots do not differ in the level of food consumption. The biggest quantity of dry substance is consumed when the animals are fed with concentrated food (150-216 g per individual in a day), the least quantity of dry substance is consumed when they are fed with the green forage (70-110g). Specific consumption of forage by the one-year-old marmots on the average is 35% higher than by the adults. At the end of the period of activity (October) the food consumption decreases by 1.5-2 times. The coefficient of digestion depends on the quality of food used and varies from 70% for green forage to the 88% or even 96% for concentrated food.

Ropartz P. 1968. Olfaction et comportement social chez les rongeurs [Olfaction and behaviour in rodents]. Mammalia, 32 : 550-569.
En français, in French.
Rodentia, olfaction.

Roquette J.-I. 1853. Nouveau dictionnaire Portugais-français [New dictionary Portugese-French]. Vve J.P. Aillaud, Moulon et Cie, Paris.
Portugais et français, Portugese and French.
Dictionnaire, dictionary, langue, language, portugais, Portugese, Français, French, assobiador, Assobiadeira, siffleur, monax, marmòta, marmotte.

Rose R.K. & Cranford, J.A. 1987. Handbook of Virginia Mammals [Guide des mammifères de Virginie]. Final Report, Project No. 567460. VA Dept. Game & Inland Fisheries, Richmond, VA:121.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte commune ou américaine, États-Unis d'Amérique, Virginia, Tennessee.

Rosenzweig M.L. 1985. Some theoretical aspects of habitat selection [Quelques aspects théoriques de la sélection d'habitat]. In Habitat selection in birds, Cody M.L. ed., Academic Press, Oralando: 517-540.
Habitat.

Roslund 1951.
Marmota monax monax, États-Unis d'Amérique, Ohio.

Rossolimo O.L. 1985. Mammal collections of the USSR and geographic areas of the country poorly represented in mammal research collection [Collections des mammifères d'URSS et des zones géographiques du pays peu impliquées dans les collections de mammifères]. Acta Zool. Fennica, 170 : 51-52.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifès, Mammals, Mammalia, Rodentia, Collections, URSS, USSR.

Rossolimo O.L., Pavlinov I.Ya. 1979. [Catalogue des spécimens de mammifères conservés au Muséum de zoologie de l'Université d'état de Moscou. Catalogue of standard specimens of Mammals kept in the Zoological Muzeum of Moscow State University]. Mammals (Researches of the Fauna in the USSR), Moscow: Moscow State University Press, 17.
Conservation, Russie, Russia.

Roth Lois, Georgi M.E., King John M. & Tennant B.C. 1982a. Spontaneous hepatic lesions in wild woodchuck (Marmota monax) [Lésions hépatiques spontanés chez la marmotte des bois (Marmota monax)]. Conf. Res. Workers in Anim. Dis., Chicago, Illinois.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, épidémiologie, epidemiology, parasitologie, parasitology.

Roth Lois, Georgi M.E., King J.M. & Tennant B.C. 1982b. Parasitic encephalitis due to Baylisascaris sp. in wild and captive woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Encéphalite parasitique due à Baylisascaris sp. chez les marmottes des bois sauvages et captives (Marmota monax)]. Vet. Path., 19 : 652-662.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, épidémiologie, epidemiology, parasitologie, parasitology.

Twelve of 102 woodchucks submitted for necropsy to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine had clinical histories of central nervous system disorder. All had multifocal eosinophilic encephalitis with formation of granulomas. Nematode larvae, identified as Baylisascaris sp. were found in six of the 12 and were assumed to be the etiologic agent in all affected woodchucks. Both wild and captive (wild-trapped) woodchucks were affected, and all occurrences were between mid-June and early September.

Roth Lois & King John M. 1986. Congestive cardiomyopathy in the woodchuck, Marmota monax. [Cardiopathie congestive chez la marmotte des bois, Marmota monax]. Journal of Wildlife Diseases (J. Wildl. Dis.), 22 (4) : 533-537.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, coeur, heart.

Congestive cardiomyopathy was diagnosed during post mortem examination in eight of 149 adult woodchucks from New York. The eight woodchucks, four males and four females, died spontaneously without clinical signs of heart failure having been detected. The primary lesion was a grossly enlarged and dilated heart. Histologic lesions consisted of multifocal myocardial degeneration and necrosis. Secondary lesions of congestive heart failure were observed.

Roth Lois, King John M., Fleming J.W. & B.C. Tennant 1982. Spontaneous hepatic lesions of wild woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Lésions hépatiques spontanées des marmottes communes d'Amérique sauvages (Marmota monax)]. Conf. Res. Workers in Animal Disease (Abstr.), Chicago, Illinois, Abstr. n. 252.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, parasitologie, parasitology, virus.

Roth Lois, King John M., Hornbuckle W.E., Havey H.J. & Tennant B.C 1985. Chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma associated with persistent woodchuck Hepatitis Virus infection [Hépatite chronique et cancer hépatocellulaire associés à une infection persistente de l'hépatite du virus de la marmotte des bois]. Vet. Pathol., 22 : 338-343.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, épidémiologie, epidemioloy, virus.

The livers of 16 woodchucks with naturally acquired chronic infection with woodchuck hepatitis virus were examined both grossly and histologically in 14 biopsy specimens and seven necropsy specimens. Fifteen woodchucks had lesions characteristic of chronic hepatitis; ten of these had chronic active hepatitis, four had chronic persistent hepatitis, and one had cirrhosis with nodular regeneration. In one woodchuck there was massive hepatic necrosis attributed to infection with an unclassified protozoan. Thirteen woodchucks had primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Metastasis to the lung was observed in only one woodchuck. These results were compared to liver lesions in 149 woodchuck hepatitis virus-negative woodchucks. Chronic hepatitis comparable to that associated with woodchuck hepatitis virus infection was not observed in woodchuck hepatitis virus-negative woodchucks although in one, a single, small hepatocellular adenoma was found.

Roth Lois, King John M. & Tennant B.C. 1984. Primary hepatoma in a woodchuck (Marmota monax) without serologic evidence of woodchuck hepatitis virus infection [Hépatome primaire chez une marmotte (Marmota monax) sans preuve sérologique d'une infection par le virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte]. Vet. Pathol., 21(6): 607-608.
En anglais, in English.
.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Roth Lois, King John M. & Tennant B.C. 1991. Hepatic lesions in woodchucks (Marmota monax) seronegative for woodchuck hepatitis virus [Lésions hépatiques chez les marmottes communes d’Amérique (Marmota monax) séronégative pour le virus de l’hépatite de la marmotte]. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 27(2), 281-287.
En anglais, in English.
Livers from 128 captive woodchucks (Marmota monax) that were negative for serological markers of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) were examined grossly and histologically. Livers from 19 additional seronegative woodchucks were examined only grossly. The most common finding (61% of histological specimens) was mononuclear cells in portal areas. Moderate to severe portal infiltrates in association with similar scattered mononuclear cell aggregates and extramedullary hematopoiesis, were present in woodchucks that had extrahepatic inflammatory lesions. We concluded that these changes represent a response to a variety of chronic infections and are not specific for WHV infection. Other findings included parasitic granulomas, focal and diffuse lipidosis, bile duct proliferation, lesions secondary to cardiovascular compromise, and vasculitis. Two woodchucks had neoplastic lesions.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.
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Roth V.L. 1996. Cranial integration in the Sciuridae [Intégration crânienne chez les Sciuridae]. Am. Zool., 36: 14-23.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, morphologie, morphology, crâne, skull.

Roth V.L. & Dishop M.K. 1994. Evolutionary relationships among the Sciuridae: analysis of cranial characters in tree, ground, and flying squirrels [Évolutive relations parmi les Sciuridae : analyse des caractéristiques craniales des écureuils arboricoles, terrestres et volants]. J. mrophol., 220: 388.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, morphologie, morphology, crâne, skull.

Rothschild N.C. 1911. Ceratophyllus silantiewi Wagner a "plague-flea" [Ceratophyllus silantiewi, une puce porteuse de peste]. Ent. Mon. Mag., 47 ou 2 (22): 441.
En anglais, in English.
Puces, fleas, peste, plague.

Roubal J. 1903. Ein interresanter Fall von Symbiose einiger Arthropoden mit der Maus. [Un cas intéressant de symbiose de quelques Arthropodes avec le mulot. An interessant case of symbiosis of some arthropods with the fiel mouse]. Wiener Ent. Z., 206.
En allemand, in German.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, entomologie, entomology, microcavernicole, terrier, burrow.

Roubrouquis (Rubruquis) G. Voyages en Tartarie [Travel in Tartaria].
En français, in French.
Marmota, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, sourok, p. 25, Tatarie.

Rouméjoux A. de 1878. Notes sur diverses stations de la pierre taillée (en Périgord) [Notes on different paleolithic stations (in Périgord)]. 69e congrés scientfique, Périgueux, 336.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Périgord, France.

