Mukhamedyanov

Holarctic Marmots as a factor of Biodiversity.
Rumiantsev V.Yu;, Nikol'skii A.A. & Brandler O.V. eds.,
Abstracts, 3d Conference on Marmots (Cheboksary, Russia, 25-30 August 1997),
Moscow ABF 1997, 216p., 67-68 (Russian), 170 (English).

THE USE OF NUTRIENTS AND ENERGY OF A RATION BY STEPPE MARMOTS UNDER A DRY TYPE OF FEEDING

M.M. Mukhamedyanov

Prof. Zhitkov' VNIIOZ, Kirov, Russia

It is known that under cage breeding conditions marots adapt well to various rations: from roots, vegetables and wet fodder blends to a dry type of feeding with the use of full-ration granulated mixed fodders used for rabbits.

To find out the efficiency of energy, nitrogen and amino acids from the ration that has a standard granulated mixed fodder used for young rabbits (80-85% as to energy nutritiousness) and clover green grass we carried out a balance experiment on adult steppe marmots during a summer period. An avarage body mass of the animals at the beginning of that experiment made up 4.3 kg. Eating of fodders during that balance experiment was the following (%): granules - 90.6, clover green grass - 73.2. The marmots drank 144-155 g of water per one animal during 24-hourly period. The 24-hourly ration of the marmots contained (according to actual eating): dry substance - 107.7 g, metabolizable energy - 287 kcal, crude protein - 20.7 g, crude fat - 1.84 g, crude cellulose - 14.1 g, calcium - 1.16 g, phosphorus - 0.76 g, natrium - 0.07 g. During our experiment average consumption of a dry substance calculated per 1 kg of the animals' body mass made up 25.3 g.

During the balance experiment we observed thc decrease of the marmots' body mass by 165 g or 23.6 g per 24 hours.

The following coefficients of nutrient digestibility in a ration were determined (%): dry substance - 66.7 ±1.2; crude protein 67.8 ±1.8; crude fat - 18.7 ± 10.5; crude cellulose - 32.4 ± 2.5; nitrogen-free extractives - 78.5 ± 2.2. It was utilized from the fodder eaten (%): nitrogen - 44.2, phosphorus - 27.3, nstrium - 4.2. A negative balance of calcium was observed.

A 24-hourly energy balance was the following (kcal): gross energy - 455, feces energy - 145.5, urine energy - 22.7, digestible energy - 309.5, metabolizable energy - 286,8 (63% of gross energy 92.7% of digestible energy).

In Table 1 the consumption and use of amino acids by steppe marriots are shown.

The data obtained give evidence of the opportunity of efficient use of standard full-ration granulated mixed fodder used for rabbits in combination with clover green grass in rations of cage steppe marmots during the period of their activity.

Table 1.

Index Taken in ration g Digestible amount g Coefficients of digestibility % Excreted with feces, g Excreted with urine, g Used % Consumed per 100 g of dry substance
Nirogen 3.31 2.25 67.97 1.06 0.78 44.41 3.07
Lysine 0.866 0.560 64.66 0.306 0.015 62.93 0.804
Histidine 0.522 0.339 64.94 0.183 0.015 62.07 0.484
Arginine 1.140 0.930 81.58 0.210 0.01 80.70 1.058
Aspartic acid 1.472 1.187 80.64 0.285 0.001 80.57 1.366
Threonine 0.649 0.175 26.96 0.474 0.001 28.83 0.602
Serine 0.709 0.584 82.31 0.125 0.001 82.23 0.658
Glutamic acid 1.664 1.121 67.40 0.542 0.02 66.16 1.545
Proline 0.761 0.512 67.34 0.248 0.02 64.65 0.706
Glycine 0.639 0.417 65.28 0.222 0.005 64.47 0.593
Alanine 0.842 0.606 71.99 0.236 0.004 71.50 0.782
Valine 0.706 0.446 63.17 0.260 0.003 62.74 0.655
Isoleucine 0.536 0.393 73.41 0.142 0.002 72.95 0.498
Leucine 1.262 0.958 75.88 0.304 0.004 75.59 1.172
Tyrosine 0.406 0.261 64.33 0.145 0.003 63.55 0.377
Phenyl alanine 0.815 0.615 75.46 0.200 0.004 74.97 0.757
Use of nirogen and amino acids by marmots in August.

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Index	Taken in ration g	Digestible amount g	Coefficients of digestibility %	Excreted with feces, g	Excreted with urine, g	Used %	Consumed per 100 g of dry substance
Nirogen	3.31	2.25	67.97	1.06	0.78	44.41	3.07
Lysine	0.866	0.560	64.66	0.306	0.015	62.93	0.804
Histidine	0.522	0.339	64.94	0.183	0.015	62.07	0.484
Arginine	1.140	0.930	81.58	0.210	0.01	80.70	1.058
Aspartic acid	1.472	1.187	80.64	0.285	0.001	80.57	1.366
Threonine	0.649	0.175	26.96	0.474	0.001	28.83	0.602
Serine	0.709	0.584	82.31	0.125	0.001	82.23	0.658
Glutamic acid	1.664	1.121	67.40	0.542	0.02	66.16	1.545
Proline	0.761	0.512	67.34	0.248	0.02	64.65	0.706
Glycine	0.639	0.417	65.28	0.222	0.005	64.47	0.593
Alanine	0.842	0.606	71.99	0.236	0.004	71.50	0.782
Valine	0.706	0.446	63.17	0.260	0.003	62.74	0.655
Isoleucine	0.536	0.393	73.41	0.142	0.002	72.95	0.498
Leucine	1.262	0.958	75.88	0.304	0.004	75.59	1.172
Tyrosine	0.406	0.261	64.33	0.145	0.003	63.55	0.377
Phenyl alanine	0.815	0.615	75.46	0.200	0.004	74.97	0.757