Rouquette J. 1868. Fouilles de la grotte de Peyre [Excavations in the Peyre Cave]. Société des lettres, des sciences et des arts de l’Aveyron, 6 : 152.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Aveyron, France.

Rousseau Lucien 1929. Le Magdalénien dans la Vienne. Découverte et fouille d'un gisement du magdalénien inférieur à Angles-sur-l'Angin (Vienne) [ Magdalenian in the Vienne. Discovery and search of a lower Magdalenian deposit in Angles-sur-l'Angin (Vienne)]. Société préhistorique française, 495.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Magadalénien, Magdalenian, renne, reindeer, Vienne, France.
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Routledge J.D. 1981. The Vancouver Island marmot survey, 1981 [Enquête sur la marmotte de lîle de Vancouver, 1981]. Vancouver Island Marmot Preservation Committee, Unpubl. rep. n 3, 12 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, conservation, Canada, British Columbia.

Routledge J.D. 1982. The Vancouver Island marmot survey, 1980 [Enquête sur la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver, 1980]. Vancouver Island Marmot Preservation Committee, Unpubl. rep. n 2, 9 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, conservtion, Canada, British Columbia.

Routledge J.D. & W.J. Merilees 1980. The Vancouver Island marmot survey, 1979 [Enquête sur la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver, 1979]. Vancouver Island Marmot Preservation Committee, Unpubl. rep. n 1, 10 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, conservation, Canada, British Columbia.

Roux 1938. La marmotte des Alpes en captivité. [The Alpine marmot in captivity]. La Terre et la Vie, 1.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, élevage, breeding.

Royal College of Surgeons in London 1831. Catalogue of the contents of the Museum of the. Royal College of Surgeons in London. Part III, The human and comparative osteology [Catalogue du contenu du Muséum du Royal College of Surgeons à Londres. Ostéologie humaine et comparative]. Francis Warr, London. En anglais, in English
Marmota marmota, squelette, skeleton, crâne, skull.

Royal BC Museum 2002. Small Mammals of the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area [Petits mammifères de l'aire de gestion de Muskw-Kechika]. En anglais, in English
En ligne, on line. ou/or

Marmotte givrée, hoary Marmot, Marmota caligata.

Royer Anne 2005. Petite marmotte [Little marmots]. English translation, Muriel Castille. North American ed., Milwaukee, Wis., Gareth Stevens Pub., 23 p.
En français, in French.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, littérature enfantine, Juvenile literature.

Rozanov A.N. 1958. Potchvennyï pokpov [La couverture du sol. The soil cover]. V kn. Srednyaya Aziya, M., Izd-vo AN SSSR.
En russe, in Russian.
Sol, soil.

Rozanov M.P. (Розанов М. П.) 2007. Marmota baibacina Алтайский сурок. En ligne/On line, accès/accessed Jan 16-2007 à/at http://piterhunt.ru/pages/animals/anim/beli4ii/baybak_altay/1.htm
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina.
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Rozanov M.P. (Розанов М. П.) 2007. Marmota bobac. En ligne / On line Питерский Охотник. En ligne/On line, accès/accessed Jan 12-2007 à/ at http://piterhunt.ru/pages/animals/anim/beli4ii/baybak/1.htm
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac.
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Rozanov M.P. (Розанов М. П.) 2007. Marmota menzbieri Таласский сурок. En ligne/On line, accès/accessed Jan 16-2007 à/at http://piterhunt.ru/pages/animals/anim/beli4ii/talass_surok/1.htm
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri.
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Rozanov M.P. (Розанов М. П.) 2007. Marmota sibirica Монгольский сурок. En ligne/On line, accès/accessed Jan 16-2007 à/at http://piterhunt.ru/pages/animals/anim/beli4ii/mongolsk_surok/1.htm
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica.
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Rozanov M.P. (Розанов М. П.) 2007. Marmota camtschatica Черношапочный сурок. En ligne/On line, accès/accessed Jan 16-2007 à/at http://piterhunt.ru/pages/animals/anim/beli4ii/4ernoshap_surok/1.htm
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica.
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Rozanov M.P. (Розанов М. П.) 2007. Marmota caudata Длиннохвостый сурок. En ligne/On line, accès/accessed Jan 16-2007 à/at http://piterhunt.ru/pages/animals/anim/beli4ii/4ernoshap_surok/1.htm
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata.
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Rozet 1839. Note sur une caverne à ossements du département de Saône-et-Loire [About abone cave in the Saône-et-Loire department]. Compte Rendu des Séances de l’Académie des sciences, 8 : 678, Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Saône-et-Loire, France.
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Rozov N.N. 1960. Zemel'nye resoursy Akmolinskoï oblasti i ispol'zovanie territorii [Ressources terrestres de la région d'Akmolinsk et utilisation du territoire. Terrestrial resources of the Akmolinski region and use of the territory]. V kn. Prirodnoe raïonirovanie Severnogo Kazkhstana, M., L., Izd-vo AN SSSR.
En russe, in Russian.
Gestion, management, Akmolinsk, Russie, Russia.

Rozzelle J.E. Jr., Wang J.G., Wagner D.S., Erickson B.W. & Lemon S.M. 1995. Self-association of a synthetic peptide from the N terminus of the hepatitis delta virus protein into an immunoreactive alpha-helical multimer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92(2): 382-6.
En anglais, in English.
Hépatite, hepatitis.
The formation of hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) multimers is required for full biologic activity of this protein and for replication of the hepatitis delta virus. To determine the residues responsible for multimerization, three peptides [ delta 12-49, delta 25-60(Y), delta 12-60(Y)] from the putative coiled-coil multimer-forming domain of HDAg were chemically synthesized and biophysically characterized by circular dichroic spectroscopy, deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry, gel filtration, chemical crosslinking, and ultracentrifugation. By circular dichroism the 50-residue peptide delta 12-60(Y) was half-denatured above 80 degrees C and was 97% alpha-helical at 5 degrees C and 84% alpha-helical at 37 degrees C. By deuterium exchange, peptide delta 12-60(Y) was 93% alpha-helical at 25 degrees C. Its high alpha-helicity and melting temperature are due to the formation of an alpha-helical multimer consisting of four or more chains. All three synthetic peptides reacted with human anti-HDAg antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but only peptide delta 12-60(Y) was detected in a sandwich radioimmunoassay in which successful antigens must display at least two antibody-binding sites, which correlates with the ability of this peptide to form multimers. Peptide delta 12-60(Y) also interfered with the self-association of natural HDAg into multimers. These results have significant practical implications for development of improved diagnostic tests, antiviral agents, and possibly even vaccines for prevention of hepatitis delta virus disease.

Rubruk Gil'om de 1957. Poutechestviya v Vostotchnye strany [Voyages dans les pays orientaux. Travel in eastern countries]. V kn. Poutechestviya v vostotchnye strany Plano Karpini i Roubrouka, M., Geografiz.
En russe, in Russian.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology.

Rubruquis Guillaume 1253. Le voyage de Guillaume de Rubruquis, en diverses parties de l'Orient, & principalement en Tartarie et à la Chine [The Guillaume de Rubruquis' travel, in different parts of the East, & mainly in Tartary and in China]. In Voyages faits principalement en Asie dans les XII, XIII, XIV et XV siècles, Histoire des Sarasins et des Tartares, et précédez d'une Introduction concernant les voyages et les nouvelles découvertes des principaux voyageurs, Pierre Bergeron, ed., A La Haye, Chez Jean Neaulme, Num. BNF.
En franais, in French.
Marmota, sogur, Tartarie, Tartary.
Extrait pdf extract

Rubstov, Roubtsov Alexander & Vinogradov B.S. 1950. Vliyanie tcheloveka na jivotnyï mir stepnoï zony [Influence de l'homme sur le monde animal dans la zone des steppes. Man influence on the animal kingdom in the steppes]. Jivotnyï mir SSSR, T. 3 Stepnaya zona.
En russe, in Russian.
Steppe, faune, fauna.

Rubtsov, Roubtsov A.S. & Nikol'sky A.A. 2003. The digital collection of Eurasian marmots' calls in the State Darwin musueum (Moscow, Russia). La collection de cris numérisée de marmottes eurasiennes au Muséum d'État Darwin (Moscou, Russie). Цифровая коллекчия звуковых сигналов евроазиатских сурков в музее дарина (Москва, Россия). In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds International Marmot Network, Lyon, 51-56.
Anglais, français et résumé russe; English, French and Russian abstract
PDF disponible/available
Marmota, Eurasian marmot, marmotte eurasiennes, cris, calls, digital acoustic collection, collection digitale de sons, base de données informationelle, information database.
Depuis 1967, les chercheurs du département de Zoologie des Vertébrés de l’Université d’Etat de Moscou ont réalisé une collection de sons émis par les mammifères dans les conditions naturelles dans la vaste zone de l’ancienne URSS et de Mongolie. Cette collection comprend actuellement environ 5000 enregistrements de plus de 70 espèces. Six espèces de marmottes sont représentées par 1141 enregistrements, représentant environ 30 heures d’enregistrement. Elle illustre, à la fois, la variabilité populationnelle et géographique des vocalisations de chaque espèce. Cependant, les qualités de la bande magnétique des phonogrammes originaux ont été altérées et il est possible qu’une partie importante de ce matériel soit perdue. Des méthodes modernes de traitement des sons permettent de sauvegarder les phonogrammes en les numérisant sur disque compact. Actuellement, tous les cris de marmottes sont numérisés ; ces copies sont conservées au Muséum Darwin sur des disques compacts au format WAV. L’information des journaux de bords de terrain est conservée dans une base de données. Nous décrivons dans cet article notre expérience concernant l’organisation d’une collection scientifique digitale des sons produits par des animaux.

Rudatis Allessandro & De Battisti Renzo 2005. Alimentazione di Marmota marmota in praterie altimontane delle Dolomoti Bellunesi [Alimentation de Marmota marmotadans les prairies de montagnes des dolomites Bellunese. The diet of Marmota marmota in the mountain prairie of south-eastern Italian Alps]. Hystrix It. J. Mamm (n.s.), 16 (2): 135-142.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmotte alpine, Alpine marmot, Marmota marmota, régime alimentaire, diet composition, alpes italiennes, Italian Alps.
Diet composition of two family groups of alpine marmots was investigated in two areas of the Agordino’s Dolomites (Italian Alps) in June-September 2001, by means of microscopic analysis of faeces and of direct observation of feeding activity. During the whole period of activity, a high consume of Angiosperms was confirmed, especially plants in flower; among them the “graminoids” seemed to play an important role only during the initial part of the active period. Generally vegetative parts predominated over flowers. The ingestion of animal preys was not confirmed by the analysis of droppings. Comparing diet composition of the two groups, Graminaceae (Poa, Phleum), Compositae (Achillea), Cyperaceae/Juncaceae, Leguminosae (Anthyllis), Rosaceae, and Labiatae (Prunella, Stachys) formed the bulk of marmot diet in the study areas. Diet showed low diversity considering the abundance of plant species in the surrounding environment. Food resources were probably used in relation to their easy digestibility, with a high content in proteins, sugar and water. The knowledge of vegetation features in relation to marmot trophic habits can represent a useful tool for the management of this species.
Il regime alimentare di due gruppi di Marmotta alpina è stato studiato in giugno-settembre 2001 in due aree delle Dolomiti agordine (SE Italia), attraverso l’analisi microscopica delle feci e l’osservazione diretta dell’attività alimentare. Durante tutto il periodo di attività si è notato un forte consumo di Angiosperme, specialmente piante a fiore, mentre le ”graminoidi” sembra giochino un ruolo importante all’inizio della stagione. In generale le parti vegetali predominano sui fiori. L’ingestione di prede animali non è stata confermata attraverso l’analisi coprologica. Dal confronto dei dati relativi al regime alimentare dei due gruppi, risulta evidente l’importanza di: Graminaceae (Poa, Phleum), Compositae (Achillea), Cyperaceae/Juncaceae, Leguminosae (Anthyllis), Rosaceae, e Labiatae (Prunella, Stachys). Il regime alimentare appare poco differenziato per un roditore che vive in un ambiente particolarmente ricco di specie vegetali. Sembra che la scelta delle risorse alimentari risponda alla necessità di consumare alimenti facilmente digeribili, in grado di fornire un elevato apporto in proteine, zuccheri e acqua. Appare dunque importante il ruolo della vegetazione, oltre che degli altri caratteri ambientali, qualora s’intenda impostare piani per una razionale gestione della specie.
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Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.) 1990. Strouktoura yuzhnouraliskoï popoulyatsii baïbaka [Structure de la population de M. bobac dans l'Oural du Sud. Population structure of the bobac marmot in southern Ural]. 5 Siezd Vsesoiuznogo teriologitcheskogo ob-va AN SSSR, M. 29 Janv.-2 fevr. 1990 g., 106-107.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, population, Russie, Russia, Oural, Ural.

Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.) 1989. [Protection et perspectives d'utilisation rationnelle de Marmota bobac dans la région d'Orenbourg. Protection and perspectives of rational using of Marmota bobac in Orenburg region]. Mater. Vsesoyuzn. soveshc. po probleme kadastra i oucheta jivotn. mira, Tez. dokl. Oufa, 2: 282-283.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, gestion, management.

Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.) 1991. [État actuel de la marmotte bobac dans la région d'Orenbourg. The modern state of the bobak in the Orenburg Region]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 93-96.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, biogéographie, Russie, Russia, Oural, Ural.

Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.) 1993. Biotsenotitcheskie souyazi baïbaka v orenbourgskoï oblasti [Liens biocénotiques de la bobak sur le territoire d'Orenbourg. Biocenotic relationships of the bobac marmot in the Orenburg Region]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 30-31.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, écologie, ecology, Russie, Russia, Oural, Ural.

Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.) 1999. Antropolennaya transformatsiya landchaftov i ee vliyanie na dinamikou stepnogo sourka na iujnom Ourale. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 84-85.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Oural, Ural.

Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.) 2000Sistematitcheskoe polojenie stepnogo sourka (Marmota bobac Mull.) ïoujnogo Ourala [Position systématique de la marmotte des steppes (Marmota bobac Mull.) de l’Oural méridional. Systematical position of the steppe marmot (Marmota bobac Mull.) of southern Ural]. Sistematika i filogeniïa gryzounov i tchaïtseobraznykh, M., 142-143.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, systématique, systematics, Oural, Ural.

Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.), Bibikov D.I. & Sustin V.P. 1988. Morfologitcheskie osobennosti baïbaka v Orenburgskoï oblasti [Particularités morphologiques de la marmotte bobac dans la région d'Orenbourg. Morphologic characteristics of the bobac marmot in the Orenburg Region]. Gryzouny : Tez. dokl. 7 Vses. sovechtch., Nalitchik 27 sent.-1 okt. 1988, t.I. Sverdlovsk, 44-45.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Russie, Russia, Oural, Ural.

Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.) & Malyutinae E. V. 1991. [Détermination des standards de prélevements de la marmotte bobac pour une population de la région d'Orenbourg. Determination of bobak removal standards from an Orenburg Region population]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Suzdal, Moscow, 96-98.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, population, Russie, Russia, Oural, Ural.

Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.) & Шевлюк Н.Н. (Chevlyuk, Chevlïouk) N.N. 2001. Sistematitsekoe polojenie ïoujnooural’skikh popoulïatsiï Marmota bobac Mull. [Position systématique des populations méridionales de Marmota bobac Mull. Systematical position of the population of steppe marmot (Marmota bobac Mull.) of southern Ural]. Bioraznoobrazie i bioresoursy Ourala i sopredelnykh erritotiï : Mater. Mejdounar. Konf., Orenbourg, 30-31. Orenbourg, Gazprompetchat’, 2001, 302-303.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, sytématique, systematics, Oural, Ural, Russie, Russia.

Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.), Shelvyuk (Chelviouk) N.N. & V.P. Sustin (Soustin) 1994. Ecology and morphology of the bobac (Marmota bobac) in Orenburg province [Écologie et morphologie de la marmotte bobac dans la province d'Orenbourg]. In Actual problems of marmots investigation, Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., Moscow ABF Publ. House : 182-192.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, écologie, ecology, morphologie, morphology, Russie, Russia, Oural, Ural.

Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.), Shelvyuk (Chelviouk) N.N. & Sustin (Soustin) V.P. 1996. Aspects écologique et morphologique de la reproduction de Marmota bobac Pall. dans la province d'Orenburg. Ecological and morphological aspects of reproduction of bobac (Marmota bobac) in Orenburg Province. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes/Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 249-250.
En français et en anglais, in French and English.
Marmota bobac, reproduction, écologie, ecology, morphologie, morphology, Russie, Russia, Oural, Ural.

La distribution actuelle de M. bobac est discontinue dans la province d'Orenbourg, sud de l'Oural. La durée de vie des marmottes est de plus de 8 ans. Les 2 ou 3 ans prédominent parmi les animaux capturés. Les portées sont de 6 petits en moyenne. La spermatogenèse est minimum en juin. La différenciation de l'épithélium spermatique s'accroît en juillet. La population d'endocrinocytes entre les périodes de 3112 reproduction est plus ou moins hétéromorphe. Le cytoplasme des cellules de Leydig est acidophile et contient des inclusions pigmentaires. Le nombre des cellules productrices d'androgène est le plus bas en juin.
Now M. bobac distribution is not continuous in Orenburg Province, South Ural. Life duration was more than 8 years. Two and three-years old individuals prevailed among collected animals. The average number of cubs per litter was six. Spermatogenesis was minimum in June. Differentiation of spermatogenous epithelium increased in July. The endocrinocyte population between the breeding periods is more or less heteromorphic. The cytoplasm of Leydig cells is acidophilic and contains pigmentary inclusions. Morphological and functional analyses of testes show that in June the number of androgen-producing cells is lowest.

Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.) , Шевлюк Н.Н. (Shelvyuk, Chelviouk N.N.) & Ковбык Л.В. (Kovbyk L.V.) 2002.. Dynamics of bobac dispersion in the area of the South Ural. Динамика ареала степного сурка на южном црале. [Dinamika areala stepnogo sourka na ioujnom Urale. Dynamique de l'extension de l'aire de distribution de bobac dans l'Oural du sud]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Y. eds., ABF, Moscow, 338-344.
En anglais et en russe, résumé en français , in English and in Russian, French abstract).
Marmota bobac, dispersion, dispersal, Oural, Ural.
Autrefois, l’aire de distribution de la marmotte bobac s’étendait sur tout le territoire de l’Oural du sud. Cette distribution au XVIII-XIX siècle est décrite en détail dans la littérature. À partir du milieu du siècle actuel, seules des bandes étroites de steppes vierges, favorables au maintien des colonies de marmottes bobac, subsistaient sur les berges des ravines et des rivières. La répartition actuelle des bobacs des contreforts de l’Oural méridional comprend la colline de Bukgouma-Belebei, les monts d’Obschly Syrt, les contreforts méridionaux des monts Oural, le plateau du Zalaïr et le Tourgaiskaya Stolovaya Stran. Ces collines ont été probablement le centre de l’aire de répartition des marmottes bobacs au cours des temps historiques. Ainsi, l’extrême dispersion de l’aire de répartition des marmottes bobac dans l’Oural du sud explique sa présence sur tout le territoire. Actuellement, les installations d’espèces animales à forte valeur économique sont soumises à d’intensives pressions anthropiques. Dans ces conditions, l’espèce la plus vulnérable, la marmotte bobac, ne peut pas se rétablir et étendre son aire de répartition par ses propres moyens. Le rétablissement de son aire de répartition et de ses effectifs nécessitent que des mesures de sauvegarde soient mises en œuvre. La protection des sites favorables à l’installation des marmottes bobacs doit être la principale de ces mesures.
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Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.), Shelvyuk (Chelviouk) N.N. & Sustin (Soustin) V.P. 1997. Ground dwelling Sciuridae (Marmots and ground squirrels). The unique natural model to study morpho-genetic processes in reproductive organs. [Les écureuils terrestres Sciuridae (Marmottes et éreuils terrestres). Modèle unique pour étudier les processus morpho-génétique des organes reproducteurs]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya [Holarctic marmots as a factor of iodiversity], III Mezhdnarodnaya Konferentsiya po surkam, Tezisy dokladov [III International Conference on marmots, Abstracts], 82 (Russian), 183 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmottes, marmots, écureuils terrestres, ground squirrels, reproduction.

Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.) & Smetanin I.I. 1996. Reaklimatizatsiya stepnogo sourka v orenbourgskoï oblasti [Réacclimatation de M. bobac dans la région d'Orenburg. Reacclimatization of Marmota bobac in Orenburg region]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 69-70.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, réintroduction, re-introduction, Orenbourg.

Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.) & Smetanin I.I. 1997. Resoursy stepnogo sourka v Orenbourskoï pblasti [Ressource de la marmotte bobac dans la région d'Orenbourg]. In Vozrojdenie stepnogo sourka, Tokarsky V.A. & Roumiantsev V.Iu., Izdatel'stvo ABF, Moskva, 29-30.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, ressource, resource, Orenbourg.

Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.), Sustin V.P. & Schevlok N.N. 1993. K voprasou o razmnojenii baïbaka v Orenbourgskoï oblasti [Problème de la multiplication de la bobak sur le territoire d'Orenbourg The problem of the increase number of the bobac marmot in the Orenburg territory]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 31.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, gestion, management, Russie, Russia, Oural, Ural.

Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.), Sustin (Soustin) V.P. & Shevlyuk (Chelviouk) N.N. 1994. Dynamique et tendances de la reproduction de la marmotte bobac dans la région d'Orenbourg. The moving forces and trends of reproduction of bobac (Marmota bobac) in Orenburg Province. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 120-121.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota bobac, reproduction, écologie, ecology, morphologie, morphology, Russie, Russia, Oural, Ural.

Now the bobac distribution in South Ural foothills is restricted by the comparatively dissected relief of Obshchiy Syrt and Guberlinsky Mts. as well as more flat territory of Orsk Plain and Tobol Platean. Our investigations in 1980-l994 show that there are no continuous bobac settlements in Orenburg Province. The Orsk Plain is covered by boutans (rammed ground heaps near marmot holes), which relative age is about 3000 years. The research of age structure of bobac populations showed that duration of bobac life was more 8 years. Two and three-years old individuals prevailed among collected animals. According to the number of placental spots the average number of babies per one litter is six. The maximal depression of spermatogenesis is marked in June. The ducts resemble a testicle in the period of the late embryogenesis. Some intensification of the differention of spermatogerous epithelium takes place in July. The endocrinocyte population between the breeding periods is more or less heteromorphic. The cytoplasm of Leydig's cells is acidophilic and contains pigmentary inclusions. Morphological and functional analyses of testes show that in June the number of androgen-producing cells lowest.

Rue III & Leonard Lee 1981. Woodchuck (Marmota monax) Complete Guide to Game Animals. A Field Book of North American Species, Outdoor Life Books, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York Pp. 237-249.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax.

Ruf Thomas. Mechanisms of social thermoregulation during hibernation in free living Alpine marmots [Mécanismes de la thermorégulation sociale durant l'hibernation chez les marmottes alpines sauvages]. In Life in the Cold, 11th International Hibernation Symposium 2000.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, thermorégulation thermoregulation, hibernation.

Ruf T. & Arnold W. 1998Synchronization of torpor bouts during hibernation in Alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) [Synchronisation des périodes de torpeur durant l'hibernation chez les marmottes alpines]. Abstracts of the Euro-American Mammal Congress, 231-232. Santiago de Compostela (Spain), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, torpeur, torpor, hibernation.

Ruf T. & Arnold W. 2000. Mechanisms of social thermoregulation in hibernating alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) [Mécanismes de la thermorégulation sociale chez les marmottes alpines (Marmota marmota]. In: Life in the Cold, eleventh International hibernation Symposium, Gerhard Heldmaier & Martin Klingenspor, eds., 81-94.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, thermorégulation sociale, social thermoregulation, hibernation.
Group hibernating Alpine marmots maintain close body contact to other group members during both deep torpor and euthermic intervals. Analyzing telemetrically recorded body temperature (Tb) profiles of 64 free-living marmots we found that rates of heat loss were independent of individual body mass. Serial correlation coefficient for pairwise comparisons of Tb patterns indicated that the time course of changes between torpor and periodic arousals was generally well synchronized within groups, with territorial arousing significantly earlier than other group members. The degree of group synchrony was the most important factor influencing winter mass-loss. However, group synchrony was impaired in the presence of juveniles. Juveniles frequently displayed delayed warm-ups and appeared to passively gain heat from close body contact to warmer adults. While reduced group synchrony is disadvantageous for adults, it can be calculated that juveniles have a net energetical benefit.

Ruf T. & Heldmaier G. 1987. Computerized body temperature telemetry in small animals: use of simple equipment and advanced noise suppression [Télémétrie de la température corporelle informatisée chez les petits mammifères.: utilisation d'un équipement simple et suppression du bruit avancé]. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 17: 331-340.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, télémétrie, telemetry, température corporelle, body temperature.

Rulf F. 1955. Murmeltier-Plauderei [Discussion sur la marmotte. Debate on the marmot]. Öst. Weidwek, 17/18 : 133-134.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine.

Rumiantsev V.YU. 1984. Roli sourkov v ekosistemakh Severnogo Kazakhstane sovremennie problemi geografii ekosistem [Rôles des marmottes dans les écosystèmes du nord du Kazakhstan, problèmes actuels de géographie écosystémique. Marmot functions in the northern ecosystems of Kazkstan, present problems of ecosystemic geography]. Tez. dokl. Vsesoiouz. sovechtch.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, écologie, ecology, géographie, geography, Kazakhstan.

Rumiantsev V.YU. 1986. Outchet i kartografirovanie stepnogo sourka v severnom Kazakhstane [Recensement et cartographie de la marmotte des steppes dans le nord du Kazakhstan. Census and cartography of the steppe marmot in northern Kazakstan]. Vsesoiouz. sovechtch. po probleme kadastra i outcheta jivotnogo mira, Tez. dokl. Tch. 1, M.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, dénombrement, census, cartographie, mapping, Kazakhstan.

Rumiantsev V.YU. 1987. Nekotorye osobennosti sovremennogo razmesheniya stepnogo sourka v Kazakhstane [Quelques éléments de la distribution actuelle de M. bobac au Kazakhstan. Some factors of the present distribution of steppe marmots in Kasakstan). Vliyanie antropogennoï transformatsii landshfr-ta na naselenie Nazemnykh pozvonotchykh zhivotnykh, Tez. Vses. sovechtch., u.I.M., 271-272.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, répartition, distribution, Kazakhstan.

Rumiantsev V.YU. 1988a. Biotsnotitcheskoe i selskoklozyaïstvennoe znatchenne stepnogo sourka v Kazakhstane [Importance biocénotique et agricole de la marmotte des steppes au Kazakhstan. Biocenotic and farming importance of the steppe marmot in Kazakstan]. Gryzouny, Tez. dokl. VII Vsesoiouz. sovechtch. T. 2, Sverdlosk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, agriculture, farming, Kazakhstan.

Rumiantsev V.YU. 1988b. Kartografoutcheskaya otsenka prirodnykh ouslovii obutannya stepnogo sourka v Kazakhstane [Mise en valeur cartographique des conditions naturelles d'habitat de la marmotte des steppes au Kazakhstan. Cartographic development of the natural conditions of the steppe marmot habitat in Kazakstan]. Vestn. Mosk. in-ta., ser. 5, geografiya n 6.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, cartographie, mapping, habitat, Kazakhstan.

Rumiantsev V.YU. 1988c. Ekologo-geografitcheskii analiz sostoyannya stepnogo sourka v perspektivy ego ispol'sovannya (na nrimre Severnogo Kazakhstana) [Analyse écologique et géographique de la population de marmotte des steppes et perspectives de son utilisation. Exemple du Kazakhstan du nord. Ecological and geographic analysis of steppe marmot population and prospects for its use. Exemple of the northern Kazakstan]. Avtoref. kand. dis., M.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, geographie, geography, écologie, ecology, Kazakhstan.

Rumiantsev V.YU. 1990. Kartografirovanie razmesheniya stepnogo sourka v Kazakhstane [Cartographie de la réparition de la marmotte des steppes au Kazakhstan. Catography of the steppe marmot distrisbution in Kazakstan]. 5 siezd Vsesoiuznogo teriologitcheskogo ob-va AN SSSR, M. 29 yanvarya-2 fevralya 1990, 2.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, cartographie, mapping, répartition, distribution, Kazakhstan.

Rumiantsev Yu. 1991a. Marmot's impact on soil of solometz complexes in Kazakhstan North [Impact des marmottes sur le sol des complexes solometz au Kazakhstan du nord]. Abstracts 1st International Symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota) and on Genus Marmota, 19.
En italien et en anglais, in Italian and in English.
Marmota, sol, soil, Kazakhstan.

Of mammals with digging activity marmots (Marmota; Rodentia) are the most active animals which transform soil cover. In this report based of the data obtained in 1982-1989, we analyse some peculiarities of the steppe marmot's impact on soil and vegetation of Norhern Kazakhstan steppe.

Rumiantsev V. Yu. 1991b. [The study of marmots of the USSR: a bibliographical analysis experience. Étude des marmottes en URSS: essai d'analyse bibliographique]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 98-102.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, bibliographie, bibliography, URSS, USSR.

Rumiantsev V. Yu. 1991c. [On marmot numbers. Sur le nombre des marmottes]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 102-106.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, dénombrement, census.

Rumiantsev V.J. 1991d. [Analyse cartographique de la répartition des marmottes bobac au Kazakhstan. Cartographic analysis of bobac distribution in Kazakhstan]. Proc. USSR Theriol. Soc., Population structure of the marmot, Bibikov D.I., A.A. Nikolski, V.Yu. Rumiantsev & T.A. Seredneva eds., 71-97. Traduction française M. Le Berre & Y. Semenov.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota bobac, répartition, distribution, biogéographie, biogeography, cartographie, mapping, Kazakhstan.

Rumiantsev V.Yu. 1991e. Stepnoï sourok na pakhotn'kh zemlyakh Kazakhstana [Les marmottes des steppes des terres arables du Kazakhstan. Steppe marmots from arable lands of Kazakhstan]. Byul. Mosk. Obs. Isp. Prirody, otdel biologii, 96(4): 15-28.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, sol, soil, steppe, Kazakhstan.
The available published data and original researchwork of the author in 1981-1998 revealed some peculiarities of the Marmota bobac settlements within the arable lands of Northern Kazakstan. The existing crop-rotation system and territories with optimal naturtal conditions favour the stable concentration of Marmota bobac along the margins of arable "squares", where they benefit from the border position. In les favourable natural conditions Marmota bobac occupy the territories adjacent to virgin lands. The total numbers of Marmota bobac in the fields of Kazakhstan may be as high as hundreds of thousands, and therefore they have to be taken into account in estimation of the species resources condition.

Rumiantsev Yu. 1992a. L'impatto delle marmotte sul suolo dei complessi solonetz nel kazahstan settentrionale. Marmot's impact on soil of solometz complexes in Kazakhstan North. Proc. 1st International Symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota ) and on Genus Marmota, Bassano et al., 241-244.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Marmota, écologie, ecology, sol, soil, Kazakhstan.

Rumiantsev Yu. 1992b. Distribuzione delle popolazioni di marmotta nel Kazahstan settentrionale. Marmots population mapping in northern Kazakhstan [Cartographie des populations de marmottes dans le nord du Kazakhstan]. Proc. 1st International Symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota) and on Genus Marmota, Bassano et al., 261-263.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Marmota, cartographie, mapping, Kazakhstan.

Rumiantsev V.Yu. 1993. Application of aerial photography for the mapping of steppe marmot (Marmota bobac) distribution [Utilisation de photographies aériennes pour cartographier la répartition de la marmotte des steppes (Marmota bobac)]. Zool. j., 72(9) : 137-148.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, terriers, burrows, cartographie, mapping.

The method of remote sensing are still not widely used in zoogeographical mapping but they may be very informative for investigations of species having the pronounced marks of their activity. The author considers a possible way of mapping the distribution of steep marmot (M. bobac shaganensis) in Northern Kazakhstan using aerial photography. One of the possible methods to use aerial photography for detecting correlations between the abundance of marmots and their environmental conditions is discussed. Proposed methods, if slightly modified may used, to map different species that have similar ecology.

Rumiantsev V.Yu. 1994. Principes de l'évaluation des habitats de marmottes par les méthodes cartographiques. Principles of marmot habitats assessment by cartographical methods. Abstract 2d Int. Conf. on Marmots, 122-123.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota bobac, habitat, répartition, distribution, cartographie, mapping, Kazakhstan, Russie.

Tasks of Marmota bobac populations management need to create detailed maps of its resources. Because of extensivity of the area we would have to elaborate special methods of mapping based on assessment of marmot's habitats quality. In 80-90th two procedures of such assessment map creation were approved which are applied at different levels of population circumference and space scale.
At regional level (scale of l : 2 500 000 - l : 4 000 000) the maps are built up by successive estimation of the role of main natural and anthropogenic factors defining the marmot life condition. The "cells" of such maps are natural types of habitats determined by the map of vegetation or by synthetic map of nature. The assessment of concrete factors are summed inside each "cell" (Rumiantsev, 1992). Such maps are created now for the whole territory of Kazakhstan.
At local level (inside of concrete geographical populations, scale of about l : l 000 000) the "cells" of maps are administrative-economic units (areas of concrete holdings). Each "cell" is estimated by defining of relation between the areas of favourable and unfavourable sites. Such maps are built up for some parts of Southern Russia (Rumiantsev, Gorbunov, 1993). This method may be used at the first level too but it require more detailed base of data. The maps created by both methods will be used in the future as the base for extrapolation of factual data about marmot space distribution.

Rumiantsev V.Yu. ed. 1994. Actual problems of marmots investigation [Problèmes actuels de recherche sur les marmottes]. Commission on Marmots investigation, Theriological Society of Russian Academy of Sciences.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, protection, URSS, USSR.

The results of researches on marmots, carried out mainly during the end of 80s-beginning of 90s in the former USSR states and abroad, are discussed: the problems of ecology and ethology of marmots, their protection and population management. The collection may be useful for wide range of theriologists, specialists on animals protection and management, students of biology, etc...

Rumiantsev V.Yu. 1997a. Reakklimatizatsiya baïbaka: Itogi i problemy (Soobchtchenie 1 - nekotorie metoditcheskie voprosy) [Réintroduction de la marmotte bobac : résultats et problèmes]. In Vozrojdenie stepnogo sourka, Tokarsky V.A. & Roumiantsev V.Iu., Izdatel'stvo ABF, Moskva, 30-32.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, réintroduction, re-introduction.

Rumiantsev V.Yu. 1997b. Reakklimatizatsiya baïbaka: Itogi i problemy (Soobchtchenie 2 - nekotorie teoretitcheskie voprosy) [Réintroduction de la marmotte bobac : résultats et problèmes]. In Vozrojdenie stepnogo sourka, Tokarsky V.A. & Roumiantsev V.Iu., Izdatel'stvo ABF, Moskva, 32-35.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, réintroduction, re-introduction.

Rumiantsev V.Yu. 1997c.To the problem of the bobac marmot area [Le probkème de l'aire de la marmotte bobac]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya [Holarctic marmots as a factor of iodiversity], III Mezhdnarodnaya Konferentsiya po surkam, Tezisy dokladov [III International Conference on marmots, Abstracts], 83 (Russian), 184 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobac.

Rumiantsev V.YU. & Bibikov D.I. 1994. [Marmots of Europe: history and prospects. Les marmottes d'Europe : histroire et perspectives]. In Actual problems of marmots investigation, Coll. of Scient. articles, Moscow, ABF: 193-214.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, histoire, history, Europe.

Rumiantsev V.YU. & Bibikov D.I. 1996. Les marmottes d'Europe : histoire, état actuel, perspectives. Marmots in Europe: History, current status, propects. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes/Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 51-58.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota, histoire, history, Europe.

Deux espèces de marmottes occupent l'Europe, les marmottes alpine (Marmota marmota L.) et bobac (M. bobac Müll.). De nombreuses similarités de leur histoire ont été révélées dont une réduction de leur aire et le déclin des populations durant des siècles et leur réhabilitation depuis le milieu de ce siècle. La comparaison de la dynamique de l'histoire de vie de ces espèces pourrait permettre de comprendre les spécificités écologiques de chacune des espèces apparues au cours de leur évolution.
There are two marmot species inhabiting Europe - Alpine (Marmota marmota L.) and bobac (M. bobac Müll.) marmot. Much similarity of their histories has been revealed including area reduction and abundance declining for the space of centuries and their rehabilitation since the middle of current century. Comparison of these species life history dynamics would promote understanding of each species ecology specifics formed in the course of their evolution.

Rumiantsev V.YU., Bibikov D.I., Dezhkin A.V. & Dudkin O.V. 1996. Marmots of Europe: history and present condition [Les marmottes d'Europe : histoire et état actuel]. Bull. MOIP, otd. biol., 101(1): 3-18.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, histoire, history, biogéographie, biogeography, réintroduction, re-introduction, Europe.

Two marmot species - Marmota marmota and Marmota bobac - inhabit Europe now. The first species lives in Alps and in some other mount systems the second one in steppes of Russian Plain. These species are comparatively far from each other according to their phylogeny and probably appeared independently in Pleistocene. Different conditions during the period of species formation lead to more ecological )ability of M. bobac in compare with more conservative M. marmota. In the last centuries abundance and area of M. marmota decreased mainly due to straight anthropogenic influence. Any new adaptations were not observed. The regressive trend in this process, was turned into progressive one only because the organisation of marmot protection and reintroduction in some European states. In opposite M. bobac was able to adapt himself to the new conditions caused by anthropogenic transformation of habits because of ecological lability of population heritaged from ancestor and changes of priorities in using natural habits and familiarising with new specific ones. Therefore M. bobac was able to settle again in some parts of the past area by natural way. Re-introduction only completed this process. Comparative analysis of two species reintroduction results confirms the different of their ecological lability.

Rumiantsev V.YU. & Dezhkin A.V. 1996. Sourki v krasnoï knige rossii [Les marmottes dans le livre rouge de Russie. Marmots in the red data book of Russia]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 71-72.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, conservation, Russie, Russia.

Rumiantsev V.Yu. & Gorbunov Yu.V. 1993. [The principles of assessment map compilation for the management of steppe marmot in Russia. Les principes d'évaluation de la compilation cartographique pour la gestion de la marmotte des steppes en Russie]. Vestnik Moskovskogo Ouniversiteta, seria V, geographia, 5: 22-29.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, géographie, geography, sensité, sensibility, cartographie, mapping.

Rumiantsev V.Yu. & Gorbunov Yu.V. 1997. kartografitcheskiï analiz prejnego i sovremennogo razmechtcheniya baïbaka v Louganskoï oblasti [Analyse cartographique de la distribution ancienne et actuelle de bobac dans la région de Lougansk]. In Vozrojdenie stepnogo sourka, Tokarsky V.A. & Roumiantsev V.Iu., Izdatel'stvo ABF, Moskva, 35-36.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, répartition, distribution, Lougansk, Lugansk.

Rumiantsev V.Y. & Markova A.K. 2000. GIS mapping historical distribution of Marmota on the territory of former Soviet Union [Cartographie SIG de la distribution historique des Marmota sur le territoire de l'ex URSS]. Biology of Marmota in Palearctic, Moscow, MAKS Press: 117-133.
Marmota, répartition, distribution, cartographie, mapping, URSS? USSR.

Rumiantsev V.Yu. & Soldatov 1997. Marmot's impact on soils and vegetation of solonetz complexes in northern Kazakhstan [Impact de la marmotte sur les sols et la végétation des complexes du solonetz du Kazakhstan nord]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya [Holarctic marmots as a factor of iodiversity], III Mejdnarodnaya Konferentsiya po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov [III International Conference on marmots, Abstracts], 85 (Russian), 185-186 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota, végétation, vegetation, sol, soil.

Rumiantsev V.YU., V.V. Suntsov & YU.V. Gorbunov 1993. Baïbak antropogennikh landzhaftakh Rostovkoï oblasti [Marmota bobac dans les paysages anthropisés de la région de Rostov. Marmota bobac in anthropogenic landscapes of the Rostov region]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 31-32 et 50.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, paysage landscape, anthropisation, anthropization, Russie, Russia, Rostov.

Marmota bobac, disapeared almost totally in the mid of the XX century, became the background species of the north-western part of Rostov Region again from the beginning of 70s (Kazakov, Sidelnikov,1989 et al.). Our researches in 1989-92 showed that in the most parts of Chertkovo District the marmots colonized all habitats favourable more or less with the high density (0,75+30% animals/1 hectare): 1) Conservated natural steppic areas and their pasturable modifications. 2) Fields of the food-grass and the technical crops and some fields of the wheat. 3 ) The ground buildings (doms, hills of the silos a. o.). 4) The areas of deserted villages and the borderlands of the habitable ones. 5) Protective areas around some technical objects. Three last types are connected with the technogenic elements of the landscapes and constitude almost 10-15% of the total area of marmot habitats. Their originality is determined by the predominating of the weeds and by the mezo-relief dissected in high degree. The population density of marmots in sich is often 1,5-2 times more than in the natural ones. For example, in the village Krynichnyi deserted in the end of 70-s, we observed in 1992 21 families (not less than 65 animals) on the area about 20 ha. The same areas were populated: in the natural steppe association- by 15 families, in the pasture-by 17 ones. Every dam 0,3-0,5 ha in area is populated by 1-2 families. The marmots density in the agricultural fields is on the country in average about ten times lower than in natural habitats. High density of the marmot populations in the technogenical habitats is connected with the concentration of the conditions and ressources which are necessary for the marmots - first and foremost the food and the refuges. Probably the weeds make possible to use the smaller pasturable areas. The anthropogenic increasing of the territory unhomo-geneousness stimilates the burrow-building activity and makes better the audio-visual communications by using of "substitutive butans"*. The same regularities were observed earlier for other regions (Semago, Ryabov, 1973; Abelentsev, 1975; Zimina, Bibikov, 1978; Deozhkin, 1986; Tckarsky, Brandier, 1990). Studiing of the pecularities of the marmot populations in the technogenic habitats can allow to define the reserves of environmental resources stimulating the integrational processes in populations and can help to worn out some alternative lines of the protection and utilization of the marmots resources in agro-landscapes. "butan"- marmot- created hillok

Rumiantsev V.Yu., V.V. Suntsov & Yu.V. Gorbunov 1994. Marmota bobac in anthropogenic habitats of southern Russia [Marmota bobac dans les habitats anthropisés du sud de la Russie]. In Actual problems of marmot investigation, Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., Moscow, ABF Publ. House: 215-224.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, paysage landscape, anthropisation, anthropization, Russie, Russia.

Runyan Andrea M. & Blumstein Daniel T. 2004. Do individual differences influence flight initiation distance ? [Les différences individuelles influencent-t-elles la distance d’initiation de fuite ?]. Journal of Wildlife Management, 68(4): 1124-1129.
En anglais, in English.
Flight initiation distance (FID), or the distance between a prey animal and an approaching intruder when the prey initiates its escape, is an important factor in wildlife management. We conducted a study on individually identified yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) to test 3 key assumptions of FID research: (1) differences in individual responses are small enough so as not to confound results; (2) pseudoreplication may bias results; and (3) habituation and sensitization can be studied without knowledge of individuals. We found that individual identity was not a significant predictor of FID. Furthermore, a moderate degree of pseudoreplication did not significantly affect the results of most analyses. However, individuals differed greatly in their rates of habituation, such that habituation was apparent only when individual identity was known and could not be detected without knowledge of individuals. If our marmot results can be generalized to other species, they suggest that researchers need not be concerned about individual identity when studying variables largely dependent on environmental factors, but that identification of individuals is important for studies of properties of individuals, such as habituation.
Comportement anti-prédateur, antipredator behavior, distance d’initiation de fuite, flight initiation distance, identité individuelle, individual identity, Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, Colorado, États-Unis d’Amérique, USA.
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Ruodeng Xirao & Dunzhu Ciren 1995. Study on epidemiological characteristics of plague in Tibet and its control strategy [Études caractéristiques épidémiologiques de la peste au Thibet et sa stratégie de contrôle]. Endemic Diseases Bulletin, 10(3):20OE26.
En anglais, in Engish.
Marmota, peste, plague, épidéliogie, epidemiology, Tibet, Thibet.

Russel D.E. 1968. Succession en Europe des faunes mammaliennes au début du tertiaire. [Succession of mammalian faunas of the begginning of the Tertiary in Europe]. Mémoire BRGM, 58: 291-296.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, paléontologie, paleontology, Tertiaire, Tertiary, Europe, Europa.

Russell Richard Dana & VanderHoof V.L. 1931. A vertebrate fauna from a new Pliocene formation in northern California [Faune de vertébrés d'une nouvelle formation du Pliocène du Nord e la Californie]. Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci. , 20 11-21, 7 figs.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota arizonae, paléontologie, paleontology, Pliocène, Pliocene, Amérique du Nord, Norh America, Californie, California.

Rust 1946.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris avara, États-Unis d'Am&érique, Washington, Marmota caligata nivaria, États-Unis d'Am&érique, Idaho.

Rusterholtz M. 1981. Ernaehrungsbiologie des Wildes. Teil 3 : Nichtwiederkaeuende Pflanzenfresser [Biologie de la nutrition des animaux sauvages. Partie 3 : Herbivores non ruminants]. Wildbiologie, 2(9): 11pp.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, alimentation, foraging.

Rustioni M, Mazza P. & Balestri M. 1999. The Middle-Late Pleisotocene mammal fauna from Montignoso (Leghorn, Central Italy) [La faune des mammifères du Pléistocène moyen et final de Montignoso (Leghorn, Italie centrale)]. Il quaternario, 12 : 105-111.
En italien, in Italian.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Toringien final, late Toringian,, Montignoso, Toscane, Tuscany, Italie, Italy.

Rütimeyer Karl Ludwig 1861. Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten in der Schweiz. Untersuchungen über die Geschichte der wilden und der Haus-Säugethiere von Mittel-Europa [Faune des habitations lacustres en Suisse]. Basel, Switzerland: Bahnmaier's Buchhandlung (C. Detloff). 1998.
En allemand, in German.
Faune, fauna, Suisse, Switzerland.

Rutimeyer 1867. Herkunft der Thierwelt [Origine des animaux].
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Suisse, Switzerland.

Rutimeyer 1875. Über Pliocaen und Eisperiode auf beiden Seiten der Alpen

[Sur le Pliocène et la période glaciaire des deux côtés des Alpes]. Basel.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Pliocène, Pliocene, Suisse, Switzerland, Bergame, Bergamo.
Il a rapproché de Marmota marmota, mais sous des réserves expresses, une patte. Dubois (1930) a remis en cause cette détermination.

Rutot 1910. Note sur l'existence des couches à Rongeurs arctiques dans les cavernes de la Belgique [Note on the existence of layers with arctic rodents in Belgium Caves]. Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg. Bruxelles, cl. Sc., 5 : 335-379.
En français, in French.
Rodentia, paléontologie, paleontology, Belgique.

Rutot 1912. p. 365. In Chaline 1972.
Arctomys marmota, Marmota marmota primigenia, Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.

Rutter R.J. 1930. Winter rambling of a woodchuck [Vagabondage hivernal de la marmotte des bois]. Can. Field Nat., 44(9): 213.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hibernation.

Ryan Una, Xiao Lihua, Read Carolyn, Zhou Ling, Lal Altaf A. & Pavlasek Ivan 2003. Identification of Novel Cryptosporidium Genotypes from the Czech Republic [Identification de nouveaux génotypes de Cryptosporidium de République Tchèque]. Applied and environmental microbiology, 69(7) : 4302-4307.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota bobac, Cryptosporidium andersoni, parasitisme, parasitism, protozoaire, protozoa, analyse phylogénétique, génotype, genotype, République Tchèque, Czech Republic.
Isolates of Cryptosporidium from the Czech Republic were characterized from a variety of different hosts using sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the 18S ribosomal DNA and the heat-shock (HSP-70) gene. Analysis expanded the host range of accepted species and identified several novel genotypes, including horse, Eurasian woodcock, rabbit, and cervid genotypes.
Extrait Pdf extract

Ryabov N.I. 1946. Materiali k biologii tarbagana v zimnii period [Matériaux sur la biologie de la marmotte tarbagan en hiver. Material on the biology of the tarbagan marmot in winter]. Izv. Irkouskogo PTchI, 6, 184-194 Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, hibernation.

Ryabov N.I. 1948. Materialy k ekologii zabaïkaliskogo sourka v zimnii period [Matériaux relatifs à la biologie de la marmotte transbaikal pendant la période hivernale. Materials on the biology of transbaikal marmot during the winter]. Zool. j., 27 (3) : 245-256.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, hibernation.

Ryabov V.F. & Bolychev N.N. 1963. Sovremennoe sostoyanie tchislennosti stepnogo sourka v nekotorykh raïonakh Tselinnogo kraya [État actuel du nombre de M. bobac de quelques régions de Tzelinny (Virgin Islands)]. Zool. journal, 42 (4).
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, biogéographie, biogeography, Russie, Russia, Tselinn, Tzelinn.

Rybaříková (Rybarikova) K. 2001. Výskyt svišťa vrchovského tatranského (Marmota marmota latirostris) v južnej časti Liptovských Tatier a Roháčov. MSc. Thesis, FEE, Banská Štiavnica.
Marmota marmota latirostris, Tatras, Tatra mountains.

Rymalov I.V. 1993a. [La fin de la période de l'hibernation des marmottes. Closing period of marmots hibernation]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 51.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Marmota caudata, hibernation, thermorégulation, thermoreguation.
M. bobac and M. caudata) were under observation. All marmots may be divided into two groups for their temperature dynamic in the closing period of hibernation. The first - animals which are ready to breed. The second - weak adult and young animals. Body temperature of the animals of the first group became high and stable during the February. Extremal factors (air temperature, starvation didn't influence at this process. It's nesessary to point out that this process wasn't simultaneous for all population. The first marmots awoke at the end of January, the last - at the beginning of March. Body temperatures of the most part of the weak adult and some young marmots increased in this period too, in spite of starvation and low air temperature. But it wasn't stable. Fluctuation of body temperature was individual for every concret animal. The most weak of them often decreased the temperature to the +5 deg. after some days of high one (deep hibernation). The fluctuation of body temperatures in strong animals from this group weren't considerable (25-38 o C.). Allweak adult and young marmots increased their body temperature to constant high level (36-38o C) only after the beginning of constant feeding. Those facts show that endogenic mechanisms connected with breeding period definit the end of winter hibernation of breeding animals. Such mechanisms influence on body temperature of weak adult and young marmots too. But the external mechanisms (feeding) are the main for them. It is evident that the same processes takes place in nature. This model shows the energetic strategy of marmot populations in the closing period of hibernation.

Rymalov I.V. 1993b. [Mating system of Marmota bobac. Le système d'appariement de Marmota bobac]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Bibikov D.I., Nikol'skii A.A, Rumiantsev V.Y. & Suntsov V.V. eds., Moscow, 51-52.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, éthologie, ethology, appariement, mating.

There is the opinion in literature that families of M. bobac in nature are monogamous. But really this fact isn't studied in proper way. Breeding takes place in deep burrows at the beginning of spring. It's impossible to study relations between the members of family at this period in nature. The opinion about monogamy is basied on the breeding of only one female in family. But often family consists of some adult males and some time- some adult females. This investigation was carried out in 1991-92 in limits of program for marmots domestication. We found out that in groups of two adult females and one male doesn't breed. In the breeding period females were very agressive to each other. It's nesessary to point that agressive relations began only at that period, after the end of winter hibernation. Often the traums were the results of such conflicts. In the groups consisting of one male and one female copulations were registered for many times. For one male wich lived with 3 females gradually during the period of breeding copulated all of them. All females brought the litters. In the group where two males lived with one female the agressive relations between the males weren't registered in hard form. All males had developed testicles. We registred the breeding in therr of such groups. It's nesessary to point that one group of two females lived in 1992 during the season of breeding gradually with two males and were both pregnancy. This data show the principal ability of polygamy and polyandry in the families of marmots. This problem need the detailic investigations in future.

Rymalov I.V. 1993c. [Returning marmots hibernation in spring. Marmottes à la sortie d'hibernation]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 52.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Marmota caudata, alimentation, foraging.

Spring is the most extremal period for marmots. At that time unfavourable climate conditions often interrupt their upground activity. Sometimes these periods may be long enough. There are some suppositions in literature about returning hibernation in spring. But it is very hard to get real data about hibernation. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of starvation on marmots in spring after the beginning of their activity. The basis of experiment was the marmots farm. Marmots lived there in cages with wooden boxes. The boxes were fulled with hay. M. bobac and M. caudata were under the observations. The interruption on feeding at the end of March- first part of April didn't influence to the body temperature of adult animals which were breeding or ready to this process. They continued to support high and stable body temperature (36-38 des. C) even after two weeks of starvation. At the same time weak adults and young animals decreased their body temperature after some days of starvation. A number of days was different for every individual but usually it was about 1-4. Hibernation in spring wasn't so deep as in winter. Marmots often got up and more quickly reacted upon the changing of extremal conditions (touching, increasing air temperature and so on). Most part of animals became active in a few hours after putting food near their compartments. Body temperature grew to 36-38 deg. C after restoring of feeding. But it didn't become stable in weak and young marmots. If starvation restored again hibernation also restored. In our experiments the process of returning hibernation was observed till the beginning of May. Probably it could be continue longer but high air temperatures limted low border of body temperature in this case. That's why the experiments were stoped. Air temperature in burrow is low and constant, it hasn't such influence on the low border of marmots body temperature. The animals in nature evidently can return in hibernation for a longer period of time, till the begining of constantly favourable conditions. This mechanism plays great role in surviving of weak and young marmots. This process is very important for populations which dwell in extremal conditions.

Rymalov I.V. 1993d. K voprosy o poligamii ou polovozrel'ikh sourkov [Sur la question de la polygamie des marmottes adultes. On the question of polygamy in adult marmots]. Tezisy dokl. V Mejdounar. sovechtch. po sourkam stran, SNG, M., Teriol. ob-vo, 33.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, reproduction, parenté, kinship.

Rymalov I.V. 1994a. Hibernation and breeding of Marmota bobac [Hibernation et reproduction de Marmota bobac]. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 124-125.
Marmota bobac, hibernation, thermorégulation, thermoregulation, reproduction.

The endogenic mechanisms of termination of hibernation connected with breeding influence all steppe marmots except very weak ones. They cause the increasing of arousals and the mean body temperature in the second part of winter. In that period animals prepare for breeding. In pre-breeding period testicles of males and vaginas of females enlarge. The cells, typical for estrus, sometimes are found in vaginal smears. Adult animals which weight losses during the hibernation were not great, increase their body temperature to the constant high level in 2-3 weeks. Meanwhile the estrus of females becomes constant and testicles of males reach the maximal development. These marmots support the high and constant level of metabolism during 1-2 months without any food, even in the period when their body mass becomes less in comparison with unbreeding animals. The young marmots and adult animals, which weight losses during hibernation are large, are characterized by the unstable body temperature, underdeveloped testicles and broken estrus during some time. In this period the mean index of their body temperature is rather high. Afterwards they fall in the deep hibernation again.

Rymalov I.V. 1994b. [On social structure and behaviour of steppe marmots during breeding period. Sur la structure sociale et le comportement des marmottes des steppes durant la période d'appariement]. In Actual problems of Marmot investigation, Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., Moscow, ABF Publ. House: 225-235.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, reproduction.

Rymalov I.V. 1995. Ecological and physiological principles of steppe marmot zooculture [Principes éologiques et physiologiques de l'élevage de la marmotte des steppes]. Abstract of dissertation for a candidate's degree, Moscow, 23 p.
Marmota bobac, élevage, breeding.

Rymalov I.V. 1996. Hibernation et reproduction chez Marmota bobac. Hibernation and breeding of Marmota bobac. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes/Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 203-208.
En français et anglais, in French and English.
Marmota bobac, reproduction, thermorégulation, thermoregulation.
Les recherches sur la biologie reproductive et l'hibernation des marmottes des steppes (M. bobac) en captivité sont présentées dans ce travail. L'analyse des pertes pondérales des marmottes hibernantes amène à l'hypothèse que l'arrêt de l'hibernation est étroitement associé aux dépenses énergétiques de reproduction des animaux. Celle-ci débute avec l'élévation de la température corporelle et dure 2 à 3 semaines. Puis la température atteint 36-38 C, la reproduction proprement dite commence alors. Les retours à l'hibernation au printemps ne se produisent que chez les animaux très faibles chez qui la période pré-reproductive continue quelque temps. Mais leur niveau reproducteur n'atteint jamais un seuil suffisant pour permettre leur reproduction.
The results of many years of investigation on breeding biology and hibernation of steppe marmots in captivity are presented in this work. Analysis of weight losses of hibernating marmots lead to suppose that the end of hibernation is closely connected with the expense of energetic resources of breeding animals. The breeding process starts simultaneously with the increase of body tem-perature and lasts 2 - 3 weeks. After that temperature of animals increases to a constant (36-38 o C) and breeding itself begins. Returns to hibernation in spring after a period of starvation was recorded only in very weak animals among which prebreeding period continues some time. But their reproductive index never reaches a suitable level for successful breeding.

Rymalov I.V. 1996. K voprosou o realizatsii reprodouktivnogo potentsiala v semeïnykh grouppirovkakh sourkov starogo sveta [Sur la question de la réalisation du potentiel reproductif des groupes familiaux des marmottes du vieux monde. On the question of realization of reproductive potential in family groups of the old world marmots]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 71-72.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, reproduction, paléarctique, palearctic.

Rymalov I.V. 1997. Possibility of polyandry in steppe marmots family groups [Possibilité de polyandrie dans les groupes familiaux de marmottes des steppes]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya [Holarctic marmots as a factor of iodiversity], III Mejdnarodnaya Konferentsiya po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov [III International Conference on marmots, Abstracts], 86 (Russian), 186 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobac, groups familiaux, family groups, polyandrie, polyandry.

Rymalov I.V., Evreinov AG. & Fedoseeva G.A. 1996. Itogi kletotchnogo razvedzniya sourkov [Résultats de la reproduction de la marmotte en captivité. Results of marmot breeding in captivity]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 73-74.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, reproduction, élevage breeding.

Rymalov I.V., Fedoseeva G.A. & Evreinov A.G. 1997. Dates of breeding steppe marmots in captivity [Dates de reproduction des marmottes de steppe en captivité]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya [Holarctic marmots as a factor of iodiversity], III Mejdnarodnaya Konferentsiya po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov [III International Conference on marmots, Abstracts], 86 (Russian), 186 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobac, reproduction, breeding.

Rymalov I.V., Fedoseeva G.A. & Olifir V.A. 1997.Hibernation of marmots in spring and in summer [L'hibernation des marmottes au printemps et en été]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziya [Holarctic marmots as a factor of iodiversity], III Mejdnarodnaya Konferentsiya po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov [III International Conference on marmots, Abstracts], 87 (Russian), 187 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobac, hibernation.

Rymalov I.V. & Maximov A.Y. 1991a. L'ibernazione nella marmotta in cttività. Hibernation of marmot in captivity [L'hibernation de la marmotte en captivité]. Abstracts 1st International Symposium on Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota) and on Genus Marmota, 19.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Marmota, élevage, breeding, hibernation.

In this paper we present some regularities and abnormalities noted for marmot hibernation. The animals were brought from different regions of USSR and kept in cages with wooden compartments. During the period 1985/1991 there had been more than 3500 Steppe marmots under observation.

Rymalov I. V. & Maksimov A. Yu. 1991b. Osonovnye printsipy otbora sourkov pri domestikatsii [The main principles of marmot selection in domestication]. Biologiya, Ekologiya, okhrana i ratsional'noe ispol'zovanie sourkov [Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots], Seredneva T.A. ed., Materialy Vses. sovechtch. teriol. ob-va, M. S., 107-109.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, élevage, breeding, domestication.

Rymalov I. V. , Maksimov A. Yu. 1991c. [Particularités de l'hibernation des marmottes en captivité. The properties of winter hibernation of marmots maintained in cages. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 109-111.
Traduction française (Y. Semenov. & M. Le Berre.
Marmota, hibernation, élevage, breeding.

Rymalov I.V. & Maksimov A.Y. 1992. L'ibernazione nella marmotta in cattività. Hibernation of marmot in captivity [L'hibernation des marmottes en captivité]. Proc. 1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. Marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 63-66.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Marmota bobac, physiologie, physiology, hibernation.

Ryskulov K.R. 1986. [The Alai natural plague focus. Les foyers naturels de peste de l'Alai]. Synopsis of thesis, Cand. Sc., Medecine, Alma-Ata, 169 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Alaï.

Ryskulov K.R., Kizilov V.A., Berendyaev S.A., Usenbaev A.U., Aminova M.G. 1985. [Extermination des insectes des terriers de marmottes, une mesure prophylactique d'urgence contre la peste dans le site de Gulcha, foyer de la peste de l'Alaï. Desinsection of burrows of marmots as a measure of emergency prophylactic of plague in Gulcha site of the Alai plague focus]. V kn. Aktyal. voprosy epidnadz. v prirod. ochagakh tchoumy, Stavropol': 191-192.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Insects, Insects, marmotte, marmot, terrier, burrow.

Rzaczynski G. Auctuarium Hist. natur. Poloniae.
En latin, in Latin.
Marmota p. 327, Pologne, Poland.

Rzaczynski G. 1721. Historia naturalis curiosae Regni Poloniae, magni ducatus Lituaniae, annexarumque provinciarum etc. Sandomiriae, p. 233.
En latin, in Latin.
Pologne, Poland.